APPENDIX IV. FILTER STATISTICS.
Reading edition
STATISTICS OF OPERATION OF SAND FILTERS.
Place. Year Ending. Total Quantity of Water filtered for One Year. Million Gallons. Million Gallons Daily. Area of Filters in use, Acres. Average Daily Yield, Million Gallons per Acre. Area of Filter Surface cleaned in One Year, Acres. Period, Million Gallons per Acre filtered between Scrapings.
Altona March, 1895 1,620 4.44 3.08 1.45 31.0 52
March, 1896 1,730 4.75 3.08 1.55 48.5 36
March, 1897 1,960 5.40 3.08 1.75 44.0 45
March, 1898 1,940 5.30 3.08 1.72 36.5 53
Amsterdam, River Dec., 1894 1,390 3.80 5.43 0.71 23 62
Dec., 1896 1,490 4.08 5.43 0.75 48 31
Dec., 1897 1,600 4.40 5.43 0.81 30 53
Amsterdam, Dunes Dec., 1894 2,330 6.40 4.94 1.29 116 20
Dec., 1896 2,360 6.50 4.75 1.37 90 26
Dec., 1897 2,290 6.25 4.75 1.31 109 21
Ashland, Wis Feb., 1897 398 1.09 0.50 2.18 4.83 83
Berlin, total Mar., 1896 13,000 35.60 25.10 1.42
Mar., 1897 12,900 35.40 25.10 1.40
Mar., 1898 13,200 36.20 27.00 1.34
Bremen Mar., 1895 1,190 3.27 2.51 1.31 50 24
Mar., 1896 1,220 3.34 3.21 1.04 32.5 38
Mar., 1897 1,280 3.50 3.21 1.09 25.2 50
Mar., 1898 1,400 4.10 3.21 1.28 34.0 41
Breslau Mar., 1895 2,840 7.80 5.12 1.52 45 64
Mar., 1896 2,960 8.10 5.12 1.58 40.0 74
Mar., 1897 2,990 8.20 5.12 1.60 37 81
Mar., 1898 3,060 8.40 5.12 1.64 43 71
Brunn Dec., 1896 1,110 3.04 1.62 1.87 8.6 128
Dec., 1897 1,190 3.25 1.62 2.00 9.1 131
Brunswick Mar., 1895 815 2.23 1.48 1.51 14.8 55
Mar., 1896 840 2.30 1.48 1.56 13.3 63
Mar., 1897 820 2.25 1.48 1.52 13.7 60
Mar., 1898 870 2.38 1.48 1.61 11.9 73
Budapest Dec., 1892 7,360 20.20 3.00 6.70 254 29
Copenhagen Dec., 1895 2,330 6.40 2.88 2.22 45 52
Dec., 1896 2,490 6.80 2.88 2.35 52 48
Dec., 1897 2,580 7.10 2.88 2.47 54 48
Dordrecht Dec., 1894 365 1.00 0.56 1.79
Frankfort on Oder Dec., 1895 310 0.85 0.37 2.28 2.9 107
Dec., 1896 325 0.89 0.37 2.40 7.4 44
Dec., 1897 356 0.98 0.37 2.65 8.8 41
Hamburg Dec., 1894 11,450 31.40 34.0 0.92 350 33
Dec., 1895 11,700 32.10 34.0 0.94 275 43
Dec., 1896 11,500 31.70 34.0 0.93 266 43
Dec., 1897 12,000 32.70 34.0 0.96 285 42
Dec., 1898 11,900 32.60 43.0 0.76 246 48
Hudson, N. Y. Dec., 1892 697 1.91 0.74 2.58
Dec., 1893 543 1.49 0.74 2.01
Dec., 1895 535 1.46 0.74 1.98
Ilion, N. Y. Feb., 1899 182 0.50 0.14 3.57 1.40 130
Königsberg Mar., 1895 1,060 2.90 2.70 1.07 38.5 27
Mar., 1896 1,085 2.97 2.70 1.10 35.0 31
Mar., 1897 1,085 2.97 2.70 1.10 41.0 27
Mar., 1898 1,140 3.12 2.70 1.16 44.0 26
Lawrence Dec., 1894 1,050 2.88 2.50 1.15 10 105
Dec., 1895 1,097 3.00 2.50 1.20 27 41
Dec., 1896 1,101 3.02 2.50 1.20 30 37
Dec., 1897 1,114 3.06 2.50 1.22 41 27
Liverpool Dec., 1896 8,520 23.40 10.92 2.14 158 54
[53] London, all filters but not including ground water Dec., 1892 65,783 180 109.75 1.64 90
Dec., 1893 195 116.00 1.68
Dec., 1894 68,700 188 117.00 1.60
Dec., 1895 76,900 210 123.75 1.70
Dec., 1896 72,482 198 123.75 1.60
Dec., 1897 73,340 201 125.00 1.61
London, Chelsea Dec., 1897 5,370 14.70 8.00 1.85
E. London Dec., 1897 18,000 49.00 31.00 1.58
Grand Junction Dec., 1897 8,560 23.40 21.75 1.07
Lambeth Dec., 1897 10,370 28.40 12.25 2.30
New River Dec., 1897 15,750 43.00 16.50 2.60
Southwark & Vauxhall Dec., 1897 14,800 40.50 20.50 1.98
West Middlesex Dec., 1897 8,910 24.30 15.00 1.61
Lübeck Mar., 1895 1,520 4.15 1.40 2.95 16.2 94
Mar., 1896 1,600 4.38 1.40 3.13 24.4 66
Mar., 1897 1,650 4.50 1.40 3.22 27.0 61
Mar., 1898 1,750 4.80 1.40 3.42 38.5 45
Magdeburg Mar., 1895 1880 5.15 3.76 1.37 47.5 40
Mar., 1896 1950 5.35 3.76 1.42 65.0 30
Mar., 1897 1880 5.15 3.76 1.37 59.0 32
Mar., 1898 2070 5.66 3.76 1.50 63.0 33
Mt. Vernon, N. Y Dec., 1895 493 1.35 1.10 1.22 7.3 68
Dec., 1896 608 1.66 1.10 1.51 9.2 66
Dec., 1897 808 2.21 1.10 2.00 16.6 49
Dec., 1898 933 2.56 1.10 2.34 18.4 51
Posen Mar., 1895 305 0.84 0.70 1.20 10.3 30
Mar., 1896 346 0.94 0.70 1.35 10.4 33
Mar., 1897 325 0.89 0.70 1.27 10.1 32
Mar., 1898 360 0.99 0.70 1.42 9.6 38
Poughkeepsie Dec., 1892 696 1.91 0.68 2.81 14.0 50
Dec., 1893 667 1.83 0.68 2.70 12.0 56
Dec., 1894 633 1.73 0.68 2.55 14 45
Dec., 1895 686 1.88 0.68 2.77 14 49
Dec., 1896 664 1.82 0.68 2.68 9 73
Dec., 1897 615 1.69 1.36 1.24
Dec., 1898 611 1.67 1.36 1.23 10.88 57
Rostock June, 1897 560 1.54 1.11 1.38 9.3 60
June, 1898 625 1.71 1.11 1.55 9.0 70
Rotterdam Dec., 1893 4850 13.30 6.30 2.11
Stettin Mar., 1895 1130 3.10 2.26 1.37 26.5 43
Mar., 1896 1030 2.83 2.26 1.25 15.5 66
Mar., 1897 980 2.70 2.26 1.19 16.1 61
Mar., 1898 1020 2.80 2.26 1.24 20.3 50
Stockholm Dec., 1895 2375 6.50 2.78 2.33 70.0 34
Dec., 1896 2500 6.85 2.78 2.45 68.0 37
Dec., 1897 2750 7.50 3.60 2.08 76.0 36
Stralsund Mar., 1897 215 0.59 1.11 0.53 16.0 13
Mar., 1898 210 0.58 1.11 0.51 17.3 12
Stuttgart Mar., 1895 1040 2.85 1.46 1.96 13.7 76
Mar., 1896 1220 3.34 1.66 2.04 17.7 69
Mar., 1897 1270 3.48 2.32 1.50 18.7 68
Mar., 1898 1320 3.60 2.32 1.54 20.2 65
Utrecht Dec., 1896 510 1.40 0.60 2.33 31 16
Zürich Dec., 1891 2010 5.50 0.84 6.50 8 250
Dec., 1892 2150 5.90 0.84 7.00 10 215
Dec., 1893 2310 6.38 1.19 5.35 13 177
Dec., 1894 2250 6.15 1.19 5.18 17 133
Dec., 1895 2460 6.70 1.19 5.62 27 91
Dec., 1896 2360 6.45 1.66 3.88 30 79
Dec., 1897 2500 6.84 1.66 4.13 35 71
Dec., 1898 2730 7.50 1.66 4.50 47 58
PARTIAL LIST OF CITIES USING SAND FILTERS.
Place. When Built. Population. 1890. Area of Filters. Number of Filters. Average Daily Consumption.
UNITED STATES.
Poughkeepsie. N. Y. 1872 24,000 1.36 3 1.67
Hudson, N. Y. 1874 9,970 0.74 2 1.50
St. Johnsbury, Vt. 187(?) 3,857 0.14 3 0.70
Nantucket, Mass. 1893 3,268 0.11 1 0.09
Lawrence, Mass. 1893 44,654 2.50 1 3.00
Ilion, N. Y. 1893 4,057 0.14 2 0.50
Mount Vernon, N. Y. 1894 10,830 1.10 3 1.66
Grand Forks, N. D. 1894 4,979 0.42 1 ....
Milford, Mass. 1895 9,956 0.25 1 0.70
Ashland, Wis. 1895 9,956 0.50 3 1.09
Hamilton, N. Y. 1895 1,744 0.12 1 0.03
Lambertville, N. J. 1896 4,142 0.28 2 0.25
Far Rockaway, N. Y. 1896 2,288 0.92 2 0.93
Red Bank, N. J. 1897 500 0.03 2 0.10
Somersworth, N. H. 1897 6,207 0.50 1 ....
Little Falls, N. Y. 1898 8,783 0.76 1 ....
Berwyn, Penna. 1898 826 0.52 3 ....
Harrisburg, Penna. 1899 1,200 0.12 2 0.15
Albany, N. Y. 1899 94,923 5.60 8 11.00[54]
Rock Island, Illinois 1899 13,634 1.20 3 3.50
Total .... 259,774 17.31 45 26.87
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Victoria .... 16,841 0.82 3 1.80
SOUTH AMERICA.
Buenos Ayres .... 500,000 4.15 3 ....
Montevidio .... .... Filters reported ....
HOLLAND.
Amsterdam .... 555,821 10.18 12 11.20
Rotterdam .... 290,000 6.30 18 13.00
The Hague .... 191,000 2.88 6 4.20
Schiedam .... 25,300 1.33 5 0.68
Utrecht .... 140,000 0.60 .... 1.40
Groningen .... 57,900 0.59 2 ....
Dordrecht .... 34,100 0.56 2 1.00
Leeuwarden .... 30,700 0.31 2 ....
Vlaardingen .... .... .... .... ....
Sliedrecht .... .... .... .... ....
Gorinchem .... 10,000 .... .... ....
Zutphen .... 18,000 .... .... ....
Leyden .... 44,200 .... .... ....
Enschede .... .... .... .... ....
Middelburg .... 17,000 .... .... ....
Total .... 1,414,021 22.75 47 31.48
GREAT BRITAIN.
London .... 5,030,267 125.00 120 200.00
Liverpool .... 790,000 10.92 .... 26.67
Dublin .... 349,000 5.00 10 18.00
Leeds .... 420,000 6.00 8 17.99
Bradford .... 436,260 4.62 6 13.31
Leicester .... 220,005 2.50 .... 4.75
York .... 72,083 2.04 6 3.00
Edinburgh .... 292,364 2.00 4 18.00
Darlington .... 43,000 1.32 7 ....
Wakefield .... 36,815 1.25 .... ....
Carlisle .... 40,000 0.90 .... ....
Dumfries .... 17,821 0.25 .... ....
Accrington .... 42,000 .... .... ....
Birmingham .... 680,140 .... .... 19.05
Blackburn .... 130,000 .... .... 4.10
Bolton .... 250,000 .... .... 6.60
Chester .... 40,000 .... .... ....
Halifax .... 217,000 .... .... 5.18
Hereford .... 20,000 .... .... ....
Middlesborough .... 187,331 .... .... 11.39
Newcastle .... 320,000 .... .... 14.00
Oldham .... 145,800 .... .... 5.30
Oxford .... 53,000 .... .... 1.59
Preston .... 113,864 .... .... 4.20
Reading .... 71,558 .... .... 3.00
Southampton .... 76,430 .... .... 3.45
Wigan .... 60,000 .... .... 1.22
Worcester .... 45,000 .... .... 1.93
Total .... 10,199,738 161.80 161 382.73
GERMANY.
Hamburg .... 661,200 42.00 22 33.00
Berlin .... 1,746,424 31.45 55 36.00
Breslau .... 380,000 5.12 5 8.20
Magdeburg .... 217,067 3.76 11 5.66
Bremen .... 157,500 3.21 12 3.50
Altona .... 162,427 3.08 13 5.40
Königsberg .... 176,000 2.70 7 3.00
Stuttgart .... 162,516 2.32 .... 4.00
Stettin .... 145,000 2.26 9 3.00
Lübeck .... 70,000 1.40 6 4.50
Brunswick .... 100,883 1.48 4 2.30
Stralsund .... 30,105 1.11 6 0.60
Rostock .... 49,891 1.11 3 1.54
Lignitz .... 46,852 0.96 6 1.40
Posen .... 75,000 0.70 4 0.90
Schwerin .... 36,000 0.65 4 0.50
Chemnitz .... 164,743 0.59 3 ....
Worms .... 30,000 0.50 3 0.64
Ratibor .... 20,729 0.42 3 ....
Frankfort on Oder .... 59,161 0.37 5 0.89
Kiel .... 69,214 0.31 .... 1.50
Tilsit .... 30,000 0.25 .... 0.20
Brieg .... 20,154 0.20 4 ....
Gluckstadt .... 6,214 0.14 .... 0.10
Wandsbeck .... 22,000 0.13 .... 0.30
Total .... 4,639,080 106.22 185 117.13
OTHER EUROPEAN FILTERS.
Warsaw .... 500,000 6.20 12 6.00
St. Petersburg .... 954,000 5.85 11 39.00
Odessa .... 380,000 4.75 5 8.00
Choisy le Roi and .... }200,000{ 3.85 25 10.00
Neuilly sur Marne .... 2.31 15 ....
Copenhagen .... 340,000 2.88 9 6.80
Stockholm .... 274,000 2.78 .... 7.00
Antwerp .... 240,000 2.10 8 2.00
Zürich .... 96,839 1.66 .... 7.00
Brunn .... .... 1.62 .... 3.04
Constantinople, South side .... .... 0.74 3 ....
Total .... 2,984,839 34.74 88 88.84
ASIA.
Blandarwada, India .... .... 1.97 6 ....
Agra, India .... .... 1.37 .... ....
Bombay, India .... 821,000 1.22 4 ....
Shanghai, China .... .... 0.88 4 ....
Hong Kong .... .... 0.67 6 ....
Yokohama, Japan .... 110,000 0.58 3 ....
Calcutta, India .... 466,000 .... .... ....
Tokyo, Japan .... .... .... .... ....
Baroda, India .... .... .... .... ....
Allahabad, India .... .... .... .... ....
Total .... 1,397,000 6.69 23
SUMMARY.
United States .... 259,774 17.31 45 26.87
British Columbia .... 16,841 0.82 3 1.80
South America .... 500,000 4.15 3 ....
Holland .... 1,414,021 22.75 47 31.48
Great Britain .... 10,199,738 161.80 161 382.73
Germany .... 4,639,080 106.22 185 117.13
Other European countries .... 2,984,839 34.74 88 88.84
Asia .... 1,397,000 6.69 23 ....
Total .... 21,411,293 354.48 555 648.85
LIST OF CITIES AND TOWNS USING MECHANICAL FILTERS. ARRANGED BY POPULATIONS.
Abbreviations.--P., Pressure filters; G., Gravity filters; J., Jewell system; N. Y., New York system; W., Warren system; C., Continental system; Am., American system.
Place. Population, 1890. Filters First Installed. Nominal Capacity of Filters, 1899. Million Gallons. Average Consumption, Million Gallons: Water Works Manual. Area of Filters, Sq. Ft., 1899. Filter System.
Denver, Col. 108,204 2260 Special.
Atlanta, Ga. 65,533 1887 8 4.54 2056 N. Y. P.
St. Joseph, Mo. 52,324 1898 10.2 3842 J. G.
Oakland, Cal. 48,682 1891 5 10 1960 N. Y. P.
Kansas City, Kan. 38,316 1898 6 2 2260 J. G.
Wilkesbarre, Pa.[55] 37,718 10 3166 J. G.
Norfolk, Va. 34,871 1899 6 3.5 2112 J. G.
Augusta, Ga. 33,300 1899 6 3.8 2112 N. Y. G.
Quincy. Ill. 30,494 1892 4 1.2 1582 J. G.
Dubuque, Iowa[56] 30,311 1899 2 880 J. G.
Terre Haute, Ind. 30,217 1890 4 3{ 1076 226 N. Y. P. J. G.
Elmira, N. Y. 29,708 1897 6 3 2034 J. G.
Chattanooga, Tenn. 29,100 1887 9 2080 J. & N. Y. P.
Davenport, Iowa 26,872 1891 7.5 3 2380 Am. P.
Little Rock, Ark. 25,874 1891 5.5 1544 Am., J., & N. Y. P.
Winnipeg, Mann. 25,642 1887 1.5 390 N. Y. P.
Oshkosh, Wis. 22,836 1891 2.4 2.1 550 W. G.
Macon, Ga. 22,746 1893 4 1.65 1437 J., W., & N. Y.
Burlington, Ia. 22,565 1894 3.5 1243 J. G.
Knoxville, Tenn. 22,535 1894 5 1.93 1404 W. G.
Lexington, Ky. 21,567 1895 2 1.2 678 J. G.
Kingston, N. Y. 21,261 1897 4 1.5 1120 N. Y. P.
York, Penna. 20,793 1899 4 2.37 1408 J. G.
Biddeford, Maine 20,500 1896 3 2 780 W. G.
Newport, R. I. 19,467 4 2.1 Special.
Bangor, Maine 19,103 1897 5 3 1404 W. G.
Cedar Rapids, Ia. 18,020 1896 2.5 2 905 J. G.
Elgin, Ill. 17,823 1888 4.3 1 780 Am. P.
Decatur, Ill. 16,841 1893 3 2 1008 W. G.
Belleville, Ill. 15,361 1 0.6 339 J. G.
Columbia, S. C. 15,353 1892 3 678 J. G.
Keokuk, Ia. 14,101 1893 3 980 N. Y. P.
Ottumwa, Ia. 14,001 1895 2 1.2 678 J. G.
Rock Island, Ill.[55] 13,634 2 3.5 452 J. G.
Raleigh, N. C. 12,678 1887 1 1 296 N. Y. P.
Shreveport, La. 11,979 1889 1 312 N. Y. P.
New Castle, Penna 11,600 1898 4 2 1408 N. Y. G.
Charlotte, N. C. 11,557 1896 1 0.5 530 N. Y. G.
Nebraska City, Neb. 11,494 1891 0.4 0.7 116 N. Y. P.
Streator, Ill. 11,414 2 1.3 100 Western & Am. P.
Hornelsville, N. Y.[56] 10,966 1899 3 700 N. Y. P.
Augusta, Maine 10,527 1887 0.6 1.6 100 W.
St. Thomas, Ont. 10,370 1891 2.5 0.6 700 N. Y. P.
Cairo, Ill. 10,324 1889 0.8 2.5 197 N. Y. P.
Alton, Ill. 10,294 1898 3 1 1056 N. Y. G.
Asheville, N. C. 10,235 1889 1 0.35 312 N. Y. P.
Greenwich, Conn. 10,131 1887 2 0.4 592 N. Y. P.
Huntington, W. Va. 10,108 1899 2 704 N. Y. G.
Beaver Falls, Pa. 9,735 2 4.5 N. Y.
Champaign, Ill.[55] 9,719 0.75 N. Y.
Chatham, Ont. 9,052 1895 1 0.4 280 N. Y. P.
Adrian, Mich. 8,756 1899 1.75 0.45 565 J. G.
Athens, Ga. 8,639 1893 1 0.45 420 W. G.
East Providence, R. I. 8,422 1899 0.5 176 J. G.
Winston, N. C. 8,018 1895 0.5 0.3 156 W. G.
Danville, Penna. 7,998 1896 1 1 226 J. G.
Clarksville, Tenn.[56] 7,924 1899 1.5 0.5 704 J. G.
Stevens Point, Wis. 7,896 1889 0.5 0.25 156 N. Y. P.
Carlisle, Pa. 7,620 1896 1.5 339 J. G.
Calais, Me. 7,290 1893 1.5 0.85 275 W. G.
Long Branch, N. J. 7,231 1888 3 1.3 904 N. Y. P.
Creston, Ia. 7,200 1891 0.5 0.3 150 J.
St. Hyacinthe, Que. 7,016 1898 1 0.84 294 J. P.
Rome, Ga.[56] 6,957 1899 1.5 1.3 528 J. G.
Westerly, R. I. 6,813 1896 1.5 0.375 396 N. Y. G.
Merrill, Wis. 6,809 1897 1 339 J. G.
Dennison, Ohio[56] 6,767 1899 1.25 1 528 J. G.
Parsons, Kan. 6,736 1894 2 0.6 452 J. G.
Waterloo, Iowa 6,674 1891 1.5 0.7 565 J. G.
Somerville, N. J. 6,417 1885 1.9 0.75 552 N. Y. P.
Athol, Mass. 6,319 1888 1.5 0.5 350 N. Y. P.
Owego, N. Y. 6,200 1887 1 0.75 234 N. Y. P.
Brunswick, Maine 6,012 1887 0.6 0.33 100 W.
Bucyrus, Ohio 5,974 1887 0.5 0.55 156 N. Y. P.
Warren, Ohio 5,973 1896 1.5 1.5 462 W. G.
Hopkinsville, Ky. 5,833 1895 0.5 0.15 140 N. Y. P.
Brainerd, Minn. 5,703 1897 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
New Brighton, Pa. 5,616 1889 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 5,502 1896 4.5 2.62 1019 J. G.
Durham, N. C. 5485 1893 0.9 0.7 252 W. G.
Winfield, Kan. 5184 1894 1 336 W. G.
Louisiana, Mo. 5090 1888 0.8 242 N. Y. P. & G.
Trenton, Mo. 5039 1889 0.4 128 N. Y. P.
Lorain, Ohio 4863 1896 3 1.5 1356 J. G.
Sidney, Ohio[55] 4850 0.5 N. Y.
Mexico, Mo. 4789 1889 0.3 0.4 66 N. Y. P.
Mt. Clemens, Mich. 4748 1888 1 0.6 251 N. Y. P.
Riverside, Cal. 4683 1892 0.09 20 N. Y. P.
Columbus, Miss.[56] 4559 1899 0.5 0.175 176 J. G.
Winchester, Ky. 4519 1894 0.75 0.107 152 J. P.
Salisbury, N. C. 4418 1889 0.5 0.35 156 N. Y. P.
Eufaula, Ala. 4394 1897 0.5 140 N. Y. P.
Greenville, Tex. 4330 1888 0.8 0.175 156 N. Y. P.
Exeter, N. H. 4284 1887 0.114 0.179 34 N. Y. P.
Bordentown, N. J. 4232 1890 0.5 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
Lake Forest, Ill. 4203 1892 1 168 J. P.
Henderson, N. C. 4191 1899 0.25 118 W. G.
Reading, Mass. 4088 1896 1 0.198 336 W. G.
Goldsboro, N. C. 4017 1896 0.5 0.1 156 W. G.
Rich Hill, Mo. 4008 1893 0.5 0.24 140 N. Y. P.
Mt. Pleasant, Ia. 3997 1888 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
Murphysboro, Ill. 3880 1890 0.2 60 N. Y. P.
Brandon, Manitoba 3778 1893 1 0.36 240 N. Y. P.
Danville, Ky. 3766 1894 0.5 0.1 140 N. Y. P.
Royersford, Pa. 3612 1893 1 0.08 226 J. G.
Warsaw, Ind. 3514 1896 0.5 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
Ashbury Park, N. J. 3500 2 0.5 670 C.
Keyport, N. J. 3411 1895 0.5 0.06 156 W. G.
Deseronto, Ont. 3338 1896 0.5 0.84 147 J. P.
Milledgeville, Ga. 3322 1893 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
Carlinville, Ill. 3293 0.1 38 Am. or Jackson.
Gettysburg, Pa. 3221 1894 0.3 0.075 78 W. G.
Independence, Kan. 3127 1891 0.75 0.25 129 Am. P.
LaGrange, Ga. 3090 1893 0.25 34 N. Y. P.
Paola, Kan. 2943 1887 0.25 0.45 66 N. Y. P.
Benwood, W. Va.[56] 2934 1899 1 306 J. G.
Gadsden, Ala. 2901 1887 1.325 430 N. Y. P. & G.
Lamar, Mo. 2860 1891 0.25 78 N. Y. P.
Longueuil, Que. 2757 1895 0.4 0.3 100 N. Y. P.
Washington, Mo. 2725 1888 0.2 0.075 50 N. Y. P.
Renfrew, Ont. 2611 1897 0.432 100 N. Y. P.
Oswego, Kan. 2574 1893 0.5 0.3 140 N. Y. P.
Holden, Mo. 2520 1893 0.2 0.05 100 N. Y. P.
Burlington, Kan. 2239 0.5 79 J.
Council Grove, Kan. 2211 1898 0.5 0.08 78 N. Y.
Wakefield, R. I.[56] 2170 0.15 0.25 N. Y.
Catonsville, Md. 2115 1890 0.25 78 N. Y. P.
Attica, N. Y. 1994 1896 0.4 100 N. Y. P.
Hightstown, N. J. 1875 1899 0.25 0.025 78 N. Y. G.
No. Berwick, Me. 1803 1896 0.3 78 W. G.
Dunnville, Ont. 1776 1899 0.5 140 N. Y. P.
Rogers Park, Ill. 1708 1889 0.4 0.35 100 N. Y. P.
Eatonton, Ga. 1682 1897 0.5 132 N. Y. G.
Caldwell, Kan. 1642 1890 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
LaGrange, Tex. 1626 1891 0.25 34 N. Y. P.
Richfield Springs, N. Y. 1623 1889 0.35 100 N. Y. P.
Valatie, N. Y. 1437 1894 0.15 50 N. Y.
Tunkhannock, Pa. 1253 0.1 N. Y.
Mechanics Falls, Me. 1030 1898 0.72 176 W. G.
New Bethlehem, Pa. 1026 1899 0.1 50 J. G.
Fairmount, W. Va. 1023 1898 1 280 N. Y. P.
Atlantic Highlands, N. J. 945 0.3 0.109 130 C.
Rumford Falls, Me. 898 1897 0.5 113 W. G.
Lakewood, N. J. 730 1889 0.5 156 N. Y. P.
Veazie, Me. 650 1889 1 0.1 176 W. G.
Portersville, Cal. 606 1890 0.151 0.060 34 N. Y. P.
Holmesburg, Pa. 1896 1 0.046 280 N. Y. P.
Pickering Creek, Pa. 1896 0.75 234 W. G.
Overbrook, Penna. 1895 0.25 78 W. G.
Vandergrift, Pa. 1897 0.5 156 W. G.
Frazerville, P. Q.[56] 1899 0.2 78 N. Y. G.
Arnate, Pa. 1899 0.12 50 N. Y. G.
Chihuahua, Mex.[56] 1899 1 612 J. G.
West Reading, Pa. 0.07 W. G.
Totals 1,565,881 252 108 77,806
Special filters, neither sand nor mechanical: Wilmington, Del.; Pop., 61,431; area, 10,000 sq. ft.; nominal capacity, 10 million gallons. See Eng. News, Vol. 40, p. 146.
NOTES REGARDING SAND FILTERS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Designed by James P. Kirkwood, built in 1872, was the earliest of its kind in the United States. It was enlarged by the Superintendent, Charles E. Fowler, in 1896. The walls of the original filters were of rubble, and in course of time developed cracks and leaked badly. The walls of the new filter are of rubble, faced with vitrified brick. The filters treat the water of the Hudson River, which is sewage-polluted and more or less muddy. Description: Jour. N. E. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 12, p. 209.
Hudson, N. Y. Designed by James P. Kirkwood, built in 1874. enlarged in 1888. The filters are open and are used for treating the Hudson River water, which is sewage-polluted and more or less muddy. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 31, p. 487.
St. Johnsbury, Vt. (E. & T. Fairbanks & Co.) These filters were built about 30 years ago, and have been recently enlarged. The filters were originally open, but were afterwards covered with a roof. The single roof proved inadequate to keep them from freezing, and a second roof was added inside and under the main roof. They are used for filtering pond water, which is quite clear and not subject to much pollution. The water supply is one of two, the other is the town supply and is taken from the Passumpsic River. No published description.
Nantucket, Mass. Designed by J. B. Rider, built in 1892. This filter is used to remove organisms from the reservoir water supply. It is only used when the organisms are troublesome, and is satisfactory in preventing the tastes and odors which formerly resulted from their presence. Description: Jour. N. E. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 8, p. 171; Eng. News, Vol. 31, p. 336.
Lawrence, Mass. Designed by Hiram F. Mills, built in 1892-3, and put in operation September, 1893. It is used for treating the water of the Merrimac River, which contains a large amount of sewage. Description: Report of the Mass. State Board of Health, 1893, p. 543; Jour. N. E. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 9, p. 44; Eng. News, Vol. 30, p. 97.
Ilion, N. Y. Designed by the Stanwix Engineering Company and are used for treating reservoir water, which is generally clear and not subject to pollution. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 31, p. 466.
Mount Vernon, N. Y. (New York Suburban Water Company.) Designed by J. N. Chester, built in 1894. These filters are similar in general construction to the Lawrence filter, although the dimensions both vertical and horizontal are reduced, and the area is divided into three parts. The filters are used for treating reservoir water, which is generally quite clear, but which is polluted by a considerable amount of sewage. Since the use of filters the reduction in the typhoid fever death-rate has been very great. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 32, p. 155.
Milford, Mass. Designed by F. L. Northrop. This filter is very simple in construction, and is used for filtering Charles River water as an auxiliary supply. Description: Jour. N. E. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 10, p. 262.
Grand Forks, N. D. Designed by W. S. Russell. These filters are covered with roofs. They treat the water from the Red River, which is very muddy, and also sewage-polluted, and which formerly caused typhoid fever. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 33, p. 341.
Ashland, Wis. Designed by William Wheeler, built in 1895. The Ashland filters were the first vaulted masonry filters to be constructed in the United States, and are used for treating the bay water, which is polluted with sewage, and is at times muddy from the river water discharging into the bay near the intake. The filters are below the bay level, and receive water from it by gravity. Description: Jour. N. E. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 11, p. 301; Eng. News, Vol. 38, p. 338.
Lambertville, N. J. Designed by Churchill Hungerford, and built in 1896. These are open filters with earth embankments, for filtration of reservoir water. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 36, p. 4.
Far Rockaway, L. I. (Queens County Water Company.) Designed by Charles R. Bettes, Engineer in Charge; Charles B. Brush & Co., Chief Engineers; and Allen Hazen, Consulting Engineer. Constructed in 1896. These masonry filters were used for the removal of iron from well waters. They are also designed to be suitable for the filtration of certain brook waters which are available as auxiliary supplies, but the brook water has been but rarely used. Description: Eng. Record, Vol. 40, p. 412.
Red Bank, N. J. (Rumson Improvement Company.) Designed by Allen Hazen, built in 1897. They are similar in construction to the Far Rockaway filters, and are used for iron removal only. Description: Eng. Record, Vol. 40, p. 412.
Hamilton, N. Y. Designed by the Stanwix Engineering Company, and were built in 1895 to filter lake water. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 39, p. 254.
Little Falls, N. Y. Designed by Stephen E. Babcock. These filters are open, and were built in 1898, and are used for filtering river water. Description: Eng. Record, Vol. 38, p. 7.
Somersworth, N. H. Designed by William Wheeler. These were the second vaulted filters to be built in the United States. The supply is from the Salmon Falls River and flows to the filters by gravity, the filters being below the river level. Description: Eng. News, Vol 40, p. 358; Eng. Record, Vol. 38, p. 270.
Berwyn, Penna. Designed by J. W. Ledoux. These open filters are used for filtering creek water. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 41, p. 150.
Harrisburg, Penna. (State Lunatic Hospital.) Designed by Allen Hazen; open masonry filters, used for treating the water from a small creek which is often muddy and is subject to pollution. No published description.
Albany, N. Y. Designed by Allen Hazen. Constructed 1898-99. This was the third and is the largest vaulted masonry filter plant yet constructed in the United States. It is used for filtering the Hudson River water, which is slightly muddy and much polluted by sewage. Description: Eng. News, Vol. 39, p. 91; Vol. 40, p. 254.
Rock Island, Ill. Designed by Jacob A. Harman. Open filters with embankments, used for filtering the Mississippi River water, which is very muddy and also polluted by sewage. No published description.
CAPACITY OF FILTERS.
Estimating the total additional area of sand filters for which figures are not available at 100 acres, and the maximum capacity of sand filters at three million gallons per acre daily, and of mechanical filters at three million gallons per thousand square feet of filtering area, the total filtering capacity of all the filters in the world used for public water supplies in 1899 is nearly 1600 million gallons daily, of which 15 per cent is represented by mechanical filters and 85 per cent by sand filters. In the United States, including Wilmington, the total filtering capacity is nearly 300 million gallons daily, of which 18 per cent is represented by sand filters, 79 per cent by mechanical filters, and 3 per cent by a special type of filters.