Part 6 — INDEX

Aargau, 338, 346, 349 Abbott, Dr. E., 37, 106 n. Abderrahmān I, 154 ---- III, 153 Abdy, Prof., 201, 373 Abortion in Greece, 102, 117 Abyssinia, 179 Academy, the French, 444 n., 445 Achaian League, 51 Adams and Cunningham, 331, 351 n. Adrian IV, 235 Æschines, 50 Æschylus, 136 Aetius, 96, 185 Ætolian League, 51 Ager publicus, 77 Agis, 51, 104 Agrarian distress, 403-5 Agriculture, 88; Egyptian, 56; Roman, 76, 79, 82 sq., 94; Greek, 99, 108, 117; Feudal, 202; Italian, 221; Dutch, 328; English, 88, 348 n., 403; Scandinavian, 270, 283; Swiss, 347, 348 Alaric, 185 Alba Longa, 14 Alboin, 188, 194 Albuquerque, 358 Alcibiades, 46, 50 Alcuin, 189 Alexander the Great, empire of, 111 ---- of Parma, 307, 309, 310 Alexandria, 133, 134 Alfonso de Sousa, 362 Alfred, 370 n., 375 Algiers, French. 57 n., 156-7, 177 Alkman, 132 Allen, C.-F., 264 n. Almohades, the, 155 Almoravides, the, 155 Althusius, 441 Alva, 308 Amalfi, 194, 204 Ambrose, 194 Amphictyonic Councils, 53 Amsterdam, 315; bank of, 324 Anabaptism, 306, 307 Anarchism, 424 Anastasius, 96 n. Anaxagoras, 46 Anglo-Saxons, 275, 369-76 Anne, 468 Anskar, 267 Antioch, 133 Antonines, 89, 113, 117, 166, 167 Antony, franchise policy of, 4 n. Antwerp, 308, 310, 311, 313 Anund Jakob, 267, 272 Anytus, 50 Appenzell, 337, 338, 344, 347 Apuleius, 167 Aquinas, Thomas, 118 n., 212, 235, 440 Arab character, 146 sq. Architecture, 150, 151, 192, 205, 220 Arianism, 97, 168 Aribert, 206 Ariosto, 230 Aristocracy, Roman, 17, 21, 22 sq., 29-30, 78; and culture, 62, 166; and politics, 70; Greek, 42, 49, 98, 109; Feudal, 200, 202, 209; Italian, 236, 245, 255; English, 288, 376, 379, 385, 390 sq., 396, 403, 410; Dutch, 306; Scandinavian, 275, 276, 277, 281; Portuguese, 355; Swiss, 336, 348; French, 391, 415 n., 461 Aristotle, 50, 127, 448 sq.; on militarism, 45; on slavery, 98, 133 n.; on Sparta, 101 n.; on population, 102; on education, 126; and Aquinas, 212 Aristophanes, 50, 135 Armada, 308, 311, 314, 399, 408 Arminianism, 310 Arnold of Brescia, 235, 246 Arnold, M., 434 Arnold, W.T., 78 Artaxerxes, 113 Art, evocation of, 63, 122, 134, 150, 159, 220, 327, 409; in Athens, 48-49, 106; in medieval Italy, 220-21, 225; in Holland, 327; in Portugal, 359; in England, 409 Arteveldt, J. van, 299 Ashley, Prof., 379 n., 394 Asia Minor, 55, 123 Associations, religious, 113, 115 Assyria, 135 Aston, Sir A., 428 Astronomy, 149, 150, 151 Athaulf, 186 Athens, variety of stock in, 16; social problem in, 40, 107; reforms of Solon in, 40 sq., 99; morals in, 47-48, 50; superstition and ignorance in, 45 sq.; art and letters in, 48-49, 106, 124; imports of, 84; commerce of, 99; buildings of, 105; silver mines of, 105-6; citizenship of, 124; retrogression of, 134 Attila, 185, 191 Attraction and repulsion in politics, 5-7, 23, 28, 202, 207, 210, 257 sq., 299, 369, 377, 386, 460; modes of, 70 Augustine, 34, 118 n., 168, 261 Augustus, 81, 83, 164 Australian aborigines, 128 Aurelian, 87 n., 184, 185 Autocracy. See Despotism and Tyranny Avitus, St., 187 Babylonia, 68 Bacchic mysteries, 164 Bacon, 461 Bagaudæ, the, 175 Bagehot, cited, 23 n., 57 n. Bain, R.N., 264 n., 277 n. Balfour, A.J., 72 n., 171 sq., 180 n. Ball, John, 390 Banking, 218, 435 Barante, 292 Barneveldt, 310, 318 Barros, 359 Basle, 338, 344, 346, 348 Bayle, 326 Beaconsfield, 72 Becker, cited, 9 Becket, 377 "Beggars," Confederacy of, 306 Beghards, 305 Behn, Aphra, 442 n. Belgium, 260, 307 Belisarius, 96, 184, 191, 194 Bent, J.T., 181 Bentham, 449 Berbers, 154 n., 155 Berlin, University of, 139 Berne, 336, 337, 338, 343, 344, 345, 346, 349 Bertrand, A., cited, 64 Bibliolatry, 152, 154, 157, 396, 405, 410 Bijns, Anna, 326 Bikélas, cited, 143, 144 Bishops and Italian cities, 198, 206 Black Death, 380, 384, 386, 387, 388 Blackstone, 449 Blake, 420 Blok, P.J., 292, 296 Blossius of Cumæ, 81 Boccaccio, 226 Bodin, 449 Boeckh, 37, 41, 107, 108, 109 Boissier, cited, 159 n., 162 Bolingbroke, 437 Bologna, 205, 208, 211, 212 Bordier, 334, 335 Borghini, 217 Borgia, Cesare, 233, 253 Botta, cited, 229 n. Boulting, 195 n., 196, 202 n. Boyle, 447 n. Brazil, 317, 361-68; population in, 362; prospects of, 366-67 Brethren of the Common Lot, 305 Bribery in Rome, 22 Britain, economic basis of, 59, 79 Browning, O., 181 Bruce, 308 Bruges, 297 Brun, 336 Brunehild, 186 Brussels, 297 Brutus, 79 Bryce, cited, 4, 58, 189 n., 199, 201 Buchanan, 441 Buckingham, 415 Buckle, on national character, 1 n., 4; on Montesquieu, 28 n.; on food and life conditions, 55; on Spanish fanaticism, 155, 304; on climate and civilisation, 361; on Magna Carta, 392; on Delolme, 392; on Divine Right, 440 n.; on Anne, 468 n. Bullion delusion, 80, 464 sq. Burckhardt, 182; as sociologist, 36; on Greek happiness, 47; on Sparta, 130; on Spain and Italy, 230, 233 n. Burghley, 400, 406, 407 Burke, 453 ---- U.R., cited, 119, 169, 191, 192 Burnet, 438, 439 Burrows, Prof., 123 Bursian, C., 65 Burton, Hill, 11, 414 n., 456 Bury, 38; on Roman Empire, 34 n.; on Solon, 43; on Christian disunion, 97 n.; on Heraclius, 116 n.; on Greek Art, 122 n.; on the Dorians, 130-31; on Byzantine superstition, 145 n.; on Roman currency, 175 n. Busch, 392 n. Butler, W.F., 181, 196, 197 n., 206, 211 Byzantium, 34, 93, 95, 96, 114 sq., 143 sq., 152, 186 Cade, Jack, 388, 406 Cæsar, franchise policy of, 4 n.; revenue policy of, 73; policy of doles of, 82; policy in Campania of, 91; and Corinth, 110 Calderon, 359, 413 Calvin, 301, 343, 344, 398, 435 Calvinism, 306, 310, 326, 344, 396 n., 398 Camden, 398, 407 Camoens, 359 Cantù, 181 Capitalism, in antiquity, 86, 104, 108; in Florence, 218, 248 sq.; in Holland, 316, 318, 324; in America, 365; in England, 393, 403, 434-35, 462 Caracalla, 4, 175 Carlyle, 264 n., 419, 429-30 Carmagnola, 249 Carrel, A., 436 n., 437 n., 444 n. Carthage, 28 n., 30, 86 Castruccio Castracani, 243, 255 Cathari, 220 Cato, 32 Cats, 307, 326 Catullus, 165, 166 Celibacy, Sacerdotal, 235 Celts, 187, 190, 192, 258, 279, 375, 378 Chancery, Court of, 432 Chapman, 412, 413 Charlemagne, 188, 189, 191, 192, 267, 295 Charles I of England, 410, 414 sq., 426, 443 ---- II of England, 319, 320, 437, 438, 442, 443, 451 ---- III of Spain, 363 ---- IV, 246 ---- V, 300, 301, 302, 304, 309 n., 311 Charleton, W., 444 n. Chasles, Ph., cited, 74 Chastity, barbaric, 184 Chaucer, 384, 386 Chemistry, 149, 150 Chievres, 302 Child, Sir J., 316, 458, 462, 463 n., 464, 467 Chilperic, 186 China, polity of, 56, 57, 59-60, 67, 73, 180, 260; secret societies of, 26 n. Chinese and Europeans, repulsions of, 6 Chivalier, 294 n. Chivalry, 383 Christian II, 276 ---- III, 277 Christianity, conditions of success of, 27, 114-15, 165; effects of, 28; and progress, 34-5, 179, 205, 272, 431; and Roman Empire, 95, 96, 97, 265; and heresy, 97, 115, 168, 300, 303, 344; spread of, 112, 114-15; and infanticide, 117-18; and slavery, 118 sq., 214 sq., 372-73; and culture, 142, 144, 168, 280; and Islam, 149, 157; in Gaul, 167; and morals, 186, 210, 272, 431, 434; and Italian disunion, 210; in Scandinavia, 265 sq., 272, 274; and fish eating, 293; in modern Holland and Belgium, 307; strife of sects in, 422 Chrysostom, 118 Church in politics, 96, 145, 152, 168-69, 198, 203, 206, 210, 223, 234, 235, 265, 274, 377, 391 Cicero, on Roman politics, 20-21; on manumission, 215 Cimabue, 220 Cincinnatus, 12, 19 City States, 29, 38 sq., 52, 53, 124, 179, 198, 202 sq., 209 sq., 286 sq., 295 Civilisation and superstition, 46; modern, roots of, 169 Civilisations, primary and secondary, 55 sq. Clans, Highland, 11, 67 Clarendon, 437, 451 Class degradation, effects of, 62, 68, 372; relations in England, 376, 379; as political factor, 70 Classes, strife of, in Rome, 17 sq.; in Greece, 38, 45; in Florence, 229 sq.; in Flanders, 296-97; in Switzerland, 336, 350; in England, 393-94, 405 Claudian, 167 Claudius II, 185 Clémenceau, 271 Cleomenes, 51, 104 Clientes, Roman, 11 Climate and race, 193, 361 Cloacæ, the Roman, 14 Clothaire, 186 Clovis, 187 Coal civilisations, 79, 88, 365, 366 Coinage, alleged debasement of, by Solon, 41; Roman debasement of, 175; Papal debasement of, 223; debasement of, by Henry VIII, 397. See currency Colbert, 140, 315, 445, 446, 461, 464, 465 Cologne, 288 Colonies, Greek, 39, 48, 100; and culture, 63 n.; Roman, 86; Scandinavian, 271; Dutch, 312 Comines, 391 Comitia, Roman, 9 sq. Commerce, Roman, 76-7, 80; Athenian, 99, 108; Greek, under Roman Empire, 113; Byzantine, 117; Italian, 211, 218-19, 221, 256, 383; Danish, 273; Norwegian, 284; Medieval, 288; Dutch, 297, 310 sq.; Portuguese, 357 sq.; Anglo-Saxon, 370; English, 380, 393, 404, 459; Irish, 453; Spanish, 461; and civilisation, 70, 99, 104, 109, 113, 205, 211, 221, 287, 315, 457, 458; and war, 297, 460 Compass, the, 205 Competition of societies, 58, 70 Comte, A., 2 n., 4 Conrad the Salic, 203 Conradin, 241 Conservatism and isolation, 56, 144; Chinese, 60; Egyptian, 125; and militarism, 132-33; English, 424 Constantine, 27 n., 114, 117, 215 Constantinople, evolution of, 116 sq. Consuls and Italian cities, 198, 203, 207 Corinth, 105, 110, 131 n. Corporations, religious, 160, 235, 377 Cox, Sir G., cited, 66, 161 Creed politics, 405, 415, 424 Creighton, Bishop, 401 n. Cremona, 216 Crete, polity of, 59 n., 131-32, 133 Crichton and Wheaton, 264 n., 272, 273, 275 Cromer, Lord, discussed, 177 sq. Cromwell, Oliver, 318, 417-21, 424-33, 453; Richard, 436; Thomas, 395 Crusades, effects of, 69; and slavery, 214, 296; and civilisation, 383 Culture, Greek, 46 sq.; and the sexes, 61; importance of diffusion of, 62 Culture-contacts, effects of, 57, 63; conditions of success of, 57, 58; and Greek civilisation, 64, 122; in Christendom, 69, 150; in Japan, 69, 70; in modern Europe, 138 sq.; and Saracen civilisation, 146; and Roman civilisation, 158, 163, 164; and post-Roman civilisation, 189, 193; and medieval Italy, 211, 219, 254; and England, 212 n.; and Scandinavia, 279; and Holland, 326; and Renaissance, 340; and England, 375 Cunningham, Dr., on Greek civilisation, 36, 129; on Roman expansion, 67; on Roman wars, 76 n., 78 n.; on Roman decline, 93-4; on Athenian expenditure, 106 n.; on Greeks and Phœnicians, 129, 150; on Black Death, 388; on the Tudors, 402; on Puritanism, 433; on the mercantile system, 466 Curiæ, the Roman, 8 sq., 203 Currency, Roman, 80, 175; Byzantine, 96; Dutch, 311 Curtius, E., 130 Cybele, cult of, 163 Dahn, F., cited, 188 n. Danby, 442 Dändliker, 331, 339 n. Dante, 213, 217, 226, 233, 240 n. Daremberg, Dr., cited, 147-48 Darien Company, 456 Daru, 255 n. D'Aubigné, 430-31 David, J., 292 Davies, 291 Davis, Sir J., 67 ---- H.W. C., 378 "Death," political, 33-4, 59 Decay, social, 22, 25, 32, 59, 69, 170 sq.; socio-physiological, 186; socio-psychological, 61, 112, 141, 280, 411-13 Defoe, 413 Dekker, 406 n. De la Chambre, 445 Delacourt, 313 Delaunay, cited, 10, 11 Della Torre, 241 Democracy, Roman, 19 sq.; Greek, 38 sq., 46 sq.; French, 72; American, 38 n., 365, 366; Scandinavian, 276, 278; Flemish, 300; Dutch, 306, 310, 311; English, 388, 414 sq.; Italian, 209 sq., 225; Swiss, 350 sq.; conditions of success of, 52; and intellectual life, 139 Demosthenes, 50, 105, 136 Denmark, structure of, 265; political evolution of, 268, 271, 273, 273-74; religion in, 268; slavery in, 273, 274; commerce of, 273; Reformation in, 276-77; culture of, 280-81 Dennis, G., 185 Denton, Rev. W., 385 Descartes, 326, 446 Despotism, and food supply, 55-6; as political factor, 70; and art, 135 sq., 166, 220, 224 sq.; and culture, 141, 153, 224 sq.; and decadence, 173; in Holland, 299; in Portugal, 357-58; spirit of, 455 Deutsch, cited, 149 n., 157 n. De Witt, 291, 317, 319, 324 Dicæarchus, 105 Dierauer, 331, 334 Diocletian, 96, 113, 175 Dionysos, cult of, 164 Diophanes, 81 "Divine Right," 440 sq. Doge, the title, 204 n. Dogma and intellect, 61 Doles, Roman, 26, 82, 87; Byzantine, 116 Domesday Book, 371, 376 Domitian, 166 Dorians, 130 sq. Dozy, cited, 154 n., 155 n. Drama, Greek, 126-27, 135; French, 140; Elizabethan, 140, 406, 409-13; Roman, 165; Spanish, 359, 413 Draper, 34, 56, 67 Drogheda, siege of, 427-30 Droysen, 135 n., 148 n. Droz, E., cited, 3 n. Druidism, 266 Drunkenness, English, 463, 467; Scandinavian, 278 Dryden, 439, 442 Duccio, 220 Duffy, Miss, 182 Dunham, 187, 195, 197 n., 264 n. Dureau de la Malle, 24, 91 Dussieux, 465 Earle, Prof., 385 East Indies, 312, 324 Ecclesia, Athenian, 41 Economic causation, ix, 71; Roman, 75 sq.; Greek, 98 sq., 133 sq.; Italian and other, 212, 215 sq., 221; Scandinavian, 270, 277; Dutch, 293, 295, 306, 313 sq., 324; Portuguese, 359-60; Brazilian, 366; English, 397, 411, 412 Education and democracy, 63; Greek, 123, 126; Saracen, 153, 154 n.; Italian, 231, 247 n.; Scandinavian, 276; Dutch, 319, 325-26, 330; Portuguese, 364, 365; Swiss, 346, 353-54; Brazilian, 367; English, 391, 396, 419 n. Edward III, 380, 384, 394 n.; IV, 392, 393; VI, 397 Effen, Van, 326 Egypt, effect of Nile on polity of, 56; civilisation of, 64; culture of, 68; art of, 125, 135; human sacrifice in, 129; modern, 177; Moslem, 222 Eichhorn, 191 Eleusinia, the, 132 Eliot, 415, 416 Elizabeth, 398, 399-402 Emerson, 457 Emigration, Greek, 100; Scandinavian, 270-71; Swiss, 348, 353 Emilius, Paulus, 78 Empire, sociological process of, in Rome, 25 sq., 33, 87 sq., 92, 166, 170 sq.; in Byzantium, 115 sq.; in Greece, 133 sq.; in Turkey, 176; in Florence, 249, 252; in Scandinavia, 265, 271; in Holland, 316, 324; in France, 320; in Britain, 323, 384, 386; in Portugal, 356 sq.; and literature, 359 Enclosures, 393, 403 England, evolution of, in Anglo-Saxon times, 61, 191, 192, 204, 370, 374-75; after Conquest, 69 n., 212, 288, 371 sq., 376, 384; in Tudor period, 392 sq.; process of Rebellion, 414-17; Cromwell's rule, 417-23; Restoration politics, 423, 436 sq.; influence on French culture, 138; influence on German culture, 139; and Spain, 406-7, 420; in eighteenth century, 229; Reformation in, 238, 396 sq.; Industrial evolution of, 458 sq.; present polity of, 72, 79, 87 sq., 261; and Holland, 318, 319, 320, 323, 425, 463; and France, 320, 384, 392 Ennius, 158, 165 Epicurus, 135 Epimenides, 133 Equality, schemes of, 104 Equilibrium, social, 71, 114 Erasmus, 348 Erik I and II, 268 Essex, 399 n., 406, 407 Etruscans and Romans, 16, 158, 159 n.; civilisation of, 25, 185; unity of, 68 Euripides, 46, 131 Europe, political variety of, 59 Exposure of infants, 100, 270 Ezzelino, 239 Falkland, 423 Fatalistic reasoning in politics, 178 Faustrecht, 286, 378 Favourites, royal, 382-83, 415, 468 Federalism, in Greece, 51-52; in Italy, 233; in Netherlands, 295, 309; in Switzerland, 331, 332 sq. Ferdinand, Duke, 224 Ferguson, cited, 14 Ferrero, on Roman character, 8 n.; on Roman trade, 11 n., 76 n., 79 n., 83 sq.; as sociologist, 75; on Roman civilisation, 176 Feudalism, 199 sq., 295, 335, 371, 374, 395 Filmer, 441 n., 442, 443 Finance, Roman, 77 sq., 92 sq., 119-20, 175; Byzantine, 96, 116; Greek, 106 sq.; Spanish, 309, 311; Papal, 221, 223; Dutch, 310-11, 328; Portuguese, 363, 364; English, 88, 397-98, 419, 420 Finland, 278, 283 n. Finlay, as sociologist, 38; on Roman finance, 78; on Roman decline, 94; on Byzantium and Lombard invasion, 95; on Eastern Empire, 97, 115, 119-20, 143; on Greece under Roman Empire, 113 n.; on Christianity and slavery, 118 n.; on philosophic schools at Athens, 143 Fisheries, Danish, 273-74; Dutch, 293, 311, 313, 317, 329; Portuguese, 355 Flanders, 288 n., 294, 295, 296, 302, 309, 311, 321, 380 Fletcher of Saltoun, 455 Flint, Prof., cited, 73, 74 Floods in Netherlands, 298 Florence, constitutions of, 202, 211, 240, 241, 243, 245; political evolution of, 206-7, 243 sq.; factions at, 202, 207, 213, 236 n., 239 sq.; and her allies, 208; industry of, 211, 218; wealth of, 217, 219; interest at, 217 n.; art in, 220, 226, 227 n.; and papacy, 223; under Duke Ferdinand, 224; literature of, 226; causes of eminence of, 229; commercial development of, 231; militarism at, 231; and Pisa, 237, 248, 252-53; and Venice, 243, 249; under Medici, 249 sq.; taxation in, 251; collapse of, 254 Food and polity, 11 n., 55, 65, 73, 293, 315 Ford, 413 Fowler, W. Warde, 37; cited, 23 n., 29 n., 66, 161 n. France, intellectual evolution of, 138, 140, 212; and Holland, 319, 464-65; and England, 320, 323, 377-78; empire in, 320; religion in, 321; population in, 322-23; and Switzerland, 349 Franks, polity of, 186, 188, 192, 197 Frederick Barbarossa, 210, 216, 235 ---- II, 211, 216, 219 ---- the Great, 139 ---- of Denmark, 276 Freedom of the press, 310, 344 Freeman, on Greek federation, 51-52; on Greek history, 66; on Athenian citizenship, 124 n.; on Simon de Montfort, 382 Free trade, 284, 465 French politics, 1-3. See France ---- Academy, 444 n., 445 ---- Revolution, 72, 149 n., 397, 449 Fribourg, 337, 338, 344, 346 Fronde, the, 415 n., 436 Fronto, 167 Frontiers, theories of, 178 Froude, 402 Fustel de Coulanges, 52, 67, 265 n. Fyffe, cited, 66 Gaeta, 204 n. Galileo, 227 Galton, 121 Gardiner, on House of Commons, 380 n., 382; on Lollardism, 396 n.; on Scotch Calvinism, 398; on Elizabeth, 400 n., 401, 402; on Henry VIII, 401; on Eliot, 416; on Cromwell, 419-20, 425 n., 427 n.; on Lilburne, 424 n.; on Drogheda, 428-30; on Barbone Parliament, 432 Gasquet, Dr., 388 Gaul, Roman and Christian, 94, 167, 173, 192 Gaultier de Brienne, 244 Gee, 464 Geijer, 264 n., 272 Gelasius, 194 Geneva, 341, 343, 344, 347, 349, 350, 353, 410 Genius, in politics, 15; evocation of, 63, 121 sq. Genoa, 204, 211, 218, 225, 229, 248; modern, 255-56 Geographical causation, 28, 124, 293, 295, 332, 335 Germany, effects of subdivision of, 58; trade of, 79; intellectual evolution of, 138-9, 340; political and social evolution of, 184 sq., 222, 286, 378; medieval, 216; Reformation in, 238, 239, 342 Ghent, 295, 296, 300 Ghibelines and Guelphs, 209-10, 226, 239 sq. Gibbon, on Byzantium, 144; on population of Roman Empire, 172 n.; on pestilence in the Empire, 174; and Sismondi, 187; on Theodoric, 188 n.; on the Lombards, 196; on Roman slavery, 374 Giddings, 5 Gilds, German, 199; trade, 207, 379, 393, 394 Giles, H.A., cited, 6 n., 73 n. Gillies, 38 Glarus, 336, 337, 338, 344, 347 Gneist, 375 Godkin, L., cited, 38 n., 62 Gold-mining, 80, 92-3, 358, 363, 460 Gondebald, 187 Gontran, 187 Gospels and slavery, 118 Goths, 184, 186, 192 Gouraud, C., 28 n. Gray, 56 Gracchi, 20, 21, 24, 81, 82 n. Gratian, 90 Grattan, T.C., 291 Greece, superstition and ignorance in, 46 sq.; structure of, 53, 64, 65; population in, 101 sq.; industry in, 109, 113; conquests of, 78, 98, 110; under Roman Empire, 112-14; evocation of art in, 123 sq.; literature in, 126 sq. Greek civilisation, 64, 68, 121 sq.; in Italy, 29; evolution of, 36 sq., 98 sq., 159; modern, 156-57 "Greek fire," 116 Green, Captain, 455 Green, J.R., on Anglo-Saxons and Christianity, 266 n., 372; on English slavery, 372, 373, 374; on Reformation, 397; on Elizabeth, 400; on English poverty, 403 n.; on Hobbes, 421 n.; on Shaftesbury, 438 n. Greene, 411, 412 Greenidge, cited, 12, 14 n. Gregorovius, 182, cited, 188 n., 189 n., 210, 212 n. Gregory the Great, 197, 212 n., 374 ---- VII, 212 n. See Hildebrandt ---- X, 240 ---- XIII, 223 Grenvelle, 304 Grisons, 338, 346 Grote, 37, 331; on Solon, 41; on Greek polity, 44; on Athenian Imperialism, 47 sq.; on Pericles, 49; on culture contacts, 58, 64; on "race," 64, 66, 131-32; on Lycurgus, 99; on Greek infantici de, 101; on Lesbos, 126; on Athenian drama, 127; on Sparta, 131; on Crete, 131-32; on Switzerland, 331 n., 332 n., 354 Grotius, 309, 310, 326, 442 n. Grundy, Dr. G.B., 36, 65 Gubbio, 225 Guicciardini, F., 232 n. ---- L., 291, 313 Guilliman, 334 Guizot, on Roman Empire and Christianity, 26 n., 96; on European progress, 58; on Gaulish monasteries, 167; on Christian persecution, 168 n.; on Teutonic barbarism, 184 n.; on Charlemagne, 189; on France and Germany, 192 n.; on decline of slavery, 213-14, 215; on the Reformation, 238 Gustavus Vasa, 274, 277 Guthry, Bishop, 441 Hadrian, 113 Hakam I, 154 ---- II, 153 Halifax, 451 Hallam, on genius, 121; on the Lombards and Italy, 198; on feudalism, 201; on Venice, 229; on Simon de Montfort, 382; on Henry VII, 392 n.; on English nobility under Henry VIII, 396; on Anne, 468 n.; on Ireland, 451 n.; on Whigs and Tories, 421 n.; on Charles I, 417 n.; on James I, 414 n. Hamburg, 287 Handel, 140 Hannibal, 30 Hansa, 274, 286-90; of London, 287, 288, 393 Harald Bluetooth, 268 Harald Klak, 268 Hardwick, 266, 267 Haren, Van, 326 Harold Fairhair, 268 Harrington, 443 Harrison, F. 425-26, 428-30 Hartmann, L.M., 182 Hassencamp, 450 n., 452 Hawkwood, Sir J., 248 Hazlitt, W., cited, 396 n. ---- W. C, 181 Heeren, cited and discussed, 37, 39 n., 234, 237 Hegel, cited and discussed, 5 n., 58 ---- Karl, 199, 379 n. Hegewisch, 138 Hektemorioi, the, 41 Henry the Fowler, 197 n. ---- the Navigator, 356 ---- IV of England, 391 ---- V of England, 386, 391 ---- VII of England, 394 ---- VIII of England, 395, 401, 402 Heracleia, 104 Heraclius, 115-16 Heredity, official, 120, 199, 235 Heredium, the Roman, 12 sq. Heresy, 97, 115, 168, 300, 303, 390 Herodotus, 127, cited, 44, 129 Hertzberg, 38, 67, 113 n. Heyd, W. von, 183, 222 Hiero, 136 Hildebrandt, 59 n., 203, 206, 235 Hill, Rev. G., 371 Hippocrates, 127 Hippodamus, 104 Hisham, 154 Historiography, modern, viii, ix; Greek, 127 Hobbes, 421-22; on communism, 13 Hochart, on Constantine, 27 n. Hodgkin, T., 181, cited 184 n., 202 n. Holbein, 408 Holberg, 281 Holland, primary conditions of, 293; slavery in medieval, 295-6; empire of, 312; political evolution of, 294 sq.; historiography of, 291-2; industry in, 294, 296, 310 sq.; factions in, 296-7, 298, 299; despotism in, 300; revolt of, 301 sq.; religious distribution in, 307; constitution of, 309; commerce of, 310 sq., 328-9; finance and currency of, 310-11; public debt of, 312, 328; and England, 318, 320, 323, 425, 463; and France, 319, 320, 464-65; decline of, 321 sq.; capitalism in, 324; culture evolution of, 325 sq.; art in, 327-28; population in, 327, 328-30 Holm, 37, 134 n., 136 n., 141 Homer, 126 Honorius, 94, 173, 185 Hooft, 326 Hooker, 441 "Hooks and Codfish," 298 Horace, 165, 166 Houses, Athenian, 105; Italian, 205 Howell, 325, 463 Hudson, H., 312 Huguenots, 272, 303, 321, 343, 438 Humanists, Italian, 227 Hume, cited, 58, 102, 109, 133 n., 348 n. Huns, 184, 185, 197 Hunt, W., 181 Huxley, cited, 61 Hygiene, ancient, 91 Ibn Khaldun, 155-56 Ibsen, 282 Iceland, 270, 271, 278 sq., 340 Ihne, cited, 16 n. Illyria, 194 Image-worship, 145 Imperialism, Roman, 25 sq., 89; Athenian, 47 sq.; Greek, 50 sq.; Ancient and modern, 177 sq.; Barbaric, 189; Danish, 269, 271; Dutch, 318; British, 323, 384, 407, 420-21 India, evolution of, 74; British, 57 n., 177, 179; Portuguese, 358, 362 Indigitamenta, 160 n. Indulgences, Catholic, 342 Industry, in Greece, 109; in Italian cities, 205, 211, 218-19; in Netherlands, 294, 296; in Iceland, 454; in Spain, 461; modern, 467 Infanticide, 26, 38, 100, 117 Innocent III, 236 ---- IV, 210 Inquisition, 303, 308, 362, 406 Interest, Roman limitation of, 20; Roman, 79 and note; Florentine, 217 n.; in Holland, 313, 321 Ionia. See Asia Minor Ireland, 189, 192, 378; English misgovernment of, 406, 418, 426-33, 450 sq. Ireton, 429 Islam, 61, 149, 153, 154, 179 Isocrates, 50 Isolation and polity, 56, 144 Italy, structure of, 28; Greek cities of, 29; modern, economics of, 85; post-Roman, evolution of, 85, 183 sq.; medieval, culture evolution in, 90, 152, 209 sq.; republican collapse in, 233 sq. See Rome Jacquerie, 387 James I, 398, 401, 414, 415, 461 ---- II, 444, 452 Japan, evolution of, 69-70, 74 Java, 312, 329 Jeffreys, 444 Jesuits, 350, 362-63 Jewry, 67, 125, 146 Jews, modern, 358, 361 John II of Portugal, 355, 357 John, King, 392 Johnson, 442 n. Jonson, Ben, 412, 413 Julian, 57 n., 94 Juste, 292 Justice, in Greece, 48 Justin, 95 Justinian, 96, 116, 118, 143, 449 Juvenal, 166 Kampen, J. van, 292, 307 Kant, 138; cited, 5 Keightley, 161 Kemble, J.M., 371, 372, 373 Keymor, 317, 325 Kings, Roman, 18 Kleisthenes, 44 Kleon, 50 Knox, 398 Knut, 268, 271 Koran, the, 154 Kyd, 411, 412 Ladislaus, 249 Lætus, P., 227 Laing, 281 n., 325 Laissez-faire, 135 Lamprecht, viii, ix Land question, in Rome, 11 sq., 77; in Greece, 40, 104; in Anglo-Saxon England, 375 Lane-Poole, S., cited, 151, 155 Langlois and Seignobos, 421 n. Language, in politics, 158 n., 191, 258, 385; and culture, 221, 326 Lanzone, 206 Larroque, cited, 214 n. Laud, 415 n. Laurium, mines of, 106-7 Law, Roman, 112, 197, 205; Teutonic, 195-96, 197; schools of, 212 Leagues, Greek, 51; Italian, 207; German, 286, 287, 336; Swiss, 334, 336 sq., 350 Lecky, 391 Leclerc, L., cited, 150 Leghorn, 224 Leibnitz, 325 Leicester, 400 Lennep, J. van, 292 Leo the Isaurian, 145 ---- X, 221, 223, 253 ---- H., 182, 199, 204 n., 206, 209 n. Leopardi, 470 Le Play, 1 n., 34 Lesbos, 126, 136 Leslie, Cliffe, 405 Liberalism, 421, 423 Licinian laws, 19, 80 Lilburne, 424 Lisbon, 312, 358, 364 Literature, evolution of, in Greece, 126 sq.; in Rome, 165 sq.; in Italy, 212-13, 226; in Sicily and Provence, 219-20; in Scandinavia, 278 sq.; in Holland, 326; in Germany, 340; in Portugal, 359, 363; in England, 384, 408-13; and empire, 359 Livy, 164 Locke, 442, 446 and note, 448 Lollardism, 305, 390-91, 396 Lombards, polity of, 188, 194 sq., 203, 204 Long, G., 79 n. Lope de Vega, 359, 413 Louis the Fat, 214 Louis XIV, 319, 320, 321, 436 Louvain, 297 Louvois, 320 Lübeck, 287 Lucan, 166 Lucca, 218 Lucerne, 334, 335, 338, 339, 346, 349 Lucretius, 165 Lucullus, 79 n. Luther, 342 Lyall, Sir A., 177 Lycurgus, 44, 99 Lynch-law, 378 Macaulay, Lord, 76, 133 n., 255, 419 n., 423 ---- G.C., 411-13 Mackintosh, 381 n. McCrie, 238 McCullagh, 38, 292; cited 295 McCulloch, 292; on Roman doles, 83; on the Dutch, 328 McDiarmid, 407 Machiavelli, 226, 254; on the Lombards, 188 n.; on the Papacy, 210; on Florence, 217; ideal of, 233; on Guelphs, 239 Magellan, 357 Magna Carta, 380 n., 381, 391, 392 Mahaffy, as sociologist, 37; on prehistoric civilisation, 15; on Greek infanticide, 101; on Greek population, 102; on Greek commerce, 109; on Cilician pirates, 110; on Greek art, 123; on Sparta, 132, 133 n. Mahon, 34 Maine, Sir H., 56, 448, 449 Maisch, 42 Maitland, F.W., 370 n., 371, 374 Malaria in Italy, 90-1 Malone, 442 n. Mallet, E., 353 Malthus, cited, 26 n., 100, 273, 282-84, 352 Mandeville, 467, 468 Manley, 427-28 Marck, W. van der, 308 Marcus Aurelius, 167 Margaret of Norway, 275 Marignano, 341 Marius, 24 Marks, Alfred, 438 n. Marlborough, 320 Marlowe, 411 Marvell, 421, 439 n. Mary of England, 397 ---- of Scotland, 399 Maspero, cited, 125 n. Mathematics, 149 Matilda, Countess, 206, 207 Maurice (Emperor), 96, 115 Maurice of Orange, 310, 313 Maximilian I, 300 Mazarin, 415 n. Mazdeism, 125 Medicine, evolution of, 127, 147 sq.; schools of, 212 Medici, the, 225, 227, 249 sq. Megalomania, 261 Megara, 124 n. Melville, Andrew, 398 Menander, 118, 135 Ménard, cited, 132 Mencius, 73-4 Mental development in Greece, 46 Menzel, 139 n. Mercantile system, 460 sq. Merchant Adventurers, the, 459, 466 Merimée, 3 Merovingian Kings, the, 187, 191 Mexico, 361 Meyer, Ed., on Quirites, 9 sq.; on Roman land law, 12; on Greek taxation, 42; on Solon, 43 n.; on Greek civilisation, 64; on ager publicus, 77 n.; on Roman culture, 158 n. ---- Ernst von, cited, 150 Michel Angelo, 254 Milan, 194, 199, 206, 210, 211, 218, 219, 225, 241, 249 Militarism, and democracy, 21 sq.; Roman, 25, 55, 76; and culture, 61, 131, 153, 341; Spartan, 131; Saracen, 153, 154; Turkish, 157; Florentine, 231; Dutch, 318; Swiss, 341; English, 425 Mill, J.S., 58, 121 Milman, 146 n., 197 Milton, 426, 431, 441, 448 Mining, Roman, 80; Greek, 105-6; Brazilian, 363; medieval, 460 Ministerial Government, 437, 468 Mitchell and Caspari, 41, 42, 44 n., 136-37 Mitford, 37, 38 Mithraism, 27, 113, 165 Mommsen, on Quirites, 9; on the plebs, 10; on Roman land law, 12, 13; on Roman city life, 14 n.; on Roman taxation, 77; on the Antonines, 89; on Roman religion, 158, 160, 162; on antiquity of writing, 160 n.; on the Celts, 190, 192 Monasteries, 167, 402-3 "Money economy," 80 Monk, 436 Monopolies, trade, and civilisation, 59; Athenian, 108; Byzantine, 117; Dutch, 313, 315, 316, 463; English, 320, 321, 323, 404, 415, 459, 461 sq.; Flemish, 296; Papal, 223; Portuguese, 356, 358; Spanish, in Italy, 223; Hanseatic, 289 Montaigne, vii, 230 Montesquieu, on civil war, 25; as sociologist, 28 n.; on Hannibal, 30; on soil and polity, 56 Montmorency, 386 Moors. See Saracens Morals, Greek, 47 sq.; Byzantine, 118; Frankish, 186-87; English, 395, 433 More, Sir T., 403 n., 405, 408 Morgarten, 335 Morin, F., cited, 3 n., 118 n., 465 Morley, Lord, cited, 66 Mosheim, 265-66, 434 Motley, 291; on Celts and Teutons, 187, 238, 300 n., 304, 307; on the Reformation, 238; on Dutch slavery, 295; on Spain and Holland, 302 Mountjoy, Lord, 440 n. Müller, K.O., cited, 130, 131 n. Mummius, 110 Murray, Gilbert, 129 Mysteries, religious, 160 Mythology, Greek and Roman, 124, 159 sq. Names of abuse, 372 Nantes, Edict of, 321 Napier, Capt., 181 Naples, 195, 204 n., 211, 224, 225, 249 Napoleon, 349; Prince, cited, 3 n. Narses, 185 n., 188, 194 National character. See Race National Debts, 312, 322, 364, 450 Nationality, notion of, 257 sq. Navigation Act, 318, 425, 453, 463, 464 Navy, English, 294 n., 314; Spanish, 314; Dutch, 314 Nerli, 227 n. Nero, 186 Netherlands. See Holland Neuchâtel, 347, 349 Newman, F.W., cited, 9 Niebuhr, cited, 11 n., 108 Nöldeke, 149 n., 151 Normandy, 376, 381 Normans, 191, 211, 375 North, Dudley, 466 Norway, structure of, 269; political evolution of, 268-69, 274, 277; religion in, 268-69; Reformation in, 277; population in, 282, 284, 285 Oates, Titus, 438 Odoaker, 185, 194 Odour in races, 6 Oebly, 344 Olaf the Lap King, 267: Tryggvason, 269; St., 269 Oligarchy, 255 Oman, cited, 117, 118 Orange. See William of Orosius, cited, 186 Ortolan, cited, 10 n., 11 Otté, 264 n. Otto I, 188, 189, 198, 201 Overton, R., 424 n. Padua, 212 Pæderasty in Greece, 103 Painting, Italian, 220-21, 223, 225, 288-89 Pais, Prof., 15 Palermo, 225 Papacy, and Italian disunion, 210, 234-35, 240 sq., 253; and culture, 212, 227, 237; and slavery, 215; and trade, 223; finance of, 223; and art, 225, 226; and celibacy, 235; and Rienzi, 246; and Florence, 246; and Divine Right, 440 Paparrigopoulo, 36 Parliaments, 378, 380 n., 381 Parma, 216, 240 n. Parthian empire, 113 Paterini, 220 Patricians, the Roman, 17 Patriotism, 258, 262, 308, 406, 407; and art, 411 Patterson, W.R., 36, 76 Paul, 118 Paul the Deacon, 270 Pauw, De, 142 Pavia, 199 Pearson, C.H., 74, 378, 380 n. Pecock, Bishop, 390 Pedro II, 366 Peele, 411, 412 Peisistratos, 42, 43-4, 137 Pelham, Prof., cited, 10 Pepys, 466 Pequods, the, 433 Pericles, 46, 48, 49, 105, 106, 124 Perrens, F.T., 181, 182, 226 n., 227 n., 249, 252 n. Persia, 113, 115, 125, 156 Pertinax, 87 n. Peru, 56, 361 Perugia, 225 Petit, cited, 101 Petronius, 166 Petty, 314, 316, 427, 467 Phaleas, 104 Pheidon, 104 Philip II, 301 sq., 309, 311, 312 ---- IV, 304, 359, 413 Philip of Macedon, 50-1 Philippus, Lucius Marcus, 21 Philosophy, Greek, 47, 113, 127, 135 Phocas, 115 Phœnicia, 127, 129, 150-51, 159 n. Physiology and sociology, 27 n., 71 Picton, J.A., 431 n. Pignotti, 182 Pindar, 136 Piracy, Cilician, 110; Algerine, 223; Scandinavian, 270, 272, 293, 296 Pisa, 178, 205, 211, 224, 225, 226, 231, 237, 242, 248, 252 Pitt, 323 Plato, 50, 102, 109, 127 Plebs, the Roman, 9 sq., 15, 17 sq., 77, 163; privileges obtained by, 19 and n. Pliny the elder, 86, 91 Pluquet, 270 Plutarch, 128, 133 n. Podestà, the title, 240 n. Poetry, Greek, 126; English during Commonwealth, 421, 439 n. Pöhlmann, R., 183 Poisoned weapons, use of, 129 Politics, definition of, 1, 468; theories of, 52, 62, 104, 233, 448 Pollock, Sir F., 448 Polyandry, 101 Polybius, cited, 103 Polytheism and politics, 266 Pombal, Marquis of, 281 n., 358, 363 Pompeius, 110 Pontalis, 292 Popish Plot, 438 Population in Rome, 19, 24, 26, 91; in Greece, 38 sq., 100 sq., 111, 117, 172; in Scandinavia, 270, 273, 329; in Roman Empire, 172 sq., 194; in Holland, 294, 327, 328-30; in Switzerland, 339, 348, 352 sq.; in Portugal, 329, 358; in Brazil, 362; in feudal England, 371 sq., 388-90; in France, 322-23; in Ireland, 427; control of, 52, 53 Populus, the Roman, 10 sq. Portugal, evolution of, 355-68; exploration by, 221, 356 sq.; population in, 329; finance of, 363, 364 Positivism, 366 n. Pott, cited, 9 Poverty in Rome, 17, 19 sq., 76 sq. (see Doles); in Greece, 39 sq., 98; and culture, 63; in Scandinavia, 272-73; in England, 380, 395, 390, 402-403, 404, 405, 434, 462-63, 467; in Holland, 325, 330 Powell, Prof. York, quoted, 279 Presbyterianism, 398, 410, 417, 444 Priesthoods, 125, 142, 160, 235, 266 Printing, effects of, 221, 226 Privateering, 319 n., 323 Procopius, 144 Procter, Colonel, 181, 197 n. Progress, 469 sq.; European, factors in, 35; nature of, 54; in the East, 73, 180 Proletariate, Roman, 17, 80; Greek, 39 sq.; Flemish, 297; Dutch, 315; Italian, 244, 247 sq.; English, 380, 387, 434, 467 Protection, evocative, 135, 140, 224 sq.; 283, 314, 315 Provence, 219, 220 Prudentius, 35 n. Publilius, 20 Puchta, 12 Pulszky, 398 n. Puritanism, 343-46, 418 sq.; 430 sq. Pym, 416 Pythagoreanism, 190 n. Quirinus, 9 Quirites, the name, 9 Race, theories of, 1 sq., 23 n., 29, 31, 60, 64, 66, 123, 128 sq., 146 sq., 158, 183, 190, 193, 209, 233-34, 237, 257, 271, 275-76, 300 n., 304, 307, 339, 369, 378; crosses of, 50, 148, 164, 184, 271, 377; homogeneity in, 56, 184, 339; function of, in politics, 70 Raleigh, 314, 466 Ranke, 182, 184 n., 198, 450 n. Rashdall, Dr., 212 n. Rationalism, Greek, 46; Saracen, 155; medieval, 220; modern, 326, 422, 447 Ratzel, 59 Ravenna, 195, 204, 212 Reade, Winwood, cited, 64 Reber, 123 Redskins, civilisation of, 361 Referendum, 351 Reformation, 221, 237; in Italy, 237 sq., 306; in Spain, 238, 303, 306; in France, 238, 306; in Germany, 192, 238, 239, 305-6, 342; in Holland, 238, 301 sq.; in Scandinavia, 276 sq.; in Switzerland, 341 sq.; in England, 238, 395, 396-98; in Scotland, 398; in Iceland, 280 Religion in politics, 70, 177, 265 sq.; at Rome, 17, 19 n., 159 sq.; as substitute for politics, 26 sq., 397; paralysis of intellect by, 61, 237; and monarchy, 265 sq. Rembrandt, 327 Renaissance, 220, 225, 227, 339-40 Renan, 147 Republics, Italian, 183-256 Republicanism, Portuguese, 367-68; English, 423, 442 Reumont, A. von, 182 Revolutions, South American, 366 Rhodes, 104, 140, 228 Richard II, 387, 390 ---- III, 394 Richards, E., 192 n. Richelieu, 140, 438 Rienzi, 233, 245-46 Rilliet, 331, 334, 335 Rio-Branco, 362 n. Robertson, E.W., on Roman heredium, 12 ---- W., 303 Rodogast, 185 Roger II, 218 Rogers, Prof. Th., 292; and economic interpretation of history, 75 n.; on trade in sixteenth century, 221-22; on Holland, 298; on population in medieval England, 388-89; on Lollardism, 396 n.; on enclosures, 404; on medieval production of silver, 460 Rolf, 271 n. Rome, political evolution of, 4, 8 sq., 16 sq., 28 sq., 67; early civilisation of, 14, 15; economic life of, 11 n., 75 sq.; land system of, 11 sq.; effects of war in, 21 sq.; bribery in, 22; army finance in, 25; Pagan, religion of, 27, 159 sq.; and Carthage, 30; deterioration of, 31 sq., 69; barbarian invasion of, 57, 95-6; slavery in, 76; commerce in, 76-77; finance in, 77 sq., 172-73, 175; doles in, 82; agriculture in, 76, 79, 82 sq.; fever in, 90 sq.; confiscation of Pagan revenues in, 90; collapse of, 92 sq.; Church of, 95, 96, 168-69, 204, 206, 209, 212, 214 sq., 221, 234, 235, 399; and Greece, 110 sq., 134 sq., 158; law of, 112, 197, 205; art and letters in, 125, 158, 165 sq.; and Lombards, 195; influence of, on Italian cities, 204; in thirteenth century, 208; under Rienzi, 245-46; German conquest of, 254 Roscoe, 182, 223, 227 n. Round, J.H., 378 Rousseau, 349, 449 Royal Society, 444-46 Royalism, 299, 300, 381, 394, 399, 416, 436 Royer-Collard, 2 Rubens, 327 Russia, culture-conditions of, 135, 139-40; and the Far East, 178 Rutherford, S., 441 Sabines and Romans, 9, 14, 15, 16 Sacra, Roman, 9 Sacrifice, human, 129 St. Gall, 346, 349 Saint-Simon, 2 n. Salerno, 212 Salimbene, 240 n. Salmasius, 441 n. Salting, 294 Salvation Army, 28 n. Salverte, cited, 5, 56 Salvian, 35 n., 119, 214 Samber, 464 n. Sappho, 126, 136 Saracens, and Christendom, 69; and Byzantine trade, 117; civilisation of, 146 sq.; and Italy, 197, 211, 212 n.; and Sicily, 219; and Provence, 219 Savigny, 191, 203 Savonarola, 252 Saviour Gods, 115, 164 Scandinavia, prospects of, 260-61, 285; evolution of, 264 sq.; histories of, 264 n.; religion in, 266 sq., 272; population in, 270, 273, 282 sq.; social conditions in, 272-73, 278; Reformation in, 276 sq.; separatism in, 275-76, 278; culture evolution of, 278 sq. Schaffhausen, 338, 344, 347 Schanz, 392 n., 458 Scherer, H., cited, 222 Schlegel, 413 Schwegler, cited, 10, 12, 13 Schweitzer, 264 n., 273 n. Schwytz, 332, 333, 337, 338, 344, 347 Science, evolution of, 127, 145 sq., 281, 326, 348, 444 sq. Scotland, intellectual evolution in, 61, 398, 414 n., 456; union with England, 455-57 Sculpture, evolution of, 125 sq., 135, 142, 161, 162 Seebohm, 370 n., 388 Seeley, on decadence, 174-75; on small nations, 259; on national greatness, 261; on Holland, 317; on England and Spain, 433 n. Selim I, 222 Semites, evolution of, 67, 146 sq. Senate, the Roman, 18, 87, 163 Seneca, 434 Senior, N., cited, 65 Separatism, 132, 209, 231-32, 275, 276, 298, 335, 422 Servius Tullius, 15, 16 Sexes, equality of, 61, 142, 143, 150 Sextus Empiricus, 100 Sforza, 225, 249 Shaftesbury, First Earl, 437 sq. ---- Third Earl, cited, 5-6, 281 n., 449 Shakespeare, 405-7 Sheep farming, 403, 404 Sherborne, Bishop, 449 Shipping, Dutch, 313, 314, 315, 329; French, 315; English, 370, 402, 458, 464; Irish, 453 Shuckburgh, cited, 29, 31, 77 Sicily, taxation of by Rome, 31; and Saracens, 219; literature of, 219; revenue of, 224; medieval invasions of, 241 sq.; Parliament in, 381 Sidney, Algernon, 439, 442, 443 Siena, 220, 225 Silk manufacture, 116, 120, 218, 255 Silver, Greek production of, 105-6; medieval production of, 460 Simon de Montfort, 378, 381, 382 Simonides, 136 Sismondi, 182, 350; on the Merovingians, 187; on the tenth century, 189, 197; on the Lombards, 195, 198; on feudalism, 202; on Italian Republics, 205 n.; on Provence, 220 n.; on Papal rule, 223; on despotism and letters, 230; on Gaultier, 245; on Italian proletariate, 247; on the Medici, 249; on national egoism, 259 n. Sixtus V, 223 Slave-trade, Portuguese, 356; English, 374, 407 Slavery, and civilisation, 62-63, 176-77; Roman, 23-24, 76, 81, 94, 110, 112-13; Greek, 39 and note, 43, 101, 110, 133 and note; Christian, 118 sq., 213 sq.; Brazilian, 362, 363, 365; Scandinavian, 273, 274; Dutch, 293, 295; Portuguese, 356, 358; Swiss, 332; English, 370-74, 380, 388, 418; decline of, 213 sq. Slavs, 115, 117, 264 Smith, Adam, 59 n., 215, 324, 382, 464, 465, 467 Snobbery, national, 261-62 "Social contract," 349, 448 Socialism, 352 Sociology, course of, 60, 147; in seventeenth century, 316 Socrates, 46, 102, 127 Soleure, 337, 338, 344, 345, 347 Solon, 40 sq., 99, 100 Somaliland, 129 Sousa, Alfonso de, 362 Spain, Roman, 23, 24, 80, 92, 173; Christian, evolution of, 156, 221, 222-23, 305; Parliament in, 382; and Portugal, 360-61; and Italy, 223-24; and Holland, 301 sq.; Inquisition in, 303; finance of, 311; and England, 406-7; prospects of, 156, 260; stagnation of, 222-23, 230, 311, 361; industry in, 461; Gothic, 191; Saracen, 150 sq. Spalding, 136, 181, 224 Sparta, polity of, 51, 98, 101, 103-4, 130 sq.; women in, 130 n., 142 Spencer, H., 2 n. Spiegel, 146 sq. Sprat, 444 sq. Spreghel, 326 Sprengel, cited, 150 "State," the word, 309 Staley, E., 182 Stephen, King, 377 Stephens, H.M., 355 n., 359, 362 n. Stilicho, 96, 185 Stoics, 118-19 Strabo, 103 Strafford, 415 n., 437, 453 Strife, modes of, 6-7, 70 Struensee, 281 Stubbs, Bishop, on Teutons, 196; on feudalism, 200, 201; on Spain and Germany, 305; on Normans, 375; on Parliament, 387 n.; on Magna Carta, 392; on English commerce, 403 n.; on enclosures, 404 Suarez, 440-41, 450 Sulla, 21, 25, 82, 86, 110 Sumptuary laws, 415 Superstition, Roman, 27; Greek, 46; Byzantine, 145; and natural phenomena, 304 Sweden, structure of, 265; political evolution of, 267, 274, 275; religion in, 267; polygamy in, 272; slavery in, 274; population in, 283-84, 329 Switzerland, 260-61; structure of, 67; evolution of, 331 sq.; histories of, 331; population in, 339, 352 sq.; culture evolution of, 339, 341 sq.; Reformation in, 342 sq.; modern, 350 sq. Sybaris, 39 n. Symes, Prof., cited, 389 Symonds, J.A., 182, cited 96, 197 n., 210, 224-25, 238; discussed, 225-32 Synthesis, 5 Syracuse, literature at, 136 Tacitus, 118 n., 184 Taine, 1-3 Tanquelin, 306 Tasso, 230 Taxation, Roman, 31, 77, 110; Athenian, 42; Byzantine, 119-20; Moslem, 152; Dutch, 321 n., 322; English, 395, 404, 415, 416; Spanish, 223, 300, 311; Florentine, 251; Papal, 223; Venetian, 228; Scandinavian, 278 Tell, myth of, 334-35 Temple, Sir W., 291, 315, 319, 321 n., 324, 449 Testa, 215 n. Teuffel, on Roman degeneration, 32-3 Teutomania, 183, 187, 190, 192, 238, 300, 304, 307, 378 Teutonic evolution, 184 sq., 306, 340 Tertullian, 441 n. Theodoric, 187-88, 191, 194 Theognis, 40 Theresa of Portugal, 355 Thessaly, 132, 133 Thierry, 385 n. Thirlwall, 37; cited, 103, 106 n., 136 n. Thirty Years' War, 460 Three, the number, 8 Thucydides, 45, 49, 128 Thurgau, 338, 346 Ticino, 338, 346, 349 Tocqueville, De, 1 n., 62 Toleration, 438, 450 Torquemada, 303 Totila, 187 Traill, H.D., 454 Trench, Bishop, 451 n. Trollope, T.A., 181, 236 n. Troubadours, 219, 220 Tübingen, 139 Tucker, Dean, 322-23 Turkey, religion in, 154; prospects of civilisation in, 157, 176, 260; empire in, 176 Turner, Sharon, 370 Tyndale, 390 Tyranny, effects of, 51, 173; and art, 135 sq.; Greek, 137; at Florence, 244; in England, 392 sq.; in Scotland, 398 Twysden, 398 Ulster, 454 Umiliati, 218, 289 n. United States, civilisation of, 88, 119, 365 Universities, 139, 211, 325, 348, 419 n. Unterwalden, 332, 333, 337, 338, 344, 347 Urban II, 215 Uri, 332, 333, 337, 338, 342, 344, 347 Usher, 440 Usury, Roman, 76, 78, 79; Roman legislation against, 20; in Greece, 39-40; medieval, 217; in England, 435 Utopia, 469 Utrecht, 295 Valais, 337, 338, 346, 349 Valentinian, 90, 93 Valla, L., 227 Vandals, 92, 191 Vandyck, 327, 416 Variation, social, 144 Varro, 161 n. Vaud, 338, 346, 349, 352 Vaughan, 418 Velasquez, 135, 327, 359, 413 Venice, evocation of art in, 63, 225, 226, 228; trade of, 120, 222, 228, 293; rise of, 195, 254; and Byzantium, 204, 254; and Turks, 222; social conditions in, 227-28; and Florence, 241; and France, 253; polity of, 254-55 Verity, Dr. R., cited, 27 n. Verres, 32 Vespasian, 166 n. Vicente, 359 Vico, 11, 227 Vieusseux, 331 Viglius, 304 Vijnne, 292 Villainage in England, 371 sq. Villani, G., 217, 247 n. Villari, Prof., 182, 218, 226, 236 n. Villemain, 420 n., 433 Vinogradoff, 371, 372 Virgil, 165, 166 Viscontis, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249 Visigoths, the, 119, 191 Volney, 34 Voltaire, 59, 349 Vondel, 326 Wagner, 140 Waitz, 200 Walckenaer, 34, 56, 74, 121 Wales, 258, 384 Waller, 421 Walloons, 307 War, persistence of, 6-7; and democracy, 21, 24, 45, 72; private, 202, 286, 290; in medieval Italy, 216, 237; and class relations, 379-80; and civilisation, 383, 386; alleged benefits of, 383 Ward, Lester, 121 Wealth, adventitious, effects of, 59 Weaving, 205, 294 Webster, 413 Wends, the, 266, 272 Wenzelburger, 292 Whigs and Tories, 421 n. Whitney, 59-61 Whittaker, T., 52 Whistler, cited, 122 Wiclif, 390 Wicquefort, 309 William of Orange, 301, 308, 309, 318 ---- the Conqueror, 376 ---- III, 450 Wissowa, 160 n. Wittich, 185 Women, status of, 61, 141-42, 143, 150, 151 Woollen trade, 218, 289 n., 294, 380, 403, 453, 459 Writing, antiquity of, 160 n. Xenophon, 105, 107 Ypres, 296 Zeno, 135 Zimmern, Miss, 289 n. Zola, on war, 6 Zschokke, 266 n., 331 Zug, 336, 337, 338, 347 Zurich, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345 Zwingli, 342, 343

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