THE FREE MAN’S LIBRARY (continued 2)

“If in this country, for both good and evil, free private enterprise had its logical manifestations in a prodigious manner, so Henry Ford was its extreme and last pure event.... It is easier to imagine other Fords than it is to believe that another would be able to do in this regulated world what Henry Ford did in his free world. He would not be permitted to plow back his profits in that reckless manner as capital.... You may like it better this way.... [But] if laissez-faire had not begotten the richest world that ever existed there would have been much less for the welfare state to distribute.”

Garrett, Garet. The American Story. Regnery. 1955. 401 pp.

This was Garet Garrett’s last book. It is a brilliant historical essay on America which lays special emphasis on the country’s achievements in invention and productivity, but views the course of the last twenty-five years pessimistically, and despairs of the future of personal liberty and growth in the United States if recent political tendencies continue.

Gébler, Ernest. The Plymouth Adventure. Doubleday. 1950. 377 pp.

A fictional account of the voyage of the Mayflower from England to Cape Cod and of the first winter spent by the Pilgrims in New England. The story is reconstructed from letters, journals and histories. This account of the first Americans who risked their lives for freedom of opinion will inspire all those who still believe in that ideal.

George, Henry. Protection or Free Trade. 1886. Robert Schalkenbach Foundation. 1946. 335 pp.

The great majority of economists today regard the central tenet of Henry George—a single tax on land—as untenable. Yet what he thought he was doing is revealed in a sentence in his preface to the fourth edition of his famous Progress and Poverty (1879). It was “to unite the truth perceived by the school of Smith and Ricardo to the truth perceived by the schools of Proudhon and Lasalle; to show that laissez-faire (in its full meaning) opens the way to a realization of the noble dreams of socialism.” His book Protection or Free Trade, which appeared seven years later, presents the case for free trade with great eloquence and power: “He who follows the principle of free trade to its logical conclusion can strike at the very root of protection; can answer every question and meet every objection.... He will see in free trade not a mere fiscal reform, but a movement which has for its aim and end nothing less than the abolition of poverty, and of the vice and crime and degradation that flow from it, by the restoration to the disinherited of their natural rights and the establishment of society upon the basis of justice. He will catch the inspiration of a cause great enough to live for and to die for, and be moved by an enthusiasm that he can evoke in others.”

It is only fair to add that the present-day followers of Henry George, still numerous, are (apart from the implications of their single-tax-on-land theory) among the most zealous champions of a free capitalism.

Gide, Charles, and Rist, Charles. A History of Economic Doctrines from the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day. Heath. 1948. 800 pp.

A standard history by two French economists which first appeared in English in 1915 and has been brought down to date by successive editions and enlargements. Written with great lucidity in the original French, it has also been fortunate in its English translators. A full and very valuable history. Its excellent critical comments on various theories are written from a liberal point of view.

Giffen, Sir Robert. Economic Inquiries and Studies. London: George Bell. 1904. 461 pp.

“A large number of economic essays by a well-known authority. Some of them, such as Protection for Manufacturers in New Countries and The Dream of a British Zollverein, bear closely upon our subject. His point of view is strongly Individualistic.”—PI.

Gitlow, Benjamin. I Confess. Dutton. 1940. 611 pp.

A disillusioned ex-leader of the Communist party in the United States gives a detailed account of its works, its personalities and its relations with Moscow. There is an introduction by Max Eastman. “A personal and political history of the utmost relevance for an understanding of the American Communist party.... A fascinating story for any one, and should be a positive boon for the annual crop of innocents who are drawn into Communist peripheral organizations under false pretenses.”—Sidney Hook.

Gitlow, Benjamin. The Whole of Their Lives. Scribner’s. 1948. 387 pp.

“A former prominent Communist (head of the American Communist Party in 1929), the author describes world Communism with especial emphasis on American Communism. Showing how it first started in this country among various rival factions, he then demonstrates its penetration of earlier liberal and Socialist groups and its emergence as a well-disciplined party. With considerable attention to personalities, he describes the American Communists, reveals their connection with Moscow, and flatly states that American Communism is directly controlled by Russia. Furthermore, he contends that it respects no American principles or traditions in its zeal to make our country a Soviet vassal.”—Library Journal.

Gliksman, Jerzy. Tell the West. Gresham Press. 1948. 358 pp.

“Another eyewitness report on slave labor in the Soviet Union, this time by a Polish lawyer and Socialist who was arrested, for reasons he never fully understood, by the N.K.V.D. shortly after the invasion of Poland and shipped off to a concentration camp to be ‘remolded’ into a useful citizen by ‘productive work and suitable educational approach.’ The remolding, Mr. Gliksman says, consisted of nothing more than systematic starvation, ill treatment, and a losing battle to fill hopelessly high daily work quotas; it killed many of his fellows and would have killed him if amnesty had not been granted Poles willing to fight the Germans.”—New Yorker.

Godwin, William. An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice. 1793. Numerous editions. (Knopf. 1926.) 2 vols. 554 pp.

“Godwin’s book, coming at a time of revolution, created much revolutionary fervor. It was considered so dangerous that the authorities thought of prosecuting the author, but Pitt pointed out that ‘a three-guinea book could never do much harm among those who had not three shillings to spare.’ Godwin says: ‘Since government even in its best state is an evil, the object principally to be aimed at is that we should have as little of it as the general peace of human society will permit.’ Like many ‘anarchists,’ he believes in human perfectibility; the disappearance of government would be no evil, he thought, because the natural goodness of man, enhanced by progress, would serve to keep him in the right way. This theory of human perfectibility led him to demand the abolition of private property and the dissolution of all governments. To us, Godwin is now chiefly interesting for having inspired Shelley with his poetic dreams of innocent man, who has never been perverted and made miserable by the falsehood and tyranny of priests and kings, and who, if given freedom, will be once more happy and innocent.”—PI.

Gonzalez, Valentin R. El Campesino. Putnam. 218 pp.

“‘El Campesino’ was a famous Communist Spanish general in Spain’s Civil war. After the war he fled to Russia where he was at first lauded as a hero, later fell into disfavor with the authorities, and spent more than ten years in labor camps in Siberia before he made his escape.”—Book Review Digest. “Campesino symbolized the highest reach of communism’s romantic appeal. He suffered the worst horrors of its awful reality. The contrasts make his book an ugly and convincing testament.”—Michael Straight, in the New Republic.

Gordon, Manya. Workers Before and After Lenin. Dutton. 1941. 524 pp.

A detailed study of conditions among the laboring classes in Russia from the 1890’s to the present, with statistics wherever they can be obtained. The author, born in Russia and educated in the United States, points out the fact that many Russian statistics are unreliable, and cites discrepancies. Among the subjects covered are insurance, wages, housing, dress, factory conditions, social security, education and the condition of the peasants. “Manya Gordon has performed a genuine service to the cause of historical truth by puncturing almost beyond the possibility of revival the legend that, whatever may be its defects, the Soviet regime represents a vast forward step, especially for the masses.”—W. H. Chamberlin, in The New York Times.

Gough, G. W. The Economic Consequences of Socialism. London: Allan. 1926. 178 pp.

“A keen criticism of current Socialist proposals and particularly of the writings of Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb and Mr. Tawney. Mr. Gough merits the compliment of being compared with Mr. Hartley Withers in the power of dealing with economic complexities in a light and readable style. It is one of the best criticisms of Socialist theories that has appeared in recent years.”—PI.

Gouzenko, Igor. The Iron Curtain. Dutton. 1948. 279 pp.

Autobiography of the young Russian code clerk, attached to the Canadian Soviet Embassy, who revealed to Canadian authorities the existence of a plot to turn over atomic bomb secrets to Russian spies. “The entire narrative is notable for its simplicity, humility, and candor. ‘We have been impressed,’ said the Royal Commission appointed in Canada to investigate this matter, ‘with the sincerity of the man, and with the manner in which he gave his evidence.’”—Asher Brynes, in The Saturday Review of Literature.

Graham, F. D. Social Goals and Economic Institutions. Princeton University Press. 1942. 273 pp.

An attempt to describe the ethical, political, and economic policies and institutions that would best embody liberal values.

Gray, Alexander. The Socialist Tradition: Moses to Lenin. Longmans, Green. 1946. 523 pp.

A scholarly, witty and unsympathetic survey, by the professor of political economy at the University of Edinburgh, of socialist thinking. “Professor Gray has made a unique contribution, even to the already voluminous literature about socialism and socialists. The book does not, as the author himself hastens to make clear in the prologue, ‘aim at being a history of socialist thought.’ Still less is it a history of the socialist movement. Rather, it is a series of studies of the ideas of certain individuals who stand high in the socialist tradition.... Students of socialist thought will be interested by the fresh viewpoint and the unquestionable depth of scholarship which Professor Gray brings to his consideration of even the familiar landmarks. His erudition is almost incredible, and he writes with grace and charm enlivened by frequent splashes of wit.”—Hilden Gibson, in the American Political Science Review.

Griffin, Clare E. Enterprise in a Free Society. Chicago: Richard D. Irwin. 1949. 573 pp.

“This book is a timely and useful addition to the literature of American capitalism. Within its 573 closely printed pages of text, containing more than 250,000 words, Professor Griffin has given a systematic and scholarly treatment of enterprise in American society—its functions, motivations, consequences and the environmental conditions that facilitate it.”—N. H. Jacoby, in the American Economic Review.

Gros, J. M. Le Mouvement Littéraire Socialiste. Paris. 1904.

“This well-written book, almost exclusively confining itself to France, deals with the aid which poets and other authors have given to Socialism since 1830.”—PI.

Gurian, Waldemar. Bolshevism. University of Notre Dame Press. 1952. 189 pp.

An introduction to Soviet communism. “Some excellent source material—verified citations from the writings of Lenin and Stalin—supplements and completes this highly valuable and instructive work, which is at once scholarly and unpretentious.”—W. H. Chamberlin.

Guyot, Yves. Economic Prejudices. London: Sonnenschein. 1910. 166 pp.

“To a superficial reader this book might leave an impression of M. Yves Guyot as a rather extreme doctrinaire free trader, but on its appearance it received a great deal of praise from the British Conservative Press.... The most valuable part of the book is its analysis of current Socialist and Labor fallacies. It is written in the form of a dialogue.”—PI.

Guyot, Yves. La Démocratie Individualiste. Paris: Giard & Brière. 1907.

“As a champion of liberty M. Yves Guyot is a worthy disciple and successor of Bastiat, although he is a little less optimistic than his master. La Démocratie Individualiste contains an excellent short account of the evolution of Individualism, and a brief statement and explanation of the doctrine.”—PI.

Guyot, Yves. Principles of Social Economy. Scribner’s. 1892. 305 pp.

“A live and original introduction to the study of the subject. It is particularly valuable for its chapters on ‘State Intervention in Economics’ and ‘The Province of the State.’”—PI.

Haberler, Gottfried von. The Theory of International Trade. London: Hodge. 1936. 408 pp.

“This is a systematic treatise written primarily for the specialist.... The author makes the most devastating attack on the whole paraphernalia of tariffs, quotas, and exchange restrictions that has come from the pen of any living writer.”—Manchester Guardian. “The most important and comprehensive study of the subject since Taussig’s International Trade.”—New Statesman and Nation.

Hacker, Louis M. The Triumph of American Capitalism. Simon & Schuster. 1940. (Columbia University Press. 1947.) 460 pp.

A study of the development of forces in American history to the end of the nineteenth century. “Mr. Hacker has written a remarkable book. It is not a systematic history of the economic development of the American people ... [but] an interpretive study, much of it brilliant and all of it suggestive.... At various points ... the author is tempted into generalizations which will make all but the hardened economic determinist blench ... but these passages ... do not greatly impair the essential merit of his volume.”—Allan Nevins.

Hahn, L. Albert. The Economics of Illusion. New York: Squier Publishing Co. 1949. 273 pp.

In my introduction to this book I wrote: “Dr. Hahn enjoys an enormous advantage as an analyst of Keynesian fallacies. As he has reminded us himself: ‘All that is wrong and exaggerated in Keynes I said much earlier and more clearly.’... There is no more important task for the economic theorist today than to disentangle the network of confusion and error that now goes under the name of the Keynesian Revolution. Until this work has been thoroughly done, clarity and real progress in economics will not be possible. There is no more sophisticated, penetrating and thorough guide in this task than Albert Hahn.”

Hahn, L. Albert. Wirtschaftswissenschaft des gesunden Menschenverstandes. Frankfurt-am-Main: Verlag Fritz Knapp. 1954. 280 pp.

The author describes a “model” of the economic process based on neo-classical as opposed to Keynesian thinking. It is written as an introduction to economics for students as well as a “minimum economics” for educated businessmen. A French translation has appeared under the title Notions Pratiques d’Économie Politique. (Paris: Librairie de Médicis. 1954.) An American edition is in preparation.

Halévy, Élie. L’Ère des Tyrannies. Paris: Gallimard. 1938. 249 pp.

A discussion of “the era of despotisms.” English versions of two of the most important essays in this volume will be found in Economica, February, 1941, and in International Affairs, 1934.

Hamilton, Alexander; Madison, James; and Jay, John. The Federalist. 1787. Many editions. (Random House. 1941.) 618 pp.

A collection of eighty-five articles in defense of the American Constitution. All but eight appeared originally in the New York press, between October 1787 and May 1788.

“It remains a classic commentary, not merely on American constitutional law, but on the principles of government generally. Guizot said of it that ‘in its application of elementary principles of government to practical administration’ it was the greatest work he knew, and Chancellor Kent declared it—quite justly—to be ‘equally admirable in the depth of its wisdom, the comprehensiveness of its views, the sagacity of its reflections, and the fearlessness, patriotism, candor, simplicity and elegance with which its truths are uttered and recommended,’”—Encyclopaedia Britannica.

More than half of the articles were written by Hamilton. Madison’s contributions “advocated a system of government in which democracy should be reconciled with the security of private rights. He saw that the central problem of democracy is not the maintenance of equality but the preservation of liberty.”—William Carpenter in the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences.

Haney, Lewis H. History of Economic Thought. Macmillan. 1911, etc. 1949. 957 pp.

A critical account of the origin and development of the economic theories of leading thinkers in the leading nations. “Professor Haney, in addressing himself to the truly colossal task of writing of the totality of economic thought, has provided for the student by far the most comprehensive text for the study of this subject now available in the English language. By and large, the subject matter is well chosen and well arranged.”—J. M. Ferguson, on third edition, in American Economic Review, 1936.

Haney, Lewis H. How You Really Earn Your Living. Prentice-Hall. 1952. 282 pp.

This is intended to be “Every Man’s Guide to American Economics.” It is an admirable introductory volume written with great clearness and simplicity. In addition to chapters on such central problems as market value, money, production and distribution, there is a chapter on public vs. private enterprise, and two chapters on “Seven Ways to Lose Freedom or Save It.”

Haney, Lewis H. Economics in a Nutshell. Macmillan. 1933. 213 pp.

Most of these short discussions appeared originally in the author’s column in the New York Evening Journal. They contain a condensed statement of the principles of economics as taught to Professor Haney’s classes in New York University.

Harper, F. A. Crisis of the Free Market. New York: National Industrial Conference Board. 1945. 83 pp.

This study, while aimed particularly at the policy of control during reconversion from a war to a peace basis, provides a simple exposition of some of the fundamental facts and principles that form the framework of a voluntary society and a free economy.

Harper, F. A. Liberty: A Path to Its Recovery. Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 1949. 159 pp.

An analysis of the nature of individual liberty, a measurement of how much remains, and a program to regain what has been lost. The author explains how liberty in every other area rests on its preservation in the economic sphere.

Harris, S. Hutchinson. Auberon Herbert: Crusader for Liberty. London: Williams & Norgate. 1943. 382 pp.

The biography of an individualist whose works are discussed in the present bibliography.

Haskell, Henry J. The New Deal in Old Rome. Knopf. 1939. 269 pp.

In his preface the author, editor of the Kansas City Star, says: “To prevent any misconception let me say that this book is neither a criticism nor a defense of the New Deal. It is an attempt to provide an objective survey of instances of government intervention in the ancient world. Many of these were so like experiments tried in the United States in recent years that they may fairly be classed as New Deal measures. I have tried to show what these experiments were, why they were tried, and how they worked. Making allowance for the differences between ancient and modern society, I have ventured to call attention to certain warning signals from the past.”

Hayek, Friedrich A. The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press. 1944. 250 pp.

Reviewing this book in The New York Times of Sept. 23, 1944, I wrote: “In The Road to Serfdom Friedrich A. Hayek has written one of the most important books of our generation. It restates for our time the issue between liberty and authority with the power and rigor of reasoning that John Stuart Mill stated the issue for his own generation in his great essay, ‘On Liberty.’ It throws a brilliant light along the direction in which the world has been heading, first slowly, but now at an accelerative rate, for the last half-century. It is an arresting call to all well-intentioned planners and socialists, to all those who are sincere democrats and liberals at heart, to stop, look, and listen.”

“Although,” Hayek writes, “we had been warned by some of the greatest political thinkers of the nineteenth century, by de Tocqueville and Lord Acton, that socialism means slavery, we have steadily moved in the direction of socialism.... We are rapidly abandoning not the views merely of Cobden and Bright, of Adam Smith and Hume, or even of Locke and Milton, but one of the salient characteristics of Western civilization as it has grown from the foundations laid by Christianity and the Greeks and Romans. Not merely nineteenth- and eighteenth-century liberalism, but the basic individualism inherited by us from Erasmus and Montaigne, from Cicero and Tacitus, Pericles and Thucydides, is progressively relinquished.”

Hayek, Friedrich A. Individualism and Economic Order. University of Chicago Press. 1948. 271 pp.

A collection of a dozen essays, some on various aspects of the philosophy of individualism, and others on technical economic subjects. For the purposes of this bibliography by far the most important essay is the first: “Individualism: True and False,” which every individualist who desires to avoid or combat confusion should study. Other excellent essays deal with The Use of Knowledge in Society, The Meaning of Competition, “Free” Enterprise and Competitive Order, and Socialist Calculation. All of these essays bring great learning and intelligence to bear upon economic and social issues of central importance to our era. Every open-minded reader of this book will find his own understanding of these questions enriched, clarified and deepened.

Hayek, Friedrich A. The Counter-Revolution of Science. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. 1952. 255 pp.

This book is divided into two parts. The first is an acute and abstract study of the essential differences in method required in the study of the physical sciences on the one hand and the social sciences on the other. An uncritical and slavish imitation in the social studies of the methods, concepts and language of physics or engineering is condemned by Professor Hayek as “scientism.” He goes on to show how “scientism” produces as its logical corollaries collectivism, Marxism and other forms of economic planning through centralized coercion.

The second part of the book is historical. It gives an amusing as well as enlightening account of the common origin of “scientism,” positivism and socialism in the environment of the great engineering school of Paris, the École polytechnique. It traces the intellectual histories of Henri de Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, and others, and shows how their ideas gave birth to “the religion of the engineers,” merged with German Hegelianism, led to Karl Marx (who borrowed heavily from the Saint-Simonians as well as from Hegel), and is still seen in the engine-room outlook and pseudo-science which today threaten to reverse the historical trend toward greater freedom.

Hayek, F. A. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor. University of Chicago Press. 1951. 320 pp.

In his Autobiography, John Stuart Mill gave a highly extravagant account of the moral and intellectual qualities of Mrs. Harriet Taylor, who finally became his wife, and of her influence on his writings. Until quite recently, little has been known of the facts behind this tribute. But much of the correspondence between Mill and Mrs. Taylor came into the hands of various libraries in 1922 and 1927, and Professor Hayek (in 1951) gathered and published this material in the present book. It indicates that Mrs. Taylor did exercise considerable influence over the less technical aspects of Mill’s thought. Whether this influence was on net balance for good or ill, the individual reader can decide for himself. But the evidence is clear that it was Harriet Taylor who was largely responsible for Mill’s retraction of most of his opposition to socialism as expressed in the first edition of his Political Economy, and for his far more sympathetic attitude in the third edition. It was Michael St. John Packe’s ability to draw heavily on the material in the present book that enabled him to add so much to our knowledge of Mill in his admirable Life of John Stuart Mill (q.v.) published in 1954.

Hayek, F. A. The Political Ideal of the Rule of Law. Cairo: National Bank of Egypt. 1955. 79 pp.

Professor Hayek, although internationally best known as an economist, was by original training a lawyer. This book reprints lectures he delivered at the invitation of the National Bank of Egypt. They begin with an historical survey of the evolution of freedom and the Rule of Law in Britain, France, Germany, and America. They emphasize such safeguards of individual liberty as the generality, equality, and certainty of the law. The final lecture discusses the decline of the Rule of Law, particularly in England and the United States.

Hayek, F. A. (ed.). Capitalism and the Historians. University of Chicago Press. 1954. 194 pp.

A provocative set of essays, several of which are brilliant, which argue that capitalism, even in the days of the Manchester slums and the child worker, was an immediate positive social good. The authors hold—from actual case studies of the English worker, his work, and his times—that the prevalent belief in the immediate evil of the Industrial Revolution is a myth, perpetuated by a few historians and intellectuals. The contributors are F. A. Hayek, T. S. Ashton, Louis Hacker, W. H. Hutt, and Bertrand de Jouvenel.

Hayek, Friedrich A. (ed.). Collectivist Economic Planning. London: Routledge. 1935. 293 pp.

This is a collection of critical studies on the possibilities of socialism by N. G. Pierson, Ludwig von Mises, George Halm, and Enrico Barone. A central subject is the possibility of economic calculation under socialism. Professor Hayek contributes an admirable introduction on the “Nature and History of the Problem” and a final chapter on the “Present State of the Debate.”

Hazlitt, Henry. Economics in One Lesson. Harper. 1946. (Paperbound 1952.) edition: Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 222 pp.

“Mr. Hazlitt writes strictly in terms of economics, urging upon his readers to look not merely at the immediate but also at the larger effects of an act or a policy.... [He] resents the travesty that many of his fellow economists have made of their profession. And so he has gone back patiently to first principles, proving once more that public works must be paid for by taxes, that taxes discourage production, that the invention of labor-saving machinery releases men to do other productive things, that soldiers and bureaucrats live off the rest of us, that tariffs make us collectively poorer, that exports must be paid for by imports, that ‘parity’ prices in agriculture do not solve the ‘farm problem,’ that you cannot produce for use except by producing for the profit that will enable you to buy other things for use, that government price-fixing increases the scarcity it is supposed to alleviate, that inflation is a form of taxation that exempts no one, that a still poverty-stricken world needs more ‘saving’ and not more ‘spending,’ that unions defeat themselves when they press for an uneconomic wage, and that the way to be sane is to look for the hidden long-term effects of a proposition on the whole social fabric as well as its effect here and now on Joe Doakes.”—John Chamberlain, in The New York Times.

Hazlitt, Henry. The Great Idea. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1951. 374 pp.

This is written as a novel, set in the future, in a completely communized world, from which every trace of the former capitalist civilization has been removed; but in trying to solve their problems the people of this world rediscover democracy and the free enterprise system. I used this story-and-dialogue form because it seemed to me not only the most effective way to dramatize the contrast between communism and socialism on the one hand and capitalism or a free market economy on the other, but the most effective way to explain some of the fundamental and even abstruse problems involved in the choice.

The theme of the book might also be stated in the form: If capitalism did not exist, it would be necessary to invent it—and its discovery would be rightly regarded as one of the great triumphs of the human mind.

The title of the British edition of the book is Time Will Run Back (London: Ernest Benn).

Hazlitt, Henry. Will Dollars Save the World? Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 1947. 95 pp.

A critical examination of the Marshall Plan, made when it was first proposed. It analyzes the fallacies behind most of the American inter-governmental “foreign-aid” programs, the controlist, statist or socialist assumptions implicit in them, and their consequent tendency to encourage and prolong controls, statism and socialism in the nations receiving aid. A 48-page pamphlet, also by the present author and under the imprint of the same publisher, makes a similar analysis of the Illusions of Point Four (1950).

Hearnshaw, F. J. C. A Survey of Socialism: Analytical, Historical, and Critical. Macmillan. 1929. 473 pp.

“An unusually able student of the literature of liberty speaks of Hearnshaw’s A Survey of Socialism as the only thing of its kind in existence. And were there many competitors, one would expect this to be acclaimed the best. Written by an outstanding British historian in a period when Britain had many and the United States had few, this is a reference book on socialism which anyone fortunate enough to possess a copy will want at his elbow. It treats persons, ideas, and programs from the earliest ancient times. Its depth and thoroughness reflect the forty years study of socialism which preceded its being written. Starting as a socialist sympathizer, his study radically altered his view to one of its most learned historical critics. He makes socialism a tragic drama on a literary stage where important personages from Moses onward take their places in the unfolding events and concepts.”—F. A. Harper.

Hearnshaw, F. J. C. Democracy and Labor. Macmillan. 1924. 274 pp.

“A vigorous attack on Socialism chiefly on the grounds that it is undemocratic. Democracy is held, rather optimistically, perhaps, to be the most effective means of securing freedom. The author, who is an eminent historian, is an Individualist of the Conservative school defending existing society on the grounds that it is based on Individualism. “It is becoming evident that the supreme issue of the day is the issue of Socialism versus Individualism: of Authority versus Freedom ... of the maintenance of the Existing Order versus Utopian and Revolutionary Reconstruction.” The book is a sequel to and in some respects a revision and abridgment of Democracy at the Cross-Ways, published in 1918. It is often witty and epigrammatic.”—PI.

Heckscher, E. Mercantilism. Macmillan. 1935. 2 vols. 472 pp. 419 pp.

An effort has recently been made (e.g., by the late Lord Keynes and some of his disciples) to resuscitate mercantilism and to pretend that the mercantilists were more nearly right than Adam Smith and their other liberal critics. Anyone who is inclined to take this argument seriously, or to believe in modern State “planning” (which is little more than a revival of mercantilism) would do well to read this book by a Swedish economic historian. Here is a passage concerning French mercantilism during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (p. 173): “It is estimated that the economic measures taken in this connection cost the lives of some 16,000 people, partly through executions and partly through armed affrays, without reckoning the unknown but certainly much larger number of people who were sent to the galleys or punished in other ways. On one occasion in Valence, 77 were sent to the galleys, one was set free and none were pardoned. But even this vigorous action did not help to attain the desired end. Printed calicoes spread more and more widely among all classes of the population, in France as everywhere else.”

Heilperin, Michael A. The Trade of Nations. Knopf. 1947. 1952. 302 pp.

Intended as a book for the intelligent layman interested in the workings of the world economy, as well as a guide and reference for the professional economist. “In contemporary economic literature this book fills a niche that has been empty far too long. Michael Heilperin presents a spirited and intelligent defense of economic internationalism and its twin, free enterprise in international trade and investment, and a refutation of both the traditional and the new collectivist protectionism.”—Fortune.

Henderson, H. D. Supply and Demand. Harcourt, Brace. 1922. 181 pp.

“The best short exposition of the standpoint of the modern ‘Cambridge School’ of economists. It is a very clearly written text-book, and the first chapter, ‘The Economic World,’ gets right to the heart of what may be called the Laissez-faire-Socialist controversy. The existence of an anti-Individualist bias may be suspected in his allusion to attempts by some persons to glorify the existing system of society whilst ‘plastering over’ such things as wastefulness in production, sweating, unemployment and slums. A reference to Bastiat suggests that Mr. Henderson has in mind those people who believe that the evils referred to are largely caused or aggravated by irrational government interferences with forces that he himself regards as fundamental.”—PI.

Herbert, Auberon. A Politician in Trouble About His Soul. Chapman & Hall. 1884.

“This publicist, who (as will be acknowledged by all who had the good fortune to meet him) was one of the most charming personalities of his day, deserves considerably more attention than he has received. Accepting Herbert Spencer’s strict Individualist creed, Herbert gave up his political career and devoted himself to its propagation in a form so thorough that to his contemporaries he appeared as a modern Don Quixote tilting at windmills. He long provided funds for a little journal called Free Life, whose main tenet was voluntary taxation. Auberon Herbert’s proposals were derided as ‘Anarchy plus a Policeman,’ and they were too extreme for practical politics at a time when Socialism had not become formidable or very mischievous. It may be, however, that the spirit of Auberon Herbert will revive and inspire a new generation in England.

“A Politician is a charmingly written dialogue in which a Member of Parliament announces to his friends his intention of giving up his political career and entering upon a crusade for ‘the perfect creed of liberty which he found in the writings of Herbert Spencer.’ Doubtless, the zeal of the new convert went far beyond that of his master; Herbert admits this with his accustomed candor and urbanity. ‘Would Mr. Spencer, do you think, agree to all these applications of his principle?’ asked Argus. ‘I fear that Mr. Spencer would dissent. You must not regard him as responsible for any corollaries which I have drawn.’”—PI.

Herbert, Auberon. The Voluntarist Creed. Oxford University Press. 1908. 107 pp.

“The swan-song of Auberon Herbert—the latter half was finished a few days before his death. The first, ‘Mr. Spencer and the Great Machine,’ was delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. The second, ‘The Great Machine,’ was addressed principally to the ‘workers.’ He entreated his audience: ‘Don’t believe in suppressing by force any form of evil—always excepting direct attacks upon person and property.’ He declared that ‘these new bonds and restrictions in which the nations of today have allowed themselves to be entangled’ merely prepare ‘docile and obedient State-material, ready-made for taxation, ready-made for conscription—ready-made for the ambitious aims and ends of the rulers.’ He tells the wage-earners: ‘Property is the great and good inducement that will call out your efforts and energies for the remaking of the present form of society.’ No man has suffered more than Auberon Herbert from his contempt of the Time Spirit, and, undoubtedly, there was in his own day only a small audience for his creed. But the battle is not over, and he showed a way to success. The ‘selfish’ system of Bentham may repel sentimentalists and altruists. Auberon Herbert aimed at giving Individualism a noble spiritual significance. His writings are worthy of careful study, though he underestimated the value and possibilities of the modern State as a means of organizing public-spirited activity. In the eighteenth century the State was regarded, with considerable justification, as hostile to liberty. This was Herbert’s view, and since his death the extension of State functions has made another revival of Individualism imperative in order to save Democracy from itself.”—PI.

Herling, Albert K. The Soviet Slave Empire. Funk. 1951. 230 pp.

An exposé of slave labor in the U.S.S.R. and its satellite countries. The report contains reprinted photostats of documents from the files of the Russian secret police. The author is a Unitarian minister who temporarily left his parish to devote himself to investigating this new slavery. He became director of research for the commission of inquiry into forced labor, which was set up in December 1948.

Hermans, Ferdinand. Democracy or Anarchy? University of Chicago Press. 1940. (University of Notre Dame. 1951). 447 pp.

This study presents the arguments against proportional representation and in favor of majority rule. “What the conservatives have lacked up to now has been a well-documented scholarly analysis of the failure of proportional representation where it has been tried, and of the appalling contribution which this gadget has made to the growth of communism, fascism and other undemocratic phenomena. Professor Hermans, who has long since been regarded as a leading authority in this field, has now filled the gap by an excellent volume entitled Democracy or Anarchy?”—Robert Moses, in the Political Science Quarterly.

Hewart of Bury, Lord. The New Despotism. London: Ernest Benn. 1929. 311 pp.

By the “new despotism” the author, who at the time of the appearance of this book in 1929 was Lord Chief Justice of England, means the danger which threatens the institutions of self-government through the steady encroachment of the executive upon the powers of the legislative and judiciary. His book is a strong argument against bureaucracy—the practice by which Parliament delegates wide powers of legislation to government departments and commissions. “Lord Hewart’s new book is a political event of first-rate importance.”—Saturday Review. “Lord Hewart proves his case. He gives chapter and verse for all his accusations.”—Spectator.

Hewes, Thomas. Decentralization for Liberty. Dutton. 1947. 238 pp.

“Mr. Hewes’ legal background, his obviously extensive studies of the literature on liberty, much experience in public service, and keen insight have enabled him to see clearly the great problem that Western Civilization must solve if it is to survive. In terms understandable to the layman he has described the principal features of this problem. That accomplishment alone is a meritorious public service.”—American Institute for Economic Research.

Hirst, Francis W. Early Life and Letters of John Morley. Macmillan. 1927. 2 vols. 327 pp. 285 pp.

Morley’s “political doctrine,” writes Hirst, “unites the traditions of the philosophical Radicals and of the Manchester School. Disciple of Mill, biographer of Cobden, friend of John Bright, favorite and most trusted colleague of Gladstone in his two last administrations, he held in later years a unique position as the philosophic guide of English Liberals.” As Morley was the disciple of Mill, Hirst was the disciple of Morley; and Hirst has been himself described as “the most distinguished Cobdenite spokesman and political philosopher of his generation.” He died in 1953, in his eightieth year. He was editor of the London Economist from 1907 to 1916, honorable fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and governor of the London School of Economics.

Hirst, Francis W. Adam Smith. Macmillan. 1904. 240 pp.

A standard biography.

Hirst, Francis W. Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson. Macmillan. 1926. 588 pp.

A full biography of a great individualist statesman.

Hoff, Trygve J. B. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Society. 1938. London: Hodge. 1949. 264 pp.

This book by a distinguished Norwegian economist and editor originally appeared in Norway in 1938 and was not translated into English until 1949. In it Dr. Hoff examines the crucial question whether economic calculation is or is not possible in a completely socialist society. He concludes, with Drs. Mises and Hayek, that it is not. “Very balanced and fair.... It is a pleasure to read such a scholarly, clear and patient exposition.”—H. D. Dickenson, in The Economic Journal.

Hoff, Trygve J. B. Fred og Fremtid. Liberokratiets vei. Oslo: H. Aschehoug. 1945. 500 pp.

This is a book by an eminent Norwegian economist, editor of the magazine Farmand, published in Oslo. The book was written during World War II, the last chapter in a German concentration camp. It is a homage to Western culture and stresses the necessity of opposition to collectivist and Asiatic ideals, to the extent that the latter are fundamentally aggressive.

The book is also a plea for a new liberalism to which Mr. Hoff gives the name “liberocracy.” In his own words: “Liberocracy is the name of an economic and political system representing the best in liberalism, in democracy and the aristocratic form of rule. It does not pretend to be something new; it is a new name for a new combination of old but revised ideas. Liberocracy means the rule of the free by the free. Its central idea is freedom—freedom for the individual, freedom of press, freedom for science and art, freedom to choose and exchange goods and services within and outside national borders.”

The Norwegian title may be translated as Peace and Future: The Way of Liberocracy.

Hoffer, Eric. The True Believer. Harper. 1951. 176 pp.

This carries the subtitle, “Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements.” It is a scholarly, witty, epigrammatic, sometimes flippant but usually penetrating analysis of fanaticism, particularly in the political realm.

Holyoake, G. J. Self-Help a Hundred Years Ago. London: Swan, Sonnenschein. 1888. 214 pp.

“Deals with the various elementary forms of self-help, in which the poor with the assistance of the well-to-do engaged during the darkest days of the Industrial Revolution. The spirit of the plucky, self-reliant man in adversity is still valuable, perhaps more necessary than ever. In our time we are too much inclined to scoff at thriftful industry. Yet may we not expect a finer character from one who rises by these means from poverty than from one who applies for the dole as soon as he sees the approach of trouble?”—PI.

Hook, Sidney. Heresy, Yes, Conspiracy, No. Day. 1953. 283 pp.

A treatise on the nature of liberal thinking and its place in American life, particularly in academic circles. The author is opposed to communism because it is secret and conspiratorial, but holds that the outspoken leftist critic should not be silenced. “A balanced and incisive contribution.”—E. N. Case, in The New York Times.

Hoover, Herbert. American Individualism. Doubleday. 1922. 72 pp.

A short but vigorous and important book, arguing for American individualism, “our most precious possession,” and against governmental encroachment on personal freedom, initiative and enterprise.

Hoover, Herbert. Challenge to Liberty. Scribner’s. 1934. 212 pp.

“The challenge to liberty is, briefly, regimentation. This, as Mr. Hoover points out, is close kin to Fascism, Communism, Nazism and Socialism in that it implies that the individual is the pawn of the state.”—Books.

Hoover, Herbert. Memoirs: The Great Depression. Macmillan. 1951. 503 pp.

The third volume of ex-President Hoover’s memoirs covers the years 1929 to 1941. In it he reviews the great depression era and gives his defense of his administration in Washington. “Mr. Hoover has turned his pen to a great penetrating analysis of the causes of the great depression, that economic catastrophe that nearly overwhelmed the Western world in 1929 and the years immediately after. Unthinking or malicious people have often dubbed this ‘Hoover’s depression,’ one of the basest slanders of this century. The mountain of facts presented in this book should do much to sound the death knell of this calumny.”—W. H. Baker, in the San Francisco Chronicle.

Hopkinson, Austin. The Hope of the Workers. London: Martin Hopkinson. 1923. 104 pp.

“The point of view of one who has himself been successful as an employer and is well known as an Individualist. In form a criticism of the Socialist attitude and an exposure of Socialist fallacies, the book is addressed as much to employers as to the work people of the country. Mr. Hopkinson believes that the survival of Socialist fallacies has been largely due to the fact that those who support the Individualist system have failed to show clearly that ‘they do so, not for their own selfish ends, but because it is the one system under which prosperity and liberty can be secured to the people.’”—PI.

Hughes, Frank. Prejudice and the Press. Devin-Adair. 1950. 654 pp.

A restatement of the principle of freedom of the press with specific reference to the Hutchins-Luce commission. “Prejudice and the Press cannot be shrugged off. It presents a considerable body of authentic material, with citations and some documentation, which goes to the heart of the issues discussed in A Free and Responsible Press and which upsets many of the too facile generalizations of the group responsible for that ‘report.’”—F. L. Mott, in the New York Herald Tribune.

Hume, David. Essays Moral, Political and Literary. 1741-2. Numerous editions. 616 pp.

Although Adam Smith referred to David Hume in his Wealth of Nations as “by far the most illustrious philosopher and historian of the present age,” even professional economists seldom seem to recognize the great intellectual debt that Smith owed to his older friend Hume, not merely in general philosophy but in the special realm of economics. These essays, published more than thirty years before The Wealth of Nations, embody many important ideas which Adam Smith later expanded and pushed further. The most important economic essays are Of Commerce, Of the Balance of Trade, Of the Jealousy of Trade, Of Money, Of Interest, Of Taxes, and Of Public Credit. In addition there are political essays, Of the Liberty of the Press, Of the Independence of Parliament, and Of Civil Liberty, that stand among the earlier developments of the modern philosophy of individualism. Hume was hardly less distinguished for the excellence of his literary style than for the originality and acuteness of his ideas.

Hunold, Albert (ed.). Die Konvertibilität der europäischen Währungen. Zurich: Eugen Rentsch. 1954. 336 pp.

An anthology on the measures that can be taken to bring about a return to freedom of currency convertibility. The contributors include G. Haberler, P. Jacobson, W. Röpke, G. Carli, F. Collin, H. Germain-Martin, H. Homberger, J. E. Meade, F. W. Meyer, S. Posthuma, and F. A. Lutz.

Hunt, R. N. Carew. Marxism: Past and Present. Macmillan. 1955.

“It is a worthwhile endeavor to put the claims of Marxism through the wringer of factual analysis. This is what a British scholar, Mr. R. N. Carew Hunt, has now done with conspicuous success.... One Marxian dogma after another is fairly stated, examined and dismissed with the reasoned verdict: disproved or unprovable. From this searching examination a very deflated Marx emerges, stripped of all pretension to be recognized as a seer of the shape of things to come, or even as a reasonably accurate guesser.”—William Henry Chamberlin.

The author pronounces this final judgment on utopianism in general and Marxism in particular: “It is easy enough to attack any economic system, as it is certain to contain features which are open to criticism, and to make large promises of replacing it by a new order of ideal harmony. But in an imperfect world no such order is attainable. ‘It is a disease of the soul,’ says a Grecian sage, ‘to be in love with impossible things.’”

Hunt, R. N. Carew. The Theory and Practice of Communism. Macmillan. 1951. 231 pp.

“The book falls into three sections. The first deals with the basis of Communist theory as laid down by Marx and Engels, which is still the official creed of the movement. The second covers the development of the European labor movement in the Nineteenth Century, with special reference to Marxist influence upon it and to the cross-currents of opinion which arose by way of reaction to his doctrines.... The third brings us to the period when the revolutionary movement begins to be shaped by Russia, which has since directed it, and deals with the attempts by Lenin and Stalin to apply Marxist principles to the changed conditions of the present century.”—From the Foreword. “With a single demurrer, I recommend The Theory and Practice of Communism as a book that every man of politics, and every one prone to get into political arguments, ought to carry in his pocket.”—Max Eastman, in The New York Times.

Hunter, Edward. Brain-Washing in Red China. Vanguard Press. 1951. 311 pp.

The calculated destruction of men’s minds. “One of the largest and most important jobs confronting the initial band of Chinese Communists was to subject their citizens to ‘brainwashing’ in order to rid them of ‘imperialist poison’ and to qualify them for their position in the ‘new democracy.’... The author interviewed at length returnees from the mainland to Hongkong, and his story is a horribly incredible one of exploitation of human nature, destruction of individualism, and intellectual conquest.”—Library Journal. “Mr. Hunter points up the basic issue of the struggle between Communism and democracy—that is, that Communism means the end of individual freedom. He says that we must find means of checking the psychological offensive of the Communist world if we ourselves are to be safe from brain washing and brain changing.”—A. T. Steele, in the New York Herald Tribune.

Hutt, W. H. The Theory of Collective Bargaining. 1930. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. 1954. 150 pp.

This is a short but lucid and penetrating “history, analysis and criticism of the principal theories which have sought to explain the effects of trade unions and employers’ associations upon the distribution of the product of industry.” As Ludwig von Mises writes in his preface to the 1954 edition: “Professor Hutt’s brilliant essay is not merely a contribution to the history of economic thought. It is rather a critical analysis of the arguments advanced by economists from Adam Smith down and by the spokesmen of the unions in favor of the thesis that unionism can raise wage rates above the market level without harm to anybody else than the ‘exploiters.’ As such it is of utmost use not only to every student of economics but to everybody who wants to form a well-founded opinion about one of the most vital as well as most controversial political issues of our age.”

Hutt, W. H. Plan for Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. 1943. 328 pp.

Appearing during World War II, this presented Professor Hutt’s project for victory in war and peace. “It is a careful and sound analysis of all forms of restrictionism, and it is a skilful discussion of some of the most important economic evils of our era.”—B. F. Hoselitz, in the American Journal of Sociology.

Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Doubleday. 1932. 311 pp.

A chilling satirical novel on the “brave new world” of the future, when human liberty, dignity and individuality will have been systematically destroyed by “scientific conditioning.”

Huxley, Aldous. Ends and Means. Harper. 1937. 386 pp.

This book, which combines lucidity and insight with mysticism and confusion, has a mixed value for the individualist. Reviewing it in The New York Times of Dec. 12, 1937, I wrote: “Ends and Means rests on the premise ... that the end cannot justify the means, for the simple reason that the means employed inevitably determine the nature of the ends produced. Hence Huxley is opposed to all efforts to achieve a better world through the method of violence.... He is against the ‘capitalistic system,’ or at least he thinks he is.... Yet he fails to realize how much more opposed he is to the real alternative to capitalism.... ‘State Socialism,’ he recognizes explicitly at one point, ‘tends to produce a single centralized, totalitarian dictatorship, wielding absolute authority over all its subjects through a hierarchy of bureaucratic agents.’ The political road to a better society, he tells us, on the other hand, is ‘the road of decentralization and responsible self-government.’ But this comes pretty close to being a definition of private enterprise in the economic field.”

Hyde, Douglas. I Believed. Putnam. 1950. 312 pp.

Autobiographical account of how the author became a communist, worked hard for many years in the British Communist Party, and then left the party and became a convert to Catholicism. “This book is one of the most interesting and revealing of the score or so of confessions by ex-Communists.”—Freda Utley, in the Chicago Sunday Tribune.

Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence. 1776. 1 p.

This is the most famous short statement in existence of the principles of political liberty (with the possible exception of Magna Charta [1215], if the two can be compared). Certainly, nothing bearing on those principles is more often quoted than the second paragraph of the Declaration, beginning: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Although Jefferson drew up the Declaration, it was slightly amended by Adams and Franklin.

Jefferson, Thomas. The Life and Selected Writings of. Many editions. (Modern Library. 1944. 756 pp.)

Every student of human liberty should know something of the philosophy and writings of Jefferson (in addition to the Declaration of Independence, here listed separately). There are several collections and many selections. The volume listed above gives the Notes on Virginia and the Autobiography virtually complete, and allots the greatest amount of space to the letters. Jefferson was a staunch champion of limited government and the diffusion and decentralization of powers. He favored (p. 323) “a wise and frugal government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, which shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government.”

Jevons, W. Stanley. The Theory of Political Economy. 1871. Numerous editions.

A work of epoch-making importance. John Maynard Keynes writes of it: “Jevons’s Theory is the first treatise to present in a finished form the theory of value based on subjective valuations, the marginal principle and the now familiar technique of the algebra and diagrams of the subject. The first modern book on economics, it has proved singularly attractive to all bright minds newly attacking the subject;—simple, lucid, unfaltering, chiselled in stone where Marshall knits in wool.”

Jevons, W. Stanley. The State in Relation to Labor. 1882. Macmillan. 174 pp.

In this book Jevons takes a cautious, intermediate position regarding state intervention: “The all-important point,” he explains in the preface, “is to explain if possible why, in general, we uphold the rule of laisser-faire, and yet in large classes of cases invoke the interference of local or central authorities.... The outcome of the inquiry is that we can lay down no hard-and-fast rules, but must treat every case in detail upon its merits.” But in his Primer on Political Economy, published in 1878, he wrote, for example: “There is no reason whatever to think that trades unions have had any permanent effect in raising wages in the majority of trades.”

Jevons, W. Stanley. The Coal Question. 1865. Macmillan. 383 pp.

This bears the subtitle: “An enquiry concerning the progress of the nation, and the probable exhaustion of our coal mines.” It is significant as foreseeing far in advance a physical condition which, when it developed, was attributed to the wastefulness of private competition and led to Britain’s futile nationalization of the coal mines.

Jewkes, John. Ordeal by Planning. Macmillan. 1948. 248 pp.

The most forthright and powerful attack on government economic planning that has appeared in England since Hayek’s Road to Serfdom. While it lacks some of the philosophic penetration and depth of Hayek’s book, it is more explicit and concrete. Its style is lively, sparkling, and witty. Professor Jewkes was a wartime member of the British bureaucracy and has seen central economic planning from the inside. “The planned economy,” he concludes, “must finally destroy the very instruments of free speech.... This is no accident.... It is due to the logical incompatibility of a planned economy and freedom for the individual.... There is no end to this process of seeking to cure the evils of planning by more planning except a totalitarian economy of the Russian type.”

Joseph, H. W. B. The Labor Theory of Value in Karl Marx. Oxford University Press. 1923. 176 pp.

Professor Joseph holds that the theory which finds an objective measure of value for things in the labor embodied in them is fundamentally false. The author is well known as a logician. The late L. Susan Stebbing called his Introduction to Logic “by far the best systematic exposition of the traditional logic.” James Bonar wrote of the present book in The Economic Journal: “It is not censure but commendation that in showing [that Marx’s theory is false] Mr. Joseph follows the lines of many predecessors, especially Böhm-Bawerk, that model of conscientious thoroughness.... The book is sane and helpful. Its discussions give good training in Applied Logic.”

Jouvenel, Bertrand de. The Ethics of Redistribution. Cambridge University Press. 1951. 91 pp.

Deliberately putting aside the argument that current government efforts to redistribute incomes reduce or destroy incentives, Baron de Jouvenel seeks to deal with the subject on purely ethical grounds. Would total equalization of incomes, he asks, even if it did not reduce production, be good or desirable? Or does justice demand individual rewards proportionate to the value of individual services? In an acute and original discussion, de Jouvenel shows not only how disappointing (in Great Britain, for example) the results of a further redistribution of incomes would be, but how redistribution has turned out to mean in effect “far less a redistribution of free income from the richer to the poorer, as we imagined, than a redistribution of power from the individual to the State.”

Jouvenel, Bertrand de. On Power. Viking Press. 1949. 421 pp.

“M. de Jouvenel, a French journalist and historian, who finished this book in exile during the war, maintains that all power is corrupt, no matter what political philosophy it is dedicated to. Even revolutions, which break up special privilege in the name of the common good, are the products of a desire for power, he believes, and the iniquities of power cannot be prevented by putting philosophers, scientists, and ‘men of good will’ in high office, for as soon as they are on top, they become politicians.... The book is not a tract, but a fully considered line of thinking, and has caused a great deal of comment in Europe. An important book, brilliantly written.”—New Yorker.

Kalme, Albert. Total Terror. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1951. 310 pp.

An account of the fate of the three Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania—under the Nazis and the Russian communist regime.

Kantorowicz, Hermann U. The Spirit of British Policy, and the Myth of the Encirclement of Germany. Oxford University Press. 1931. 541 pp.

The primary purpose of this scholarly and thorough book by an eminent German jurist is to disprove the notion of the “encirclement” of Germany through the operations of British diplomacy as a cause of World War I.

Kaplan, A. D. H. Big Enterprise in the Competitive System. Brookings Institution. 1953. 269 pp.

A careful statistical study which throws a brilliant light on the question of bigness, monopoly, “oligopoly” and competition in American industry. Dr. Kaplan shows, for example, that of the 100 largest industrial firms in the United States in 1909 only 36 stayed in the list of the 100 largest for 1948. “The top is a slippery place,” and no safeguard against the hazards of competition. Dr. Kaplan points out that the attitude of the American public toward “big business” is oddly inconsistent. Individually, as investors, employees, and consumers, the people support and promote the growth of big business enterprises. But collectively they regard “big business” with distrust.

Kasenkina, Oksana. Leap to Freedom. Lippincott. 1949. 295 pp.

Autobiography of the Russian teacher, Oksana Kasenkina. “Her story of the first faint glimmering of the idea of breaking away from the soul-crushing tyranny which surrounded her, of the slow growth of her hope and determination, of her first abortive attempt to pull free and of her final desperate plunge from a window of the Soviet Consulate into the courtyard below, and into the welcoming arms of America, make up the best part of the book. Even though you know that she did escape, the suspense at the end is terrific.”—Oriana Atkinson, in The New York Times.

Keeton, G. W. The Passing of Parliament. London: Ernest Benn. 1952. 208 pp.

G. W. Keeton is dean of the Faculty of Laws at University College, London. During the past seventy years, he points out, the British Parliament, although still nominally supreme, has conferred on government departments and agencies increasingly wide powers of lawmaking. The jurisdiction of the courts and the legislative powers of the House of Lords have been seriously curtailed. Party discipline has intensified, so that a government may rely upon a firm majority in the House of Commons to give legal force to almost any measure it proposes. The Rule of Law has been gravely undermined. It is Professor Keeton’s thesis that, in consequence of these developments, the sovereignty of Parliament is in danger of becoming a fiction, and that all the necessary machinery for Cabinet dictatorship already exists. This scholarly and cogent book is a worthy successor to The New Despotism written by Lord Hewart (q.v.) more than twenty years ago.

Keezer, Dexter Merriam, and associates. Making Capitalism Work. McGraw-Hill. 1950. 316 pp.

A program for preserving freedom and stabilizing prosperity. The volume is the joint product of several members of the economics department of the McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Its own declaration of purpose is: “This book is written from a definite point of view and with a clear-cut purpose. The point of view is that capitalism is the best way to economic life for the United States of America. The purpose is to explain that point of view and present a series of steps which, in the view of the authors, must be taken to give capitalism the promise of a prosperous future in the United States.”

Keller, the Rev. Edward A. Christianity and American Capitalism. Chicago: Heritage Foundation. 1954. 92 pp.

Father Keller examines socialism, capitalism, big government and big labor, and restates the case for the American economic system.

Kelsen, Hans. The Political Theory of Bolshevism. University of California Press. 1948. 60 pp.

A critical analysis of the political theory of bolshevism. “The purpose of this study is to show the paradoxical contradiction which exists within bolshevism between anarchism in theory and totalitarianism in practice, and to defend the true idea of democracy.”—From the Introduction.

Kelsen, Hans. The Communist Theory of Law. Frederick A. Praeger. 1955. 203 pp.

“Hans Kelsen is one of the world’s leading authorities on legal theory and international law.... He begins with an analysis of the Marx-Engels theory of state and law that is positively brilliant.... Kelsen’s analysis of the logical contradictions in historical materialism and its application to state and law has, so far as I know, no equal.”—Bertram D. Wolfe, in The New York Times.

Kemmerer, E. W. The A B C of Inflation. Whittlesey House. 1942. 174 pp.

An excellent little book on the causes and consequences of monetary inflation, although the threat of inflation to liberty was not as clear when this book was written as it has since become.

Kiekhofer, William H. Economic Principles, Problems and Policies. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1951.

A standard college textbook.

King, Willford I. The Keys to Prosperity. Constitution and Free Enterprise Foundation. 1948. 242 pp.

Dr. King believes that most of the keys that unlock the gates to prosperity were found by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. Additional “keys” have been discovered since that time. Yet “a great tangle of misconceptions and fallacies” has buried many of them “so deeply that it has required a trained eye to detect them.” Dr. King attempts here to disentangle the fallacies from the economic truths in order that the reader may find the “keys to prosperity.” He writes with lucidity and statistical authority.

Kintner, William R. The Front Is Everywhere. University of Oklahoma Press. 1950. 274 pp.

“The author, now at Fort Leavenworth, started research for this book while doing graduate work at Georgetown University. He believes that an overruling military purpose shapes every aspect of Communist organization. Kintner endeavors to prove his point by examining the history of the Marxist movement from origins to era of Lenin and Stalin. The volume contains some significant observations, based on wide acquaintance with Communist literature.”—Library Journal.

Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind. Regnery. 1953. 458 pp.

In my Introduction to this bibliography I call attention to the compatibility of an intelligent conservatism with a vigorous defense of freedom. Russell Kirk recognizes this. “Political liberalism before the middle of the nineteenth century,” he writes, “was conservatism of a sort: it intended to conserve liberty.” The present book analyzes the conservative spirit and philosophy as exemplified in a series of writers from Edmund Burke to George Santayana. “The author of The Conservative Mind is as relentless as his enemies, Karl Marx and Harold Laski, considerably more temperate and scholarly, and in passages of this very readable book, brilliant and even eloquent.... Against the Hegel-Marx-Laski axis he analyzes and describes the affirmative tradition of Burke, de Tocqueville and Irving Babbitt.”—G. K. Chalmers, in The New York Times.

Knight, Frank H. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Houghton Mifflin. 1921. 381 pp.

In his preface, Professor Knight declares: “The particular technical contribution to the theory of free enterprise which this essay purports to make is a fuller and more careful examination of the role of the entrepreneur or enterpriser, the recognized ‘central figure’ of the system, and of the forces which fix the remuneration of his special function.”

“The outstanding fact about Professor Knight’s book is that the author has made a contribution to the theory of profit that no student of the subject can afford to neglect.”—G. P. Watkins, in the Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Knight, Frank H. The Ethics of Competition, and Other Essays. Harper. 1935. 363 pp.

A collection of eleven important essays by Professor Knight, brought together by a group of his former students. It includes a bibliography of his writings from 1915 to 1935. “Professor Knight ... manages in the course of this volume to throw original and arresting light on almost every corner of the contemporary economic problem. One page after another in his book is filled not merely with great wisdom and subtlety, but with constant aphoristic sentences that strike the reader at once with their pertinence and truth.... It is ... because Professor Knight is an economic theorist of the first rank and a believer in personal and political liberty, that his criticism of the existing economic system is so extremely valuable. He also has the great merit of seeing the philosophical background clearly, and not falling back, like some economists, on philosophical solecisms while professing to eschew philosophy altogether.”—London Times Literary Supplement.

Knight, Frank H. Freedom and Reform. Harper. 1947. 409 pp.

Essays in economic and social philosophy. “Knight’s personal influence, through his teaching, exceeds even the influence of his writings. It is hardly an exaggeration to state that nearly all the younger American economists who really understand and advocate a competitive economic system, have at one time been Knight’s students.”—F. A. Hayek.

Knowles, Lilian C. A. Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century. Dutton. 1921. 420 pp.

“The best general economic history of England in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. On the question of the interpretation of State intervention during this period, its attitude may be described as ‘neutral.’”—PI.

Koestler, Arthur. Darkness at Noon. Macmillan. 1941. 267 pp. (Also Modern Library. 1946.)

A powerful novel based on the famous Moscow trials. It centers about a former People’s Commissar who has followed certain practices for a cause that seemed of supreme importance, and now finds himself victim of his own methods. In portraying the psychology of a loyal communist, the novel illuminates not only Russia but the conflict between the individual and the State.

Koestler, Arthur. The Yogi and the Commissar. Macmillan. 1945. 247 pp.

A collection of sixteen essays. These essays contain the shrewd and sometimes brilliant insights of a former communist—and the confusions of one who still remains a socialist.

Korner, Emil. The Law of Freedom as the Remedy for War and Poverty. London: Williams & Norgate. 1951. 2 vols. 562 pp. 663 pp.

This work, translated from the original German, contains much that seems to me confused and crotchety, but also much that is illuminating. “Korner offers stimulating viewpoints to those who adhere to L. Mises’, F. A. Hayek’s and L. Robbins’ doctrines of economic freedom or to H. C. Simons’ Positive Program of Laissez-faire and reject Marxism as well as Keynesian economics.”—Theo Surányi-Unger, in The American Economic Review.

Kravchenko, Victor. I Chose Freedom. Scribner’s. 1946. 496 pp.

“About two months before D-Day on the beaches of Normandy, a frightened member of the Soviet Purchasing Commission deserted his post in Washington and placed himself under the protection of the people of the United States. He was Victor Kravchenko, long a member of the Communist party, an engineer, a factory director and for a time an official in the Council of Peoples Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by far the largest of the republics constituting the U.S.S.R. Kravchenko was not frightened of shell-fire but of the long arm of Soviet law dealing with a renegade. He escaped, however, and in I Chose Freedom he and his translator have described his life in the Soviet Union, his views of the Soviet régime and the events that prompted him to desert.”—Weekly Book Review. “It is, I believe, the most remarkable and most revelatory report to have come out of the Soviet Union from any source whatsoever.”—Dorothy Thompson, in the Saturday Review of Literature.

Kravchenko, Victor. I Chose Justice. Scribner’s. 1950. 458 pp.

“A sequel to I Chose Freedom. The author describes his successful libel suit against Les Lettres Françaises, a Parisian Communist magazine which had called his book a fake.”—The New York Times. “The world is indebted to the author for material which should settle once for all every honest doubt as to the Kremlin’s determination to destroy human liberties.”—Catholic World.

Kropotkin, Prince. Mutual Aid. London: Heinemann. 1904. 348 pp.

“The Anarchists are Individualists of a somewhat perverse kind. So extreme an Individualist as Auberon Herbert was very careful to disclaim any connection with Anarchy. Kropotkin—who was considerably influenced by the farm-loving Fourier—advocated the extreme Individualism which threw off all restraint, and arrived, through Anarchy, at Communism. But the goal is ‘free Communism untrammelled by the State.’ In economics a good time is coming.... In social life and politics there is to be the enjoyment for all of the same liberty. All contracts—above all, marriage—are void unless ‘voluntarily and frequently renewed.’ With almost incredible optimism, the Anarchists held that sovereign Reason coupled with the inherited instinct of solidarity impelling men towards mutual aid (this seems to have been Kropotkin’s own and comparatively commonsense contribution) would be sufficient to control human passions. Government would be quite unnecessary. There is a myth that the philosopher Empedocles, to prove some philosophical principle, threw himself into Etna and perished. Much the same fate befell poor Kropotkin. Believing that his principles had triumphed in Russia, he hurried to his native land in the expectation of seeing the world’s great age begin anew. He soon discovered that, as the Jacobins were said to have no need of chemists, so the Leninites had no use for philosophers, and he died in poverty that almost amounted to starvation.”—PI.

Krutch, Joseph Wood. The Measure of Man. Bobbs-Merrill. 1954. 261 pp.

This is a well-written and closely reasoned book. It is a significant and hopeful sign that Joseph Wood Krutch, whose background has been mainly that of a literary and dramatic critic, and who has no special knowledge of economics and politics, should have arrived by an independent route at much the same conclusions as those of F. A. Hayek in The Counter-Revolution of Science (q.v.). Although the two writers show no knowledge of each other’s work, Krutch, like Hayek, has become profoundly critical of the mechanistic, “conditioning” and “engineering” point of view toward man and society: he answers the arguments of the mechanists not on emotional or mystical, but on scientific and rational, grounds. Historically he shows how nineteenth century thought, under the influence of Darwin, Marx, Freud, and their followers, left us the heritage of materialism, mechanism and determinism that has played into the hands of the totalitarians. Krutch contends that man is capable of making independent choices and value judgments and of freely choosing what he will do.

Kühnelt-Leddihn, Erik Maria von. Liberty or Equality. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. 1952. 395 pp.

“The book is an exploration of certain interconnected hypotheses, of varying generality, about contemporary politics. The first set of propositions to be examined is: That the impulse of ‘democracy’ (popular government) is the pursuit of equality, and that this leads unavoidably (and has in fact led) to collectivism and on to oppressive totalitarianism; and that ‘liberalism’ is the pursuit of liberty and is an incompatible mate for ‘democracy.’... The second proposition: That ‘monarchy’ is a more serviceable manner of government than ‘democracy’ and likely to be more ‘liberal.’... The third: That the political temper of Catholic nations is more ‘liberal’ than that of Protestant nations.”—Spectator. “The book is uneven—sometimes naive, sometimes poorly thought out, and sometimes exasperatingly repetitious. But its genuine insights make it worth reading, despite its weaknesses.”—W. P. Clancy, in Commonweal.

Lacour-Gayet, Jacques, and Lacour-Gayet, Robert. De Platon à la Terreur. Paris: Éditions SPID. 1948. 268 pp.

This is a short history of the philosophy and practice of State economic planning and price controls “from Plato to the Terror.” It contains chapters on Plato and the planned economy, the price-fixing edicts of the Roman Emperor Diocletian, reflections on the “just price” of medieval theory, the search for economic liberty in France from 1789 to 1791, the enormous inflation of the French currency, and its culmination in the dreadful Law of the Maximum (price control), which made the situation far worse and abolished liberty.

Lacour-Gayet, Jacques (ed.). Vingt Ans de Capitalisme D’État. Paris: Éditions SPID. 1951. 302 pp.

A critical examination by nine writers of “twenty years of State capitalism” in France. The authors show the deleterious consequences of the nationalization of various industries in the period from 1930 to 1950. The contributors are: André Armengaud, Louis Baudin, Jacques Chastenet, Pierre Fromont, Emile Mireaux, Marcel Pellenc, André Thiers, Daniel Villey and Jacques Lacour-Gayet.

Lacour-Gayet, Jacques (ed.). Monnaie d’Hier et de Demain. Paris: Éditions SPID. 1952. 226 pp.

Essays by five distinguished French economists on the vicissitudes of French money in recent years and on the necessity for returning to an international gold standard. Charles Rist writes on the experience of 1926 and the franc of today. Jacques Rueff writes on the reasons for returning to a gold standard. Alfred Pose writes on monetary stability and gold money. And Edmond Giscard d’Estaing writes on commerce and the need for an international money.

Lacy, Mary G. Food Control During Forty Centuries. Scientific Monthly, June, 1923. 14 pp.

Mary G. Lacy was librarian of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This paper on the results of government efforts to control food prices through the centuries was reissued in pamphlet form by Swift & Co. in 1933. Although compact, it is remarkably comprehensive and carefully documented, and deserves to be far better known. Mary Lacy also compiled in 1926 (with Annie M. Hannay and Emily L. Day), Price-fixing by Governments, 424 B.C. to 1926 A.D.

Lane, Arthur Bliss. I Saw Poland Betrayed. Bobbs-Merrill. 1948. 344 pp.

The author was appointed United States ambassador to Poland in July 1944 and took up his duties while the Potsdam conference was still in session, July 1945. He retired in 1947, after nearly two years of frustration, to “tell the story as I had seen it.” “For the sake of the American share in the history of the post-war years, one is sorry that the analysis of Soviet plans, the pattern for ideological conquest, were not presented to the public during the last days of the war. But since Lane was a career diplomat, that was impossible. He has done his best. It is very good.”—Drew Middleton, in The New York Times.

Lane, Rose Wilder. The Discovery of Freedom. John Day. 1943. 262 pp.

A discussion of man’s struggle against authority. Mrs. Lane argues (1) that progress depends on a minimum of governmental control; and (2) that the only true control is individual and that individual control is in accord with religious faith. The book is eloquent and stimulating and covers a wide range of subjects.

Lane, Rose Wilder. Give Me Liberty. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. 1945. 56 pp.

An expansion of an article that originally appeared in The Saturday Evening Post. Mrs. Lane vividly describes her friendliness with communists in New York, her encounters with socialist bureaucracies in Europe, and her observations and discussions with simple villagers and primitive communists in Russia during the early years of the Soviet regime. She tells how she came to understand the rarity and the supremely precious values of personal freedom.

Le Bon, Gustave. The Psychology of Socialism. London: Unwin. 1909. 489 pp.

“This brilliant work by a convinced opponent of Socialism is based on the view that the best way to fight it and expose it is to make a scientific examination of it.... ‘Hitherto psychologists has disdained to study it.’... The book abounds in epigrammatic apothegms.... ‘All that has gone to make the greatness of civilization [he insists]: sciences, arts, philosophies, religions, military power, etc., has been the work of individuals, not of aggregates.... The peoples among whom Individualism is most highly developed are by this fact alone at the head of civilization, and today dominate the world.’... The theories of Socialism and its history are subjected to a penetrating analysis. Le Bon seems to fear that it will be victorious, and thus, he thinks, bring about the destruction of modern civilization.... Le Bon’s other works are The World in Revolt, 1921; and The Crowd, 16th impression, 1926.”—PI.

Lecky, W. E. H. Democracy and Liberty. Longmans, Green. 1896. 2 vols. 1169 pp.

“Of all English publicists Lecky was the most fit to take the place vacated by John Stuart Mill. He differed from Mill in most of his political and philosophical views, but he has the same candor and delight in learning. This discursive treatise is not one of his best works, but it has many wise comments on modern democracy, and the chapters on Socialism and Labor Questions should be studied. There is no systematic attack upon Socialism, but Lecky’s intellectual attitude is Individualistic. He observes that ‘Socialism is essentially opposed to Free Trade and international commerce.’ As democracy is hasty and impatient, it may make changes in a collectivist direction. ‘But proposed changes which conflict with the fundamental laws and elements of human nature can never, in the long run, succeed. The sense of right and wrong, which is the basis of the respect for property and for the obligation of contract; the feeling of family affection, on which the continuity of society depends, and out of which the system of heredity grows; the essential difference of men in aptitudes, capacities, and character, are things that never can be changed, and all schemes and policies that ignore them are doomed to ultimate failure.’”—PI.

Levine, Isaac Don. Stalin. Cosmopolitan Book. 1931. 421 pp.

The first clear and complete account of the life of Stalin to appear in English, published when the Russian dictator was still an enigmatic figure to the Western world. The author’s thesis is that “if it was Lenin who conceived the Communist party as a military order ... it is to Stalin that is due the lion’s share of the credit or onus of forging this order into an army of steel.” The book gives a portrait of Stalin that is “vivid, graphic, intelligent and convincing.... Moreover, it portrays Bolshevism infinitely better than most of the books on Russia do.”—Alexander Nazaroff, in The New York Times.

Lhoste-Lachaume, Pierre. Réhabilitation du Libéralisme. 1950. Paris: Éditions SÉDIF. 320 pp.

The liberalism that this French economist wants to see restored is the traditional kind which demanded that the state should not encroach on “liberty of thought, of speech and of the press, private ownership of the means of production and a free market.” Felix Morley writes: “The epic struggle of today, as M. Lhoste-Lachaume sees it, is between true liberalism and communism. The parliamentary socialists, among whom he includes many Americans who would resent the description, will in the long run be taken over by communism. When people get the habit of living on subsidies, and expecting ‘social security’ from government, they tacitly become the fellow-travelers of the communists.” The book is the first of a contemplated trilogy, and has not yet been translated into English.

Lhoste-Lachaume, Pierre. The Keystone of Liberty. Paris: Éditions SÉDIF. 1954. 79 pp.

The French title of this book is La Clef de Voute de la Liberté. It presents the English text on each left-hand page, and the French on each right-hand page, of an article that appeared originally in the British quarterly, The Owl, in September 1953. The book discusses the liberal era of the nineteenth century, the gradual giving up of traditional liberal principles, and the necessity of a “liberal renovation” which would recognize the beneficial effects of the free market and avoid “the blind alley of democratic socialism.” The author believes that the world’s present choice is between either a “spiritualist liberalism” or a totalitarian materialism. There is an eight-page appendix presenting an extensive bibliography of recent books in French, German, Italian, Dutch, and English which support a free society and a free economy.

Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service. Communism in Action. U. S. Government Printing Office. 1946. 141 pp.

A documented study and analysis of communism in operation in the Soviet Union. House Document No. 754. There is a foreword by Congressman Everett M. Dirksen.

Lindblom, Charles E. Unions and Capitalism. Yale University Press. 1949. 267 pp.

This is a strange book, written by an associate professor of economics at Yale University, a declared “liberal” (in the recent American sense, as opposed to “conservative”), yet which states the menace of present-day big unionism with far more power and clarity than most conservative economists have dared to state it. Professor Lindblom’s thesis, in his own words, “is that unionism and the private enterprise economy are incompatible.... Unionism is destroying the competitive price system.... The strike ... paralyzes production, and it is dramatic. But the real labor problem is its aftermath.... For if wage disputes call a halt to production temporarily, their settlement may disorganize it permanently. Unionism will destroy the price system by what it wins rather than by the struggle to win it. It sabotages the competitive order, not because the economy cannot weather the disturbance of work stoppages but because it cannot produce high output and employment at union wage rates.” His grim conclusion is, in sum, that “union monopoly destroys the price system because it produces ... waste, unemployment, inflation, or all combined ... to a degree which the economy cannot survive.”

Link, Henry C. The Rediscovery of Morals. Dutton. 1947. 223 pp.

A discussion of what is wrong with the world of today and its people, and what can be done about it. Problems of race and class conflict are given special attention. The author takes our educational system to task for its lack of emphasis on morals, and advocates a return to Christian morality.

Lipper, Elinor. Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps. Regnery. 1951. 310 pp.

“A gently nurtured Dutch girl studying medicine in Berlin in 1931 was deeply touched by the miseries of the German unemployed, and at Hitler’s ascendancy transferred her loyalties to the Soviet Union. From 1937-1948 she was a political prisoner held without trial for the bulk of her hideous, subhuman imprisonment at Kolyma in Siberia.”—Library Journal.

Lippmann, Walter. The Good Society. Little, Brown. 1937. 402 pp.

Reviewing this book in The New York Times of Sept. 26, 1937, I wrote: “No more powerful and thorough indictment” of the fallacies of collectivism and of a managed economy “has been written in America.” The latter part of the book is marred by an inconsistent support of an apparently Keynesian type of “monetary management.” But the first half is as penetrating as it is eloquent. Mr. Lippmann contends that it is governmental coercion that is creating the very chaos it purports to conquer. He insists that a managed economy must mean a censored and managed opinion. He concludes that the consequences of collectivism must be regimentation, censorship, militarism, war, despotism, impoverishment, and barbarism, and that the only hope of mankind lies in the restoration of liberal doctrine.

Locke, John. Two Treatises of Civil Government. 1690. Many editions. (Everyman’s Library. 1924.) 242 pp.

The historical importance of these two works in the history of individualism is enormous. (For a discussion, see the introductory essay to this list, “Individualism in Politics and Economics.”)

Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 1690. Many editions.

“This work, which is a landmark in the history of philosophy, does not bear directly upon Individualism; but some of the earlier chapters at least should be carefully studied, in order that the reader may grasp Locke’s general principles, which guided politics in England and the United States for some 200 years. It bases all knowledge and practice on experience.... As Sir James Mackintosh said: ‘Few books have contributed more to rectify prejudice—to diffuse a just mode of thinking—to excite a fearless spirit of inquiry—and yet to contain it within the boundaries which nature has prescribed to the human understanding.’ This ‘fearless spirit of inquiry’ was subversive of the faith in established laws and governments and was a necessary equipment for those who, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, began their attack upon obsolete institutions. It was thus a preliminary to Individualism, to voluntary instead of compulsory co-operation—to use the phraseology of Herbert Spencer.”—PI.

Locke, John. Considerations on the Lowering of Interest. 1691. Several editions. 138 pp.

“Here Locke anticipated many of the arguments of the better-known work On Usury by Bentham, i.e., his position was laissez-faire.”—PI.

Lutz, Harley L. Guideposts to a Free Economy. McGraw-Hill. 1945. 206 pp.

A series of essays on federal fiscal policy, taxation, and public expenditures that give a rounded understanding of our journey along two divergent roads of fiscal policy—one leading to a controlled economy and the other to the strengthening of the enterprise system and individual freedom in a free economy. “Professor Lutz has written such a book as will give true liberals no end of satisfaction and cause the national planners acute anguish.”—G. R. E., in the Christian Science Monitor.

Lutz, Harley L. A Platform for the American Way. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1952. 114 pp.

The author, who was Professor of Public Finance at Princeton for nearly twenty years, is distinguished for his clarity and logic and his vigorous defense of the free enterprise system. His thesis in this book is that “we are both drifting and being steered into some form of the national socialist state.” He regards the Right to Own as a basic human right, and he here offers “a program and a way of life to all who believe in freedom and who want to remain free here in America.”

Lutz, Harley L. Public Finance. Appleton-Century. 1936. 940 pp.

A solidly reasoned textbook pointing to the dangers in deficit financing and reaffirming the case for balanced budgets and other “orthodox” fiscal practices.

Lyons, Eugene. Assignment in Utopia. Harcourt, Brace. 1937. 658 pp.

The author writes of his years of growing disillusionment in Russia, where he served as an American newspaper correspondent from 1928 to 1934. He describes among other things the famine of 1932-1933, and some of the causes of it. “An important book—vivid, sincere and full of factual and of psychological interest.”—London Times Literary Supplement.

Lyons, Eugene. The Red Decade. Bobbs-Merrill. 1941. 423 pp.

A study of the activities of communists and fellow-travelers in the United States during the decade from 1930 to 1940. “The facts are fabulous, and Lyons relates them with a gusto that rises at times almost to hilarity. He has a gift of slashing satire, and no fear of calling foolish acts and famous people by their exact names. But besides that, and somewhat surprisingly combined with it, he possesses sympathetic understanding.”—Max Eastman, in The New York Times.

Macaulay, Lord. Selections from Writings and Speeches. 1853. Many editions.

“Among Macaulay’s Essays the most notable for our purposes is on Southey’s Colloquies on Society. Among the speeches should be read that on the Ten Hours Bill (1846), in which he takes the modern view that in some cases it may be the duty of the State to protect labor. That on the Corn Laws (1845) is a vigorous statement of the Free Trade position. Another noteworthy speech is on the People’s Charter in 1842. To Macaulay the Chartists appeared as the Communists appear to most people today. He was convinced that their object was the nationalization of the land and the abolition of private property. He says: “The doctrine of the Chartist philosophers is that it is the business of the government to support the people. It is supposed by many that our rulers possess, somewhere or other, an inexhaustible storehouse of all the necessaries and conveniences of life, and, from mere hard-heartedness, refuse to distribute the contents of this magazine among the people.... Is it possible to believe that the millions who have been so long and loudly told that the land is their estate and is wrongfully kept from them, should not, when they have supreme power, use that power to enforce what they think their rights? What could follow but one vast spoliation?’”—PI.

McCarran, Sister M. Margaret Patricia. Fabianism in the Political Life of Britain. Chicago: Heritage Foundation. (Catholic University of America Press.) 1952. 612 pp.

The Fabian Society, which later, through the membership of Bernard Shaw, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, H. G. Wells and others, came to exercise an enormous intellectual influence for socialism out of all proportion to its numbers, was originally founded in 1883 by a few obscure young people in London with the object of “reconstructing society in accordance with the highest moral possibilities.” This is a highly critical but encyclopedic reference work on the history of the society and its activities.

Maccun, John. Six Radical Thinkers. London: Arnold. 1907. 268 pp.

“The articles on Bentham and Cobden are worth notice.”—PI.

Maceoin, Gary and Zombory, Akos. The Communist War on Religion. Devin-Adair. 1951. 264 pp.

“Today few Americans are complacent about the threat Communism constitutes to the things they hold dear.... But we are still hazy about the essence of the Communist threat. The essential threat is to truth and freedom: that is, the freedom of men to be men, free to choose, free to move, to speak, to think—free to worship God. Wherever the Communists have seized power, they have destroyed these freedoms, wading through seas of human blood.... This book tells that story as illustrated in the persecution of religion in every Communist-controlled country.”—From the Introduction.

MacInnes, Helen. Neither Five Nor Three. Harcourt, Brace. 1951. 340 pp.

“A group of attractive, intelligent, well-intentioned New Yorkers who create, edit and publish an influential popular magazine called ‘Trend’ suddenly wake up to the fact that their magazine has been infiltrated, quietly and with devilish cleverness, that its columns are now being used subtly to disparage and undermine faith in everything American.”—New York Herald Tribune. “It is good, exciting reading.”—Edmund Fuller, in the Saturday Review of Literature.

Mackiewicz, Joseph. The Katyn Wood Murders. London: Hollis & Carter. 1951. 252 pp.

A former member of the Polish underground, who went to Katyn while the Polish Red Cross was investigating the discovery of the mass graves, describes his experiences and his beliefs about the crime. “The book is as fascinating as a detective story and deserves the widest possible audience as a final, conclusive exposure of Soviet responsibility for an atrocious butchery. This responsibility was hushed up far too long because of the supposed necessity of appeasing Stalin during the war years.”—W. H. Chamberlin, in the Chicago Sunday Tribune.

Madison, James. Reports of Debates in the Federal Convention. 1787. Several editions. 3 vols.

The basic source book on the actual framing of the American Constitution.

Maine, Sir Henry Sumner. Popular Government. Holt. 1886. 261 pp.

“Including the famous essay on the ‘Constitution of the United States.’ The careful student will also familiarize himself with Maine’s Ancient Law.”—Felix Morley.

Mallock, W. H. A Critical Examination of Socialism. Harper. 1907. 303 pp.

“Mallock was a brilliant critic. This book in substance consists of lectures delivered in the United States in 1907. It is an able attack upon Socialism. He rightly begins with Marx, pointing out the main error of his theory of labor—the leaving out of consideration directive ability.”—PI.

Mallock, W. H. Social Reform as Related to Realities and Delusions. Dutton. 1915. 391 pp.

“The primary purpose of this book is to illustrate the ‘mischievous delusions’ by which popular opinion is vitiated in questions of social reform owing to the general lack of knowledge and understanding of the structure and functioning of the social system.... The immense material advance which the nineteenth century has witnessed is constantly emphasized. Strangely enough, most of the specific delusions to which Mallock drew attention in 1914 still seem to persist almost as much as they did when the book was published.”—PI (in 1927).

Mallock, W. H. Democracy. 1924. 213 pp.

“A ruthless exposure of the fallacies lurking in the term ‘democracy.’ The present edition is an abridgment of an earlier and very much larger work entitled The Limits of Pure Democracy. [London: Chapman & Hall. 1918. 397 pp.]”—PI.

Mallock, W. H. Property and Progress. Putnam. 1884. 248 pp.

“A criticism of Henry George’s Progress and Poverty (1882). Also somewhat out of date, even as George is out of date. But the Georgian theory of land is historically important and still has its influence on a certain type of Radical.”—PI.

Malthus, The Rev. Thomas R. An Essay on Population. 1798, etc. Many editions. (Everyman’s Library. 2 vols. 315 pp. 285 pp.)

This book has perhaps been “refuted” more often, and denounced and ridiculed more often, than any other. Yet it is one of the world’s great seminal works. In the scientific field it helped to inspire Darwin’s theory of evolution. And in the economic field, if its influence has been unfortunately less than it should have been, it has given birth to an enormous body of controversial literature. The form in which Malthus stated his theory in his first edition was certainly extreme and erroneous. Yet he was the first to seize and document a great and sobering truth. This is that, unless restrained, population tends to increase up to the limits of the means of subsistence. Because he overlooked many technical and scientific possibilities, Malthus’s personal pessimism has not been justified by events. But it does not follow that his proposition, in its most general form, has been disproved by events, as it has been so often fashionable to believe. The rising standard of living in the Western world has been at least partly the result of deliberate population restraint (even if in the form of birth control rather than of the sexual “continence” that Malthus advocated). Where this population restraint still does not exist, as in India, China, and other parts of the Orient, the lesson of Malthus is only too plain today. An important corollary of his theory is that schemes of social reform and “redistribution of wealth” are not only futile but pernicious when they neglect the effect upon population growth.

Mandeville, Bernard. The Fable of the Bees. 1705. (Ed. by F. B. Kaye. Oxford. 1924.)

“The decisive importance of Mandeville in the history of economics, long overlooked or appreciated only by a few authors (particularly Edwin Cannan and Albert Schatz) is now beginning to be recognized, mainly thanks to the magnificent edition of the Fable of the Bees which we owe to the late F. B. Kaye. Although the fundamental ideas of Mandeville’s work are already implied in the original poem of 1705, the decisive elaboration and especially his full account of the origin of the division of labor, of money, and of language occur only in Part II of the Fable which was published in 1728.”—F. A. Hayek.