INDEX.

America, assisted by France, 25;

declaration of Independence by, 26

Army, the French, mutinies in, 73;

disorderly condition of, 105;

extraordinary measures for the enlistment of, 146;

conscription introduced for, 170;

treatment of, by the Hébertists, 188;

reorganisation of, 189

Artois, the Count of, emigrates, 63;

appeals to foreign Powers, 86

Assignats, first issue of, 68;

fresh issues of, 94;

continued issue and depreciation of, 149, 172, 224, 225

Austria, relations of, with Prussia and Turkey, 97, 98;

forms a defensive alliance with Prussia, 104;

war declared by France against, 105;

ill-feeling towards Prussia of, 161;

Thugut, minister of, 162

Avignon, massacre at, 110

Bailly, is chosen mayor of Paris, 47;

addresses the King on his visit to Paris, 48;

execution of, 178

Barbaroux, asks Marseilles to send men to Paris, 116;

execution of, 208

Barère, selfish indifference of, 200;

applauds the financial results of the Terror, 207

Barnave, is a leader of the Centre and Left, 53;

is a rival of Mirabeau, 57;

is popular in the Jacobin Club, 65;

supports the King after the flight to Varennes, 90;

joins the Feuillants, 92;

execution of, 178

Basel, peace of, 238

Bastille, the attack upon, 45;

capture of, 46

Belgium, invaded by the French, 111;

invaded by Dumouriez, 130;

question of the annexation of, 131;

its annexation decreed, 141;

is reconquered by the allies, 161;

is again conquered by the French, 213

Berthier, murder of, 48

Billaud-Varennes, elected to the commune of Paris, 120;

is placed on the Committee of Public Safety, 167;

sanguinary character of, 200;

opposes Robespierre, 217

Bonaparte, Napoleon, suppresses the insurrection of Vendémiaire, 250

Bordeaux, Girondist sentiments of, 157

Bouillé, suppresses a mutiny at Nancy, 73;

supports the flight to Varennes, 89

Brienne, ministry of, 27

Brissot, political opinions of, 76;

calls for a republic, 90;

trial and execution of, 177

Brunswick, the Duke of, publishes a manifesto, 114;

conducts the invasion, 123;

retreats from Valmy, 124;

commands one of the armies of the coalition, 141;

takes Mainz, 161;

is obliged to retreat, 192

Burke, his Reflections on the French Revolution, 138

Caen, Girondist sentiments prevail at, 157

Cahiers, the, 29

Calendar, the republican, 180

Calonne, ministry of, 27

Cambon, financial measures of, 195

Carnot, directs the movements of the armies, 189;

arranges the campaign of 1794, 212;

escapes from prosecution after the insurrection of Prairial, 231

Carrier, conduct of, at Nantes, 186;

execution of, 223

Cathelineau, crosses the Loire, 160;

is killed, 161

Catherine II., patronises French philosophers, 22;

extends her dominions in Poland and the Crimea, 96;

proposes a second partition of Poland, 135

Cazalès, defends the monarchy, 51

Champ de Mars, the, massacre of, 91

Charette, commands part of the Vendean army, 160;

fails to cross the Loire, 161

Chaumette, elected to the commune of Paris, 120;

his position in the commune, 169;

attacks religion, 179

Chollet, defeat of the Vendeans at, 182

Chouans, the, insurrection of, 241

Church, the French, position of, before the revolution, 6, 15;

demands of the Cahiers respecting, 31;

its property appropriated by the Constituent Assembly, 67;

the civil constitution provokes a schism in, 74;

schism continued in, 101;

treatment of, by the Hébertists, 179;

Robespierre’s behaviour towards, 216;

improvement in the condition of, 228;

condition of, after the Terror, 246

Civil constitution of the clergy, the, enacted, 69;

position of the Legislative Assembly towards, 101

Clavière, minister of Finance, 105;

is dismissed, 112;

is restored to office, 117

Clermont-Tonnerre, 52

Coburg, commands one of the armies of the coalition, 141;

relieves Maestricht, 142;

takes Condé and Valenciennes, 161;

evacuates Belgium, 213

Collot d’Herbois, elected to the commune of Paris, 120;

becomes a member of the Committee of Public Safety, 167;

sanguinary character of, 200;

opposes Robespierre, 217

Committee of General Security instituted, 146

Committee of Public Safety, instituted, 145;

acquires power over the Convention, 166;

does not dare to risk a collision with the Commune, 167;

composition of, 200;

gains over the mob, 203;

dictatorship of, 204;

dissatisfaction of Robespierre with, 205;

extension of the Terror by, 208;

Robespierre’s management of, 214;

discord in, 217;

reorganisation of, after the Terror, 221

Commune of Paris, the, first organisation of, 81;

dispersion of the municipal council of, 116;

reconstruction of, 119;

organises the September massacres, 121;

re-election of, 129;

heads the movement for the proscription of the Girondists, 153;

its power independent of the Convention, 167;

controls the revolutionary army, 174;

is attacked by Robespierre, 198;

is reconstituted by Robespierre, 205;

is broken up, 221

Condé surrenders, 161

Conscription, the, resorted to, 170

Constituent Assembly, the, fusion of the orders in, 38;

its dissolution desired by the Queen, 43;

abolishes feudal services, 49;

formation of parties in, 51;

wishes to establish constitutional government, 55;

constitutional provisions of, 58;

annuls regulations impeding the circulation of corn, 59;

removes to Paris, 62;

completes the constitution, 65;

appropriates Church property, 67;

enacts the civil constitution of the clergy, 69;

increase of party spirit in, 70;

abolishes titles of nobility, 71;

leaves the King without authority, 72;

presents the constitution to the King, and dissolves itself, 93

Constitution, of 1791, 65, 92;

of 1793, 158;

of 1795, 247

Convention, the National, summoned, 117;

elected, 123;

parties in, 124;

its galleries occupied by Jacobins, 129;

offers to help all peoples desirous of freedom, 131;

decrees the union of Nice and Savoy, 133;

decrees the opening of the Scheldt, and orders the generals to proclaim the sovereignty of the people, 134;

condemns the King, 140;

decrees the annexation of Belgium, and declares war against England, 141;

institutes the Committee of Public Safety, 145;

orders the transportation of priests, 147;

forbids the emigrants to return on pain of death, 148;

refuses to proscribe the Girondists, 153;

is compelled to order the arrest of the Girondists, 155;

resistance in the departments to, 157;

falls into the hands of the extreme party in the Mountain, 165;

its comparative weakness, 166;

orders a levy en masse, 170;

orders requisitions to supply Paris, and institutes a revolutionary army, 174;

passes the law of suspected persons, 175;

sends twenty-one deputies before the Revolution Court, 176;

submits to the Commune, 180;

accepts the Worship of Reason, 181;

Reorganises the army, 189;

its legislative work, 193;

reorganises the Revolutionary Court, 215;

overthrows Robespierre, 219;

parties in, after the fall of Robespierre, 222;

restoration of Girondist deputies to, 223;

reaction in, 224;

looks for the support to the party of reaction, 227;

foreign policy of, 233;

becomes unpopular with the middle classes, 244

Cordeliers, the Club of the, presided over by Danton, 82;

demands a republic, 91

Corday, Charlotte, admires the Girondists, 163;

assassinates Marat, 164

Couthon, is placed on the Committee of Public Safety, 167;

his conduct in Auvergne, 185;

supports Robespierre, 200;

arrest of, 219;

execution of, 220

Custine, takes Frankfort, 130;

is driven out of Frankfort, 141

D’Alembert, writings of, 14;

Danton, presides over the Cordeliers, 82;

calls for a republic, 90;

becomes Minister of Justice, 117;

stirs up resistance against invasion, 121;

resigns his ministry, 125;

is attacked by the Girondists, 127;

advocates the condemnation of the King, 140;

breaks with the Girondists, 144;

loses authority in the Convention, 165;

wishes to stop the Reign of Terror, 197;

is executed, 204

Dauphin, the, death of, 245

De Launay, murder of, 46

Delessart, advocates peace, 104;

is charged with treason, 105

Departments, France divided into, 65

Desmoulins, Camille, urges the Parisians to take arms, 44;

political opinions of, 77;

advocates a republic, 90;

supports Robespierre, 109;

wishes to stop the Reign of Terror, 197;

publishes The Old Cordelier, 199;

execution of, 204

D’Espréménil, defends the old system, 51

Diderot, writings of, 14

Directors, appointment of, 251

Dumouriez, minister of foreign affairs, 105;

resigns, 112;

commands the army, 121;

occupied the Argonnes, 123;

gains a victory at Jemmapes, 130;

proposes the invasion of Holland, 135;

fails in an invasion of Holland, 142;

is defeated at Neerwinden, 143;

takes refuge with the Austrians, 144

Economists, the, 16

Egalité, Philip. See Orleans, Duke of

Elizabeth, Madame, execution of, 178

Emigrants, the, begin to leave France, 63;

increasing numbers of, 71;

are encouraged by the princes on the Rhine, 101;

confiscation of the revenues of, 111;

are forbidden to return on pain of death, 148

Empire, the defective organisation of, 96;

anti-French feeling in, 102;

joins the coalition against France, 141

Encyclopædia, the, 14

England, political condition of, 23;

dislikes the annexation of Belgium by France, 133;

opposes the opening of the Scheldt, 134;

state of political opinion in, 136;

war declared by France against, 141

Europe, prevalence of Voltairian ideas in, 21

Federation, Feasts of the, 70

Feraud, murder of, 230

Feudal nobility, privileges of, under the monarchy, 1–5;

abolition of, 49

Feuillants, the club of the, foundation of, 92

Fleurus, battle of, 213

Foulon, murder of, 48

Fouquier Tinville, public prosecutor, 176

France before the revolution, political condition of, 1;

economical condition of, 8;

progress of reforming ideas in, 22

Francis II., the Emperor, war declared by France against, 105;

hopes to make conquests in France, 135

Frankfort, occupied by Custine, 130;

stormed by the Prussians, 141

Frederick II., patronises French philosophers, 22;

extends his territories, 97

Frederick William II., concludes the treaty of Reichenbach, 97;

is prevented from helping Louis, 99;

urges a march to Paris, 123;

agrees to the second partition of Poland, 135

Gensonné, sits in the Legislative Assembly, 100;

trial and execution of, 177

Germany. See Empire, the

Germinal, insurrection of, 226

Girondists, the principles of, 100;

ecclesiastical policy of, 101;

warlike tendencies of, 102;

enter the ministry, 105;

opposition aroused against, 106;

hope for the establishment of a republic, 111;

dismissal of their ministers, 112;

make overtures to the King, 115;

form the right of the Convention, 125;

weakness of, 126;

attack Robespierre and Danton, 127;

increasing weakness of, 142;

break with Danton, 144;

attacked by Robespierre, 145;

economical doctrines of, 149;

movement for the proscription of, 153;

arrest of the leaders of, 155;

causes of the failure of, 156;

feeling in the departments in favour of, 157;

suppression of the movement in favour of, 158;

trial and execution of the leaders of, 177;

restoration of the survivors of, 224

Gobel, Archbishop, resigns office, 180

Grégoire, Bishop, refuses to resign office, 180

Guadet, sits in the Legislative Assembly, 100

Hague, the, the treaty of, 210

Hébert, elected to the Commune of Paris, 120;

his position in the Commune, 169;

his character and aims, 170;

calls for a reign of terror, 175;

attacks Christianity, 179;

supports the system of terror, 183;

is opposed by Robespierre, 197;

execution of, 204

Hoche, commands the army on the Moselle, 192;

is sent to command in the west, 242;

defeats the Chouans at Quiberon, 244

Holland, proposed invasion of, 135;

failure of Dumouriez in an attack upon, 142;

is conquered by Pichegru, 232

Hondschoote, battle of, 191

Houchard, defeats the enemy and is guillotined, 191

Isnard, desires war with Austria, 103;

threatens that Paris shall be destroyed, 154

Jacobins, the club of, formation of, 64;

affiliation of provincial clubs to, 80;

asks for the King’s deposition after the flight to Varennes, 91;

opposition to the Girondists in, 106;

gives its confidence to Robespierre, 109;

proposes to dethrone the King, 115;

takes part against the Girondists, 129;

Robespierre’s influence at, 201;

closure of, 223

Jalès, camp of, 110

Jemmapes, battle of, 130

Joseph II., the Emperor, reforms attempted by, 23;

wishes to incorporate Bavaria, 97

Jourdan, gains the victory of Wattignies, 191

June, battle of the first of, 237

Kaunitz, is indifferent to the progress of the revolution, 98

Kellermann, commands at Metz, 121

Kléber, commands against the Vendeans, 182

Lafayette, proposes the adoption of the tricolour, 47;

is a leader of the Centre and Left, 53;

supports the system of two chambers, 54;

refuses to support Mirabeau, 57;

extent of the influence of, 60;

arrives at Versailles, 61;

guards the King, 63;

supports the King after the flight to Varennes, 91;

joins the Feuillants, 92;

commands on the Eastern frontier, and denounces the Jacobins, 112;

appears at the bar of the Assembly, 113;

support of, rejected by the Queen, 114;

is acquitted by the Assembly, 116;

flies from the country and is imprisoned by the Austrians, 119

Lally-Tollendal, 52, 63

Lameth, the brothers, are amongst the leaders of the Centre and Left, 53;

distrust Mirabeau, 57;

join the Feuillants, 92

La Vendée. See Vendeans, the

Legislative Assembly, the, composition of, 99;

ecclesiastical policy of, 101;

growth of warlike tendencies in, 102;

declares war against the King of Hungary, 105;

decrees that Volunteers shall come to Paris, 112;

proclaims the country to be in danger, 114;

suspends the King, and summons a National Convention, 117;

last sitting of, 124

Le Mans, defeat of the Vendeans at, 183

Leopold II. the Emperor, is urged by the Queen to intervene in France, 94;

concludes the treaty of Reichenbach, 97;

concludes the treaty of Sistova, 98;

refuses to help Louis, 99;

seeks to avoid war, 103;

claims a right of interference in France, 104;

death of, 105

Levy en masse, 170

Longwy, siege of, 121

Louis XIV., monarchy of, 2

Louis XV., misgovernment of, 3

Louis XVI., accession of, 18;

character of, 19;

takes part in the American war, 25;

design of, in summoning the States General, 32;

opens the States General, 33;

weakness of his position, 34;

attempts to hinder the fusion of the orders, 39;

dismisses Necker, 44;

visits Paris after the capture of the Bastille, 47;

idea of retreating to Metz, considered by, 60;

is brought to Paris, 62;

swears to maintain the Constitution, 70;

appoints reactionary ministers, 81;

refuses to be guided by Mirabeau, 83;

dislikes the civil constitution of the clergy, 86;

desires that the constitution may fail, 87;

attempts flight, 88;

is stopped at Varennes, 89;

his deposition proposed and rejected, 90;

accepts the constitution, 93;

deception practised by him, 93;

hopes that the allies will reach Paris, 105;

refuses to sanction a decree against the nonjurors, 111;

refuses to sanction a decree for the meeting of Volunteers at Paris, and dismisses the Girondist ministers, 112;

is visited by the mob, 113;

is driven from the Tuileries and suspended, 117;

causes of the fall of, 118;

trial of, 139

Lyons, royalist insurrection at, 157;

surrender of, 181;

vengeance taken on, 186

Mainz, surrender to the French, 130;

is retaken by Brunswick, 161

Malouet, 52

Marat, political opinions of, 78;

attacks the Girondists, 109;

takes part in the September massacres, 122;

acquittal of, 145;

assassination of, 163

Marie Antoinette, character of, 20;

urges the King to hinder the fusion of the orders, 39;

distrusts Mirabeau, 57;

appears at a military banquet at Versailles, 61;

is brought to Paris, 62;

becomes unpopular, 86;

effect of her counsels on her husband, 87;

urges the King to fly, 88;

is arrested at Varennes, 89;

urges the Emperor to intervene, 94;

refuses the help of the constitutionalists and the emigrants, 95;

is threatened by the mob, 113;

refuses to be saved by Lafayette, 114;

execution of, 177

Marseillaise, the, 116

Maury, the Abbé, defends the clergy, 51

Maximum laws, the, enacted, 171;

difficulty of enforcing, 175;

re-enacted in a new form, 203;

cease to be observed, 224;

are repealed, 225

Merlin of Douai, 53

Mirabeau, character and policy of, 35;

is chosen as a representative of the Third Estate, 37;

is a leader of the Centre and Left, 53;

opposes Necker, 55;

statesmanlike policy of, 56;

difficulties in the way of, 57;

attacks Necker, 58;

close of the career of, 82;

death of, 84

Miranda, fails to take Maestricht, 147

Molleville, reactionary opinions of, 105

Monarchy, the French, rise of, 1;

centralisation of the government of, 7

Mounier, 52, 63

Mountain, the, proposes the deposition of the King, 115;

struggles with the Girondists, 125;

urges the condemnation of the King, 140;

obtains the creation of the Revolutionary Court, 143;

obtains the command of the Committee of Public Safety, 146;

principles of, 148;

supports a coercive economical policy, 152;

fills the clubs with its supporters, 162;

is held in subserviency by the committees and the commune, 192;

is divided in opinion after Robespierre’s fall, 222;

asks for the constitution of 1793, 226;

transportation of the leaders of, 227

Municipality of Paris. See Commune of Paris

Nancy, mutiny at, 73

Narbonne, conduct of, a minister of war, 105

National Assembly, the title of adopted by the Third Estate, 38.

See Constituent Assembly

Necker, first ministry of, 25;

second ministry of, 29;

gives advice to the States General, 33;

weakness of policy, 34;

is opposed to the dissolution of the Assembly, 43;

dismissal of, 44;

recalled to office, 47;

fails to guide the Assembly, 55;

finally resigns office, 81

Neerwinden, battle of, 143

Nice, occupied by the French, 129;

annexed, 133

Nonjurors, the, refuse to swear to the civil constitution of the clergy, 75;

are deprived of their pensions, 101;

are threatened with banishment, 111;

transportation of, 180

Notables, the, meeting of, 27

Orders, the privileged, exempted from taxation, 8

Orleans, Duke of, takes the popular side, 42;

is said to have aimed at the throne, 63;

sits with the Montagnards, 125;

trial of, 176;

is executed, 178

Paris, anarchy in, 42;

assault upon the Bastille in, 45;

establishment of a municipality and a national guard in, 47;

difficulty of provisioning, 59;

the King brought to, 62;

organisation of, 81;

proposed formation of an armed camp for the defence of, 111;

preparations for insurrection in, 116;

election of a new commune of, 119;

massacres in, 121;

predominates over the departments, 126;

is ruled by the new commune, 120

Parliaments, the, oppose the King, 25, 28

Pétion, sits on the extreme left in the Constituent Assembly, 53;

becomes Mayor of Paris, 112;

death of, 208

Pichegru, defeats the allies on the Rhine, 192;

conquers Flanders, 213;

conquers Holland, 232

Pilnitz, conference at, 98

Pitt, internal policy of, 24;

refuses to join foreign powers against France, 98;

character of the statesmanship of, 136;

strives to maintain peace, 138

Plain, the, position of, in the convention, 128

Poland, first partition of, 96;

establishment of a new constitution in, 98;

hostility of Catherine II. to, 99;

proposed second partition of, 135;

insurrection of, 210;

second partition of, 211;

third partition of, 236

Portugal, joins the coalition against France, 141

Prairial, insurrection of, 231

Privileged orders, the, position of, 8;

aims of, 29

Provinces, the, insurrections in, 48;

anarchy in, 109

Prussia, its relations with Austria, 97;

forms a defensive alliance with Austria, 104;

is drawn into a war with France, 105;

its jealousy of Austria, 161;

concludes peace with France, 238

Quiberon, peninsular of Hoche’s victory at, 244

Reason, the worship of, 181

Reichenbach, treaty of, 97

Rennes, Girondist sentiments of, 157

Revolutionary army, the formation of, 173

Revolutionary Court, the, establishment of, 143;

deputies first sent before, 176

Rights of Man, declaration of the, 58

Robespierre, sits on the extreme Left in the Constituent Assembly, 53;

is applauded by the Jacobins, 65;

hesitates to decide for the King’s deposition, 90;

proposes a law forbidding re-election, 92;

leads the opposition against the Girondists, 107;

opposes the war, 108;

is elected to the Commune, 120;

is attacked by the Girondists, 127;

proposes the imprisonment of the leading Girondists, 145;

supports the insurrection against the Girondists, 153;

becomes a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety, 167;

attacks the Hébertists, 197;

causes of the influence of, 201;

procures the destruction of the Hébertists by abandoning Danton, 202;

is dissatisfied with the Committee of Public Safety, 205;

reduces the Terror to a system, 208;

inaugurates the worship of the Supreme Being, 214;

reorganises the Revolutionary Court, 215;

comes into collision with the Committee of Public Safety, 217;

his imprisonment, 219;

execution of, 220

Roland, is minister of the interior, 105;

attempts in vain to restore order, 109;

is dismissed, 112;

projects of a retreat to the Loire discussed in the house of, 115;

is restored to office, 117;

resignation of, 145;

death of, 178

Roland, Madame, directs the actions of her husband, 115;

execution of, 178

Rousseau, doctrines of, 16

St. Just, is placed on the Committee of Public Safety, 167;

makes requisitions at Strasburg, 185;

character and aims of, 206;

arrest of, 219;

execution of, 220

Santerre, commands the national guard, 122

Sardinia, the King of, war declared against, 130

Saumur, is taken by the Vendeans, 160

Savoy, occupied by the French, 129;

annexed, 133

Scheldt, the opening of, 134

September massacres, the, 121

Servan, is minister of war, 111;

is dismissed, 112;

is restored to office, 117

Siéyès, writes a pamphlet, 30;

is a leader of the Centre and Left, 53

Sistova, the treaty of, 98

Smith, Adam, publishes the ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 24

Spain, joins the coalition against France, 141;

concludes peace with France, 239

States-General, the, summoned, 28;

discussions on the constitution of, 31;

meeting of, 33;

fusion of the orders in, 38.

See Constituent Assembly

Supreme Being, the, worship of, 214

Tallien, conduct of, at Bordeaux, 185;

his position after the revolution of Thermidor, 223

Taxation, exemption of the privileged orders from, 8;

character of, under the monarchy, 9;

system of, established by the Constituent Assembly, 94

Tennis Court Oath, the, 40

Terror, the Reign of, commencement of, 165

Thermidor, revolution of, 219

Thermidorians, the, party of, 222

Third Estate, double representation of, 31;

adopts the title of the National Assembly, 38

Thouret, 53

Thugut, becomes foreign minister of Austria, 162;

foreign policy of, 234

Tories, the English, 136

Toulon, resists the Convention, 157;

capture of, 181;

vengeance taken on, 186

Turcoing, Pichegru’s victory at, 213

Turgot, ministry of, 18

Turreau, devastates La Vendée, 209

Valenciennes, surrenders, 161

Valmy, cannonade of, 124

Varennes, the flight to, 88

Vendeans, the, rise in insurrection, 147;

mode of fighting of, 159;

first successes of, 160;

are driven back into their own country, 161;

destruction of the army of, 182;

continuance of the war against, 208

Vendémiaire, insurrection of, 249

Verdun, siege of, 121

Vergnaud, sits in the Legislative Assembly, 100;

qualities of, 126;

trial and execution of, 177

Versailles, arrival of the mob at, 61;

the King removed from, 62

Veto, given to the King, 58

Voltaire, opinions and influence of, 14, 21

Wattignies, Battle of, 193

Weissenburg, the lines of, 192

Whigs, the English, 136

White Terror, the, 229

Wurmser, commands the Austrians on the Rhine, 192

York, the Duke of, commands the English Army in the Netherlands, 161;

is driven from Dunkirk, 191;

commands the English forces in the campaign of 1794, 212;

fails to defend Holland, 232

Young, Arthur, describes the economical condition of France, 11

Printed at The Ballantyne Press Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co. Ltd. Colchester, London & Eton, England