Footnotes (continued 3)

1092.

J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk leven,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlix. (1905) p. 117.

1093.

H. K[ern], “Bijgeloof onder de inlanders in den Oosthoek van Java,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvi. (1880) 310; J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxvi. (1892) pp. 120, 124; D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij de verzorging en opvoeding hunner kinderen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlix. (1905) p. 253.

1094.

A. W. P. V. Pistorius, Studien over de inlandsche huishouding in de Padangsche Bovenlanden (Zalt-Bommel, 1871), pp. 55 sq.; A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra (Leyden, 1882), p. 266; J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (the Hague, 1886), pp. 135, 207, 325.

1095.

Th. Bérengier, “Croyances superstitieuses dans le pays de Chittagong,” Missions Catholiques, xiii. (1881) p. 515.

1096.

Damien Grangeon, “Les Chams et leurs superstitions,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 93.

1097.

A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Singhalese Social Life,” Indian Antiquary, xxxi. (1902) p. 378.

1098.

B. Pilsudski, “Schwangerschaft, Entbindung und Fehlgeburt bei den Bewohnern der Insel Sachalin,” Anthropos, v. (1910) p. 759.

1099.

E. M. Gordon, Indian Folk Tales (London, 1908), p. 39.

1100.

R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic (London, 1908), p. 169.

1101.

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 59. Compare Hippocrates, De morbo sacro, μηδὲ πόδα ἐπὶ ποδὶ ἔχειν, μηδὲ χεῖρα ἐπὶ χειρί; ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα κωλύματα εἶναι (vol. i. p. 589, ed. Kühn, Leipsic, 1825, quoted by E. Rohde, Psyche,3 ii. 76 note 1).

1102.

Ovid, Metam. ix. 285 sqq. Antoninus Liberalis, quoting Nicander, says it was the Fates and Ilithyia who impeded the birth of Hercules, but though he says they clasped their hands, he does not say that they crossed their legs (Transform. 29). Compare Pausanias, ix. 11. 3.

1103.

A. Strausz, Die Bulgaren (Leipsic, 1898), p. 293.

1104.

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. 303.

1105.

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 897, 983; J. Brand, Popular Antiquities, iii. 299; J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, pp. 302, 306 sq.; B. Souché, Croyances, présages et traditions diverses, p. 16; J. G. Bourke, in Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1892), p. 567.

1106.

J. G. Dalyell, ll.cc.

1107.

Rev. Dr. Th. Bisset, in Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, v. (Edinburgh, 1793) p. 83. In his account of the second tour which he made in Scotland in the summer of 1772, Pennant says that “the precaution of loosening every knot about the new-joined pair is strictly observed” (Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 382). He is here speaking particularly of the Perthshire Highlands.

1108.

Pennant, “Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 91. However, at a marriage in the island of Skye, the same traveller observed that “the bridegroom put all the powers of magic to defiance, for he was married with both shoes tied with their latchet” (Pennant, “Second Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 325). According to another writer the shoe-tie of the bridegroom's right foot was unloosed at the church-door (Ch. Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 232).

1109.

Eijüb Abela, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Palaestina-Vereins, vii. (1884) pp. 91 sq.

1110.

Georgeakis et Pineau, Folk-lore de Lesbos, pp. 344 sq.

1111.

E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l'Afrique du Nord, pp. 288-292.

1112.

“Eenige mededeelingen betreffende Rote door een inlandischen Schoolmeester,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) p. 554; N. Graafland, “Eenige aanteekeningen op ethnographisch gebied ten aanzien van het eiland Rote,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxiii. (1889) pp. 373 sq.

1113.

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, p. 533.

1114.

M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 268, 270.

1115.

J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 307.

1116.

Al Baidawī's Commentary on the Koran, chap. 113, verse 4. I have to thank my friend Prof. A. A. Bevan for indicating this passage to me, and furnishing me with a translation of it.

1117.

E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 293. The Tahitians ascribed certain painful illnesses to the twisting and knotting of their insides by demons (W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches,2 i. 363).

1118.

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 48.

1119.

C. Fossey, La Magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902), pp. 83 sq.; R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic (London, 1908), pp. 164 sqq.

1120.

R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic, pp. 168 sq.

1121.

E. O'Donovan, The Merv Oasis (London, 1882), ii. 319.

1122.

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, p. 531.

1123.

R. C. Maclagan, M.D., “Notes on Folklore Objects collected in Argyleshire,” Folk-lore, vi. (1895) pp. 154-156. In the north-west of Ireland divination by means of a knotted thread is practised in order to discover whether a sick beast will recover or die. See E. B. Tylor, in International Folk-lore Congress, 1891, Papers and Transactions, pp. 391 sq.

1124.

R. Chambers, Popular Rhymes of Scotland, New Edition, p. 349. Grimm has shewn that the words of this charm are a very ancient spell for curing a lame horse, a spell based on an incident in the myth of the old Norse god Balder, whose foal put its foot out of joint and was healed by the great master of spells, the god Woden. See J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 i. 185, ii. 1030 sq. Christ has been substituted for Balder in the more modern forms of the charm both in Scotland and Germany.

1125.

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 279.

1126.

Virgil, Ecl. viii. 78-80. Highland sorcerers also used three threads of different colours with three knots tied on each thread. See J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 306.

1127.

J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums2 (Berlin, 1897), p. 163.

1128.

Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 263.

1129.

C. Velten, Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli (Göttingen, 1903), p. 317.

1130.

David Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas (Edinburgh, 1875), p. 147.

1131.

Gríhya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. p. 432, part ii. p. 127 (Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxix., xxx.).

1132.

J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country (London, 1857), pp. 217 sq.

1133.

E. Aymonier, Notes sur le Laos (Saigon, 1885), pp. 23 sq.

1134.

Vetter, in Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xii. (1893) p. 95.

1135.

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, pp. 388-390.

1136.

Ovid, Fasti, ii. 577 sqq.; compare W. Warde Fowler, Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, pp. 309 sq.

1137.

Geoponica, i. 14.

1138.

M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube, p. 115.

1139.

M. Abeghian, op. cit. p. 91.

1140.

V. Titelbach, “Das heilige Feuer bei den Balkanslaven,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, xiii. (1900) p. 3.

1141.

A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 9.

1142.

C. J. R. Le Mesurier, “Customs and Superstitions connected with the Cultivation of Rice in the Southern Province of Ceylon,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, N.S., xvii. (1885) p. 371.

1143.

J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 307.

1144.

J. Brand, Popular Antiquities, ii. 231 (Bohn's edition); R. Hunt, Popular Romances of the West of England, p. 379; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, English Folk-lore, pp. 229 sq. On the other hand the Karaits, a Jewish sect in the Crimea, lock all cupboards when a person is in the last agony, lest their contents should be polluted by the contagion of death. See S. Weissenberg, “Die Karäer der Krim,” Globus, lxxxiv. (1903) p. 143.

1145.

Extract from The Times of 4th September 1863, quoted in Folk-lore, xix. (1908) p. 336.

1146.

M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 98.

1147.

H. Runge, “Volksglaube in der Schweiz,” Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde, iv. (1859) p. 178, § 25. The belief is reported from Zurich.

1148.

J. G. Campbell, Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, p. 174; id., Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, p. 241.

1149.

E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, i. 208.

1150.

R. F. Kaindl, “Volksüberlieferungen der Pidhireane,” Globus, lxxiii. (1898) p. 251.

1151.

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi (Oxford, 1909), pp. 89 sq. The tying and untying of magic knots was forbidden by the Coptic church, but we are not told the purposes for which the knots were used. See Il Fetha Nagast o legislazione dei re, codice ecclesiastico e civile di Abissinia, tradotto e annotato da Ignazio Guidi (Rome, 1899), p. 140.

1152.

For examples see Horace, Sat. i. 8, 23 sq.; Virgil, Aen. iii. 370, iv. 509; Ovid, Metam. vii. 182 sq.; Tibullus, i. 3. 29-32; Petronius, Sat. 44; Aulus Gellius, iv. 3. 3; Columella, De re rustica, x. 357-362; Athenaeus, v. 28, p. 198 e; Dittenberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum,2 Nos. 653 (lines 23 sq.) and 939; Ch. Michel, Recueil d'inscriptions grecques, No. 694. Compare Servius on Virgil, Aen. iv. 518, “In sacris nihil solet esse religatum.”

1153.

Ovid, Fasti, iii. 257 sq.

1154.

Thucydides, iii. 22.

1155.

Schol. on Pindar, Pyth. iv. 133.

1156.

Virgil, Aen. vii. 689 sq.

1157.

Pindar, Pyth. iv. 129 sqq.: Apollonius Rhodius, Argonaut. i. 5 sqq.; Apollodorus, i. 9. 16.

1158.

Artemidorus, Onirocrit. iv. 63. At Chemmis in Upper Egypt there was a temple of Perseus, and the people said that from time to time Perseus appeared to them and they found his great sandal, two cubits long, which was a sign of prosperity for the whole land of Egypt. See Herodotus, ii. 91.

1159.

Gazette archéologique, 1884, plates 44, 45, 46 with the remarks of De Witte and F. Lenormant, pp. 352 sq. The skin on which the man is crouching is probably the so-called “fleece of Zeus” (Διὸς κώδιον), as to which see Hesychius and Suidas, s.v.; Polemo, ed. Preller, pp. 140-142; C. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus, pp. 183 sqq. Compare my note on Pausanias, ii. 31. 8.

1160.

Virgil, Aen. iv. 517 sqq.

1161.

I. Goldziher, “Der Dîwân des Garwal b. Aus Al-Hutej' a,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xlvi. (1892) p. 5.

1162.

See Servius, on Virgil, Aen. iii. 370: “In ratione sacrorum par est et animae et corporis causa: nam plerumque quae non possunt circa animam fieri fiunt circa corpus, ut solvere vel ligare, quo possit anima, quod per se non potest, ex cognatione sentire.”

1163.

Livy, i. 18. 7.

1164.

“UNUM EXUTA PEDEM quia id agitur, ut et ista solvatur et implicetur Aeneas,” Servius, on Virgil, Aen. iv. 518.

1165.

“On a Far-off Island,” Blackwood's Magazine, February 1886, p. 238.

1166.

Clement of Alexandria, Strom. v. 5. 28, p. 662, ed. Potter; Jamblichus, Adhortatio ad philosophiam, 23; Plutarch, De educatione puerorum, 17. According to others, all that Pythagoras forbade was the wearing of a ring on which the likeness of a god was engraved (Diogenes Laertius, viii. 1. 17; Porphyry, Vit. Pythag. 42; Suidas, s.v. Πυθαγόρας); according to Julian a ring was only forbidden if it bore the names of the gods (Julian, Or. vii. p. 236 d, p. 306 ed. Dindorf). I have shewn elsewhere that the maxims or symbols of Pythagoras, as they were called, are in great measure merely popular superstitions (Folk-lore, i. (1890) pp. 147 sqq.).

1167.

This we learn from an inscription found on the site. See Ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, Athens, 1898, col. 249; Dittenberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum,2 No. 939.

1168.

Ovid, Fasti, iv. 657 sq.

1169.

I. V. Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes,2 p. 3.

1170.

J. Scheffer, Lapponia (Frankfort, 1673), p. 313.

1171.

R. F. Kaindl, Die Huzulen (Vienna, 1894), p. 89; id., “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 386.

1172.

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 13, 16.

1173.

M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 143.

1174.

M. Merker, op. cit. pp. 200 sq., 202; compare, id. p. 250.

1175.

Above, p. 267.

1176.

Above, pp. 32, 51.

1177.

Above, p. 31.

1178.

De la Borde, “Relation de l'origine, etc., des Caraibes sauvages,” p. 15, in Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en l'Amérique (Paris, 1684).

1179.

A considerable body of evidence as to rings and the virtues attributed to them has been collected by Mr. W. Jones in his work Finger-ring Lore (London, 1877). See also W. G. Black, Folk-medicine, pp. 172-177.

1180.

Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 8. See above, p. 14.

1181.

Marcellinus on Hermogenes, in Rhetores Graeci, ed. Walz, iv. 462; Sopater, ibid. viii. 67.

1182.

Demosthenes, Contra Androt. 68, p. 614; P. Foucart, Le Culte de Dionysos en Attique (Paris, 1904), p. 168.

1183.

H. A. Oldfield, Sketches from Nipal (London, 1880), ii. 342 sq.

1184.

Arrian, Anabasis, ii. 3; Quintus Curtius, iii. 1; Justin, xi. 7; Schol. on Euripides, Hippolytus, 671.

1185.

Public talismans, on which the safety of the state was supposed to depend, were common in antiquity. See C. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus, pp. 278 sqq., and my note on Pausanias, viii. 47. 5.

1186.

On the primitive conception of the relation of names to persons and things, see E. B. Tylor, Early History of Mankind,3 pp. 123 sqq.; R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche (Stuttgart, 1878), pp. 165 sqq.; E. Clodd, Tom-tit-tot (London, 1898), pp. 53 sqq., 79 sqq. In what follows I have used with advantage the works of all these writers.

1187.

J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1891), p. 343.

1188.

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 289.

1189.

A. C. Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlii. (1898) pp. 61 sq.

1190.

Professor (Sir) J. Rhys, “Welsh Fairies,” The Nineteenth Century, xxx. (July-December 1891) pp. 566 sq.

1191.

A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 377; compare id. p. 440.

1192.

R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 469, note.

1193.

C. Lumholtz, Among Cannibals (London, 1889), p. 280.

1194.

A. W. Howitt, op. cit. p. 736.

1195.

A. W. Howitt, op. cit. p. 133.

1196.

E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, i. 46.

1197.

J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 94. The writer appears to mean that the natives feared they would die if any one, or at any rate, an enemy, learned their real names.

1198.

Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 139; compare ibid. p. 637; id., Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 584 sq.

1199.

E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” Mélusine, viii. (1897) coll. 226 sq.

1200.

Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (London, 1868), pp. 301 sq.

1201.

Grihya Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 50, 183, 395, part ii. pp. 55, 215, 281; A. Hillebrandt, Vedische Opfer und Zauber, pp. 46, 170 sq.; W. Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual, p. 162, note 20; D. C. J. Ibbetson, Outlines of Punjáb Ethnography (Calcutta, 1883), p. 118; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 24, ii. 5; id., Natives of Northern India (London, 1907), p. 199.

1202.

A. B. Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast, p. 109.

1203.

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 98.

1204.

L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Les Peuples de la Sénégambie (Paris, 1879), p. 28.

1205.

E. Modigliani, Un Viaggio a Nías (Milan, 1890), p. 465.

1206.

T. C. Hodson, “The genna amongst the Tribes of Assam,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. (1906) p. 97.

1207.

C. de Sabir, “Quelques notes sur les Manègres,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), Vme Série, i. (1861) p. 51.

1208.

A. Schadenburg, “Die Bewohner von Süd-Mindanao und der Insel Samal,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xvii. (1885) p. 30.

1209.

J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 455; J. W. Meerburg, “Proeve einer beschrijving van land en volk van Midden-Manggarai (West-Flores), Afdeeling Bima,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxiv. (1891) p. 465.

1210.

F. Kauffmann, Balder (Strasburg, 1902), p. 198.

1211.

This I learned from my wife, who spent some years in Chili and visited the island of Chiloe.

1212.

E. R. Smith, The Araucanians (London, 1855), p. 222.

1213.

E. F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana (London, 1883), p. 220.

1214.

F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of Colombia,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, N.S., vii. (1885) p. 790.

1215.

Dr. Cullen, “The Darien Indians,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 265.

1216.

A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l'État de Panama,” Revue d'Ethnographie, vi. (1887) p. 44.

1217.

C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico, i. 462.

1218.

H. R. Schoolcraft, The American Indians, their History, Condition, and Prospects (Buffalo, 1851), p. 213. Compare id., Oneóta, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America (New York and London, 1845), p. 456.

1219.

H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iv. 217.

1220.

J. G. Bourke, “Notes upon the Religion of the Apache Indians,” Folk-lore ii. (1891) p. 423.

1221.

A. S. Galschet, The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People of Texas (Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, vol. i. No. 2), p. 69.

1222.

S. Powers, Tribes of California (Washington, 1877), p. 315.

1223.

G. B. Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales, p. 194.

1224.

Relations des Jésuites, 1633, p. 3 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

1225.

Peter Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 162. Compare A. P. Reid, “Religious Beliefs of the Ojibois or Sauteux Indians,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iii. (1874) p. 107.

1226.

J. Sibree, The Great African Island (London, 1880), p. 289.

1227.

H. W. Grainge, “Journal of a Visit to Mojanga on the North-West Coast,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, No. i. p. 25 (reprint of the first four numbers, Antananarivo and London, 1885).

1228.

J. G. Bourke, “Medicine-men of the Apaches,” Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1892), p. 461.

1229.

R. C. Mayne, Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island (London, 1862), pp. 278 sq.

1230.

J. G. Bourke, On the Border with Crook, pp. 131 sq.

1231.

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus (Vienna, 1784), ii. 498.

1232.

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 289.

1233.

G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 221. Compare J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lii. (1901) pp. 172 sq. The custom is reported for the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca by T. J. Newbold (Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, London, 1839, ii. 176); for Sumatra in general by W. Marsden (History of Sumatra, pp. 286 sq.), and A. L. van Hasselt (Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, p. 271); for the Battas by Baron van Hoëvell (“Iets over 't oorlogvoeren der Batta's,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, N.S., vii. (1878) p. 436, note); for the Dyaks by C. Hupe (“Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1846, dl. iii. p. 250), and W. H. Furness (Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters, Philadelphia, 1902, p. 16); for the island of Sumba by S. Roos (“Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Taal, Land en Volk op het Eiland Soemba,” p. 70, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxxvi.); and for Bolang Mongondo, in the west of Celebes, by N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz (“Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1867) p. 356).

1234.

J. Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea, p. 187. If a Motumotu man is hard pressed for his name and there is nobody near to help him, he will at last in a very stupid way mention it himself.

1235.

O. Schellong, “Über Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von Finschhafen,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxi. (1889) p. 12. Compare M. Krieger, Neu Guinea (Berlin, 1899), p. 172.

1236.

Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlv. (1902) p. 279. The Nufoors are a Papuan tribe on Doreh Bay, in Dutch New Guinea. See id., in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlvi. (1903) p. 287.

1237.

J. Graf Pfeil, Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee (Brunswick, 1899), p. 78; P. A. Kleintitschen, Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel (Hiltrup bei Münster, preface dated Christmas, 1906), pp. 237 sq.

1238.

J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 131.

1239.

V. L. Cameron, Across Africa (London, 1877), ii. 61.

1240.

S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, The Last of the Masai (London, 1901), pp. 48 sq. Compare Sir H. Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate (London, 1902), ii. 826 sq.; M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 56.

1241.

P. Reichard, “Die Wanjamuesi,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xxiv. (1889) p. 258.

1242.

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 29.

1243.

E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Note on the Southern Ba-Mbala,” Man, vii. (1907) p. 81.

1244.

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, p. 43.

1245.

Rev. J. H. Weeks, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxix. (1909) pp. 128, 459.

1246.

R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee, p. 198.

1247.

Dudley Kidd, Savage Childhood, p. 73.

1248.

E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, iii. 545. Similarly among the Dacotas “there is no secrecy in children's names, but when they grow up there is a secrecy in men's names” (H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iii. 240).

1249.

Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlv. (1902) p. 278.

1250.

A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xl. (1896) pp. 273 sqq.

1251.

G. Mansveld (Kontroleur van Nias), “Iets over de namen en Galars onder de Maleijers in de Padangsche Bovenlanden, bepaaldelijk in noordelijk Agam,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxiii. (1876) pp. 443, 449.

1252.

Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East,2 i. 208.

1253.

Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 202.

1254.

L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmapootra Valley,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxix. part iii. (1901) pp. 52, 69, compare 46.

1255.

H. Callaway, Religious System of the Amazulu, part iii. p. 316, note.

1256.

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 5 sq. Compare id., Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, ii. 251.

1257.

G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, pp. 216-219; E. B. Tylor, “On a Method of Investigating the Developement of Institutions,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xviii. (1889) pp. 248-250 (who refers to a series of papers by G. A. Wilken, “Over de primitieve vormen van het huwelijk,” published in Indische Gids, 1880, etc., which I have not seen). Wilken's theory is rejected by Mr. A. C. Kruijt (l.c.), who explains the custom by the fear of attracting the attention of evil spirits to the person named. Other explanations are suggested by Mr. J. H. F. Kohlbrugge (“Naamgeving in Insulinde,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170), and by Mr. E. Crawley (The Mystic Rose, London, 1902, pp. 428-433).

1258.

For evidence of the custom of naming parents after their children in Australia, see E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia (London, 1845), ii. 325 sq.: in Sumatra, see W. Marsden, History of Sumatra, p. 286; Baron van Hoëvell, “Iets over 't oorlogvoeren der Batta's,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, N.S. vii. (1878) p. 436, note; A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, p. 274: in Nias, see J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias, p. 28 (Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. Batavia, 1863): in Java, see P. J. Veth, Java, i. (Haarlem, 1875) p. 642; J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Die Tenggeresen, ein alter Javanischen Volksstamm,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, liii. (1901) p. 121; in Borneo, see C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1846, dl. iii. p. 249; H. Low, Sarawak, p. 249; Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East,2 i. 208; M. T. H. Perelaer, Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks, p. 42; C. Hose, “The Natives of Borneo,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiii. (1894) p. 170; W. H. Furness, Folk-lore in Borneo (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899, privately printed), p. 26; id., Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters, pp. 17 sq., 55; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, i. 75: among the Mantras of Malacca, see W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, ii. 16 sq.: among the Negritos of Zambales in the Philippines, see W. A. Reed, Negritos of Zambales (Manilla, 1904), p. 55: in the islands between Celebes and New Guinea, see J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, pp. 5, 137, 152 sq., 238, 260, 353, 392, 418, 450; J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 444; in Celebes and other parts of the Indian Archipelago, see J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170; G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, pp. 216 sqq.: in New Guinea, see P. W. Schmidt, “Ethnographisches von Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxx. (1899) p. 28: among the Kasias of North-eastern India, see Col. H. Yule, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, ix. (1880) p. 298; L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxix. part iii. (Calcutta, 1901) p. 46: among some of the indigenous races of southern China, see P. Vial, “Les Gni ou Gnipa, tribu Lolote du Yun-Nan,” Missions Catholiques, xxv. (1893) p. 270; La Mission lyonnaise d'exploration commerciale en Chine (Lyons, 1898), p. 369: in Corea, see Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), i. 136: among the Yukagirs of north-eastern Asia, see W. Jochelson, “Die Jukagiren im äussersten Nordosten Asiens,” xvii. Jahresbericht der Geographischen Gesellschaft von Bern (Bern, 1900), pp. 26 sq.; P. von Stenin, “Jochelson's Forschungen unter den Jukagiren,” Globus, lxxvi. (1899) p. 169: among the Masai, see M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), pp. 59, 235: among the Bechuanas, Basutos, and other Caffre tribes of South Africa, see D. Livingston, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857), p. 126; J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal (London, 1857), pp. 220 sq.; D. Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas2 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 171 sq.; G. M'Call Theal, Kaffir Folk-lore2 (London, 1886), p. 225; Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d'un missionaire du Basutoland,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 300: among the Hos of Togoland in West Africa, see J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stāmme, p. 217: among the Patagonians, see G. C. Musters, At Home with the Patagonians (London, 1871), p. 177: among the Lengua Indians of the Gran Chaco, see G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xxiii. (1905) p. 28: among the Mayas of Guatemala, see H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, ii. 680: among the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, see J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. v. part i. (Leyden and New York, 1905) p. 118: and among the Tinneh and occasionally the Thlinkeet Indians of north-west America, see E. Petitot, Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié (Paris, 1876), p. 61; H. J. Holmberg, “Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,” Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, iv. (1856) p. 319.

1259.

J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal (London, 1857), p. 221.

1260.

Maclean, Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs (Cape Town, 1866), pp. 92 sq.; D. Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas,2 pp. 141 sq., 172; M. Kranz, Natur- und Kulturleben der Zulus (Wiesbaden, 1880), pp. 114 sq.; G. M'Call Theal, Kaffir Folk-lore2 (London, 1886), p. 214; id., Records of South-Eastern Africa, vii. 435; Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, pp. 236-243; Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d'un missionaire du Basutoland,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 233.

1261.

Rev. Francis Fleming, Kaffraria and its Inhabitants (London, 1853), p. 97; id., Southern Africa (London, 1856), pp. 238 sq. This writer states that the women are forbidden to pronounce “any word which may happen to contain a sound similar to any one in the names of their nearest male relatives.”

1262.

Maclean, op. cit. p. 93; D. Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas,2 pp. 46, 102, 172. The extensive system of taboos on personal names among the Caffres is known as Ukuhlonipa, or simply hlonipa. The fullest account of it with which I am acquainted is given by Leslie, op. cit. pp. 141 sq., 172-180. See further Miss A. Werner, “The Custom of Hlonipa in its Influence on Language,” Journal of the African Society, No. 15 (April, 1905), pp. 346-356.

1263.

Sir H. H. Johnston, British Central Africa (London, 1897), p. 452.

1264.

A. Merensky, “Das Konde-volk im deutschen Gebiet am Nyassa-See,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie, und Urgeschichte, 1893, p. (296).

1265.

W. Munzinger, Ostafrikanische Studien (Schaffhausen, 1864), p. 526; id., Sitten und Recht der Bogos (Winterthur, 1859), p. 95.

1266.

G. A. Krause, “Merkwürdige Sitten der Haussa,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 375.

1267.

Herodotus, i. 146.

1268.

Servius, on Virgil, Aen. iv. 58.

1269.

K. Rhamm, “Der Verkehr der Geschlecter unter den Slaven in seinen gegensätzlichen Erscheinungen,” Globus, lxxxii. (1902) p. 192.

1270.

W. Radloff, Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme Süd-Sibiriens, iii. (St. Petersburg, 1870) p. 13, note 3.

1271.

J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore (London, 1901), pp. 226, 249 sq., 252.

1272.

Bringaud, “Les Karins de la Birmanie,” Missions Catholiques, xx. (1888) p. 308.

1273.

W. H. R. Rivers, The Todas, p. 626.

1274.

E. Thurston, Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 533.

1275.

Peter Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 162.

1276.

E. James, Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (London, 1823), i. 232.

1277.

S. R. Riggs, Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography (Washington, 1893), p. 204.

1278.

S. Powers, Tribes of California, p. 315.

1279.

Willer, “Verzameling der Battasche Wetten en Instellingen in Mandheling en Pertibie,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 1846, dl. ii. 337 sq.

1280.

J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk leven,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlix. (1905) pp. 123, 125.

1281.

J. E. Neumann, “Kemali, Pantang en Rĕboe bij de Karo-Bataks,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlviii. (1906) p. 510.

1282.

C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie, 1846, dl. iii. pp. 249 sq.

1283.

“De Dajaks op Borneo,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xiii. (1869) p. 78; G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 599.

1284.

R. Shelford, “Two Medicine-baskets from Sarawak,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 78 sq.

1285.

M. C. Schadee, “Bijdrage tot de kennis van den godsdienst der Dajaks van Landak en Tajan,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsche-Indië, lvi. (1904) p. 536.

1286.

A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xl. (1896) pp. 273 sq. The word for taboo among these people is kapali. See further A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnographische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en Tomori,” op. cit. xliv. (1900) pp. 219, 237.

1287.

G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, pp. 599 sq.

1288.

G. A. Wilken, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Alfoeren van het Eiland Boeroe,” p. 26 (Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxxvi.). The words for taboo among these Alfoors are poto and koin; poto applies to actions, koin to things and places. The literal meaning of poto is “warm,” “hot” (Wilken, op. cit. p. 25).

1289.

J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 455.

1290.

N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het Land en Volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1867) p. 356.

1291.

C. F. H. Campen, “De godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche Alfoeren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) p. 450.

1292.

K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 sq. The precise consequence supposed to follow is that the oebi (?) plantations would have no bulbs (geen knollen). The names of several animals are also tabooed in Sunda. See below, p. 415.

1293.

Above, p. 332.

1294.

Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlv. (1902) pp. 278 sq. The writer explains that “to eat well” is a phrase used in the sense of “to be decent, well-behaved,” “to know what is customary.”

1295.

M. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, pp. 171 sq.

1296.

K. Vetter, in Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel, 1897, p. 92. For more evidence of the observance of this custom in German New Guinea see O. Schellong, “Über Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von Finschhafen,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxi. (1889) p. 12; M. J. Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxxii. (1902) pp. 379 sq.

1297.

B. A. Hely, “Notes on Totemism, etc., among the Western Tribes,” British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95, pp. 54 sq. Compare M. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, pp. 313 sq.

1298.

Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. 142 sq.

1299.

Dr. Hahl, “Über die Rechtsanschauungen der Eingeborenen eines Teiles der Blanchebucht und des Innern der Gazelle Halbinsel,” Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel, 1897, p. 80; O. Schellong, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxi. (1889) p. 12.

1300.

P. A. Kleintitschen, Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel, pp. 190, 238.

1301.

Rev. W. O'Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef Islands,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxiv. (1904) pp. 223 sq.

1302.

Father Lambert, “Mœurs et superstitions de la tribu Belep,” Missions Catholiques, xii. (1880) pp. 30, 68; id., Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 94 sq.

1303.

R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, pp. 43 sq.

1304.

E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions, ii. 339.

1305.

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 29. Specimens of this peculiar form of speech are given by Mr. Dawson. For example, “It will be very warm by and by” was expressed in the ordinary language Baawan kulluun; in “turn tongue” it was Gnullewa gnatnæn tirambuul.

1306.

Joseph Parker, in Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 156.

1307.

J. Macgillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake (London, 1852), ii. 10 sq. It is obvious that the example given by the writer does not illustrate his general statement. Apparently he means to say that Nuki is the son-in-law, not the son, of the woman in question, and that the prohibition to mention the names of persons standing in that relationship is mutual.

1308.

Mrs. James Smith, The Booandik Tribe, p. 5.

1309.

D. Stewart, in E. M. Curr's Australian Race, iii. 461.

1310.

C. W. Schürmann, in Native Tribes of South Australia (Adelaide, 1879), p. 249.

1311.

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, pp. 27, 30 sq., 40. So among the Gowmditch-mara tribe of western Victoria the child spoke his father's language, and not his mother's, when she happened to be of another tribe (Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 276). Compare A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 250 sq.

1312.

A. Hale, “On the Sakais,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) p. 291.

1313.

H. A. Coudreau, La France équinoxiale (Paris, 1887), ii. 178.

1314.

De Rochefort, Histoire naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles de l'Amerique2 (Rotterdam, 1665), pp. 349 sq.; De la Borde, “Relation de l'origine, etc., des Caraibs sauvages des Isles Antilles de l'Amerique,” pp. 4, 39 (Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en Amerique, qui n'ont point esté encore publiez, Paris, 1684); Lafitau, Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains, i. 55. On the language of the Carib women see also Jean Baptiste du Tertre, Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres dans l'Amerique (Paris, 1654), p. 462; Labat, Nouveau Voyage aux isles de l'Amerique (Paris, 1713), vi. 127 sq.; J. N. Rat, “The Carib Language,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxvii. (1898) pp. 311 sq.

1315.

See C. Sapper, “Mittelamericanische Caraiben,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, x. (1897) pp. 56 sqq.; and my article, “A Suggestion as to the Origin of Gender in Language,” Fortnightly Review, January 1900, pp. 79-90; also Totemism and Exogamy, iv. 237 sq.

1316.

P. Ehrenreich, “Materialien zur Sprachenkunde Brasiliens,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxvi. (1894) pp. 23-35.

1317.

Strabo, xi. 4. 8, p. 503.

1318.

G. Grey, Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia (London, 1841), ii. 232, 257. The writer is here speaking especially of western Australia, but his statement applies, with certain restrictions which will be mentioned presently, to all parts of the continent. For evidence see D. Collins, Account of the English Colony in New South Wales (London, 1804), p. 390; Hueber, “À travers l'Australie,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), Vme Série, ix. (1865) p. 429; S. Gason, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 275; K. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 120, ii. 297; A. L. P. Cameron, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiv. (1885) p. 363; E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, i. 88, 338, ii. 195, iii. 22, 29, 139, 166, 596; J. D. Lang, Queensland (London, 1861), pp. 367, 387, 388; C. Lumholtz, Among Cannibals (London, 1889), p. 279; Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia (London and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 137, 168. More evidence is adduced below.

1319.

On this latter motive see especially the remarks of A. W. Howitt, in Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 249. Compare also C. W. Schurmann, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 247; F. Bonney, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 127.

1320.

A. Oldfield, “The Aborigines of Australia,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., iii. (1865) p. 238.

1321.

A. Oldfield, op. cit. p. 240.

1322.

W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., i. (1861) p. 299.

1323.

A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 191; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 440.

1324.

Id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 469.

1325.

G. F. Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand (London, 1847), i. 94.

1326.

Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 498.

1327.

Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 526.

1328.

E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian Aborigines,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, xvi. (1904) p. 9.

1329.

L. H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois (Rochester, U.S., 1851), p. 175.

1330.

A. S. Gatschett, The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon (Washington, 1890) (Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. ii. pt. 1), p. xli; Chase, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 357, note 76.

1331.

S. Powers, Tribes of California, p. 33; compare p. 68.

1332.

S. Powers, op. cit. p. 240.

1333.

F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of Colombia,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, vii. (1885) p. 791.

1334.

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus, ii. 301, 498. For more evidence of the observance of this taboo among the American Indians see A. Woldt, Captain Jacobsen's Reise an der Nordwestküste Americas (Leipsic, 1884), p. 57 (as to the Indians of the north-west coast); W. Colquhoun Grant, “Description of Vancouver's Island,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xxvii. (1857) p. 303 (as to Vancouver Island); Capt. Wilson, “Report on the Indian Tribes,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 286 (as to Vancouver Island and neighbourhood); C. Hill Tout, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxv. (1905) p. 138; id., The Far West, the Land of the Salish and Déné, p. 201; A. Ross, Adventures on the Oregon or Columbia River, p. 322; H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iv. 226 (as to the Bonaks of California); Ch. N. Bell, “The Mosquito Territory,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xxxii. (1862) p. 255; A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l'Etat de Panama,” Revue d'Ethnographie, vi. (1887) p. 56; G. C. Musters, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xli. (1871) p. 68 (as to Patagonia). More evidence is adduced below.

1335.

See P. S. Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs, iii. 76 (Samoyeds); J. W. Breeks, Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nīlagiris (London, 1873), p. 19; W. E. Marshall, Travels amongst the Todas, p. 177; W. H. R. Rivers, The Todas, pp. 462, 496, 626; Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini), Relation des Mongols ou Tartares, ed. D'Avezac, cap. iii. § iii.; H. Duveyrier, Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord (Paris, 1864), p. 415; Lieut. S. C. Holland, “The Ainos,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iii. (1874) p. 238; J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore (London, 1901), pp. 252, 564; J. M. Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbarn,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, x. (1878) p. 405; A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, p. 71; F. Blumentritt, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (Gotha, 1882), p. 38 (Petermann's Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft, No. 67); N. Fontana, “On the Nicobar Isles,” Asiatick Researches, iii. (London, 1799) p. 154; W. H. Furness, Folk-lore in Borneo (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899), p. 26; A. van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar, pp. 70 sq.; J. E. Calder, “Native Tribes of Tasmania,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iii. (1874) p. 23; J. Bonwick, Daily Life of the Tasmanians, pp. 97, 145, 183.

1336.

H. Duveyrier, Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord, p. 431.

1337.

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 42.

1338.

K. Vetter, Komm herüber und hilf uns! iii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 24; id., in Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel, 1897, p. 92.

1339.

Dr. L. Loria, “Notes on the ancient War Customs of the Natives of Logea,” British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95, pp. 45, 46 sq. Compare M. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, p. 322.

1340.

Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887, part i. p. 656.

1341.

Baron C. C. von der Decken, Reisen in Ost-Afrika (Leipsic, 1869-1871), ii. 25; R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, pp. 182 sq.

1342.

S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, The last of the Masai (London, 1901), p. 50; Sir H. Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate, ii. 826.

1343.

W. Wyatt, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 165.

1344.

D. Collins, Account of the English Colony in New South Wales (London, 1804), p. 392.

1345.

P. Beveridge, “Notes on the Dialects, Habits, and Mythology of the Lower Murray Aborigines,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, vi. 20 sq.

1346.

“Description of the Natives of King George's Sound (Swan River) and adjoining Country,” Journal of the R. Geographical Society, i. (1832) pp. 46 sq.

1347.

W. E. Roth, North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5 (Brisbane, 1903), § 72, p. 20.

1348.

G. F. Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand (London, 1847), ii. 228.

1349.

J. F. Lafitau, Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains, ii. 434; R. Southey, History of Brazil, iii. 894 (referring to Roger Williams).

1350.

Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, vi. 109.

1351.

S. Powers, Tribes of California, p. 349; Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887, p. 656.

1352.

S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, The Last of the Masai, p. 50.

1353.

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 42.

1354.

H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 248. Compare K. F. v. Baer und Gr. v. Helmersen, Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens, i. (St. Petersburg, 1839), p. 108 (as to the Kenayens of Cook's Inlet and the neighbourhood).

1355.

J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1898) p. 231.

1356.

F. de Azara, Voyages dans l'Amérique Méridionale (Paris, 1808), ii. 153 sq.

1357.

P. Lozano, Descripcion chorographica, etc., del Gran Chaco (Cordova, 1733), p. 70.

1358.

E. H. Man, “Notes on the Nicobarese,” Indian Antiquary, xxviii. (1899) p. 261. Elsewhere I have suggested that mourning costume in general may have been adopted with this intention. See Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) pp. 73, 98 sqq.

1359.

J. Enderli, “Zwei Jahre bei den Tchuktschen und Korjaken,” Petermanns Mitteilungen, xlix. (1903) p. 257.

1360.

R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 266.

1361.

E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions of Discovery, ii. 354 sq.

1362.

J. Macgillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake (London, 1852), ii. 10 sq.

1363.

J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 94.

1364.

H. E. A. Meyer, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 199, compare p. xxix.

1365.

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 43. Mr. Howitt mentions the case of a native who arbitrarily substituted the name nobler (“spirituous liquor”) for yan (“water”) because Yan was the name of a man who had recently died (Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 249).

1366.

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus (Vienna, 1784), ii. 199, 301.

1367.

H. Ten Kate, “Notes ethnographiques sur les Comanches,” Revue d'Ethnographie, iv. (1885) p. 131.

1368.

J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1898) p. 231.

1369.

Rev. J. Roscoe in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, 17th February 1904.

1370.

A. C. Hollis, The Masai (Oxford, 1905), pp. 304 sq. As to the Masai customs in this respect see also above, pp. 354 sq., 356.

1371.

J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 455.

1372.

Sir William Macgregor, British New Guinea (London, 1897), p. 79.

1373.

C. G. Seligmann, The Melanesians of British New Guinea (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 629-631.

1374.

F. W. Christian, The Caroline Islands (London, 1899), p. 366.

1375.

F. A. de Roepstorff, “Tiomberombi, a Nicobar Tale,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, liii. (1884) pt. i. pp. 24 sq. In some tribes apparently the names of the dead are only tabooed in the presence of their relations. See C. Hill-Tout, in “Report of the Committee on the Ethnological Survey of Canada,” Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bradford, 1900, p. 484; G. Brown, Melanesians and Polynesians (London, 1910), p. 399. But in the great majority of the accounts which I have consulted no such limitation of the taboo is mentioned.

1376.

A. S. Gatschet, The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon (Washington, 1890), p. xli. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. ii. pt. I).

1377.

P. Beveridge, “Of the Aborigines inhabiting the great Lacustrine and Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray,” etc., Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1883, vol. xvii. p. 65. The custom of changing common words on the death of persons who bore them as their names seems also to have been observed by the Tasmanians. See J. Bonwick, Daily Life of the Tasmanians, p. 145.

1378.

G. Grey, Journals of two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia, ii. 231 sq.

1379.

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 42.

1380.

C. W. Schürmann, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 247.

1381.

H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, iii. 156.

1382.

Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1887, p. 656.

1383.

S. R. M'Caw, “Mortuary Customs of the Puyallups,” The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, viii. (1886) p. 235.

1384.

J. F. Lafitau, Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains (Paris, 1724), ii. 434. Charlevoix merely says that the taboo on the names of the dead lasted “a certain time” (Histoire de la Nouvelle France, vi. 109). “A good long while” is the phrase used by Captain J. G. Bourke in speaking of the same custom among the Apaches (On the Border with Crook, p. 132).

1385.

Gabriel Sagard, Le Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons, Nouvelle Édition (Paris, 1865), p. 202. The original edition of Sagard's book was published at Paris in 1632.

1386.

Relations des Jésuites, 1636, p. 131; id., 1642, pp. 53, 85; id., 1644, pp. 66 sq. (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

1387.

Daniel W. Harmon, quoted by Rev. Jedidiah Morse, Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs (New-Haven, 1822), Appendix, p. 345. The custom seems now to be extinct. It is not mentioned by Father A. G. Morice in his accounts of the tribe (in Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Third Series, vol. vii. 1888-89; Transactions of the Canadian Institute, vol. iv. 1892-93; Annual Archaeological Report, Toronto, 1905).

1388.

Ch. Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition (New York, 1851), iv. 453.

1389.

E. J. Jessen, De Finnorum Lapponumque Norwegicorum religione pagana, pp. 33 sq. (bound up with C. Leemius, De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina commentatio, Copenhagen, 1767).

1390.

Major S. C. Macpherson, Memorials of Service in India (London, 1865), pp. 72 sq.

1391.

C. Spiess, “Einiges über die Bedeutung der Personennamen der Evheer in Togo-Gebiete,” Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, pp. 56 sq.

1392.

A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 152; id., The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, pp. 153 sq. In the former passage the writer says nothing about the child's name. In the latter he merely says that an ancestor is supposed to have sent the child, who accordingly commonly takes the name of that ancestor. But the analogy of other peoples makes it highly probable that, as Col. Ellis himself states in his later work (The Yoruba-speaking Peoples), the ancestor is believed to be incarnate in the child. That the Yoruba child takes the name of the ancestor who has come to life again in him is definitely stated by A. Dieterich in Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1904) p. 20, referring to Zeitschrift für Missionskunde und Religionswissenschaft, xv. (1900) p. 17, a work to which I have not access. Dieterich's account of the subject of rebirth (op. cit. pp. 18-21) deserves to be consulted.

1393.

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 32.

1394.

C. Mauch, Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika (Gotha, 1874), p. 43 (Petermann's Mittheilungen, Ergänsungsheft, No. 37).

1395.

Sir R. C. Temple, in Census of India, 1901, vol. iii. 207, 212.

1396.

Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini), Relation des Mongols ou Tartares, ed. D'Avezac, cap. iii. § iii. The writer's statement (“nec nomen proprium ejus usque ad tertiam generationem audet aliquis nominare”) is not very clear.

1397.

P. Labbé, Un Bagne russe, l'île de Sakhaline (Paris, 1903), p. 166.

1398.

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1899), pp. 363 sq., 365, 368, 371, 377, 379, 424 sq.

1399.

On the doctrine of the reincarnation of ancestors in their descendants see E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture,2 ii. 3-5, who observes with great probability that “among the lower races generally the renewal of old family names by giving them to new-born children may always be suspected of involving some such thought.” See further Totemism and Exogamy, iii. 297-299.

1400.

H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 248.

1401.

G. Taplin, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 19.

1402.

H. E. A. Meyer, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 199.

1403.

Some of the Indians of Guiana bring food and drink to their dead so long as the flesh remains on the bones; when it has mouldered away, they conclude that the man himself has departed. See A. Biet, Voyage de la France équinoxiale en l'Isle de Cayenne (Paris, 1664), p. 392. The Alfoors or Toradjas of central Celebes believe that the souls of the dead cannot enter the spirit-land until all the flesh has been removed from their bones; till that has been done, the gods (lamoa) in the other world could not bear the stench of the corpse. Accordingly at a great festival the bodies of all who have died within a certain time are dug up and the decaying flesh scraped from the bones. See A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxix. (1895) pp. 26, 32 sqq.; id., “Het wezen van het Heidendom te Posso,” ibid. xlvii. (1903) p. 32. The Matacos Indians of the Gran Chaco believe that the soul of a dead man does not pass down into the nether world until his body is decomposed or burnt. See J. Pelleschi, Los Indios Matacos (Buenos Ayres, 1897), p. 102. These ideas perhaps explain the widespread custom of disinterring the dead after a certain time and disposing of their bones otherwise.

1404.

Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 498-508.

1405.

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, pp. 98 sq.

1406.

A. Cecchi, Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, ii. (Rome, 1885) p. 551.

1407.

Rev. J. Roscoe, “The Bahima,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xxxvii. (1907) p. 96.

1408.

J. F. Cunningham, Uganda and its Peoples (London, 1905), pp. 14, 16.

1409.

De la Loubere, Du royaume de Siam (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 306; Pallegoix, Royaume Thai ou Siam, i. 260.

1410.

J. S. Polack, Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders (London, 1840), ii. 127, note 43.

1411.

A. Fytche, Burma Past and Present (London, 1878), i. 238.

1412.

J. Edkins, Religion in China2 (London, 1878), p. 35.

1413.

Ch. Dallet, Histoire de l'Église de Corée, i. p. xxiv.; Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), i. 48. The custom is now obsolete (G. N. Curzon, Problems of the Far East, Westminster, 1896, p. 155 note).

1414.

E. Aymonier, Notice sur le Cambodge (Paris, 1875), p. 22; id., Le Cambodge, i. (Paris, 1900) p. 58.

1415.

K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) p. 101.

1416.

N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1867) p. 356.

1417.

S. Roos, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Taal, Land, en Volk op het eiland Soemba,” p. 70, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxxvi. Compare J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsche-Indië, ii. (1900) p. 173.

1418.

Above, pp. 335 sq.

1419.

J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country, pp. 221 sq.; David Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas2 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 172-179; J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 131. The account in the text is based mainly on Leslie's description, which is by far the fullest.

1420.

D. Tyerman and G. Bennet, Journal of Voyages and Travels (London, 1831), ii. 525 sq.; J. Sibree, The Great African Island (London, 1880), pp. 150 sq.; id., “Curiosities of Words connected with Royalty and Chieftainship,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, No. xi. (Christmas, 1887) pp. 308 sq.; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxi. (1887) pp. 226 sqq. On the custom of tabooing royal or chiefly names in Madagascar, see A. van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904), pp. 104 sqq.

1421.

V. Noel, “Île de Madagascar, recherches sur les Sakkalava,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IIme Série, xx. (1843) pp. 303-306. Compare A. Grandidier, “Les Rites funéraires chez les Malgaches,” Revue d'Ethnographie, v. (1886) p. 224; A. Walen, “The Sakalava,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 242; A. van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar, pp. 110 sq. Amongst the Sakalavas it is forbidden to mention the name of any dead person. See A. Voeltzkow, “Vom Morondava zum Mangoky, Reiseskizzen aus West-Madagascar,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xxxi. (1896) p. 118.

1422.

R. Baron, “The Bara,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 83.

1423.

A. Grandidier, “Madagascar,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), Vme Série, xvii. (1869) pp. 401 sq. The writer is here speaking specially of the Sakalavas, though his remarks appear to be of general application.

1424.

J. S. Polack, Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders, i. 37 sq., ii. 126 sq. Compare E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 123.

1425.

Captain J. Cook, Voyages (London, 1809), vi. 155 (Third Voyage). Compare Captain James Wilson, Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean (London, 1799), p. 366; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches,2 iii. 101.

1426.

Vancouver, Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and round the World (London, 1798), i. 135.

1427.

United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology, by Horatio Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), pp. 288 sq.

1428.

G. Brown, D.D., Melanesians and Polynesians (London, 1910), p. 280.

1429.

Lucian, Lexiphanes, 10. The inscriptional and other evidence of this Greek superstition was first brought to the notice of anthropologists by Mr. W. R. Paton in an interesting article, “The Holy Names of the Eleusinian Priests,” International Folk-lore Congress, 1891, Papers and Transactions, pp. 202-214. Compare E. Maass, Orpheus (Munich, 1895), p. 70; Aug. Mommsen, Feste der Stadt Athen im Altertum (Leipsic, 1898), pp. 253-255; P. Foucart, Les Grands Mystères d'Eleusis (Paris, 1900), pp. 28-31. The two last writers shew that, contrary to what we might have expected, the custom appears not to have been very ancient.

1430.

G. Kaibel, Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus conlecta, No. 863; Ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, 1883, col. 79 sq. From the latter of these inscriptions we learn that the name might be made public after the priest's death. Further, a reference of Eunapius (Vitae sophistarum, p. 475 of the Didot edition) shews that the name was revealed to the initiated. In the essay cited in the preceding note Mr. W. R. Paton assumes that it was the new and sacred name which was kept secret and committed to the sea. The case is not clear, but both the evidence and the probability seem to me in favour of the view that it was rather the old everyday name of the priest or priestess which was put away at his or her consecration. If, as is not improbable, these sacred personages had to act the parts of gods and goddesses at the mysteries, it might well be deemed indecorous and even blasphemous to recall the vulgar names by which they had been known in the familiar intercourse of daily life. If our clergy, to suppose an analogous case, had to personate the most exalted beings of sacred history, it would surely be grossly irreverent to address them by their ordinary names during the performance of their solemn functions.

1431.

H. Seidel, “Der Yew'e Dienst im Togolande,” Zeitschrift für afrikanische und oceanische Sprachen, iii. (1897) pp. 161-173; H. Klose, Togo unter deutscher Flagge (Berlin, 1899), pp. 197-205. Compare Lieut. Herold, “Bericht betreffend religiöse Anschauungen und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” Mittheilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, v. (1892) p. 146; J. Spieth, “Der Jehve Dienst der Evhe-Neger,” Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xii. (1893) pp. 83-88; C. Spiess, “Religionsbegriffe der Evheer in Westafrika,” Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, p. 126.

1432.

Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 227.

1433.

G. Timkowski, Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China (London, 1827), ii. 348.

1434.

J. Campbell, Travels in South Africa, Second Journey (London, 1822), ii. 204 sq.

1435.

P. Rascher, “Die Sulka, ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie Neu-Pommern,” Archiv für Anthropologie, xxix. (1904) p. 216. Compare R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee, p. 198.

1436.

Washington Matthews, “The Mountain Chant, a Navajo Ceremony,” Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1887), pp. 386 sq.

1437.

L. H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois (Rochester, U.S., 1851), pp. 167 sq. The writer derives the prohibition to tell tales of wonder in summer “from a vague and indefinable dread.”

1438.

H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iii. 314, 492.

1439.

K. Vetter, in Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xii. (1893) p. 95; id., Komm herüber und hilf uns! ii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 26; B. Hagen, Unter den Papuas (Wiesbaden, 1898), p. 270. On myths or magical tales told as spells to produce the effects which they describe, compare F. Kauffmann, Balder (Strasburg, 1902), pp. 299 sqq.; C. Fossey, La Magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902), pp. 95-97.

1440.

Fr. Boas, “The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians,” Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895, pp. 396, 418 sq., 503, 504. Compare Totemism and Exogamy, iii. 333 sq., 517 sq.

1441.

Xenophanes, quoted by Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelii, xiii. 13, pp. 269 sq., ed. Heinichen, and by Clement of Alexandria, Strom. vii. 4, pp. 840 sq., ed. Potter; H. Diels, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker2 (Berlin, 1906-1910), i. 49.

1442.

A. Erman, Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum, pp. 359-362; A. Wiedemann, Die Religion der alten Ägypter, pp. 29-32; G. Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient classique: les origines, pp. 162-164; R. V. Lanzone, Dizionario di mitologia egizia (Turin, 1881-1884), pp. 818-822; E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Dead (London, 1895), pp. lxxxix.-xci.; id., Egyptian Magic, pp. 136 sqq.; id., The Gods of the Egyptians (London, 1904), i. 360 sq. The abridged form of the story given in the text is based on a comparison of these various versions, of which Erman's is slightly, and Maspero's much curtailed. Mr. Budge's version is reproduced by Mr. E. Clodd (Tom Tit Tot, pp. 180 sqq.).

1443.

G. Maspero, Études de mythologie et d'archéologie égyptienne (Paris, 1893), ii. 297 sq.

1444.

E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” Mélusine, viii. (1897) coll. 227 sq. Compare A. Erman, Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum, pp. 472 sq.; E. A. Wallis Budge, Egyptian Magic, pp. 157 sqq.

1445.

Lucan, Pharsalia, vi. 730 sqq.

1446.

E. W. Lane, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (Paisley and London, 1895), ch. xii. p. 273.

1447.

E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l'Afrique du nord, p. 130.

1448.

J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, vi. (Leyden, 1910) p. 1126.

1449.

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 18; Macrobius, Saturn. iii. 9; Servius on Virgil, Aen. ii. 351; Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 61. According to Servius (l.c.) it was forbidden by the pontifical law to mention any Roman god by his proper name, lest it should be profaned. Compare Festus, p. 106, ed. C. O. Müller: “Indigetes dii quorum nomina vulgari non licet.” On the other hand the Romans were careful, for the sake of good omen, to choose men with lucky names, like Valerius, Salvius, Statorius, to open any enterprise of moment, such as to lead the sacrificial victims in a religious procession or to be the first to answer to their names in a levy or a census. See Cicero, De divinatione, i. 45. 102 sq.; Festus, s.v. “Lacus Lucrinus,” p. 121, ed. C. O. Müller; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 22; Tacitus, Histor. iv. 53.

1450.

Pliny, Nat. Hist. iii. 65; Solinus, i. 4 sq.; Macrobius, Sat. iii. 9, 3, and 5; Servius, on Virgil, Aen. i. 277; Joannes Lydus, De mensibus, iv. 50.

1451.

F. Fossey, La Magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902), pp. 58, 95.

1452.

T. de Pauly, Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie (St. Petersburg, 1862), Peuples ouralo-altaïques, p. 24.

1453.

M. Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 579 sq. As to the Flannan Islands see also Sir J. Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, xix. (Edinburgh, 1797), p. 283.

1454.

J. G. Campbell, Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Glasgow, 1900), p. 239.

1455.

Miss Morag Cameron, “Highland Fisher-folk and their Superstitions,” Folk-lore, xiv. (1903) p. 304.

1456.

A. Edmonston, Zetland Islands (Edinburgh, 1809), ii. 74.

1457.

Ch. Rogers, Social Life in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1884-1886), iii. 218.

1458.

W. Gregor, Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland, pp. 199-201.

1459.

“Traditions, Customs, and Superstitions of the Lewis,” Folk-lore, vi. (1895) p. 170; Miss A. Goodrich-Freer, “The Powers of Evil in the Outer Hebrides,” Folk-lore, x. (1899) p. 265.

1460.

J. Mackenzie, Ten Years north of the Orange River (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 151, note 1.

1461.

J. G. Campbell, Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 184 sq.

1462.

J. Rhys, “Manx Folk-lore and Superstitions,” Folk-lore, iii. (1892) p. 84.

1463.

A. Bosquet, La Normandie romanesque et merveilleuse (Paris and Rouen, 1845), p. 308.

1464.

J. G. Gmelin, Reise durch Sibirien, ii. (Göttingen, 1752), p. 277

1465.

Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, ii. (Munich, 1863), p. 304.

1466.

Tettau und Temme, Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens (Berlin, 1837), p. 281.

1467.

W. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten, und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, p. 175, § 30.

1468.

K. Bartsch, Sagen, Märchen, und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg, ii. p. 246, §§ 1273, 1274.

1469.

A. Kuhn, Märkische Sagen und Märchen, p. 378, § 14.

1470.

B. Thorpe, Northern Mythology, ii. 83 sq.; L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden (London, 1870), p. 251.

1471.

R. F. Kaindl, Die Huzulen (Vienna, 1894), p. 103; id., “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 387.

1472.

Id., “Neue Beiträge zur Ethnologie und Volkskunde der Huzulen,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 73.

1473.

C. Leemius, De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina commentatio (Copenhagen, 1767), pp. 502 sq.

1474.

M. A. Castren, Vorlesungen über die finnische Mythologie (St. Petersburg, 1853), p. 201.

1475.

Varonen, reported by Hon. J. Abercromby in Folk-lore, ii. (1891) pp. 245 sq.

1476.

Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, p. 120.

1477.

P. Labbé, Un Bagne russe, l'île de Sakhaline (Paris, 1903), p. 231.

1478.

G. W. Steller, Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1774), p. 276.

1479.

G. W. Steller, op. cit. p. 91; compare ib. pp. 129, 130.

1480.

J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1892), p. 352. Compare id., “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 295.

1481.

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 438.

1482.

F. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, xv. (1901) p. 148.

1483.

J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 374.

1484.

J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums2 (Berlin, 1897), p. 199.

1485.

A. Certeux et E. H. Carnoy, L'Algérie traditionnelle (Paris and Algiers, 1884), pp. 172, 175.

1486.

Father Picarda, “Autour de Mandéra,” Missions Catholiques, xviii. (1886) p. 227.

1487.

J. J. Monteiro, Angola and the River Congo (London, 1875), ii. 116.

1488.

J. Mackenzie, Ten Years north of the Orange River (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 151; C. R. Conder, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) p. 84.

1489.

H. B. Johnstone, “Notes on the Customs of the Tribes occupying Mombasa Sub-district, British East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 268.

1490.

J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, v. (Leyden, 1907) p. 691.

1491.

A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, British Nigeria (London, 1902), p. 285.

1492.

J. Irle, Die Herero (Gütersloh, 1906), p. 133.

1493.

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi (Oxford, 1909), p. 43.

1494.

H. F. Standing, “Malagasy fady,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 258.

1495.

H. F. Standing, op. cit. p. 263.

1496.

J. Sibree, The Great African Island, pp. 307 sq.

1497.

R. H. Nassau, Fetichism in West Africa (London, 1904), pp. 381 sqq.

1498.

Panjab Notes and Queries, i. p. 15, § 122.

1499.

North Indian Notes and Queries, i. p. 104, § 690.

1500.

Id. v. p. 133, § 372.

1501.

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 142 sq.

1502.

S. Mateer, Native Life in Travancore, pp. 320 sq.

1503.

North Indian Notes and Queries, v. p. 133, § 372.

1504.

W. Crooke, op. cit. ii. 212.

1505.

W. Crooke in North Indian Notes and Queries, i. p. 70, § 579; id., Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, iii. 249; id., Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 54.

1506.

W. Crooke, Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, iii. 314.

1507.

D. Sunder, “Exorcism of Wild Animals in the Sundarbans,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxxii. part iii. (Calcutta, 1904) pp. 45 sqq., 51.

1508.

H. Mouhot, Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (London, 1864), i. 263 sq.

1509.

Mgr Masson, in Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, xxiv. (1852) p. 323. Compare Le R. P. Cadière, “Croyances et dictons populaires de la vallée du Nguôn-son,” Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, i. (1901) p. 134.

1510.

E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe (Westminster, 1898), p. 61.

1511.

N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani Fishermen,” Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology, part i. (April 1903) p. 104.

1512.

E. Aymonier, Notes sur le Laos, p. 113; id., Voyage dans le Laos, i. (Paris, 1895) p. 311. In the latter passage the writer observes that the custom of giving conventional names to common objects is very generally observed in Indo-China during the prosecution of long and perilous journeys undertaken periodically.

1513.

Id., “Les Tchames et leurs religions,” Revue de l'Histoire des Religions, xxiv. (1891) p. 278. Compare A. Cabaton, Nouvelles Recherches sur les Chams (Paris, 1901), p. 53.

1514.

D. F. A. Hervey, in Indian Notes and Queries (December 1886), p. 45, § 154.

1515.

Pantang is equivalent to taboo. In this sense it is used also by the Dyaks. See S. W. Tromp, “Een Dajaksch Feest,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) pp. 31 sq.

1516.

J. R. Logan, “The Orang Binua of Johore,” Journal of the Eastern Archipelago and Eastern Asia, i. (1847) pp. 249, 263-265; A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, v. 37; H. Lake and H. J. Kelsall, “The Camphor Tree and Camphor Language of Johore,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 26 (January 1894), pp. 39 sq.; W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 212-214; W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (London, 1906), ii. 414-431.

1517.

C. M. Pleyte, “Herinneringen uit Oost-Indië,” Tijdschrift van het koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, II Serie, xvii. (1900) pp. 27 sq.

1518.

W. H. Furness, Folk-lore in Borneo (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899; privately printed), p. 27; id., Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia, 1902), p. 17. A special language is also used in the search for camphor by some of the natives of Sumatra. See Th. A. L. Heyting, “Beschrijving der onder-afdeeling Groot-Mandeling en Batang-Natal,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, xiv. (1897) p. 276.

1519.

W. H. Furness, Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters, pp. 168 sq.

1520.

W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 250, 253-260. In like manner the people of Sikhim intensely dread all mining operations, believing that the ores and veins of metals are the stored treasures of the earth-spirits, who are enraged by the removal of these treasures and visit the robbers with sickness, failure of crops, and other calamities. Hence the Sikhimese leave the copper mines to be worked by Nepaulese. See L. A. Waddell, Among the Himalayas (Westminster, 1899), p. 101.

1521.

W. W. Skeat, op. cit. pp. 139 sq.

1522.

W. W. Skeat, op. cit. pp. 192 sq.

1523.

N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani Fishermen,” Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology, part i. (April 1903) pp. 84-86.

1524.

C. Snouck Hurgronje, De Atjèhers (Batavia and Leyden, 1893-1894), i. 303.

1525.

J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) p. 100. As to the superstitions of gold-washers among the Gayos of Sumatra, see C. Snouck Hurgronje, Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners (Batavia, 1903), pp. 361 sq.

1526.

M. T. H. Perelaer, Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks (Zalt-Bommel, 1870), p. 215.

1527.

J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. (1863) p. 115. Compare W. Marsden, History of Sumatra, p. 292; T. J. Newbold, Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, ii. 192 sq.

1528.

J. E. Neumann, “Kemali, Pantang en Rèboe bij de Karo-Bataks,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlviii. (1906) pp. 511 sq.

1529.

C. Snouck Hurgronje, Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners (Batavia, 1903), pp. 311 sq.

1530.

J. W. Thomas, “De jacht op het eiland Nias,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvi. (1880) p. 275.

1531.

L. N. H. A. Chatelin, “Godsdienst en bijgeloof der Niassers,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvi. (1880) p. 165; H. Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,” Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift, xi. (1884) p. 349; E. Modigliani, Un Viaggio a Nias (Milan, 1890), p. 593.

1532.

A. L. van Hasselt, “Nota, betreffende de rijstcultuur in de Residentie Tapanoeli,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxvi. (1893) pp. 525 sq. The Singhalese also call things by strange names when they are in the rice-fields. See A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Singhalese Social Life,” Indian Antiquary, xxxii. (1903) p. 437.

1533.

G. A. J. Hazeu, “Kleine Bijdragen tot de Ethnografie en de Folk-lore van Java,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlvii. (1903) pp. 291 sq.

1534.

A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxix. (1895) pp. 146-148; id., “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” ibid. xliv. (1900) pp. 228 sq.

1535.

N. Adriani und A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) pp. 145 sq.

1536.

A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja's van Midden Celebes,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xliv. (1901) p. 8; id., “Het rijk Mori,” Tijdschrift van het Koniklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, II. Serie, xvii. (1900) p. 464, note.

1537.

B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes (The Hague, 1875), p. 107; id., “Over de âdá's of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, III. Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) pp. 164 sq.

1538.

H. E. D. Engelhard, “Mededeelingen over het eiland Saleijer,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Neêrlandsch-Indië, Vierde Volgreeks, viii. (1884) p. 369.

1539.

E. F. Jochim, “Beschrijving van den Sapoedi Archipel,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxvi. (1893) p. 361.

1540.

M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 508.

1541.

S. D. van de Velde van Cappellan, “Verslag eener Bezoekreis naar de Sangi-eilanden,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, i. (1857) pp. 33, 35.

1542.

A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxix. (1895) p. 148.

1543.

Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlv. (1902) pp. 279 sq.

1544.

K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 sq.

1545.

Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, “The Relations between Men and Animals in Sarawak,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1902) p. 205; W. H. Furness, Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia, 1902), pp. 17, 186 sq.

1546.

Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, op. cit. p. 186.

1547.

Ch. Brooke, Ten Years in Sarawak (London, 1866), i. 208; Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East,2 i. 71 sq.

1548.

Juan de la Concepcion, Historia general de Philipinas, i. (Manilla, 1788), p. 20. Compare J. Mallat, Les Philippines (Paris, 1846), i. 64.

1549.

On this subject Mr. R. J. Wilkinson's account of the Malay's attitude to nature (Malay Beliefs, London and Leyden, 1906, pp. 67 sq.) deserves to be quoted: “The practice of magic arts enters into every department of Malay life. If (as the people of the Peninsula believe) all nature is teeming with spiritual life, some spiritual weapon is necessary to protect man against possible ghostly foes. Now the chief and most characteristic weapon of the Malay in his fight against the invisible world is courtesy. The peasant will speak no evil of a tiger in the jungle or of an evil spirit within the limits of that spirit's authority.... The tiger is the symbol of kingly oppression; still, he is royal and must not be insulted; he is the ‘shaggy-haired father’ or ‘grandfather’ of the traveller in the woods. Even the birds, the fish and the fruits that serve as human food are entitled to a certain consideration: the deer is addressed as a ‘prince,’ the coco-nut tree as a ‘princess,’ the chevrotin as ‘emperor of the jungle’ (shah alam di-rimba). In all this respect paid to unseen powers—for it is the soul of the animal or plant that is feared—there is no contemptible adulation or cringeing; the Malay believes that courtesy honours the speaker more than the person addressed.”

1550.

The character of King Solomon appears to be a favourite one with the Malay sorcerer when he desires to ingratiate himself with or lord it over the powers of nature. Thus, for example, in addressing silver ore the sage observes:— “If you do not come hither at this very moment You shall be a rebel unto God, And a rebel unto God's Prophet Solomon, For I am God's Prophet Solomon.”— See W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 273. No doubt the fame of his wisdom has earned for the Hebrew monarch this distinction among the dusky wizards of the East.

1551.

“The mind of the savage is not a blank; and when one becomes familiar with his beliefs and superstitions, and the complicated nature of his laws and customs, preconceived notions of his simplicity of thought go to the winds. I have yet to find that most apocryphal of beings described as the ‘unsophisticated African.’ We laugh at and ridicule his fetishes and superstitions, but we fail to follow the succession of ideas and effort of mind which have created these things. After most careful observations extending over nineteen years, I have come to the conclusion that there is nothing in the customs and fetishes of the African which does not represent a definite course of reasoning” (Rev. Thomas Lewis, “The Ancient Kingdom of Kongo,” The Geographical Journal, xix. (1902) p. 554). “The study of primitive peoples is extremely curious and full of surprises. It is twenty years since I undertook it among the Thonga and Pedi tribes of South Africa, and the further I advance, the more I am astonished at the great number, the complexity, and the profundity of the rites of these so-called savages. Only a superficial observer could accuse their individual or tribal life of superficiality. If we take the trouble to seek the reason of these strange customs, we perceive that at their base there are secret, obscure reasons, principles hard to grasp, even though the most fervent adepts of the rite can give no account of it. To discover these principles, and so to give a true explanation of the rites, is the supreme task of the ethnographer,—a task in the highest degree delicate, for it is impossible to perform it if we do not lay aside our personal ideas to saturate ourselves with those of primitive peoples” (Rev. H. A. Junod, “Les Conceptions physiologiques des Bantou sud-africains et leurs tabous,” Revue d'Ethnographie et de Sociologie, i. (1910) p. 126). These weighty words, the fruit of ripe experience, deserve to be pondered by those who fancy that the elaborate system of savage custom can have grown up instinctively without a correspondingly elaborate process of reasoning in the minds of its founders. We may not, indeed, always be able to discover the reason for which a particular custom or rite was instituted, for we are only beginning to understand the mind of uncivilised man; but all that we know of him tends to shew that his practice, however absurd it may seem to us, originated in a definite train of thought and for a definite and very practical purpose.

1552.

See above, pp. 159 sq.

1553.

M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 513.

1554.

John Ramsay, Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh, 1888), ii. 456.

1555.

H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, ii. 175.

1556.

J. Macdonald, Light in Africa (London, 1890), p. 209.

1557.

Rev. J. Roscoe, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 59.

1558.

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, pp. 24 sq., 36. In these cases the harm is thought to fall on the person who steps over, not on the thing which is stepped over.

1559.

Rev. J. H. Weeks, “Customs of the Lower Congo People,” Folk-lore, xx. (1909) p. 474.

1560.

B. Gutmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” Globus, lxxxix. (1906) p. 199.

1561.

E. Aymonier, Voyage dans le Laos, i. (Paris, 1895) p. 144.

1562.

C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (London, 1903), i. 435.

1563.

E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, i. 50.

1564.

A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 402.

1565.

Father Lambert, Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens, pp. 192 sq.

1566.

P. von Stenin, “Das Gewohnheitsrecht der Samojeden,” Globus, lx. (1891) p. 173.

1567.

J. Richardson, in Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, Reprint of the First Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1885), p. 529; id., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 296; J. Sibree, The Great African Island, p. 288; compare De Flacourt, Histoire de la grande isle Madagascar (Paris, 1658), p. 99.

1568.

J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. i. (Washington, 1900) p. 424.

1569.

H. A. Junod, “Les Conceptions physiologiques des Bantou sud-africains,” Revue d'Ethnographie et de Sociologie, i. (1910) p. 138, note 3.

1570.

F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven, p. 52.

1571.

See L. F. Sauvé, Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges, p. 226, compare pp. 219 sq.; E. Monseur, Le Folk-lore Wallon, p. 39; A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,2 § 603; J. W. Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. p. 208, § 42; J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, etc., im Voigtlande, p. 423; A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche, p. 462, § 461; E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xv. (1883) p. 85; R. H. Kaindl, Die Huzulen, p. 5; J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 109, §§ 798, 799; Eijüb Abêla, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, vii. (1884) p. 81; compare B. Chemali, “Naissance et premier âge au Liban,” Anthropos, v. (1910) p. 741.