The five republics of Central America

INDEX

Reading edition

Acajutla, port of, 115

Accessory Transit Company, 83 f.

Agriculture, methods of, 16;

Costa Rica, 138, 159, 163;

Guatemala, 66 ff.;

Honduras, 126, 129 ff., 132 ff.;

Nicaragua, 91 ff.;

Salvador, 100, 106, 112

Aguardiente, 10, 15, 67, 246;

influence of, on people, 48, 66, 71;

monopoly in, 285, 292

Alajuela, 138, 144

Alfaro, Prudencio, 217

Alta Verapaz, labor conditions in, 59;

products of, 70

Amapala, 128;

capture of, 208;

Treaty of (1895), 103, 170;

Treaty of (1907), 209

American International Corporation, 281

American investments in Central America. See Capital

American Phalanx, 82 f.

Amusements, 4, 10

Araujo, Manuel Enrique, 103

Arbitration. See Central American Court of Justice

Arce, Manuel José, 29

Army, 42 f., 188 f., 196;

Costa Rica, 154;

Guatemala, 57;

Nicaragua, 73 f.;

Salvador, 108 f.

Ayuntamientos. See Government, Municipal

Balsam of Peru, export of, 112 f., 273

Bananas, 20, 133 f., 204;

blight, 270;

export trade in, 268 ff.;

Costa Rica, 138, 160 f.;

Guatemala, 70;

Honduras, 120, 133 f.;

Nicaragua, 97

Banks. See Finance

Barillas, Manuel Lísandro, 52

Barrios, Gerardo, 102

Barrios, José María Reyna, 52

Barrios, Justo Rufino, 52, 102, 123, 171 f.

Beneficios, 18, 266 f.

Bertrand, Francisco, 124

Blaine, Secretary, policy of, 181 f.

Blanco, General, 145 f.

Bluefields, 96 f.;

blockade of, 230;

revolution at (1909), 227 ff.

Bográn, Luis, 123

Bonilla, Manuel, 123 f.;

172, 207 f.

Bonilla, Policarpo, 123

Brown Brothers and Company, loans to Nicaragua, 235 ff., 259 ff., 292 f.

Buchanan, President, restoration of Central American Union favored

by, 181

Buchanan, William I., 210

Bureau, Central American. See Central American Bureau

Cabañas, Trinidad, 122

Cabinets. See Government

Cabrera, Manuel Estrada. See Estrada Cabrera, Manuel

Cacao, export of, 17, 92, 273

Cannon, Lee Roy, execution of, 228 f.

Capital, foreign, influence of, 98, 183, 267 f.;

in Central America, 281 f., 288 f.;

in Honduras, 127, 132;

in Nicaragua, 235 ff., 259 ff.

See also Finance

Carazo, Evaristo, 87 f.

Caribbean Coast, importance of, 20, 70;

in Costa Rica, 160 f.;

in Honduras, 132 ff.;

in Nicaragua, 95 ff.

Carillo, Braulio, 141, 144 f.

Carrera, Rafael, 32, 51, 101 f., 122, 168, 198

Cartago, 138 f., 144

Castellón, Francisco, 81

Castro, José María, 146

Catholic Church, influence of, 13, 131, 196, 198

Cattle, 16 f., 67, 78, 92;

export of, 273;

Costa Rica, 142;

Honduras, 120, 126 f., 135;

Salvador, 112

Central America, progress retarded in, 14 f., 185 ff.;

export trade of, 265 ff.;

import trade of, 275 ff.;

revenue, sources of, 284 f.;

expenditures of each republic (1913), 286 f.;

foreign debts, origin of, 288 f.;

currencies, depreciation of, 296 ff.;

foreign capital, need of, 302;

investments, opportunities for, 303 f.;

United States, opposition to, 306 f.;

financial assistance, need of, 311 ff.

Central American Bureau, San José Conference establishes (1906), 206 f.;

Washington Conference establishes (1907), 212;

convention establishing, 215;

work of, 225 f.

Central American Court of Justice, 213 ff.;

case of Nicaragua and Honduras vs. Guatemala and Salvador, 218 f.;

work of, 221 ff.;

case of Nicaragua and United States Canal Treaty, 254 ff.

Central American Federal Republic. See Central American Union

Central American Federation. See Central American Union

Central American Public Works Company, 290

Central American Union, 28 ff., 144;

need of, 164 f.;

advantages of, 179 ff.;

difficult to form, 171 f., 174 ff.;

attempts to renew, 102, 168 ff.;

Union of 1842, 168;

Union of 1849, 169;

Union of 1895, 170

Centro Americo, 226

Cerna, Vicente, 52

Chalchuapa, battle of (1885), 105, 172

Chamorro, Emiliano, 231 f., 234, 243, 245, 250 ff.

Chamorro, Frutos, 169

Chinandega, treaty of (1842), 168 f.

Christmas, General Lee, 218

Cities. See Government, municipal

Civil Wars. See Revolutions

Claims. See Investments, foreign

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 82, 96

Climate, Costa Rica, 138 f.;

Guatemala, 67 f.;

Nicaragua, 92;

Salvador, 100

Coban, 70

Cochineal, export of, 17

Cocoanuts, export of, 273

Coffee, 5, 17 ff., 274 f.

cultivation, methods of, 265 ff.;

export of, 266 ff., 275;

Costa Rica, 142, 144, 160 ff.;

Guatemala, 66 f.;

Honduras, 136;

Nicaragua, 93;

Salvador, 100, 112, 115

Colonos, 59

Commerce, 265 ff.,

development retarded, 14 f.;

foreign control of, 21, 276 ff.;

exports, 17, 265 ff.;

imports, 275 f.;

United States trade with Central America, 276 ff.;

Costa Rica, 159 ff., 274;

Guatemala, 67 f., 274;

Honduras, 135 f., 274;

Nicaragua, 92 ff., 274;

Salvador, 114 ff., 274

Communication, means of. See Transportation

Concessions, 22, 313 ff.,

Honduras, 134 f.;

Nicaragua, 89 f., 97.

See also Investments, foreign

Conferences, 176,

U. S. S. Marblehead (1906), 206;

San José (1906), 206 ff.;

Washington Conference, 216, 220 f.;

annual, 216, 225

Congress. See Government.

Conservatives. See Political Parties

Contract labor system. See Labor

Contreras brothers, 192

Corinto, 87, 244 f.

Corn, 112

Corporations, foreign,

influence of, 22, 83 f., 132, 134, 202, 269 ff.;

need of government control of, 313 ff.

See also Brown Brothers and Co.; Ethelburga Syndicate;

Seligman, J. & W. and Co.; Finance

Corral, General, 81 f.

Costa Rica,

agriculture, 138, 159 f., 162 f.;

area and population, 1, 138 ff., 162 f.;

army, 154;

bananas, 138, 160 f., 268 ff.;

cattle, 142;

coffee, 142, 144, 160 ff., 275;

commerce, 159 ff., 266, 268, 274 f., 277 f.;

Court of Justice, decisions of, 224, 253 ff.;

education, 147, 158 f.;

finance, 285 ff., 290 ff., 301;

government, 143 f., 147 ff., 154 ff., 159;

history, 144 ff.;

labor, 139 ff., 163;

land, ownership of, 141 f.;

peace, internal, 148 ff., 194, 200;

politics, 148 ff.;

transportation, facilities of, 157, 160 f., 291;

United Fruit Co., 160 f.

Court of Justice. See Central American Court of Justice

Courts, corruption of, 36, 46 ff.

Creel, Señor, 210

Creoles, 3 ff., 25, 56, 78, 191 f.

Crops. See Agriculture

Cuadra family, 232,

Dr. Carlos Cuadra Pasos, 250 ff.

Currency systems, 296 ff.,

Costa Rica, 301;

Guatemala, 54, 297 ff.;

Honduras, 300;

Nicaragua, 236 ff., 248 f., 263, 299;

Salvador, 300 f.

Customs, collection of, 238 f., 312

Dávila, Miguel, 123 f., 172, 208 ff., 217

Dawson, Thomas C., 233

Dawson agreement, The, 233 f., 243

Delgado, Father, 29

Díaz, Adolfo, 232, 234, 243 ff.

Díaz, Porfirio, 173, 206, 210, 229

Diseases. See Sanitation

Dueñas, Francisco, 102

East Coast. See Caribbean Coast

Education, 11, 199, 317 f.,

Costa Rica, 147, 158 f.;

Guatemala, 55, 61;

Honduras, 131;

Nicaragua, 89;

Salvador, 110 f.

Elections, 30 f., 34 f.,

Costa Rica, 148 ff.;

Guatemala, 55 f.;

Nicaragua, 74, 245, 249 ff.

El Triunfo, 116

Emery claim, 228

Encomiendas. See Repartimientos

Escalón, José Pedro, 103

Esquivel, Ascensión, 147

Estrada, Juan J., 227, 230 f., 234 f.

Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 53, 74, 206, 297

Ethelburga Syndicate, 237 f., 240, 292 f.

European War, effect of, 115, 135, 247 ff., 274 f., 279, 281 ff.,

290, 296, 298 ff.

Exchange, rates of, 296, 298 ff.

Export trade. See Commerce

Ezeta brothers, 102

Fernández, Mauro, 147

Fernández, Próspero, 146

Ferrer, Francisco, 122

Fiallos, Señor, 173

Figueroa, Fernando, 103, 209

Filibusters and filibustering, 81 ff., 217 f.

Filísola, General, 28

Finance, 21 f., 235 ff., 259 ff., 279 ff., 284 ff. See also Capital Corporation Investment Loans

Fonseca, Casto, 80

Fonseca, Gulf of, 115, 117, 119,

naval base on, 252 ff.

Fruit trade. See Commerce

Gainza, Governor-general of Guatemala (1821), 24, 80

Germany,

Central American commerce with, 274 ff., 277 f.

Gold, 120, 272

González, Alfredo, 148

González, Santiago, 102

González Víquez, Cleto. See Víquez, Cleto González

Government, 25, 41 f.,

Executive, powers of, 33 ff., 37, 39 ff., 286 f.;

Cabinets, 37;

Legislatures, 36;

Judiciary, 36 f., 46 ff., 111, 155 f.;

Costa Rica, 143, 147 ff., 154 ff.;

Guatemala, 53 ff.;

Honduras, 124 f.;

Nicaragua, 73 ff.;

Salvador, 105, 107 ff.

See also Political Parties, Politics

Government, municipal, 27, 37 f., 66, 156

Grace and Company, 281

Graft. See Politics

Granada,

Leon, rivalry with, 77 ff.;

capture of (1855), 81

Granados, Miguel García, 52

Great Britain,

bondholders in Guatemala supported by, 289;

bondholders in Honduras supported by, 294;

bondholders in Nicaragua supported by, 240;

Central American commerce with, 274 f., 277 ff., 282;

protectorate on Mosquito Coast, 95 f., 168 f.

Greytown, 82, 95 f.

Groce, Leonard, execution of, 228 f.

Guardia, General Tomás, 33, 146, 291

Guardia Civil, 109

Guardiola, Santos, 122

Guatemala,

agriculture, 66 ff.;

area and population, 1, 50, 57 ff., 67, 70, 198;

army, 57 f.;

bananas, 70, 268 f.;

cattle, 67;

Central American Union and, 168, 178;

coffee, 66 ff., 266 ff., 275;

commerce, 67 f., 274, 277 f.;

education, 55, 61;

finance, 54, 285 f., 288 f., 297 f.;

government, 53 ff.;

labor, 58 ff., 62 ff.;

land, ownership of, 64;

politics, 54 f.;

transportation, facilities of, 68 ff.;

United Fruit Co., 69 f.

Gutiérrez, Rafael, 102 f.

Habilitadores, 62, 64

Ham, Colonel Clifford D., 238 f.

Health. See Sanitation

Heredia, 138, 144

Herrera, Dionisio de, 80

Highways. See Transportation

Honduras,

agriculture, 119 f., 126, 129 ff., 132 f.;

area and population, 1, 120, 129 f., 133;

bananas, 120, 133, 268;

capital, foreign, 127 f., 132, 134 f.;

Caribbean Coast, importance of, 132 ff.;

Central American Union and, 167 f.;

cattle, 120, 126 f., 135, 273;

coffee, 136, 266, 275;

commerce, 133 ff., 273 f., 277;

economic development of, retarded, 126 ff.;

education, 131;

finance, 285 f., 288, 293 ff., 300;

foreign relations, 121, 123, 168 f., 172, 207 f.;

government, 124 f.;

living, standards of, 129 ff.;

mines, 120, 127;

transportation, facilities of, 127 f., 134 f., 293;

United Fruit Co., 134 f.;

Washington conventions, 211 f.

Immigration, foreign, 21

Import trade. See Commerce

Indians, 2, 58, 178,

Costa Rica, 138 ff.;

Guatemala, 57 ff., 64, 198;

Honduras, 120;

Nicaragua, 72, 93 f.;

Salvador, 100

Indigo, 17, 92, 273

Industries. See Manufacturing

International Health Commission. See Sanitation

Investments, foreign, 21 ff., 265 ff., 271, 301 f., 311 ff. See also Finance

Irías, Dr. Julián, 251 f.

Iturbide, Augustin, 28 f.

Jeréz, Maximo, 81 f., 85 f.

Jiménez, Jesús, 146

Jiménez, Ricardo, 148

Jinotega, 93

Joint Claims Commission. See Nicaraguan Joint Claims Commission

Jornaleros, 59 ff.

Judiciary. See Government

Junta Consultiva, 24

Justice, Central American Court of. See Central American Court of Justice

Keith, Minor C., 160, 269, 291,

interests, 271

Knox, Secretary, note of, to Zelaya, 228 f.

Labor, 7 f., 10 f.,

Costa Rica, 139 f., 163;

Guatemala, 59 ff., 62 ff.;

Nicaragua, 93 ff.;

Salvador, 114

La Ceiba, 133

Ladinos, 6, 57, 72, 195

La Libertad, 116

Land, ownership of, 3, 6, 64, 93 f., 141 f., 267 f.

La Union, 115, 117

Legislatures. See Government

Leíva, Ponciano, 123

Lempa River, 100, 115

Leon,

Granada, rivalry with, 77 ff.

Ley de Trabajadores (1894), 59 ff.

Liberals. See Political Parties

Living, conditions of, 4 ff., 8 ff., 113 f., 129 ff., 161 ff.

Loans, foreign, 235 ff., 241 ff., 294. See also Finance

Local Government. See Government, municipal

Localismo, 43 f., 73, 76 f., 196 f.

Lumber, 17, 70, 135, 273

Madriz, José, 229 f.

Mahogany. See Lumber

Malespín, Francisco, 101 f.

Managua, 80, 86 ff.

Mandamientos, 59

Manufacturing, 15, 114

Marblehead (U. S. S.), 206

Martínez, Tomás, 85 f.

Matagalpa, 92 ff., 236

Medina, José María, 122

Meléndez, Don Carlos, 103

Mena, General Luís, 231, 234, 242 ff.

Menéndez, Francisco, 102

Mestizos. See Ladinos

Metals, precious. See Mines

Mexico, 28, 123, 206 ff., 218, 229. See also Díaz, Porfirio

Mines, 120, 126 f., 272 f.

Missionaries, influence of, 13

Moncada, General José María, 231, 234

Monroe Doctrine, 204 ff., 302, 304 f.

Montealegre, José María, 145

Mora, Juan, 144

Mora, Juan Rafael, 145, 181

Morazán, Francisco, 29 f., 80, 101, 122, 145, 167

Morgan, J. P. & Co., 294

Mosquito Coast, 95 ff., 169

Municipal government. See Government, municipal

Muñoz, Trinidad, 80

Namasigne, battle of (1907), 208

National Constituent Assembly, 28 ff., 166

Negroes. See Population

New York and Honduras Rosario Mining Co., 127

Nicaragua,

agriculture, 91 ff.;

area and population, 1, 72, 76, 93 f.;

army, 73 f.;

bananas, 97, 268;

canal route in, 75 f., 252, 254 ff.;

capital, foreign, 89 f., 97, 235 ff., 259 ff.;

Caribbean Coast, 95 ff.;

cattle, 78, 92, 273;

Central American Union and, 167 f.;

Claims Commission, 240 f.;

commerce, 92 f., 238, 274, 277;

coffee, 93, 266, 275;

Court of Justice, decision of, 223 f.;

education, 89;

finance, 232 ff., 239 ff., 246 ff., 248 f., 259 ff., 263, 285 f.,

288, 292, 299 f.;

foreign influence in, 95 ff., 169;

government, 73;

history, 81 ff., 89 ff.;

labor, 93 ff.;

politics, 74, 76 ff., 89, 245, 249 ff.;

transportation, facilities of, 97 f., 237, 246, 261, 292;

United States, intervention of, 182, 228 ff., 244, 306

Nicaragua, Lake, 75

Nicaraguan Joint Claims Commission, 240 f.

Oficina Internacional Centroamericana. See Central American Bureau

Pan American Financial Conference (1915), 294 f.

Panama Canal, 161, 204

Paper money. See Currency

Pasos, Dr. Carlos Cuadra, 250 ff.

Peonage. See Labor

Personalismo, 43 f., 76 f., 196 f.

Peten, 70

Police, 53, 108 f., 157

Political Parties, 26, 29, 31 ff., 43 ff., 149 ff., 165,

Conservatives, 29, 32 f., 167 f.;

Guatemala, 51 ff.;

Honduras, 122;

Nicaragua, 78 ff., 85 ff., 169 f., 231, 233, 250;

Salvador, 102 f.,

Liberals, 29, 32 f., 167 f.;

Guatemala, 50 ff.;

Honduras, 122;

Nicaragua, 78, 85 ff., 228 ff., 233, 250 f., 260;

Salvador, 101 f.

Politics, corruption in, 45 ff., 186 ff., 286 ff., 291 ff.,

Costa Rica, 159;

Guatemala, 54;

Honduras, 125;

Nicaragua, 76 ff., 89;

Salvador, 111 f.;

foreign influence on, 132, 135, 161, 200 ff., 227 314 f.

Population, 2, 50, 72, 100, 120, 138 ff.,

Negro, 20, 120 f., 133, 160.

See also Indians

Ports, 68 f., 87, 97, 115 f., 128 f., 132, 160 f. See also Transportation

President, power of. See Government

Press, influence of, 48, 149 f.

Protectorates. See Great Britain, United States

Puerto Barrios, 68 f.

Puerto Cortez, 133

Puerto Limón, 160

Puntarenas, 160 f.

Railways. See Transportation

Regalado, Tomás, 103

Religion. See Catholic Church

Repartimientos, 7, 58, 139 f.

Revolutions, causes of, 49, 185 ff.

Rivas, Patricio, 81

Roads. See Transportation

Rockefeller Foundation. See Sanitation

Rodríguez, José Joaquín, 147

Roosevelt, Theodore, 173, 205 ff., 210

Root, Elihu, 210

Rum. See Aguardiente

Sacasa, Roberto, 88

Salazar, General, 145 f.

Salvador,

agriculture, 100, 106, 112;

area and population, 1, 99 f., 113 f.;

army, 108 f.;

cattle, 112;

Central American Union and, 167 f.;

coffee, 100, 112, 115, 266, 275;

commerce, 114 f., 274, 277;

Court of Justice, decision of, 224;

education, 110 f.;

finance, 285 f., 288, 290, 300 f.;

foreign relations, 104 ff., 117;

Guatemala and, 29;

government, 107 ff.;

labor, 114;

manufactures, 114;

Nicaraguan Canal Treaty, protest against, 253 ff.;

peace, internal, 194;

politics, 105 f., 111 f.;

transportation, facilities of, 109, 115 ff., 290

Sanitation, 9, 157 f.

San José, 138, 144, 160;

conference at, 206 f.

San Salvador, 99, 115 f.

Santa Ana, 102, 115 f.

San Vicente, 115

Schools. See Education

Seligman, J. & W. and Co., 235, 242, 246 ff., 259 ff., 292 ff.

Sierra, General Terencio, 123, 209

Silver, 127, 272 f.

Social conditions, 5, 10, 12, 22 f.

Sonsonate, 115

Soto, Bernardo, 146

Soto, Marco Aurelio, 123

Spain, influence of colonial system of, 14

Spoils system. See Politics

Steamship lines, 19, 69, 97, 116, 132, 269. See also Transportation

Sugar, 112

Taft, William H., 217, 228

Tegucigalpa, 19, 122, 128 f., 208

Tinoco, Federico, 148

Trade. See Commerce

Transportation, 19, 177,

Costa Rica, 157, 160, 291;

Guatemala, 68 ff.;

Honduras, 127 f., 134 f., 293;

Nicaragua, 97, 237, 246, 261, 292;

Salvador, 109, 115 ff., 290.

See also Steamship lines

Union, Central American. See Central American Union

United Fruit Company, 19 ff., 269 ff., 281;

Costa Rica, 160 f.;

Guatemala, 69 f.;

Honduras, 134 f.

United States,

Central American Union, 171, 181 ff.;

commerce with Central America, 269, 274 ff., 279 ff.;

commercial and financial interests of, 180 ff., 204 f., 303 ff.;

financial assistance of, needed in Central America, 279 f., 302;

Honduras, intervention in, 123, 294;

influence of, in Central America, 203, 220 f.;

intervention in Central America, 304 ff.;

intervention, results of, 307 ff.;

Mexico and, intervention of, 207 ff.;

Monroe Doctrine, maintenance of, 205 f.;

Mosquito Coast, British control of, 95;

Nicaragua, relations with, 98, 182, 228 ff., 233 f., 235 ff., 244,

250, 253 f., 258;

relations with Central America, 105, 171;

Salvador, relations with, 117;

trade, opportunities for, 282 f.;

trade retarded, 279;

Walker, attitude toward, 82 f.

Valle, Andrés, 102

Vásquez, Domingo, 123

Víquez, Cleto González, 148

Wages, 10, 299. See also Labor

Walker, William, 81 ff., 85 f., 145, 189

Washington Conference (1907), 123, 173, 210 ff., 216 f., 226, 305;

conventions of, 105, 176, 211 ff., 220 f., 315

Yglesias, Rafael, 147, 301

Zacapa, 116

Zaldívar, Rafael, 102, 172

Zelaya, José Santos, 88 ff., 96 f., 103, 123 f., 170, 172, 193, 207

ff., 217 ff., 227 ff., 299, 306

Zeledón, Benjamin, 243 f.