INDEX
Reading edition
Abbas the Great, Shah, 494
Abbot, General Sir James, cited, 107-109, 119
Abdurrahmon, Amir, 357, 377, 419
Ab-i-lal river, 486
Abistada, Lake, 514
Abkhana route, 351
Abu Abdulla Mohammed (Al Idrisi). See Idrisi
Accadian tradition cited, 34, 73
Achakzai (Duranis), 212, 361, 375, 491
Adraskand, 229 and n.; river, 216
Aegospotami, xiii, 160, 163
Afghan, Armenian identification of word, 50
Afghan Boundary Commission. See Russo-Afghan
Afghan Turkistan: Agricultural possibilities of, 251 Ferrier in, 481 Greek settlements in, 31 Kabul, route to: Modern improvements in, 419 and n., 522 n. Wood's account of, 418-19 Richness of, known to Tiglath Pilesur, 49 Route to, by southern passes of Hindu Kush, 378 Routes to, from Herat, 248 Slavery in, 253 Snakes in, 253 Valley formations in, 253-4
Afghanistan: Arab exploration of, 192 Assyrian colonies in highlands of, 61 Barbarity in, 78-9 Boundary Commission. See Russo-Afghan British attitude towards, in early 19th century, 349; Afghan attitude towards British, 337-8 British war with (1839-40): Conduct of, 359, 411 Effects of, 346, 353, 392 Geographical information acquired during, 411-12 Remnants of British disasters in, 478 British war with (1878-80), surveys in connection with, 397, 500 Christie's and Pottinger's exploration of, 329 et seq. Durani corner of, character of, 212 Ethnography of Afghanistan (Bellew) cited, 20, 91 Foreign policy of, 353 Greek names in, 21 Helmund boundary of, 80 Hinterland of India, viewed as, 5 Indian land gates always held by, 22 Language of, Persian in origin, 21 Natural beauty of, 392 Persia: Colonies of, in, 61 Intrigues of, British nervousness as to, 399-400 War with (1837), 402 Persian Empire including, in antiquity, 21 Rain-storms in, 233-4 Russian intrigues regarding, British nervousness as to, 399-400 Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission. See that title Rulers of (Ben-i-Israel), traditions of, 49-50 Social conditions in, past and present, 337-8, 395 Surveying of, gaps in, 501; important unexplored regions, 514
Afghanistan, Central: Aimak tribes of, 488-9 Broadfoot's exploration of, 412, 470 et seq. Conformation of, 215 Hazara highlands, 84-6 Records of, scanty, 213-14 Routes through, 220, 222-3 Survey of (1882-3), 212, 214
Afghanistan, North (Baktria): Alexander in, 88 Altitudes of peaks and passes in, 262-3 Assyrian estimate of, 6 Irrigation works in, 75-6 Kafir inhabitants of, 50 Kyreneans in, 91 Milesian Greeks (Brankhidai) transported to, 16, 19, 20, 31, 45, 87, 91; survival of Greek strain in, 354-5, 358 Murghab river's economic value in, 246-7 Plateau of, 258 Route to, from Mesopotamia, 47-48, 54, 67-8, 70 Winter climate of, 240
Afghanistan, South: Christie's and Pottinger's exploration of, 329 et seq. Firearms imported into, 55 Historic monuments scarce in, 211
Afghans: Burnes' estimate of, 491 Durani. See that title European travellers' intercourse with (unofficial), 452, 457-8 Foreigners, attitude towards, 337-8, 353, 392 Masson's intimacy with, 346-7, 350, 352, 362-3; his influence with, 380 Slavery, attitude towards, 421
Afridi (Aprytae), 28, 31
Aimak tribes of Central Afghanistan, 488-9
Ak Robat, 446
Ak Robat pass, 378, 382, 421; Wood's account of, 417
Ak Tepe (Khuzan), 245-6
Ak Zarat pass, 262
Akbar Khan (Afghan general), 398
Akcha (Akbarabad), 449
Akulphis, 125
Al Kharij, 313
Alakah ridge, 257
Alauddin (Allah-u-din), 218, 467
Alexander the Great: Alexandreia (? Herat) founded by, 77 Bakhi obliterated by, 31-2 Brankhidai of Milesia exterminated by, 20 Expedition of, to India: Aornos episode, 106-107, 109-21 Army, constituents of, 64-5 Course and incidents of, 66-8, 70, 76-9, 83, 86-8, 90, 92-4, 96, 98-100, 103-107, 111-22, 125 Darius' flight from, 47-8, 67-8 Geographical information possessed by, 10, 26, 29, 38, 61, 79, 86, 147 Greek influence of, in Indus valley less than supposed, 22 Greeks in Afghanistan welcoming, 16, 63 Knowledge acquired by, 60 Mutiny beyond Indus, 46 Nature of, 60, 65 Recruitment from Greece during, 92 Retreat, route of, 38, 51, 86, 145-54, 156, 161-6, 291 Skythic tribes encountered by, 93 Marriage of Alexander with Roxana, 92 Philotas tortured to death by, 78 Reverential attitude towards, still felt in India, 58-9
Alexandreia (Bagram, Herat), 77, 87, 93, 96, 393
Ali Khan, 497
Ali Masjid, 351
Aliabad, 421, 505
Alingar (Kao) river, 96, 99-100, 327, 358, 507, 509
Alishang river, 99, 356-8, 507
Alishang valley, Masson in, 396
Allard, General, 366, 455
Almar, 249
Altitude: Abstract, mediæval ignorance of, 279 As a factor in defence, 419
Amb (Embolina), 107-108, 114-15, 121
Ambela pass, 121
Amise, General, 366
Amritsar, 363, 367
Anardara, 335, 336
Anbar, 250-51
Andarab (Adraspa, Ariaspa, Zariaspa): Alingar river, communication with, 327 Capital of Greek colonies situated in, 511 Fertility of, 90 Greek settlements about, 435 Haibak route to, 524 Site of, 272, 427-8 Strategic importance of, 92, 275, 277, 357 Timur at, 355 otherwise mentioned, 243, 272-4, 276
Andarab river, 268, 272, 428; strategic importance of, 261
Andarab valley, 88, 90, 438, 509
Andkhui, 248, 439, 448
Anjuman, 270
Anjuman valley, 274, 436, 507, 509; importance of route, 275; unexplored, 427-8
Aornos, 92, 106-107, 109-21
Aprytae (Afridi), 28, 31
Arabian Sea: Command of, necessary for safety of southern Baluchistan passes, 140-41 Islands in, disappearance of, 286, 288 Phenomena of, 286-7
Arabic, derivatives from, 192
Arabii, 146, 305
Arabius river. See Purali
Arabs: Ascendency of, in seventh century, 191-2 Himyaritic, 372 Indian invasion by, 293-4 Indian route used by, via Girishk, 209 Makran under ascendency of, 292-5 Methods of, mediæval and modern, 227 Records of travel by, untrustworthiness of, 213 Sabœan, 372 Sind under, 293, 311, 366
Arbela, Arbil. See Erbil
Arbela, battle of, 47, 67
Archa pass, 421, 505
Ardewan pass, 234
Argandi, 379
Arghandab river, 83, 86, 208, 224, 515
Arghastan river, 224
Argu plain, 424
Aria, 32, 479. See also Herat
Ariaspa. See Andarab
Arigaion, 103
Arimaspians, 14
Aristobulus cited, 151-2
Armail (Armabel, Karabel, Las Bela), 150, 304-307, 320; distances to, 303-304
Armenia, Israelites deported to, 39, 49
Arnawai valley, 358
Arrian cited, 19-20, 51, 54, 62-3, 87, 89, 91, 103, 104, 107, 114, 118, 119, 124, 126, 147, 148, 150, 152-3, 155, 156, 160, 165-6, 316
Artakoana, 32, 77, 479. See also Herat
Artobaizanes, 68
Asfaka, 312, 314
Asfaran (? Subzawar), 229-30
Asmar Boundary Commission (1894), 123
Asoka, 129
Aspardeh, 250
Aspasians, 96, 100, 103, 104
Aspurkan (? Sar-i-pul), 250, 252
Assagetes, 114
Assakenians, 96, 104
Assakenoi, 121, 126, 129
Asshur (Assyrian god), 53
Assur-bani-pal (Sardanapalus), 52, 162-3
Assyria: Afghan colonies of, 61 Buildings in, nature of, 40-43 Israelite serfs in, 39
Assyrian Empire, Second: Afghanistan as viewed by, 6 Art of, 7, 52-4 Babylonian overthrow of, 52 Golden age of, 51-3 Influence of, in India, 70 Israelites deported by, 16, 39, 44, 49, 61 Naval fight of, first, 52 Satrapies, institution of, 44
Astarab stream and route to Bamian, 252-4; valley, 266
Astarabad, 225
Astola I. (Haftala), 160
Attok, Carpatyra probably near, 29
Auca (Obeh), 225
Auckland, Lord, 405, 409
Avitabile, 367
Azdha of Bamian, 380
Azdha of Besud, 380
Babar (Baba) pass, 234, 236, 481
Baber, Emperor, cited, 133, 358; estimate of, 326-7
Babylon: Antiquities of, 73 Assyria overthrown by, 52 Barrenness of country round, 41
Badakshan: Alexander in, 93 Antiquarian treasures in, 511 Balkh-Pamirs route across, 177-8 British knowledge of, only recent, 345 Climate of, 422 Dorah route from, to Kunar valley, 520 Exploration of, by Indian surveyors, 268-9 Geographical knowledge of uplands of, defective, 501, 503, 510 Greek settlements and remains in, 20, 31, 423 Kabul, modern all-the-year-round route to, 275-6, 419 n., 522 n. Kafirs anciently in, 132 Lord's and Wood's mission to, 402 Moorcroft's journey to, 444 Railway across uplands to, impracticability of, 523 Routes to, compared, 414 Wood's views on, 436-7
Badakshan (town) (? Jirm), 273-5
Badakshani transported by Murad Beg, 432, 505
Badghis, 235, 236, 237
Bado river, 338-9
Baghdad: Masson at, 368 Railway from, via Hamadan and Kum, question as to, 322
Baghlan, 90, 261, 421, 505, 511; Greek settlements about, 435
Baghlan river, 434; valley, 437
Baghnein, 206-208
Bagisara (? Damizar), 158
Bagnarghar, 282-3
Bagram (Alexandreia), 77, 87, 93, 96, 393
Bahawalpur, 349, 364
Bahrein Is., 56
Bahu Kalat (Fahalfahra), 312-14
Bahu valley, 165
Baio peak, 120-21
Bajaor, 103
Bajaur, 128
Bajgah, 261, 384
Bajgah (Parwan, Sar Alang) pass, 414
Bajitan (Najitan), 225
Bakhi, 31-32
Bakhtyari, 32
Bakkak pass, 256, 262
Baktra. See Balkh
Baktria. See Badakshan
Bakwa plain, 493
Bala Murghab, 237, 240, 247, 481
Balangur (Bala Angur), 251
Balkh: Antiquity of, 7, 71, 73 Approach to, by Akcha road, 72, 73 Buddhism at, 263, 502-503 Coins and relics at, 459 Ferrier's account of, 482 Importance of, in antiquity, 88 Khotan, distance from, 177 Modern, 71-4 Moorcroft at, 446, 449 Persian satrapy including, 31 Routes to, from: Bamian, 267-8 Bokhara, 278 Herat, 239-40, 247-8 Kabul, 272-3 Khotan, 277, 278-9 Merv, 249-50 Punjab, 177 Southward, 257
Balkh Ab river, 215
Balkh Ab valley, 252, 255, 257; route to Kabul, 259-60
Balkh plains: Antiquarian interest of, 88, 511 Extent and character of, 74 Mapping of, 501 Rivers of, 75 Waterway ruins of, 76
Balkh (Band-i-Amir) river: Course of, 257-8 Lakes and aqueducts of, 256 Sarikoh, junction with, 267 Scenery of, 262-3 Source of, 84
Baluch Confederation: Kaiani Maliks at head of, 37 Lawlessness of, 334
Baluchistan: Arab exploration of, 192 Desert of, 82 Exploration of, modern, 194; by Christie and Pottinger, 329 et seq. Firearms imported into, 55 Frontier of, the Gomul, 137 Hinterland of India, viewed as, 5 Hot winds of, 341 Language of, Persian in origin, 21 Lasonoi emigration to, 30 Makran. See that title Mediæval geography regarding, 200 Mongol invasion of India through, 526 Natural features and conditions of, 32-3, 47, 373 Persian Empire including, 21 Political intrigue in, 409 Southern passes from, into India commanded from the sea, 140-41 Surveying of, 501
Baluchistan, East: Inhabitants of, character of, 373-4 Masson's travels in, 369
Baluchistan, South: Brahui of, 34 Configuration of, 48
Baluchs, Masson's intimacy with, 374
Bam, 323
Bamain, 213-14
Bam-i-dunya. See Pamirs
Bamian: Buddhist relics at, 177, 263, 265-6, 381, 446 Founding of kingdom of, 218 Importance of, in Middle Ages, 205, 261-2, 267 Masson in, 378-86 Route through, importance of, 438 Routes to, from: Balkh, 267-8 Ghur, 224 Kabul (open in winter), 385-6 Oxus plains, 257 Sar-i-pul, 252
Bamian (Unai) pass, 87, 221
Bamian river, 260, 388
Bamian valley: Description of, 263, 265-6 Importance of, 437-8
Bampur: Alexander at, 165, 166, 316 Mountain conformation of, 323 Pottinger at, 342
Bampusht Koh mountains, 313
Band (Binth), 311-12, 314
Band-i-Amir mountains, 257
Band-i-Amir river. See Balkh river
Band-i-Baian (Siah Koh, Sufed Koh) mountains, 84, 215, 486, 487
Band-i-Nadir, 245
Band-i-Turkistan, 239, 249, 250, 484
Banj mountain, 184, 185
Banjohir (Panjshir), 276-7
Bannu, 512
Baraki, 91
Barbarra (? Mabara), 434
Barna, Badara (Gwadur), 159
Barnes, Sir Hugh, 374 and n.
Baroghel pass, 517, 521
Barohi, meaning of term, 34, 163. See also Brahuis
Bashgol valley, 426
Bashkird mountains, 200
Basrah, 368
Bassarika cited, 62
Bast, 236
Bazar (ancient) (Rustam, Bazira, Bazireh), 106, 113, 114
Bazar (modern) (? Ora), 106
Bean, Captain, 406-407
Begram, site of ancient city at, 393; Cufic coins at, 394
Behistan inscriptions cited, 30
Behvana (Jirena), 245
Bela (in Baluchistan), 331
Bela. See Las Bela
Belchirag, 251, 255, 484
Bellew cited, 32, 35, 163-4; his Ethnography of Afghanistan cited, 20, 91; his Inquiry cited, 21
Belous (Bolous), 200
Ben-i-Israel, traditions of, 49-50, 378
Benjawai, 207, 208, 210
Bentinck, Lord Wm., 344
Berwan lake, 282
Bessos (later Artaxerxes), 47, 68, 76, 88, 90
Besud route to the Helmund, 262
Besud territory, 378, 380-81
Bih (Geh), 311-12, 314
Binadur, 493
Binth (Band), 311-12, 314
Birdwood, Sir Geo., cited, 53
Birmal hills, 513
Birs Nimrud, 41, 43, 71
Bist (Kala Bist), 204, 207, 208
Bitchilik pass, 387
Blood, Sir Bindon, cited, 120
Bodh, 372
Bokhara (Sogdiæ): Alexander's success in, 92 Balkh under chief of, 459 Kabul and Bamian, main route from, 389 Khulm and Balkh route from, 278 Modern popularity of, 395 Moorcroft's journey to, 444
Bolan (Mashkaf) pass, 139, 362
Bolar, kingdom of, 327
Boledi, 36-7
Bolor, Kafiristan part of, 269
Bolous (Belous), 200
Bombay N.I., geographical record of, 454
Boodhi, 483-4
Botm, 282 and n.
Bouchinj (Zindajan), 479
Bousik (Boushinj, Pousheng), 231, 234, 237
Brahmi script cited, 171
Brahuis (Barohis): Baluchistan, in, 331 Masson's estimate of, 374 Mingals, 142, 306 Revolt of, at Kalat, 406 Sakæ, 163-4 Stock of, 34 Traditions of, 142
Brankhidai of Milesia, 20, 91
Brick buildings of antiquity, 42-3
Broadfoot, Lieut. J. S., 513; travels of, in Central Afghanistan, 412, 470 et seq.; estimate of, 471
Bubulak, 387
Buddhism: Balkh, at, in antiquity, 72, 263, 502-503 Bamian, relics in, 263-6, 381, 446 Building age of, a later development, 170 Haibak, at, 264-5, 511 Jalalabad, relics at, 352 Kashmir, in, 179-80 Nava Sanghârâma, 178 Ritual of, 174-6, 181-2 Sind, ruins in, 372 Swat, in, 129 Takla Makan, in the, 283
Buddhist Records of the Western World, quoted, 175-6
Buddhiya kingdom, 305-306
Budu river, 341
Bunbury cited, 31
Buner river, 108, 120-21
Buner valley, Blood's expedition to, 120
Bushire, 348
Burhan, Lake, 283
Burnes, Sir Alexander, Indus navigation by, 368, 454; at court of Ranjit Singh, 455-7; mission of, to Kabul (1832), 344, 376; to Kunduz, 378; Travels in Bokhara quoted, 455, 491; date of publication, 344, 351; commercial mission of, to Kabul (1837), 398-401, 404-405; work of, 440-41; estimate of, 453, 461
Burzil pass, 182
Candace, 479
Canouj, 273
Cariat (Kariut), 210
Carpatyra, 28-9
Cavalry on frontier expeditions, 117
Celadon ware, 82-3, 197, 300
Chach of Sind, 303, 306
Chachnama of Sind cited, 305
Chagai, 335
Chagan Sarai, 130
Chahar Aimak, 212, 214, 481
Chaharburjak, 81
Chahardar (Chapdara) pass, 261, 415, 419, 522
Height of, 357
Military road over, 277
Chaharshamba river and route to Balkh from Herat, 242, 248
Chahil Abdal (Chalapdalan) mountain, 223, 486, 488
Chahilburj, 257, 267
Chahiltan heights, 370-71
Chakesar ford, 121
Chakhansur, 497
Chalapdalan (Chahil Abdal) mountain, 223, 486, 488
Chandragupta (Sandrakottos), 129
Chapdara pass. See Chahardar
Charbar, 299
Chardeh plain, 379
Charikar: Military road from, over Chapdara pass, 277 Strategical position of, 357
Charsadda, 114
Chashma Sabz pass, 234, 235
Chenghiz Khan, 72, 85, 142, 193, 194, 218, 267, 376, 526
Cherchen, 174
China, Buddhist pilgrimage routes from, 169 et seq., 502, 518
Chinese Turkistan: Buddhist occupation of, 280 Conditions of life in, in antiquity, 171, 172 Tibet, included in, 283
Chiras, 252
Chitral, passes converging on, 426-7, 519
Chitral river. See Kunar river
Chitral valley: Accessibility of, 517 Dorah route to, 519-20
Choaspes. See Kunar
Chol country, 236, 238, 246, 247, 258
Christians: Armenian, in Kabul, 377 Merv, at, 241 Sakah, at, 229
Christie, Captain, 329 et seq.
Chumla river, 108; valley, 121
Climate as affecting race distribution, 8, 46
Conolly, Lieut., 390
Cophæus, 114
Court, M., 455, 457
Crockery debris, 82, 197
Cufic coins, 394
Cunningham, General, cited, 106, 148
Curtius, Quintus, cited, 107, 122, 148-9, 221, 459
Cyrus, King of Persia, 79, 147
Dadar, 362
Dahuk (? Dashtak), 304
Dames, Longworth, cited, 201
Damizar (? Bagisara), 158
Dand, 472
Dandan Shikan pass, 260, 384, 421; Wood's account of, 418
Daolatabad, 249
Daolatyar, 221, 223-4, 256, 486
Daraim valley, 424
Darak (Dizak), 311-14
Darak Yamuna (Yakmina), 317
Dards, 31
Darel (To-li), 179, 182-3
Darel stream, 183-4
Darius, flight of, from Alexander, 47, 67; death of, 70
Darius Hystaspes, transportation of Greeks by, 16, 19, 20, 31, 45, 87, 91
Darra Yusuf river, 257, 200
Darwaz mountains, 432-3
Darya-i-Zarah (Gaod-i-Zireh), 204
Dasht river, 165
Dasht-i-bedoulat plain, 362, 370
Dasht-i-Lut, 323
Dasht-i-Margo desert, 81, 495
Dawar (Zamindawar), 83, 205-206, 223, 491
Deane, Major Sir H., cited, 129
Debal, 293, 301, 303, 307, 308, 310
Deh Dadi, 257
Dehao (? Dehi), 483
Dehertan (? Dahertan), 236, 237
Dehgans, 269
Dehi (? Dehao), 483
Delight of those who seek to wander through the Regions of the World, The (Idrisi), cited, 199 et seq.
Dendalkan, 245, 246
Dera Ismail Khan, 463
Derah, 245
Derak (Dizek), 244
Dereh Mustapha Khan (Deria-dereh), 487
Derenbrosa, I., 159
Derthel, 206-208, 210
Deserts as barriers, 7-9
Dev Hissar fortress, 484-5
Dev Kala, 89, 92
Dihsai (Dshara), 465-6
Diodoros cited, 107
Dionysiaka cited, 62
Dir valley, 129
Dizak (Darak), 311-14
Dizek (Derak), 244
Djil, 273
Doctors as travellers, 463
Domai (Manora), I., 154
Domandi, 464, 513
Dorah pass, 508-509; nature and importance of, 426-7, 519-21
Dorak (? Dizek), 245
Dosh, 261
Doshak. See Jalalabad
Doshak range, 233
Dost Mahomed Khan, 344, 353, 359, 390, 403, 444, 462, 490; operations by, against Sikhs, 397-8; methods and estimate of, 360
Drangia. See Seistan
Dravidian Brahuis, 306
Dravidian races entering India, 142-4
Dshara (Dihsai), 465-6
Dufferin lake, 520
Durand, 471
Durani Afghans: Districts inhabited by, 212 Herat under occupation of, 348 Shikarpur, at, 363 Truculence of, 212, 490 Zarangai alleged to be recognisable as, 33-4
Duvanah valley, 424
Dwa Gomul river, 475
Eastward migrations, 6, 7, 9, 45, 49
Ecbatana: Darius' flight to, 47-8, 67 Route, direct, to India from, 51
Egypt, buildings in, 40
Elam, 163
Elburz mountains: Alexander's passage of, 74, 76, 258 Rivers of, 75 Road across, 528 mentioned, 74, 257
Elliott, Sir H., cited, 302, 304, 305; quoted, 313
Embolina (Amb), 107-108, 114-15, 121
Erbil (Arbil): Battle of Arbela at, 47 Route from, to Hamadan, 48
Ersari Turkmans, 251, 459-60
Esar Haddon, King of Assyria, 52
Ethiopians, Asiatic, problem regarding, 34-6, 163
Euxine (Black Sea): Milesian colonies S. and W. of, 18 Skythic nomads N. of, 14, 19
Explorations of Indian trans-frontier, recentness of, 1, 17, 32, 60, 345
Fa Hian, 170, 172, 178, 180, 181, 184-5; quoted, 174-6, 179, 183
Fahalfahra (Bahu Kalat), 312-14
Fahraj (Pahrag, Pahra, Pahura), 315, 317; two places so named, 316
Faizabad: Dorah route from, 519 Situation of, 273-4, 425 Wood's account and estimate of, 422, 425 Zebak, route from, 511 mentioned, 279, 506
Farah (Prophthasia): Alexander the Great at, 78 Antiquity of, 7 Ferrier at, 493-4 Herat, route from, 230-34 Situation of, 7
Farah Rud river, 204, 216, 221, 336, 488, 494
Farajghan, 356
Fardan (? Bampur or Pahra), 315-17
Farsi, 223
Fazilpur, 365
Fazl Hag, 458
Ferengal, lead mines at, 416
Ferghana, 282
Ferrier, M., career of, 477; at Herat, 477-8; journey across Firozkohi plateau, 476, 478, 484; route to Ghur, 485-7; imprisonments of, 491-3; at Farah, 493-4; in Seistan, 496-7; back to Herat, 498; methods of, 346; estimate of, 476, 480, 498; cited, 214, 231, 335, 516; Caravan Journeys cited, 497
Ferrying by ponies, 89-90, 449, 460-61
Feruk (Feruckabad), 449
Firabuz (Kanazbun), 302-303; distances from, 304, 313, 317
Firozand, 207
Firozkohi (mediæval capital of Ghur), 219
Firozkohi plateau: Ferrier's journey across, 476, 478, 484; route to Ghur, 485-7 Impracticability of, for military operations, 525 Outlook from, 266 mentioned, 247, 258
Firozkohis: District of, 84, 214, 217, 219, 253 Origin of, 481
Foosheng, 231
Forbes, Dr., murder of, 497
Forrest's Selections from Travels and Journals preserved in the Bombay Secretariat quoted, 348, and n.
Gadrosia. See Makran
Gadrosii, 146, 151
Gaduns, 111
Gadurs, 35
Galjin, 497
Gandhara (Upper Punjab), 99, 179, 185
Gandava (Sind), 305
Gaod-i-Zireh (Darya-i-Zarah), 204
Gardandiwal, 260, 379, 388
Gauraians, 96
Gauraios river. See Panjkora
Gawargar, 267
Gazban (Karbis), 159
Gazdarra pass, 465, 472
Geh (Bih), 311-12, 314
Geography: Ancient records of, absence of, 14-16, 18, 29 Distances, difficulties of estimating, by "a day's journey," 298 Influence of, on migratory movements, 9, 45-6; on history, 214 Makran, of, 295 et seq. Official v. unofficial, 332, 345 Persian, extent and accuracy of, 17, 25-6, 29, 31 Recent advances in, 1, 17, 32, 60
Gerard, Dr., 376, 395
Germany, firearms from, imported to Persia, Seistan, etc., 55
Gharan, 429
Gharo river, 153
Ghazni (region): Raids from, 136 Vigne's exploration of, 462, 465
Ghazni river, 468
Ghazni (town): Alauddin's sack of, 218 Desolation of, 210-11, 376 Kandahar, route to, 512 Masson at, 359-60 Vigne at, 467
Ghaznigak, 261
Ghilzais (Khilkhis): Districts of, 375-6 Importance of, 206, 212 Suliman Khel. See that title
Ghizao, 515
Ghorband drainage system, 468
Ghorband river, 413
Ghorband valley: Beauty of, 97 Easy pass to, 260, 261, 387 Lead mines in, 416 Military road up, 277
Ghori, 524
Ghoweh Kol (? Pai Kol), 380
Ghulam Khana, 385
Ghur: Ferrier at, 478 Ghazni to, no direct route from, 220
Ghur, kingdom of: Description and history of, in mediæval times, 205, 211-13, 217-19 Routes through, in mediæval times, 220-24
Ghur river, 204, 221, 488
Ghur valley, 221-2
Ghurian (Koure), 231-2
Giaban headland, 159
Gichki, 37
Gilgit basin, 517; river, 182
Girishk: Ferrier's imprisonment at, 491-3 Ford at, 204, 206-10 Kandahar route by, 490 Ruins at, 492
Gish (war god), 131
Glass, Arabic, 300
Gobi desert, 171
Goës, Benedict, 327-8
Goldsmid, General Sir F., 299
Gomul river, 136, 464, 473-4
Gomul route from the Indus to Ghazni, Vigne's exploration of, 462, 512, 513
Gondakahar (Gandakahar, Gondekehar) caves, 305, 306, 320
Gondrani caves, 305, 306
Granikos river, 66
Great Britain: Afghan attitude towards, 337-8; British attitude towards Afghanistan in early nineteenth century, 349 Afghan war (1839-40). See Afghanistan, British war with Afghan war (1878-80), surveys in connection with, 397, 500 Sixteenth century, condition of England in, 2
Greeks: Baghlan and Andarab, settlements about, 435 Baktria, deportation to, 87, 91; survival of strain in, 354-5, 358, 423 Dionysian, migration of, to Indian frontier, 16, 19, 62-3, 124-5, 358, 423 Indian art, influence on, 59-60 Kyrenean, in Baktria, 91 Milesian. See that title Persian Empire, relations with, 20-21, 36, 61 Women of, as influencing language in Indus valley, 22
Grierson, Dr., cited, 132
Gulgula citadel, 381, 386
Gulkatz, 473
Gulkoh mountain, 515
Gulran (? Kilrin), 235
Gurkhas in Nepal, 188
Guzwan (? Gurkan, Juzjan, Jurkan, Jirghan), 250, 251, 255
Gwadur (Barna, Badara), 159, 299
Gwalian (Walian) pass, 414
Habibullah, 444
Haftala (Astola, Hashtala, Nuhsala, Nosala) Island, 161, 286
Haibak (Semenjan): Andarab, distance from, 272; route to, 524 Buddhist remains at, 177, 264-5, 511 Description of, 271 Moorcroft at, 446 mentioned, 261, 482
Haidar, cited, 186, 327
Haidarabad, 399
Haig, General, 27; cited, 309-10; Indus Delta Country by, cited, 145, 153
Haji Khan, 378-87, 417
Hajigak pass, 260, 420, 446; Masson's account of, 388; Wood's account of, 417
Hajjaj, 292
Hala pass, 150
Hamadan, 322; telegraph route from, to Teheran, 48
Harat Rud, 498
Hari Rud river: Course of, 528 Herat-Kabul route by, 248, 256, 262 Pul-i-Malun across, 229 n., 230 Source of, 84, 256
Hari Rud valley, 215, 485-6, 528
Hariana, 276-7
Harnai pass, 139
Hazaras: Characteristics of, 216, 481 Country of, nature of, 84-6, 214, 221, 516; British interest in, merely academic, 514 Forced labour of, 380-81 Haji Khan's treachery against, 384 Kidnapping of, by Taimanis, 253 Masson's relations with, 387-8 Slave-gangs of, 421 Trading of, 252 Women of, Ferrier's account of, 485 Yezdambaksh, under, 378-9
Hazart Ghaos, 371
Hazrat Baba Kamur, 505
Hazrat Imam, 432-3, 504, 505, 506
Hedin, Sven, 170
Helawerd, 274
Helmund basin, 201; central unexplored, 512
Helmund river (Etymander): Course of: Description of, 81-2, 83-4, 379 Variations in, 79-80, 202 Crossing-places on, 204-10, 380 Detritus borne by, 81 Indus, route to, 527 Northern branches of, unexplored, 515 Ruins bordering, 492 Unexplored portion of, 512, 515
Helmund valley: Antiquarian treasures in, 496 Description of, 79 et seq. Nadir Shah in, 526 Pottery débris in, 197 Survey of, thoroughness of, 207
Hephæstion, 94, 95, 99, 150, 151
Herat (Aria): Ancient cities on or near site of, 77 Balkh, routes to, 239-40, 247-8 Capital of Ghur in mediæval times, 219 Christie at, 336-7 Commerce of, during Arab supremacy, 225 Defence of, against the Persians (1837), 402 Description of, by Idrisi, 228 Durani occupation of, 348 Farah, route to, 230-34 Ferrier at, 477; his views as to, 479 India, military route to, 525-6 Kabul, route to, by Hari Rud, 248, 256, 262; other routes, 257 Kandahar, direct route to, 490, 525-8 Mosalla, 228 Panjdeh and Merv, route to, 236 Persian satrapy including, 32 Persian siege of, 477 Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times, 218
Herat valley, 202, 205, 211-12, 217; route from, to India, 209; trees in, 237
Herodotus cited, 17, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33-4, 56, 163
Hicks, 469
Hindu Koh range, 182
Hindu Kush mountains: Direction of, 4 Geographical knowledge of, defective, 508-9 Passes over, 274, 327, 328, 357, 378, 381-2, 387, 413-15, 426-7, 434-5, 507, 517, 519-25 Andarab in relation to, 275, 277 Command of, 261 Masson's account of, 388 Mediæval use of, 277 Wood's account of, 417-18 Snow line of, on north and south sides, 415
Hinglaz mountain and shrine, 162-3
Hingol river, 291; Alexander at, on the retreat, 151, 157, 161-3, 166
History, unimportance of, to the ancients, 11, 25
Hiuen Tsiang cited, 178
Honigberger, M., 394-5, 462, 468
Hormuz, 200
Housab, 225
Huc, Abbé, cited, 439, 440
Huec Sheng, 184
Huen Tsang cited, 262, 279
Huntington, Ellsworthy, cited, 8, 278
Hunza (Kunjut), 180-81
Hupian, 394
Hyperboreans, 14, 19
Ibn Batuta cited, 210
Ibn Haukel of Baghdad cited, 203, 217, 228-31, 236, 237, 243, 251, 255, 295, 303; Ashkalu l' Bilad of, quoted, 304, 308-309; map of Makran by, cited, 297-8, 307, 312, 313
Ichthyophagi, 160, 318
Idrisi (Abu Abdulla Mohammed) cited,199 et seq., 301-304, 307-309, 312, 313, 315-17, 427-8, 434, 446; quoted, 303, 314, 316-17
Ilchi (Khotan), 172
Iliad cited, 12
Imám Sharif, 222
India (for particular districts, rivers, etc., see their names): Aboriginal inhabitants of, 157 Afghanistan: Commercial treaty with, attempted, 397; Burnes' mission, 398-401, 404-5 Land gates of India always in possession of, 22 Arab invasion of, by land and sea, 287 Art of: Assyrian influence on, 7, 52-4 Greek influence on, 6, 22, 59-60, 129 Syrian and Armenian influence on, 6 Aryan influx to, 61 Assyrian influence in, 70; on art, 7, 52-4 Bombay N.I., record of, 454 Defences of, natural: North and north-east frontier, on, 3 South frontier, on—ridge and valley formation, 140; Indus to Punjab desert, 7, 143-4, 226, 526 Dravidian races entering, 142-4, 158 Gold-fields of, 51 Government of: Characteristics of, 408-10 Masson's criticisms of, 408, 409 Greek impression left on, slightness of, 59 History of, ancient, non-existent, 11 Makran route to. See under subheading Routes N.W. barrier of, true situation of, 5 Population of, not indigenous, 49 Railway systems of, 324 Rajput families of, 7 Routes to: Makran route: Arab supremacy, under, 226, 294, 311 Importance of, in antiquity, 167-8 Modern ignorance regarding, 141; modern possibilities as to, 319-24 Northern, from Mongolia, 169 et seq., 186 et seq. Persian, 311, 319, 321-4 Sea-routes to N.W. in antiquity, 55 Russian designs as to, question of, 319-20 Trade of: Persian, 21 Syrian and Phœnician, 13, 45 Wealth of, 295 Turanian races in, 157-8
Indian Survey, 183
Indus river (Sintu ho): Boundary of early exploration, 7 Burnes' flotilla on, 454 Course of, variations in, 26-7, 296 Delta of, area of, 27 Desert flanking, 143-4, 226, 526 Gharo, creek of, 153 Gorge of, below the Darel, 183-4 Haig's Indus Delta Country cited, 145, 153 Navigability of, near Baio, 121 Opening of, to commercial navigation, Burnes' mission regarding (1837), 399 Rann of Katch, estuary of, in antiquity, 144 Routes from, to Helmund river and Central India, 527 Voyage down, by Scylax, 26-8
Indus valley: Climate of, 46; fog, 85-6 Greek and Arabic remains in, 364; Greek language and its disappearance, 21, 59 Inscriptions, undecipherable, found in, 129-30 Mahomedan supremacy in, 293 Pathans in, ancient settlement of, 28 Persian satrapy including large part of, 31 Routes to, through Makran, 141. See also under India—Routes Vegetation in, in antiquity, 121-2
Inscriptions on stone slabs, 129-30; on bricks, 494, 496, 499
Irak, 292; valley, 387; stream, 388; pass, 417
Irrigation in Afghanistan, 75-6, 475
Ishak Khan, 261
Ishkashm, 429
Islam. See Mahomedanism
Ispahan: Railway from, question as to, 319, 321-2 Telegraph route from, to Panjgur, 322
Ispahak pass, Wood's description of, 417
Israelites: Assyrian deportation of, 16, 39, 44, 49, 61 Disappearance of, as a nation, 40
Issyk Kul lake, 173
Istakhri of Persepolis cited, 295, 302, 303, 307, 308, 312
Jabar Khan, 462, 469
Jacobabad, 139
Jacquet, Eugene, 395
Jadran hills, 513
Jadwa, 236
Jagdallak defile, 95
Jahanabad, 497
Jhal, 371
Jalalabad (Doshak), 335, 497; Buddhist relics near, 177, 352
Jalawan Brahuis, 164
Jalk, 335
Jam Kala, 222
Jamrud, 398
Jamshidis, 214, 216, 481
Jaor, 486
Jats, Jatas, 293, 501
Jawani, 336
Jebel al Ghur, 217
Jerkere, 231
Jews (Yahudi): Afghan hatred of, 50, 377 Balkh, at, 71 Sar-i-pul, at, 252 Transportations of, 44 Yahudia, at 251, 255
Jihun. See Oxus.
Jil district, 278
Jilgu river, 475
Jirena (Behvana), 245
Jirghan (? Jurkan, Gurkan, Juzjan, Guzwan), 250, 251, 255; range, 249
Jirift, 201
Jirm (? Badakshan), 270, 506
Position and importance of, 270, 274-5
Wood's estimate of, 422, 425-6
Joubert's translation of Idrisi cited. See Idrisi
Journal of the Royal Society of Arts cited, 146
Junasdara pass, 424-5
Jurkan (Gurkan, Juzjan, ?Guzwan or Jirghan), 250, 251, 255; range, 249
Jutes, 61
Kabadian, 278
Kabul: Arab expedition against, 292 Burnes' mission to (1832), 344, 376; his commercial mission to (1837-8), 392, 398-401, 404-405 Hicks' tomb at, 469 Masson British agent in, 397; his account of, 376-7 Mediæval estimate of, as "Indian" town, 211, 219, 226, 262; mediæval description quoted, 211 Modern conditions in, social and material, 377 Moorcroft's journey to, 444 Routes to and from: Afghan Turkistan, Wood's account of route to, 418-19; modern improvements in, 419 and n., 522 n. Andarab, Khafila road to, 88 Badakshan, all-the-year-round route to, 275-6, 419 n. Balkh, Frontier Commission's route from, 272-3 Bamian, route to, open in winter, 385-6 Bokhara and Bamian, main route to, 389 Herat, route from, by Hari Rud, 248, 256, 262; other routes, 257 Kunduz, 416, 523 Mazar and Band-i-Amir, by, 259-261 Peshawar via Kuram valley and Peiwar pass, 135 Punjab, route from: Buddhist character of, 177 Kunar, Laghman and Lundai valleys, by, 101 Sar-i-pul, from, 252 Vigne at, 468-9
Kabul province, India in Middle Ages, 277
Kabul (Kophen, Nahrwara) river: Alexander's probable course along, 100 Source of, 84 mentioned, 96, 276
Kabul river basin (Ki-pin), 96, 176, 215
Kabulis, 492
Kach (Kaj), meaning of term, 35
Kach Gandava, 305-306
Kafir wine, 133-4
Kafiristan: Homogeneity of natives of, 508 Inhabitants of, 96, 269 Ivy and vine in, 124 Timur's invasion of, 327, 355-6 Unexplored wildness of, 269-70
Kafirs in Afghanistan: Badakshan, in, 437 Ignorance regarding, 269-70 Kunar valley, in, 102-103; two Kafirs of Kamdesh, 131-2 Siahposh. See that title
Kafirs of the Hindu Kush, The (Robertson), cited, 510
Kafzur (Hajigak) pass, 417
Kah, 267, 268
Kaiani of Seistan, 34
Kaiani kingdom, ruins of, 82
Kaiani Maliks, 37, 208
Kaibar river, 232
Kaisan (Kasan) river, 272
Kaisar drainage, 248-9
Kala Bist, 204, 207, 208
Kala Sarkari, 260
Kala Sarwan, 206-208
Kala Shahar, 251, 255
Kala-i-Fath, 355, 496, 497
Kalagan, 342
Kalah, ruins of, 42
Kalama (Khor Khalmat), 158
Kalapani river, 106
Kalat, 323
British expedition to, 406
Christie and Pottinger at, 332
Masson at, 370-71
Strategic position of, 138-9
Kalat-i-Ghilzai (Khilkh), 206, 210
Kalatak, 301
Kalawun, 236, 238
Kalloo (Panjpilan) pass, 417
Kalu, 388
Kalwan (? Kolwah), 304
Kaman-i-Bihist, 232, 236
Kamard, Tajik chief of, 383, 384, 421
Kamard valley, 260, 261, 437
Kambali (? Khairokot), 150, 307-308
Kamdesh, 131
Kamran, Shah, 403
Kanazbun (Firabuz), 302-303; distances from, 304, 313, 317
Kandabel, 305
Kandahar: Flank march on, possibility of, 204-5 Indian frontier, distance from, 528 Kabul compared with, in matter of tolerance, 377 Leech's mission to, 401-402 Masson at, 360-61 Mediæval insignificance of, 210 Routes from, to: Ghazni, 512 Herat, 490; Herat as gateway to, 525-8 Kabul, Alexander's, 86-7 Kalat, via Mangachar valley, 374-5 Sonmiani, 331
Kandahar (in Kach Gandava), 305-306
Kandaharis, 492
Kanowar, 238
Kao river. See Alingar
Kaoshan pass, 435: Alexander's passage of, tradition as to, 87 Greek control of, before Alexander's expedition, 20, 91; Greek use of, 277 Height of, 88, 357 "Hindu Kush," known as the pass of, 414
Kara pass, 260, 418
Karabel (Armail, Armabel, Las Bela), 304-307, 320
Karabel plateau: Description of, 248 Route across, from near Panjdeh to Balkh, 250
Karabia I., 159
Karabine, 158
Karachi: Approaches to, 140-41 Configuration of, changes in, 153 Makran route to, modern possibilities as to, 319-24 Malir waterworks, 310 Masson refused landing at, 368 Voyage from, to Persian Gulf (by Nearkhos), 146, 152-61
Karakoram pass, 180
Karakoram trade route, 181, 517; description of, 3-4
Karaks, 286, 292
Karamat Ali, Saiad, 390
Karapa route, 351
Karat, 231
Karbat, 250
Karbis (Gazban), 159
Kardos, 327
Kardozan, 479
Karez Ilias route to Sarakhs, 234
Karia Pir, 307
Kariut (Cariat), 210
Karmania, 32, 165
Karmatians, 293, 311
Karomurs, 71
Karosthi language, 280; script cited, 171
Kartchoo, 482
Karuj (Korokh), 236, 237
Karwan (? Parwan), 276-7
Karza (? Kafza) pass, 382, 385
Kasan, 511; stream, 428
Kashan, 322; river, 236, 237, 240; valley, 481
Kashmir (Kie-sha): Buddhism in, 179-80 Fa Hian in, 178-9, 182 Persian knowledge of, 31
Kashmir passes, no records of military use of, 517
Kashmund mountains, 100, 101
Kashran (? Khasrin), 317
Kaspioi, 31
Kaspira (Kasmira), 31
Kasr Akhif (Ahnef), 245
Kasrkand, 311-12, 314
Kasur spur, 426
Kataghani horses, 504-505
Katan Chirak, 132
Katawar, 355
Kattasang, 472
Kattawaz plain, 465, 472, 475
Kawak (Khawak), 355
Kawakir, 235
Kej (Kiz, Kirusi, ?Labi), 301-302
Kej valley, 297
Kenef, 238
Kunjut (Hunza), 180-181
Kerman desert, 201; valley, 262
Kermanshah, 322
Ketnev, 356
Khaibar route to India: Evil reputation of, 458 Hyphæstion's march by, 95 Masson's journey by, 351-2
Khair, 310
Khair Kot (? Kambali), 150, 307-308
Khalmat tombs, 196, 310-11
Khan Nashin, 495
Khana Yahudi, 257
Khanabad, 423, 506
Kharachanabad (Khardozan), 230
Kharan, 331, 335, 339
Kharan desert, 339-41
Khardozan (Kharachanabad), 230
Khariab river, 278
Khariab (Kokcha) river, 270, 273, 274
Kharkerde, 231
Kharotis, 513
Khash, 495
Khash Rud valley, 204
Khashka pass, 387
Khasrin (? Kashran), 317
Khawak pass: Height of, 357, 435 Importance of, 521 Popularity of, 414 Timur at, 327, 355, 435 otherwise mentioned, 261, 275, 277, 419, 428, 434, 507
Khawak river, 274
Khazar, 388
Khilkh (Kalat-i-Ghilzai), 206
Khilkhis. See Ghilzais
Khiva (Khwarezm), 218, 244
Khizilji Turks, 281-2
Khoes river, 99-100
Khoja Mahomed range, 424, 436, 437, 506, 507
Khojak range, 139
Khor Khalmat (Kalama), 158
Khorasan, 348
Khorienes, 93
Khotan (Ilchi): Balkh, distance from, 177; route to, 277, 278-9 Buddhist centre, as, 172, 174
Khozdar: Christie and Pottinger at, 331 Masson at, 373 Turan, capital of, 315
Khulm, 88, 270-72, 416; river, 84
Khur, 308, 310
Khurd Kabul defile, 95
Khud Rud, 515
Khuzan (Ak Tepe), 245-6
Khwaja Amran (Kojak) range, 374
Khwaja Chist, 217, 223
Khwaja Salar, 448, 449, 460
Khwarezm (Khiva), 218, 244
Ki-pin (Kabul river basin), 176
Kie-sha. See Kashmir.
Kila Adraskand, 229 n.
Kila Gaohar, 485
Kila Khum, 511
Kila Maur, 237, 245
Kila Panja, 430
Kila Shaharak, 486
Kila Sofarak, 256
Kila Wali, 243, 248
Kilif, 279; pony ferry at, 89-90, 460
Kilik pass, 180, 517
Kilrin (? Gulran), 235
Kir (Kiz) Kaian, 313-17
Kirghiz (? Kirkhirs): Idrisi's account of, 282-3 Wood's estimate of, 430
Kirman, 311, 313-15, 322-3; telegraph via, to India, 69
Kirman desert, 147
Kirthar range, 140
Kishm, 509
Kiz (Kirusi, Kej, ?Labi), 301-302
Kiz (Kir) Kaian, 313-17
Kizzilbash, 467
Knidza (Kyiza), 160
Koh Daman: Alexander at, 94 Description of, 96-7 Lord's expedition to, 412-13
Koh-i-Babar (Baba) mountains: Altitude of, 263 Nature and direction of, 84, 381 Rivers starting from, 215
Koh-i-Basman, 323
Koh-i-Malik Siah, 209
Koh-i-Mor (Meros) mountains, 105, 123-4, 358
Koh Umber mountain, 423, 506
Kohendil Khan, 493
Kohistan: Inhabitants of, 96 Mountain scenery of, 392
Kohistan plains, 87
Kohistani, 486
Kohistani Babas, 487
Kohnak divide, 513
Kojak (Khwaja Amran) range, 374
Kokcha (Khariab, Minjan) river: Course of, nature of, at Faizabad, 424, 425 Mouth of, 434 Robertson's view regarding, 510 Route by headwaters of, nature of, 426, 427, 436 mentioned, 270, 273, 274, 507, 520
Kokcha valley, 424, 425, 427
Kokhar Ab river, 515
Kolab, 433-4
Kolar gold-fields, 51
Kolwah (? Kalwan), 304
Konche river, 174
Kophen river. See Kabul river
Korokh (Karuj), 236, 237, 239, 240
Kotal-i-bed, 374
Kotal Murgh pass, 90
Kotanni pass, 513
Koure (Ghurian), 231-2
Koyunjik mound, 43
Krateros, 103, 147
Krokala, 148, 153, 156
Kua (Kau), 235, 236
Kudabandan, 303
Kuen Lun mountains, 171, 172, 173
Kufs, 200
Kughanabad, 236
Kuhsan, Kusan (? Kuseri, Kouseri), 232-3, 239, 479
Kum, 322
Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) river, 122, 431; importance of, 100
Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) valley: Description of, 100-103 Direction of, 509-10 Dorah route from, 520 Ivy and vine in, 133 Kafirs in, 102-103; of Kamdesh, 131-2 Masson's investigations as to, 396 Survey of (1894), 123
Kundar river, 464
Kunduz (town): Burnes' mission to, 378 Description of, 504 Lord's invitation to, 413, 416, 420-422 Southward routes from, to Bamian and Kabul, 523 Warwalin near, 272 Wood's estimate of, 422
Kunduz district: Fortified towns of, 504 Pestilential climate of, 432, 447-9, 505 Kunduz river, 261, 421, 428, 436, 505; scenery of, 257, 259-260
Kunduz valley route to Kabul, 434
Kunjut, 186
Kupruk, 257
Kuram, 482-3, 505
Kuram valley route, 135, 512
Kurchi, 251
Kurdistan hills, 322
Kurt (Tajik) dynasty in Ghur, 218
Kuseri, Kouseri (? Kuhsan, Kusan), 231-3
Kushan (Tokhari), 241
Kushk, 324
Kushk river, 236, 237, 240; description of, 246
Kushk-i-Nakhud, 210, 492
Kyiza (Knidza), 160
Labi (? Kiz, Kirusi, Kej), 304
Ladakh ("Little Tibet"): Idrisi's description of the town of, 281 Mongol invasion via, 186 Moorcroft in, 443-4 Vigne in, 462
Laghman valley, 96, 99-101; inhabitants of, 100, 133
Lahore: Burnes at, 455 Masson at, 366-7
Lakshur (? Langar), 238-9
Lalposh, 270
Lamghan. See Laghman
Language, women's preservation of, 22, 143, 295
Lapis-lazuli mines above Jirm, 426, 507
Las (Lumri) tribe of Rajputs, 305
Las Bela (Armail, Armabel, Karabel): Distances to, 303-304 Gadurs of, 35 Historic interest of, 304-307, 320 Masson at, 369 Ruins near, 372 Strategic position of, 138-9
Lash Jowain, 493, 498
Lasonoi, 30
Lataband pass, 424
Leach, Lieut., 471
Lead mines of Ferengal in Ghorband valley, 416
Leech, Lieut., on Burnes' staff, 401-402, 412; work and methods of, 440-41
Leh, 180, 443, 444, 519
Leonatus, 151, 156, 161
Lhasa: Buddhist centre, as, 172-3 Moorcroft's residence at, question as to, 439-40, 444 Pilgrimages to, 181, 187 Route from, to India, 517
Liari, 308
Lockhart mission, 358, 429, 509
Logar river, 380, 468; valley, 466, 475
Lohanis, 360, 463, 467
Lob, 283
Lop basin, 172, 173
Lop Nor, 171, 174, 280
Lord, Dr., mission of, to Badakshan, 402; expedition of, to Koh Daman and Hindu Kush passes, 412-15; in Ghorband valley, 416; at Kunduz, 413, 416, 420-21; visit of, to Hazrat Imam, 432; investigations by, regarding Moorcroft, 439; Uzbek State of Kundooz by, 504; cited, 420, 505
Loveday, Lieut., 406
Ludhiana, 344
Ludi (Lydoi), 30
Lulan, 174
Lumri (Las) tribe of Rajputs, 35, 305
Lundai valley, 101
Lungar, 468
Lydoi (Ludi), 30
Mabara (? Barbarra), 434
Mackenzie, Captain, 148
M'Crindle cited, 159
MacMahon, Sir Henry, 374 and n., 497
MacNab, Dr., 131
McNair, 358
Mada Khel hills, 108
Mahaban (Shah Kot), 108, 110-11, 113, 117-21
Mahabharata cited, 12, 63
Mahighir canal, 394
Mahmud of Ghazni, Multan conquered by (1005), 192-3, 293; raids by, 200, 210, 218, 513; tomb of, 376; mentioned, 219, 468
Mahmudabad, 491
Mahomed Akbar Khan, 490
Mahomed Ali, Chief of Saighan, 378-9, 382-3
Mahomed Azim Khan, 444
Mahomed Kasim, 293-4, 307
Mahomed Khan, Sultan, 360, 403, 483
Mahomedanism, rise of, 187
Mahomedans: Balkh, at, 72, 74 Kafir attitude towards, 131 Vigne's estimate of, 467
Maidan, 260, 468
Maimana, 239, 248-50, 258, 481
Makran (Gadrosia). For particular districts, etc., see their names
Alexander's retreat through, 38, 51, 86, 145-54, 161-6
Ancient relics in, 56
Arabian interest in, prior to A.D. 712, 292; Arab governors of, 193, 292, 293
Baluch traditions as to, 291
Bampur the ancient capital of, 165
Boledi long the ruling tribe in, 36-7
Coasting trade of, in antiquity, 57
Configuration, orography, and geological features of, 32-3, 48, 285, 288-91, 296
Decline of, in eleventh century, 295
Desiccation of, 288-9
Greek knowledge of, in ancient time scanty, 37
Hots of (? Uxoi), 34
Islands off, disappearance of, 286, 288
Kaiani Maliks' supremacy in, 37
Kushite race in, question as to, 34-5
Negroes in, 36
Persian satrapies including, 32, 200
Physical features of. See subheading Configuration
Ports of, for importation of firearms, 55
Route through, to India under Arab supremacy, 209, 226, 294, 311
Ignorance as to, 141
Importance of, in antiquity, 167-8
Modern possibilities as to, 319-24
Stone-built circles in, 372
Tombs in (Khalmati), 310-11
Turanian relics in, 158
View of, from Arabian Sea, 284-5
Malan headland, 158, 285, 291; range, 161-2, 164
Malek Hupian, 394
Malistan valley, 515
Malli (? Meds), 155, 160-61
Malun Herat, 229 n.
Manabari, 308-309
Manasarawar lakes, 440
Manbatara, 308
Mandal pass, 426, 507, 519
Manga (Manja, Mugger) Pir, 309
Mangachar valley, 374
Manglaor, 121
Manhabari (? Minagar, Binagar), 304, 309-10
Manjabari, 309
Manora (Domai) Island, 154
Mansura, 309
Mansuria, 315-16
Mashad: Russian telegraph via, 69 Seistan, route to, 528 Teheran, objections regarding railway to, 319
Mashad valley, 424
Mashkaf (Bolan) pass, 139
Mashkel (? Maskan), 313-14; swamp, 323, 339, 341
Massaga: Alexander's capture of, 105, 122; route from, 113 Nysæans at, question as to, 128-9
Marabad, 225
Marakanda (Samarkand), 88
Mardians, 68, 76
Maruchak. See Merv-el-Rud
Marwa, 225
Masson, arrival of, at Bushire, 348, 368; in Peshawar, 350; journey to Kabul via Khaibar route, 351-4, 359; to Ghazni and Kandahar, 359-60; to Quetta and Shikapur, 361-3; in the Punjab, 364-5; at Lahore, 365-367; to Karachi, 377; trips by water, 367-8; in E. Baluchistan, 369; at Chahiltan, 370-71; through Sind, 371-2; again to Kalat, Kandahar, and Kabul, 372-7; Besud expedition, 378, 380; to Bamian (1832), 378-86; to Kabul, 386, 388; researches near Kabul, 393; accepts post as British agent in Kabul, 397; relations with Burnes, 399-401, 404; resigns office under Indian Government, 405, 407; experiences at Quetta, 406-7; meeting with Vigne, 469; intimacy with Afghans, 346-7, 350, 352, 362-363; influence with them, 380; intimacy with Baluchs, 374; coins collected by, 393; criticisms of Indian Government by, 408, 409; value of work of, 345, 347-8, 367, 388, 391, 396, 407; methods of, 346; estimate of, 361, 370, 372, 395-6, 408; Travels in Afghanistan, etc., see that title; otherwise mentioned, 458, 462, 463, 468, 491
Masurjan, 317
Matakanai, 105, 128
Matiban, 200
Mazanderan, 481
Mazar, 434, 435, 448, 459
Mazar-i-Sharif, 257, 439
Meder, 267, 268
Meds (? Malli), 155, 160-61, 292-3
Megasthenes, 129; his India cited, 126-7
Mehrab Khan, 406
Meilik (Nimlik), 482
Menk, 274
Mesiha, 245
Mesopotamia: Earliest immigrants into, question as to origin of, 34-5 Irrigation works necessary in, 40-41 Israelite deportations to, 39 Nana-worship in, 163 Teheran-Mashad route from, to Baktria, 47-8, 54, 70
Merv-el-Rud: Confused with Russian Merv by Idrisi, 244-5 Date and destruction of, 241-2 otherwise mentioned, 236, 239, 240-41
Merv of the Oasis (Russian): Balkh, routes to, 249-50 Confused with Merv-el-Rud by Idrisi, 244 Herat route from, 236 Historic importance of, 241
Milesian Greeks: Brankhidai, 20 Colonies of: N. of Euxine, 14 S. and W. of Euxine, 18 Transportation of, to Baktria region, 16, 19, 20, 31, 45
Miletus: Alexander's reduction of (334 B.C.), 66 Carpet-making industry of, 18 Destruction of, date of, 16
Minab river, 166
Minagar, Binagar (? Manhabari), 304, 309-10
Mingal, 482
Mingals, 142, 306
Minjan pass, 507, 519; Chitral route through, 359, 426
Minjan river. See Kokcha
Minjan valley, 132, 426, 436
Miri fort of Quetta, 138, 148
Mockler, Col., cited, 159-60
Mongols: Afghanistan, in central plateau of, 85 Asiatic civilization overrun by, 200 Army of, destroyed on the Karakoram route, 4 Chenghiz Khan, under, 73 Ghur dynasty, subject to, 218 India: Central Southern, problem of arrival in, 142-4 Invasion of, by, 326 Military expeditions to, attempted, 186 Pilgrimages to, 169 et seq.
Monze, Cape, 154
Moorcroft, explorations by, 440; question as to residence at Lhasa, 444; journey from to Kabul, Badakshan, and Bokhara, 444-8; official attitude towards, 442-3; records of, 443; fate of, 438-9; grave of, 259; estimate of, 443-4, 448, 503-504; otherwise mentioned, 423, 434, 467
Morontobara, 154-5
Mosarna, 161
Mugger (Manga, Manja) Pir, 309
Mugheir (Ur), 42
Mula (Mulla) pass, 139, 140, 147, 371
Multan: Hindu bankers in, 363 Mahmud's conquest of (1005), 193, 293 Masson's account of, 366 Tubaran, distance from, 315
Murad Beg, Mir of Kunduz, position of, 378-9, 504; Badakshani families transported by, 432, 505; Lord's invitation by, 413, 416; estimate of, 413; Wood's estimate of, 422; Moorcroft's experience and estimate of, 446-8; otherwise mentioned, 385, 418, 425, 429, 503
Murad Khan of Kunduz, 383
Murgh pass, 434-5
Murghab basin, Upper, unmapped, 477
Murghab river: Economic value of, 246-7 Head of, unexplored, 516 Head valleys of, 258 Ruins on, 243-4 Upper, climate of, 220 otherwise mentioned, 215, 236, 239-41
Murghab valley, 242, 282, 284
Muskat, 55
Mustapha Khan, 487
Muttra, 210
Nachan, 225
Nadir Shah, 267, 418, 526
Nagas, 501
Nahrwara river. See Kabul river
Naisan, 225
Najil, 327, 356, 396-7
Najirman (? Nakirman), 200
Najitan (Bajitan), 225
Nalpach pass, 383-4
Nan Shan mountain system, 173
Nana (Chaldean goddess), 162-3
Naoshirwan, 339
Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor, 328-329
Naratu, 236, 237, 239, 248
Narmashir, 323
Nasirs, 475
Nasratabad, 203
Nassoor, Sheikh, 497
Nava Sanghârâma, 178
Navigation, ancient, character of, 13, 56-7
Nawagai, 103
Nawak pass, 274, 428
Nawar valley, 515
Nearkhos, 26, 27; voyage of, from Karachi to Persian Gulf, 145, 152-61, 286;
meeting of, with Alexander, 166-7; cited, 286
Negroes, Asiatic, 36
New Chaman, 324
Nicolas range, 431
Nikaia (modern Kabul), Alexander at, 98. See also Kabul
Nili, 222
Nimchas, 269
Nimlik (Meilik), 482
Nimrud, 71
Nineveh: Ruins of, 42, 43 Zenith of, 52
Nishapur, 231
Nomadic life, conditions of, 23-5
Nonnus of Panopolis cited, 62-3, 98
North, Lieut., value of geographical work by, 411-12, 471
Nott, 406
Nuhsala (Nosala, Haftala, Hashtala) island, 161, 286
Nuksan pass, 508-509, 519, 520, 522
Nurzai, 212, 491
Nusa. See Nysa
Nushki: Christie and Pottinger at, 38 Route via, 209, 323 Telegraph to, 323
Nysa, Nyssa (Nusa, Nuson): Tradition regarding, 62, 122-6 War-hymn connected with, 131-2
Nysæan inscriptions, question as to, 129-30
Nysaioi, 126-7
Obeh (Auca), 217, 225, 256
Odyssey cited, 12
Olbia, 19
Omar I., Kalif of Baghdad, 307
Ora (? modern Bazar), 106
Oritæ, 146, 150, 151, 156, 161
Orodis, 241
Oxus district, mediæval geography of, 277 et seq.
Oxus jungles, 433
Oxus (Jihun, Khariab) river: Channel of, variations in, 89 Fords of, accurate knowledge of, 501-502 Irrigation works connected with, 75 Khariab a name for, 273, 278 Pony ferry over, at Kilif, 89-90, 460; at Khwaja Salar, 449, 460-61 Wood's explorations of, 420, 423, 428-35
Oxydrakai, 127
Pactyans. See Pathans
Padizar bay, 158, 159
Paghman offshoot of Hindu Kush, 97
Paghman, 387
Pahrag (Pahra, Pahura, Fahraj), 315, 317, 342; two places so named, 316
Pamirs: Climate of, 429 Mediæval geography of, 277 et seq. Routes across, 502 Taghdumbash, 517
Panja (Wakhab) river, 279
Panjdeh: Buddhist caves at, 244 Herat, routes from, 236 Karabel plateau route from near, to Balkh, 250
Panjgur: Dates of, 290 Description of, 302-303 Mountain conformation of, 323 Railway from, to Karachi, question as to, 324 Telegraph route to, from Ispahan, 322
Panjkora river, 104, 122
Panjkora valley, 96
Panjpilan (Kalloo, Shutar Gardan) pass, 386, 388, 417
Panjshir (Banjohir), 276-7
Panjshir pass, 87-8
Panjshir route between Kabul and Andarab, 87-8, 414
Panjshir valley: Mediæval reputation of, 435 Timur in, 355-6 otherwise mentioned, 261, 275, 356-7, 434, 510, 521
Pannah, 472
Parah, 230
Parana (Parwana), 229, 481, 498
Parikanoi, 163-4
Parjuman, 223
Park mountains, 221
Parkan stream, 164
Paropamisos (Hindu Kush), 79, 234, 247. (See also Hindu Kush.)
Parsi (Tarsi), 489
Parwan (? Karwan), 276-7
Parwan (Sar Alang, Bajgah) pass, 328, 435; altitude of, 357; description of, 414
Parwana (Parana), 229, 481, 498
Pashai, 133
Pashat, 133
Pasiris, 158
Pasni, bay of, 159, 164
Patala, 146, 148
Pathans: Ancient settlement of, in present situation, 28 Greek names among, 21 Inscriptions used by, for decoration, 129-30 Persian origin of language of, 21
Peiwar pass, 135
Periplus cited, 310
Perjan (? Parwan), 355
Persepolis: Alexander the Great at, 68 Inscriptions at, cited, 30
Persia: Afghanistan: Colonies in, 61 Intrigues regarding, British nervousness as to, 399-400 War with (1837), 402 Army of, French officers' organisation of, 477 Charbar point fort built by, 299 Configuration of western, 48 Desert regions of, 69; "Great Desert," 201 Firearms imported into, 155 Helmund boundary of, 80 Routes through, to the East, two, 69; routes to India, 311, 319, 321-4 Russia: Sphere of influence of, 322 French organisation of Persian army resented by, 477 War with (1826), 348
Persian Empire: Extent of, 21, 26-7 Geographical information possessed by, extent and accuracy of, 17, 25-6, 29, 31 Greek permeation of, 20-21; Greek attitude towards, 36 Indian hinterland under control of, in Alexander's time, 61 Indian trade of, 21 Nations subject to, lists of, 29-30 Satrapies of, identification of, 30-32
Persian Gulf: Command of, necessary for safety of southern Baluchistan passes, 141 Masson's trip up, 367 Voyage to, from Karachi (by Nearkhos), 146, 152-61
Persians, Pottinger's estimate of, 333-4
Peshawar: Cession of, to Afghanistan mooted by Burnes, 401, 404 Moorcroft's journey from, to Kabul and Bokhara, 444 Route to, from Kabul via Kuram valley and Peiwar pass, 135 Sikh occupation of, 350
Peshawaran, 336
Peukelaotis, 99, 114
Philotas, 78
Phur river, 151
Physical geography, influence of, on migratory movements, 9, 45-6; on history, 214
Pimuri defile, 421
Pir Mahomed, 445, 456
Pisacas, 133
Place-names, value of, in identifications, 115
Pokran (? Pokar), 371
Pola Island, 159
Polo, Marco, 281, 327
Polyænus quoted, 127-8
Pony-ferries on the Oxus—at Kilif, 89-90, 460; at Khwaja Salar, 449, 460-61
Poolka, 496
Poolki (Pulaki), 335-6, 497
Pottinger, Lieut., explorations by, 329 et seq.; at Herat, 402; quoted—on Persian character, 333-4; on the Kharan desert, 339-40
Pousheng (Boushinj, Bousik), 231, 234, 237
Ptolemy (son of Lagos), with Alexander's expedition, 103, 104, 116; cited, 37, 104, 310
Pul-i-Malun bridge, 229 n., 230
Pulaki (Poolki), 335-6, 497
Punjab: Alexander's march on, 94 Fa Hian in, 179, 185 French and Italians in, 366 Greek architecture and sculpture in, 59 Ranjit Singh's hunting party in, 455-6 Sikh Government, under, 345-6, 363
Pura, 165
Purali (Arabius) river, 146, 148, 149, 156, 292, 305, 320, 370
Pushti Hajigak (Kafzur) pass, 417
Pushto, 350, 352
Quetta (Shall): British ignorance regarding, in 1880, 369 Masson and Bean at, 406; Masson's account of, 362 Strategic importance of, 137-9 Telegraph to, from Seistan, 323
Quintus Curtius. See Curtius
Ragozin's Chaldea quoted, 43
Rahmat Khan, 365
Rahmatulla Khan, 382, 421
Rahun, 304
Rajput tribes, 35
Rajputana desert, 27
Ramayana cited, 12, 63
Rambakia, 150
Ranjit Singh, Bentinck's interview with (1832), 344; position of, 350, 398; Burnes' entertainment by, 455-6; Burnes' estimate of, 457; Vigne's acquaintance with, 462; mentioned, 401, 404
Ras Kachari, 156
Rasak (? Sarbaz), 312-14
Ravi river, 366
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, cited, 241, 242, 245, 479; his Five Monarchies quoted, 43
Regan, 316, 317, 323
Registan, 375
Reishkhan district, 424
Robat-i-Kashan, 237
Roberts, Lord, 87
Robertson, Sir George, 358, 426, 507, 510
Rohri, 364
Rokh, Shah, 242
Rookes cited, 118
Roxana, 92
R.G.S. Journal cited, 123; Proceedings cited, 241
Rozabagh, 229 n.
Rozanak, 233
Ruby mines of Oxus valley, 428
Rudbar (? Rudhan), 207, 496
Rue Khaf (? Rudan), 231
Russia: Afghan intrigues of, British nervousness regarding, 399-400 India: Designs on, question as to, 319-20 Route to, nature of, 527-8 Persia: Army organisation of, resented by, 477 Sphere of influence in, 322 War with (1826), 348 Transcaspian railway terminus, 324
Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission: Camps of, 233, 235, 240 Escort of English officers of, 492 Geographical surveys in Reports of, 194, 264 Kwaja Salar, disappearance of, 450 Rapidity of movements of, 477 Routes of, 78, 248, 261, 272-3, 335, 415 otherwise mentioned, 71, 83, 231
Rustak, 504
Rustam (Bazira), 106, 113, 114
Sabaktagin, 414
Sacnia, 281
Sadik Khan, 493
Sadmurda, 260
Safed Khak pass, 379
Safed Koh, 95
Sagittæ, 163
St. John cited, 148, 316
Saiad Ahmad Shah, 350
Saib, 433
Saidabad fort, 386
Saighan valley, 260, 379, 382, 421, 437, 505
Sajidi, 164
Sakæ, 163, 164
Sakah, 229
Sakas, 501
Samad Khan, 390
Samaria, date of fall of, 39
Sarmakan, 245
Samarkand (Marakanda), 88, 292
Sandeman, Sir Robert, 137, 320; cited, 374
Sandrakottos (Chandragupta), 129
Sangadip Island, 161
Sangcharak, 258; mountains, 255
Sangiduktar, 231
Sangusar, 492
Sar Alang (Parwan, Bajgah) pass, 414
Saraswati river, 27, 144
Sarakhs, 230, 233, 234
Sarbaz (? Rasak), 312, 314; river, 312
Sardanapalus (Assur-bani-pal), 52, 162-3
Sargo pass, 472
Sargon, 39, 45
Sar-i-jangal stream, 256
Sarikoh stream, 267
Sar-i-pul (? Aspurkan), 250-52, 483
Sarwan (Kala Sarwan), 206-208
Sarwandi (Sir-i-koll) pass, 465, 472; ridge, 465-6
Satibarzanes, 77
Schintza, 473
Schwanbeck, Dr., 126
Scylax of Caryanda, 26-9
Sehwan, 371
Seistan (Sejistan, Drangia, Drangiana): Afghan army's experience in, 403 Climate and natural conditions in, 80, 85, 201-203, 403, 494 Extent of, less than of ancient Drangiana, 78; extent in mediæval times, 205 Firearms imported into, 55 Goldsmid's mission to, 299 Inhabitants of, mentioned by Herodotus, 33 Lake of, 497 Route to Mashad, 528 Persian satrapy, 32, 200 Ruins in, abundance of, 336 Reputation of, 201-202 Surveys of, 496-7 Telegraph to, from Narmashir, 323 Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times, 218
Sekhwan, 338
Sekoha, 498
Sejistan. See Seistan
Semenjan. See Haibak
Semiramis, 147
Senacherib, King of Assyria, 52
Senart, M., cited, 130
Seneca, cited, 21
Ser-ab (? Sar-i-ab), 468
Shah, 251, 255
Shah Kot (Mahaban), 108, 110-11, 113, 117-21
Shaharak, 486
Shahar-i-Babar, 257, 267
Shahar-i-Wairan (? Shahar, Shah), 254-5
Shaitana, 380
Shakiban, 338
Shams Tabieri, Saint, 366
Shamshirs, 233-4, 240
Shamsuddin pass, 418
Shansabi, 218
Sharif, Imam, 484
Sharifudin cited, 355
Sheherek, 486
Sheranni, 512
Sher-i-dahan, 468
Sherwan, 433-4
Shibar, 468
Shibar pass, 260, 277, 387
Shibarghan, 251-2
Shikapur, financial credit of, 331-2, 363, 452-3
Shorawak, 374-5
Shutar Gardan (Kalloo, Panjpilan) pass, 386, 388, 417
Siah Koh (Band-i-Baian), 486, 487
Siah Reg pass, 381
Siahposh Kafirs, 270, 354-6, 358
Siam, celadon furnaces in, 83
Sidonians, deportation of, by Assyria, 52
Sikhs, Dost Mahomed's operations against, 397-8
Simkoh, 234
Sind: Arab ascendency in, 192, 293, 311, 366; their geography of, 296; buried Arab city in, 196 Assyrian art in pottery of, 54 Buddhist ruins in, 372 Frontier passes of, 209 Hot winds in, 341 Independent government, under, 329, 331, 345-6, 363 Masson in, 349; his account of, 365 Mongols settled in, 526 Mountain barrier of, 140
Singlak, 485
Sin-ho-to. See Swat
Sintu-ho river. See Indus
Sirafraz Khan, 391
Sir-i-koll (Sarwandi) pass, 465
Sirondha lake, 155
Skytho-Aryans, 241
Skyths: Caspian, at north and west of, 19 Central Asia, of, 50; Alexander's encounter with, 92-3 Euxine, at north of, 14 Westward migration of, 61
Slavery in Badakshan, 520
Sofarak, 262
Sogdia (Bokhara), 32, 92
Sohrab, 332
Somnath, 210
Song Yun cited, 184
Sonmiani, 308, 368; route from, to interior, 330-31
Sousa, 479
Spinasuka pass, 103
Stein, Dr. M. A., 237, 503; Buddhist sanctuary discovered by, 184; methods of, 109-11; cited, 111, 113, 117-18, 120-21, 170
Stoddart, Colonel, 390, 402
Stone-built circles, 372
Strabo cited, 107, 122; quoted, 127
Stewart, General, 95
Subzawar, 230, 498
Sufed Koh mountains, 135, 215
Su-ho-to (Lower Swat), 185
Sujah, Shah, 344, 353, 405, 456
Suliman, Kalif, 294
Suliman hills, torrents and passes of, 36-7
Suliman Khel Ghilzais: Broadfoot the authority on, 474-5 Duties levied by, 464, 474-5 Kattasang, in, 472 Land of, unexplored, 514
Sultan Mahomed, 445, 446
Sura (? Suza), 317
Surkh Kila pass, 418
Survey methods, perfecting of, 500
Suza (? Sura), 317
Swat (Sin-ho-to, Su-ho-to): Buddhism in, 129 Fa Hian in, 179, 185 Geographical surveys of, 123 Uplands of, 128
Tabriz, 368
Taft, 322
Tagao Ghur river, 221
Tagao Ishlan river, 215-16, 223; valley, 486
Tagdumbash Pamir, 180, 279, 517
Taimanis: Country of, 84, 214, 217, 220, 222-223, 478, 488 Kidnapping by, in Afghan Turkistan, 253 Traditions of, 212 Women of, Ferrier's account of, 489 mentioned, 481, 489
Taiwara (Ghur): Herat, route from, 223 Importance of, 487 Ruins at, 222, 488 mentioned, 220, 515
Tajik (Kurt), dynasty in Ghur, 218
Tajiks, Badakshani, 432
Takla Makan, 283
Takht-i-Rustam (tope at Haibak), 446
Takht-i-Suliman mountain: Expedition to (1882), 112, 119, 513 River gorges of, 137 mentioned, 137, 464
Takzar (Zakar), 251, 252
Talara, 300-301
Talbot, Colonel the Hon. M. G., R.E., 264 and n., 446; cited, 489-90
Talekan, 271-4
Talikan, 241, 243, 504; Mahomedan saint at, 447
Talikan (Talikhan), 243 and n., 249
Talikan plains, 506, 509
Talikhan plain, 423
Taloi range, 164
Tamerlane. See Timur
Tarikh-i-Rashidi cited, 186
Tarim river, 173, 174, 283
Tarnak river, 224
Tashkurghan: Fort of, 279, 281 Kabul, routes to, 260, 419 Moorcroft at, 448 otherwise mentioned, 88, 482
Tashkurghan river, 261, 279
Tarsi (Parsi), 489
Tate, Mr. G. P., cited, 336
Taxila, 29, 94, 99
Taxiles, 99
Teheran: Hamadan telegraph route to, 48 Kashan, question as to railway via, 322 Mashad route from, 54, 77; question as to railway by, 319
Termez, 278, 279
Teshkhan, 424
Thakot, 121
Tibet: Chinese Turkistan formerly included in, 283 Gold-fields of, 51 Gold-digging legends concerning, 31 Idrisi's description of, 281-3 Invasion of India from, possibility as to, 188 Mongol invasion of, 186-7 Moorcroft in, 439-40
Tibetans, modern, 283
Tiglath Pilesur, King of Assyria, 6, 44, 46, 49, 51, 52, 57
Tigris river, 368
Til pass, 275
Timur Hissar, 356
Timur Shah (Tamerlane): Herat and Ghur broken up by, 219 Kafiristan invaded by, 327, 355-6, 435 Merv-el-Rud destroyed by, 242 otherwise mentioned, 193, 394, 414, 481
Tingelab river, 486
Tippak, 283
Tir, 238-9
Tir Band-i-Turkistan mountains, 239, 240, 247, 258
Tirah Expedition, 105
Tiz (Talara), 299-301
Tochi river, 475
Tochi valley, 136; route by, 512-14
Todd, Major d'Arcy, 480
Tokhari (Kushan), 241
Tokharistan (Oxus region), 241; capital of, 243
To-li (Darel), 179, 182-3
Tomeros river, 157
Tous, 479
Topchi valley, 386, 388
Torashekh, 237, 482
Transportation of whole populations, 40, 44
Travel, camaraderie of, 463-4
Travels in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, the Punjab, and Kalat (Masson) cited, 349 et seq.
Trebeck, 439-40, 444, 448, 459
Tsungling, 177, 178
Tubaran, 315-17
Turan, 315-16
Turfan, 172
Turki language, 394
Turkistan, Afghan. See Afghan Turkistan
Turkman women, 283
Turkmans, Ersari, 459-60
Turks, Khizilji, 281-2
Turks Tibetans, 282
Uch, 364, 366
Udyana (Wuchung), 179, 184
Ujaristan valley, 515
Unai (Honai, Bamian) pass, 87, 260, 262, 379, 389, 414, 420, 446; importance of, 521; Wood's description of, 417
Ur (Mugheir), 42
Urmara, 368
Urukh (Warka), 163
Urusgan valley, 515
Uthal, 307
Uzbeks: Agricultural pursuits of, 251 Dwellings of, 249 Kirghiz compared with, 430 Man-stealing propensities of, 421 Murad Khan acknowledged liege by, 383, 413 Snake-handling by, 253 Wood's estimate of, 423
Vaisravana, 178
Varsach river, 424
Vektavitch, Lieut., 400
Ventura, General, 367
Victoria Lake, 430-31
Wad, 373
Wade, Captain, 397, 398
Wainwright, E. A., cited, 313
Wakhab (Panja) river, 279
Wakhan, 273, 281, 327
Wakhjir pass, 279
Waksh, 273, 278
Wakshab river, 273, 278
Walian (Gwalian) pass, 414
Walid I., Kalif, 292, 307
Walker, General, cited, 123, 508
Wana, 513
Wardak valley, 466, 475
Wardoj river, 429, 437
Wardoj (Zebak) valley, 436
Warka (Urukh), 163
Warwalin, 271-2
Washir, 490
Wazirabad lake, 98
Waziris, 464, 474
Waziristan, 473
Weather, effects of, on natural features, 117-18
Westward migrations, 45, 61
Wilson, Major David, cited, 368
Wiltshire, General, 406
Wine made by Kafirs, 133-4
Wood, Lieut., mission of, to Badakshan, 402; with Lord, 412, 416-18, 420, 422, 432, 439; explorations of the Oxus by, 420, 423, 428-35; Indus navigation by, 454; cited, 505-507, 523; estimate of, 431; value of work of, 418
Wolff, Rev. Joseph, 376
Woodthorpe, 429, 509
Wuchung (Udyana), 179, 184
Wynaad gold-fields, 51
Xenophon, retreat of, from Persia, 18, 42; appreciation of, 66; cited, 42
Xerxes, 20, 31, 91
Yahudi. See Jews
Yahudia, 251, 255
Yakmina (Darak Yamuna), 317
Yakulang, 262; valley, 256
Yaman, 220, 222
Yang Kila, 433
Yar Mahomed Khan, 445, 477, 480, 490, 494
Yarkand, 279, 328
Yezd, 322
Yezdambaksh, 378, 382-4
Yule, Sir Henry, cited, 219, 508
Yusli, 307-308
Yusuf Darra route to Sar-i-pul, 483
Yusufzai rising, 350
Zaimuni, 389
Zakar (Takzar), 251, 252
Zal valley, 262
Zamindawar (Dawar), 83, 205-206, 223, 491
Zarah swamp, 204
Zarangai, 33-4
Zardaspan, 90
Zari stream, 257
Zariaspa. See Andarab
Zarinje, 203, 204
Zarni, 222
Zebak: Faizabad, route from, 511
Zebak: Importance of, 427, 429, 433 mentioned, 279
Zebak river, 437, 520
Zebak (Wardoj) valley, 436
Zhob valley, 137
Zindajan (Bouchinj), 231, 232, 479
Zirmast pass, 236, 239, 240
Zirni, 487, 488
Zohak, 267, 387; valley, 421
Zohaka, 466
Zoji-la, 180
THE END
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