Part 1 — INDEX

For the names of Authors, Birds, Mammals (including names of classes) and Plants, see sub-indexes under Authors, Birds, Mammals and Plants.

Acquired characters, see Characters

Affinities and classification, 35

America, fossils, 177

Analogy, resemblance by, 36, 82, 199, 205, 211

Animals, marine, preservation of as fossils, 25, 139, 141; —marine distribution, 155, 196

Australia, fossils, 177

Authors, Names of:— Ackerman on hybrids, 11; Bakewell, 9, 91; Bateson, W., xxix, 69 n., 217; Bellinghausen, 124; Boitard and Corbié, 106 n.; Brougham, Lord, 17, 117; Brown, R., 233; Buckland on fossils, 24, 137, 145 n.; Buffon on woodpecker, 6; Bunbury (Sir H.), rules for selection, 67; Butler, S., 116 n.; d’Archiac, 146 n.; Darwin, C., origin of his evolutionary views, xi-xv; —on Forbes’ theory, 30; —his Journal of Researches quoted, 67 n., 168 n.; —his Cross-and Self-Fertilisation, 69 n., 103 n.; —on crossing Chinese and common goose, 72 n.; Darwin, Mrs, letter to, xxvi; Darwin, F., on Knight’s Law, 70 n.; Darwin, R. W., fact supplied by, 42 n., 223; Darwin and Wallace, joint paper by, xxiv, 42 n.; De Candolle, 7, 47, 87, 204, 238; D’Orbigny, 124, 179 n.; Ehrenberg, 146 n.; Ewart on telegony, 108 n.; Falconer, 167; Forbes, E., xxvii, 30, 146 n., 163 n., 165 n.; Gadow, Dr, xxix; Gärtner, 98, 107; Goebel on Knight’s Law, 70 n.; Gould on distribution, 156; Gray, Asa, letter to, publication of in Linnean paper explained, xxiv; Henslow, G., on evolution without selection, 63 n.; Henslow, J. S., xxvii; Herbert on hybrids, 12, 98; —sterility of crocus, 99 n.; Hering, 116 n.; Hogg, 115 n.; Holland, Dr, 223; Hooker, J. D., xxvii, xxviii, 153 n.; —on Insular Floras, 161, 164, 167; Huber, P., 118; Hudson on woodpecker, 131 n.; Humboldt, 71, 166; Hunter, W., 114; Hutton, 27, 138; Huxley, 134 n.; —on Darwin, xi, xii, xiv; —on Darwin’s Essay of 1844, xxviii, 235; Judd, xi, xiii, xxix, 28, 141 n.; Knight, A., 3 n., 65, xi; —on Domestication, 77; Knight-Darwin Law, 70 n.; Kölreuter, 12, 97, 98, 104, 232; Lamarck, 42 n., 47, 82, 146, 200; —reasons for his belief in mutability, 197; Lindley, 101; Linnean Society, joint paper, see Darwin and Wallace; Linnæus on sterility of Alpine plants, 101; —on generic characters, 201; Lonsdale, 145 n.; Lyell, xxvii, 134 n., 138, 141 and n., 146 n., 159, 171, 173, 178; —his doctrine carried to an extreme, 26; —his geological metaphor, 27 n., 141; —his uniformitarianism, 53 n.; —his views on imperfection of geological record, 27; Macculloch, 124 n.; Macleay, W. S., 202; Magendie, 117; Malthus, xv, 7, 88, 90; Marr, Dr, xxix; Marshall, 65; —on sheep and cattle, 78 and n.; —on horns of cattle, 207; Mivart, criticisms, 128 n.; Mozart as a child, his skill on the piano compared to instinct, 19 n.; Müller on consensual movements, 113; —on variation under uniform conditions, (2), 62; —on recapitulation theory, 219; Murchison, 145 n.; Newton, Alfred, 132 n.; Owen, R., xxvii, 219; Pallas, 68, 69; Pennant, 93 n.; Pliny on selection, 67; Poeppig, 113 n.; Prain, Col., xxix; Rengger, sterility, 100; Richardson, 132 n.; Rutherford, H. W., xxix; St Hilaire on races of dogs, 106; —on sterility of tame and domestic animals, 12, 100; Smith, Jordan, 140; Sprengel, 233; Stapf, Dr, xxix; Strickland, xxvii; Suchetet, 97 n.; Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., xxix, 167; Wallace, xxiv, xxix, 30, 170 n.; Waterhouse, 125, 126; Western, Lord, 9, 65, 91; Whewell, xxviii, 200; Woodward, H. B., 145 n.; Wrangel, 119 n.; Zacharias, Darwin’s letter to, xv

Barriers and distribution, 30, 154, 157, 178

Bees, 113, 117; combs of Hive-bee, 19, 121, 125, 126

Beetles, abortive wings of, 45

Birds, transporting seeds, 169; feeding young with food different to their own, 19, 126; migration, 123, 124; nests, 120, 121, 122, 126; of Galapagos, 19, 159; rapid increase, 88; song, 117

Birds, Names of:— Apteryx, 45, 236; Duck, 46, 61, 65, 128, 224 n.; Fowl, domestic, 59, 82 n., 97, 113, 114, 217; Goose, 72; —periodic habit, 124 n.; Grouse, hybridised, 97, 102; Guinea-fowl, 79; Hawk, sterility, 79; —periodic habit, 124; Opetiorynchus, 83; Orpheus, 31; Ostrich, distribution of, 158; Owl, white barn, 82; Partridge, infertility of, 102; Peacock, 79, 97, 102; Penguin, 128 n., 237; Petrel, 128 n.; Pheasant, 97, 102; Pigeon, 66, 82, 110 n., 113, 114, 116, 117, 129, 135; see Wood-pigeon; Rhea, 158; Robins, increase in numbers, 88, 90; Rock-thrush of Guiana, 93; Swan, species of, 105; Tailor-bird, 18, 118; Turkey, Australian bush-turkey, 121 n., 122; Tyrannus, 31; Water-ouzel, 18 n., 120; Woodcock, loss of migratory instinct, 120; Woodpecker, 6, 16, 128 n., 148; —in treeless lands, 16, 131; Wood-pigeon, 122; Wren, gold-crested, 120; —willow, 105, 148

Breeds, domestic, parentage of, 71

Brothers, death of by same peculiar disease in old age, 42 n., 44 n., 223

Bud variation, 58; see Sports

Butterfly, cabbage, 127

Catastrophes, geological, 145, 147

Caterpillars, food, 126, 127

Characters, acquired, inheritance of, 1, 57, 60, 225; —congenital, 60; —fixed by breeding, 61; —mental, variation in, 17, 112, 119; —running through whole groups, 106; —useless for classification, 199

Cirripedes, 201, 229

Classification, natural system of, 35, 199, 206, 208; —by any constant character, 201; —relation of, to geography, 202; —a law that members of two distinct groups resemble each other not specifically but generally, 203, 212; —of domestic races, 204; —rarity and extinction in relation to, 210

Compensation, law of, 106

Conditions, direct, action of, 1, 57 n., 62, 65; —change of, analogous to crossing, 15, 77 n., 105; —accumulated effects of, 60, 78; —affecting reproduction, 1, 4, 78, 99; —and geographical distribution, 152

Continent originating as archipelago, bearing of on distribution, 189

Cordillera, as channel of migration, 34 n., 191

Correlation, 76

Creation, centres of, 168, 192

Crocodile, 146

Cross-and Self-Fertilisation, early statement of principles of, 15, 69 n., 103 n.

Crossing, swamping effect of, 2, 69, 96; —of bisexual animals and hermaphrodite plants, 2; —analogous to change in conditions, 3, 15, 69; —in relation to breeds, 68; —in plants, adaptations for, 70

Death, feigned by insects, 123

Difficulties, on theory of evolution, 15, 121, 128, 134

Disease, hereditary, 43 n., 58, 222

Distribution, geographical, 29, 31, 151, 174, 177; —in space and time, subject to same laws, 155; —occasional means of (seeds, eggs, &c.), 169

Disuse, inherited effects of, 46, 57

Divergence, principle of, xxv, 37 n., 145 n., 208 n.

Domestication, variation under, 57, 62; —accumulated effects of, 75, 78; —analysis of effects of, 76, 83

Ears, drooping, 236

Elevation, geological, favouring birth of new species, 32, 34 n., 35 n., 185-189; —alternating with subsidence, importance of for evolution, 33, 190; —bad for preservation of fossils, 194

Embryo, branchial arches of, 42, 220; —absence of special adaptation in, 42, 44 n., 220, 228; —less variable than parent, hence importance of embryology for classification, 44 n., 229; —alike in all vertebrates, 42, 218; —occasionally more complicated than adult, 219, 227

Embryology, 42, 218; its value in classification, 45, 200; law of inheritance at corresponding ages, 44 n., 224; young of very distinct breeds closely similar, 44 n., 44

Ephemera, selection falls on larva, 87 n.

Epizoa, 219

Essay of 1842, question as to date of, xvi; description of ms., xx; compared with the Origin, xx

Essay of 1844, writing of, xvi; compared with that of 1842 and with the Origin, xxii

Evolution, theory of, why do we tend to reject it, 248

Expression, inheritance of, 114

Extinction, 23, 147, 192; locally sudden, 145; continuous with rarity, 147, 198

Extinction and rarity, 198

Eye, 111 n., 128, 129, 130

Faculty, in relation to instinct, 123

Faunas, alpine, 30, 170, 188; of Galapagos, 31 n., 82, 159; insular-alpine very peculiar, 188; insular, 159, 160

Fauna and flora, of islands related to nearest land, 187

Fear of man, inherited, 17, 113

Fertility, interracial, 103, 104

Fish, colours of, 130, 131; eggs of carried by water-beetle, 169; flying, 128 n.; —transported by whirlwind, 169

Floras, alpine, 162; of oceanic islands, 162; alpine, related to surrounding lowlands, 162; alpine, identity of on distant mountains, 163; alpine resembling arctic, 164; arctic relation to alpine, 164

Flower, morphology of, 39, 216; degenerate under domestication if neglected, 58; changed by selection, 66

Fly, causing extinction, 149

Flying, evolution of, 16, 131

Food, causing variations, 1, 58, 77, 78

Formation (geological) evidence from Tertiary system, 144; (geological), groups of species appear suddenly in Secondary, 26, 144; Palæozoic, if contemporary with beginning of life, author's theory false, 138

Formations, most ancient escape denudation in conditions unfavourable to life, 25, 139

Forms, transitional, 24, 35 n., 136, 142, 194; on rising land, 196; indirectly intermediate, 24, 135

Fossils, Silurian, not those which first existed in the world, 26, 138; falling into or between existing groups and indirectly intermediate, 24, 137; conditions favourable to preservation, not favourable to existence of much life, 25, 139, 141

Fruit, attractive to animals, 130

Galapagos Islands and Darwin’s views, xiv; physical character of in relation to fauna, 31 n., 159

Galapagos Islands, fauna, 31 n., 82

Gasteropods, embryology, 218

Genera, crosses between, 11, 97; wide ranging, has wide ranging species, 155; origin of, 209

Geography, in relation to geology, 31 n., 174, 177

Geographical distribution, see Distribution

Geology, as producing changed conditions, 31; evidence from, 22, 133; “destroys geography,” 31 n.

Glacial period, effect of on distribution of alpine and arctic plants, 165

Habit in relation to instinct, 17, 113, 115, 116

Habits in animals taught by parent, 18

Heredity, see Inheritance

Homology of limbs, 38, 214

Homology, serial, 39, 215

Hybrid, fowls and grouse, 11; fowl and peacock, 97; pheasant and grouse, 97; Azalea and Rhododendron, 97

Hybrids, gradation in sterility of, 11, 72, 97; sterility of not reciprocal, 97; variability of, 78; compared and contrasted with mongrel, 107

Individual, meaning of term, 58

Inheritance of acquired characters, see Character

Inheritance, delayed or latent, 43, 44 n., 223; of character at a time of life corresponding to that at which it first appeared, 43, 44 n., 223; germinal, 44, 222, 223

Insect, adapted to fertilise flowers, 87; feigning death, 123; metamorphosis, 129; variation in larvæ, 223

Instinct, variation in, 17, 112; and faculty, 18, 123; guided by reason, 18, 19, 118; migratory, 19; migratory, loss of by woodcocks, 120; migratory, origin of, 125; due to germinal variation rather than habit, 116; requiring education for perfection, 117; characterised by ignorance of end: e.g. butterflies laying eggs, 17, 118; butterflies laying eggs on proper plant, 118, 127; instinct, natural selection applicable to, 19, 120

Instinct, for finding the way, 124; periodic, i.e. for lapse of time, 124; comb-making of bee, 125; birds feeding young, 19, 126; nest-building, gradation in, 18, 120, 121, 122; instincts, complex, difficulty in believing in their evolution, 20, 121

Intermediate forms, see Forms

Island, see Elevation, Fauna, Flora

Island, upheaved and gradually colonised, 184

Islands, nurseries of new species, 33, 35 n., 185, 189

Isolation, 32, 34 n., 64, 95, 183, 184

Lepidosiren, 140 n., 212

Limbs, vertebrate, of one type, 38, 216

Mammals, arctic, transported by icebergs, 170; distribution, 151, 152, 193; distribution of, ruled by barriers, 154; introduced by man on islands, 172; not found on oceanic islands, 172; relations in time and space, similarity of, 176; of Tertiary period, relation of to existing forms in same region, 174

Mammals, Names of:— Antelope, 148; Armadillo, 174; Ass, 79, 107, 172; Bat, 38, 123, 128 n., 131, 132, 214; Bear, sterile in captivity, 100; —whale-like habit, 128 n.; Bizcacha, 168, 203, 212; Bull, mammæ of, 232; Carnivora, law of compensation in, 106; Cats, run wild at Ascension, 172; —tailless, 60; Cattle, horns of, 75, 207; —increase in S. America, 90; —Indian, 205; —Niata, 61, 73; —suffering in parturition from too large calves, 75; Cheetah, sterility of, 100 and n.; Chironectes, 199; Cow, abortive mammæ, 232; Ctenomys, see Tuco-tuco; Dog, 106, 114; —in Cuba, 113 and n.; —mongrel breed in oceanic islands, 70; —difference in size a bar to crossing, 97; —domestic, parentage of, 71, 72, 73; —drooping ears, 236; —effects of selection, 66; —inter-fertile, 14; —long-legged breed produced to catch hares, 9, 10, 91, 92; —of savages, 67; —races of resembling genera, 106, 204; —Australian, change of colour in, 61; —bloodhound, Cuban, 204; —bull-dog, 113; —foxhound, 114, 116; —greyhound and bull-dog, young of resembling each other, 43, 44 n., 225; —pointer, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118; —retriever, 118 n.; —setter, 114; —shepherd-dog and harrier crossed, instinct of, 118, 119; —tailless, 60; —turnspit, 66; Echidna, 82 n.; Edentata, fossil and living in S. America, 174; Elephant, sterility of, 12, 100; Elk, 125; Ferret, fertility of, 12, 102; Fox, 82, 173, 181; Galeopithecus, 131 n.; Giraffe, fossil, 177; —tail, 128 n.; Goat, run wild at Tahiti, 172; Guanaco, 175; Guinea-pig, 69; Hare, S. American, 158 n.; Hedgehog, 82 n.; Horse, 67, 113, 115, 148, 149; —checks to increase, 148, 149; —increase in S. America, 90; —malconformations and lameness inherited, 58; —parentage, 71, 72; —stripes on, 107; —young of cart-horse and racehorse resembling each other, 43; Hyena, fossil, 177; Jaguar, catching fish, 132; Lemur, flying, 131 n.; Macrauchenia, 137; Marsupials, fossil in Europe, 175 n., 177; —pouch bones, 232, 237; Mastodon, 177; Mouse, 153, 155; —enormous rate of increase, 89, 90; Mule, occasionally breeding, 97, 102; Musk-deer, fossil, 177; Mustela vison, 128 n., 132 n.; Mydas, 170; Mydaus, 170; Nutria, see Otter; Otter, 131, 132, 170; —marsupial, 199, 205, 211; Pachydermata, 137; Phascolomys, 203, 212; Pig, 115, 217; —in oceanic islands, 70; —run wild at St Helena, 172; Pole-cat, aquatic, 128 n., 132 _n._; Porpoise, paddle of, 38, 214; Rabbit, 74, 113, 236; Rat, Norway, 153; Reindeer, 125; Rhinoceros, 148; —abortive teeth of, 45, 231; —three oriental species of, 48, 249; Ruminantia, 137 and n.; Seal, 93 n., 131; Sheep, 68, 78, 117, 205; —Ancon variety, 59, 66, 73; —inherited habit of returning home to lamb, 115; —transandantes of Spain, their migratory instinct, 114, 117, 124 n.; Squirrel, flying, 131; Tapir, 135, 136; Tuco-tuco, blindness of, 46, 236; Whale, rudimentary teeth, 45, 229; Wolf, 71, 72, 82; Yak, 72

Metamorphosis, literal not metaphorical, 41, 72

Metamorphosis, e.g. leaves into petals, 215

Migrants to new land, struggle among, 33, 185

Migration, taking the place of variation, 188

Monstrosities, as starting-points of breeds, 49, 59; their relation to rudimentary organs, 46, 234

Morphology, 38, 215; terminology of, no longer metaphorically used, 41, 217

Mutation, see Sports

Natural selection, see Selection

Nest, bird’s, see Instinct

Ocean, depth of, and fossils, 25, 195

Organisms, gradual introduction of new, 23, 144; extinct related to, existing in the same manner as representative existing ones to each other, 33, 192; introduced, beating indigenes, 153; dependent on other organisms rather than on physical surroundings, 185; graduated complexity in the great classes, 227; immature, how subject to natural selection, 42, 220, 228; all descended from a few parent-forms, 52, 252

Organs, perfect, objection to their evolution, 15, 128; distinct in adult life, indistinguishable in embryo, 42, 218; rudimentary, 45, 231, 232, 233; rudimentary, compared to monstrosities, 46, 234; rudimentary, caused by disuse, 46, 235; rudimentary, adapted to new ends, 47, 237

Orthogenesis, 241 n.

Oscillation of level in relation to continents, 33, 34 n., 241

Pallas, on parentage of domestic animals, 71

Pampas, imaginary case of farmer on, 32, 184

Perfection, no inherent tendency towards, 227

Plants, see also Flora; fertilisation, 70; migration of, to arctic and antarctic regions, 167; alpine and arctic, migration of, 31, 166; alpine, characters common to, 162; alpine, sterility of, 13, 101

Plants, Names of:— Ægilops, 58 n.; Artichoke (Jerusalem), 79; Ash, weeping, seeds of, 61; Asparagus, 79; Azalea, 13, 59, 97; Cabbage, 109, 135, 204; Calceolaria, 11, 99; Cardoon, 153; Carrot, variation of, 58 n.; Chrysanthemum, 59; Crinum, 11, 99; Crocus, 96, 99 n.; Cucubalus, crossing, 232; Dahlia, 21, 59, 63, 69, 74, 110; Foxglove, 82; Gentian, colour of flower, 107 n.; Geranium, 102; Gladiolus, crossed, ancestry of, 11; Grass, abortive flowers, 233; Heath, sterility, 96; Hyacinth, colours of, 106; —feather-hyacinth, 229; Juniperus, hybridised, 97; Laburnum, peculiar hybrid, 108; Lilac, sterility of, 13, 100; Marigold, style of, 47, 233, 237; Mistletoe, 6, 86, 87, 90 n.; Nectarines on peach trees, 59; Oxalis, colour of flowers of, 107 n.; Phaseolus, cultivated form suffers from frost, 107; Pine-apple, 207; Poppy, Mexican, 154; Potato, 69, 74, 110; Rhododendron, 97, 99; Rose, moss, 59; —Scotch, 69; Seakale, 79; Sweet-william, 59; Syringa, persica and chinensis, see Lilac; Teazle, 129; Thuja, hybridised, 97; Tulips, "breaking" of, 58; Turnip, Swedish and common, 205; Vine, peculiar hybrid, 108; Yew, weeping, seeds of, 61

Plasticity, produced by domestication, 1, 63

Plesiosaurus, loss of unity of type in, 41, 217

Pteropods, embryology, 218

Quadrupeds, extinction of large, 147

Quinary System, 202

Race, the word used as equivalent to variety, 94

Races, domestic, classification of, 204

Rarity, 28, 148; and extinction, 28, 149, 210

Recapitulation theory, 42, 219, 230, 239

Record, geological, imperfection of, 26, 140

Regions, geographical, of the world, 29, 152, 174; formerly less distinct as judged by fossils, 177

Resemblance, analogical, 36, 199

Reversion, 3, 64, 69, 74

“Roguing,” 3

Rudimentary organs, see Organs

Savages, domestic animals of, 67, 68, 96

Selection, human, 3, 63; references to the practice of, in past times, 67; great effect produced by, 3, 91; necessary for the formation of breeds, 64; methodical, effects of, 3, 65; unconscious, 3, 67

Selection, natural, xvi, 7, 87; natural compared to human, 85, 94, 224; of instincts, 120, 120; difficulty of believing, 15, 121, 128

Selection, sexual, two types of, 10, 92

Silk-worms, variation in larval state, 44 n., 223

Skull, morphology of, 39, 215

Species, representative, seen in going from N. to S. in a continent, 31 n., 156; representative in archipelagoes, 187; wide-ranging, 34 n., 146; and varieties, difficulty of distinguishing, 4, 81, 197; sterility of crosses between, supposed to be criterion, 11, 134; gradual appearance and disappearance of, 23, 144; survival of a few among many extinct, 146

Species, not created more than once, 168, 171, 191; evolution of, compared to birth of individuals, 150, 198, 253; small number in New Zealand as compared to the Cape, 171, 191; persistence of, unchanged, 192, 199

Sports, 1, 58, 59, 64, 74, 95, 129, 186, 206, 224

Sterility, due to captivity, 12, 77 n., 100; of various plants, 13, 101; of species when crossed, 11, 23, 96, 99, 103; produced by conditions, compared to sterility due to crossing, 101, 102

Struggle for life, 7, 91, 92, 148, 241

Subsidence, importance of, in relation to fossils, 25, 35 n., 7; of continent leading to isolation of organisms, 190; not favourable to birth of new species, 196

Swimming bladder, 16, 129

System, natural, is genealogical, 36, 208

Telegony, 108

Tibia and fibula, 48, 137

Time, enormous lapse of, in geological epochs, 25, 140

Tortoise, 146

Transitional forms, see Forms

Trigonia, 147 n., 199

Tree-frogs in treeless regions, 131

Type, unity of, 38, 214; uniformity of, lost in Plesiosaurus, 217; persistence of, in continents, 158, 178

Uniformitarian views of Lyell, bearing on evolution, 249

Use, inherited effects of, see Characters, acquired

Variability, as specific character, 83; produced by change and also by crossing, 105

Variation, by Sports, see Sports; under domestication, 1, 57, 63, 78; due to causes acting on reproductive system, see Variation, germinal; —germinal, 2, 43, 62, 222; individual, 57 n.; causes of, 1, 4, 57, 61; due to crossing, 68, 69; limits of, 74, 75, 82, 109; small in state of nature, 4, 59 n., 81, 83; results of without selection, 84; —minute, value of, 91; analogous in species of same genus, 107; of mental attributes, 17, 112; in mature life, 59, 224, 225

Varieties, minute, in birds, 82; resemblance of to species, 81 n., 82, 105

Vertebrate skull, morphology of, 215

Wildness, hereditary, 113, 119