SEPTEMBER.

SEPTEMBER 1.

5508 B. C. The world was created, according to the Septuagint, followed by Julius Africanus, a chronologer of the third century, upon the first of September, five thousand five hundred and eight years, three months and twenty-five days before the birth of Christ. Of the 7,349 years which are thus supposed to elapse since the creation, we shall find 3,000 of ignorance and darkness; 2,000 either fabulous or doubtful; 1,000 of ancient history, commencing with the Persian empire and the republics of Rome and Athens; 1,000 from the fall of the Roman empire in the west to the discovery in America; and the remaining 349 will compose the modern state of Europe and mankind.

44 B. C. Divine honors decreed to the memory of Cæsar.

1159. Adrian IV (Nicholas Brekespere), pope, died. He was the only Englishman ever elected to the office.

1611. The crew of Henry Hudson, who had mutinied and put him adrift in an open boat, were picked up by a fisherman, in a wretched condition. Their best sustenance left, while on their voyage, was seaweed fried with candles' ends, and the skins of fowls. They were in such a state of starvation that only one of them had strength to lie on the helm and steer the ship. It appears that they had quarreled among themselves, and met with a fearful retribution.

1620. The English pilgrims sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower, for the American continent, intending to find some place near Hudson's river for a settlement.

1633. Antonio Querenghi, an Italian poet, died.

1641. The Raritans made an attack upon the colony of Staten island, and murdered the colonists, in revenge for previous depredations by the Dutch.

1651. Dundee, in Scotland, taken by storm by general Monk. "Mounche commaundit all, of quhatsummever sex to be putt to the edge of the sword. There were 800 inhabitants and soldiers killed, and about 200 women and children. The plounder and buttie they gat in the towne, exceeded two millions and a half."

1675. The Indians under the notorious king Philip fell upon the town of Deerfield, in Massachusetts, killed one man, and laid most of the town in ashes.

1682. William Penn sailed for America in the ship Welcome, 300 tons burthen, with about a hundred other emigrants, mostly quakers.

1685. Leoline Jenkins, an able English civilian and statesman, died.

1687. Henry More, an English philosopher and poet, died. His works once enjoyed a high reputation.

1697. The imperialists, commanded by prince Eugene, defeated the Turks at Zentha; the grand vizier and upwards of 20,000 men killed.

1715. Louis XIV, of France, died. His reign is marked as an era of magnificence, learning and licentiousness, in France; and he left behind him monuments of unprecedented splendor and expense, in palaces, gardens, &c.

1715. Francis Girandon, an eminent French sculptor and architect, died.

1720. Eusebus Renaudot, a distinguished French orientalist, died.

1721. John Kiell, an eminent Scottish mathematician and philosopher, died. His works are numerous and in high repute.

1729. Richard Steele, an English writer and politician, died; "justly celebrated as an essayist, just remembered as a dramatist, and almost forgotten as a politician."

1730. A new volcano opened at Temanfaya, in the isle of Lanzerota.

1731. French erected a fort at Crown point, on lake Champlain.

1755. Maurice Greene, an eminent English music composer, died. He undertook an important reformation in church music which he did not live to effect.

1766. Peter Anich, a Tyrolese peasant, astronomer and geographer, died. He followed the occupation of a farmer till the age of 28, after which he commenced his scientific career.

1771. Cuthbert Shaw died; an English poet of "humble origin, but of superior attainments, and inferior to no writer of ancient or modern times."

1774. General Gage seized the powder at Charlestown, in consequence of which the people rose and compelled several officers of the king's government to resign.

1776. Lewis Henry Christopher Holty, an Excellent German poet, died. "In tender elegiac or idylic poetry, he is peculiary successful."

1779. French fleet, count d'Estaing, captured off Charleston, S. C., British ship Experiment, 50 guns, and three frigates.

1784. John Francis Seguier, a distinguished French botanist, and president of the academy of Nismes, died.

1787. John Bake, an eminent Dutch philosopher and Latin writer, was born at Leyden. His last work was an edition of Cicero de Legibus.

1793. A fine marble bust of John Milton, the poet, was placed in the church at Cripplegate.

1801. Robert Bage, an English novelist of considerable merit, died.

1804. The planet Juno discovered by Harding, of Germany. Her diameter is 1,425 miles, and she performs a very eccentric orbit round the sun in 4 years and 128 days.

1804. James Nicholson, an officer in the American navy during the war of the revolution, died.

1806. Patrick O'Bryen, the Irish giant, died at Bristol, England. His height was 8 feet, 5 inches.

1814. Champlain village taken possession of by the British under Provost.

1814. Fort Castine, on the Penobscot, and several places taken by the British under Sherwood and admiral Griffith.

1814. United States sloop of war Wasp, captain Blakely, fell in with 10 sail of British vessels convoyed by a 74, and bomb ship. He cut out of the convoy a brig laden with military stores, and burnt her, and sunk the brig Avon, of 19 guns.

1818. The state prison at Auburn, N. Y., opened.

1831. George Fulton, author of an improved system of education and a popular pronouncing dictionary, died near New Haven, Scotland.

1838. William Clarke died; the companion of Lewis in the pioneer journey across the Rocky mountains. He was held in the highest estimation by nearly all the tribes of western Indians, however remote, whose character he well understood. He was several years governor of Missouri, and at the time of his death the oldest American settler residing in St. Louis.

1841. Joseph Nourse died; a soldier of the revolution, one of the vice-presidents of the American Bible society, and 40 years register of the United States treasury.

1849. The deaths registered in London for the week, were 2,796; exceeding those of any previous week, and nearly three times the average of the season. Of the number, 1,663 were by cholera, and 234 by diarrhea.

1851. Antonio Lopez, who attempted to affect a revolution in Cuba, was garotted at Havana.

1851. The rail road in Russia from St. Petersburg to Moscow, was inaugurated.

1853. Louis Chitti, an Italian exile, died in New York. He was secretary of finance to Murat, afterwards professor of political economy at Brussels; then commissioner to the United States from Belgium. During the troubles of 1821 at Naples, he was expelled, and resided in this country.

1855. William Cranch, an eminent American judge, died at Washington, D. C., aged 86. He published 9 vols. of cases in the supreme court, and was highly respected for his talents and learning.

SEPTEMBER 2.

44 B. C. Cicero delivered the first of those speeches against Marc Antony, called his Philippics.

31 B. C. Battle of Actium, off the promontory of Epirus, in which the fleet of Marc Antony was defeated and his hopes utterly prostrated.

1338. Edward III was invested by the emperor at Coblentz, with the title of his vicar, but refused to kiss the imperial foot.

1483. The renowned Caxton issued from his press a book entitled, Confessio Amantis: That is to saye in Englisshe, The Confessyon of the Louer.

1504. Columbus sailed from Hispaniola to Spain—his final leave of the country which he had discovered—a discovery that had been to him a source of unutterable vexation and the vilest ingratitude.

1519. Battle of Zehuacingo, between 400 Spaniards under Cortez, and the whole force of the Tlascalan Indians, amounting to about 40,000 warriors. The Indians closed in upon the Spaniards in a dense mass, and bore down with determined bravery upon the sturdy little band of invaders. A body of them, wielding two-handed swords succeeded in killing one of the horses at a blow; but the rider was saved, and the saddle also at the cost of ten men wounded. The cannons and guns of the Spaniards made terrible havoc among the dense masses of the Indians, and they were compelled to retire with a great loss, leaving their enemy too much fatigued to follow them, and greatly rejoiced to find that they had escaped annihilation.

1591. Richard Grenville, an English naval officer, died. He distinguished himself in battle against the Turks, and on the American coast against the Spaniards.

1592. Robert Green, an English poet, and one of the famous Grub street writers, died in London. So infamous was Grub street at that time, that Mr. Henry Welley says in his narrative, that he lived there 40 years without being seen of any one.

1666. Great fire in London, which consumed 400 streets, 13,200 houses and 89 churches—and destroyed the plague!

1685. Alicia Lisle beheaded at Winchester. Her offence was harboring a non-conforming minister named Hicks.

1701. The court of chancery of the state of New York organized.

1746. John Baptist Colbert, marquis of Torrey, died; a French statesman, celebrated for his embassies.

1755. Sir Charles Hardy arrived in the port of New York, to succeed De Lancey as governor of the province, and his commission was published on the next day, with the usual solemnities, and was followed by an entertainment, bonfires, illuminations and other expressions of joy.

1766. Archibald Bowyer, a learned Scottish Jesuit, died. He wrote a History of the Popes, and some other historical works; but is accused of much imposture.

1784. John Baptist Anthony Visconti, an Italian antiquary, died. In his researches for ancient monuments at Rome, he discovered the tomb of the Scipios.

1792. The prisons of Paris, filled with nobles, ecclesiastics and opulent citizens, suspected of favoring the court and aristocratical party, were burst open, and the inmates massacred to the number of 12,487, during this and the following day. Neither age, rank nor sex were respected by the Jacobins, who urged the expediency of destroying these persons before the Austrians should reach the capital.

1792. Marie Therese de Lamballe, an Italian princess, murdered in Paris. She escaped from Paris at the same time with the royal family, by another road, and reached England. But on hearing the fate of her friend the queen, hastened back to share her fortune, and met with a barbarous death from the hands of the mob.

1806. An immense rock forming the summit of the Rosenburg in Switzerland was precipitated into the valley with a vast amount of rubbish, overwhelming several villages, and partly filling lake Lauwertz. Upwards of 1,000 persons perished, and three villages totally disappeared.

1813. Jean Victor Moreau, one of the most distinguished generals of the French revolution, died of wounds received at the battle of Dresden.

1832. Francis Xavier de Zach died of cholera at Paris. He was a native of Hungary, and one of the most eminent astronomers of the age.

1832. John Olding Butler died; an English writer, author of a Geography of the Globe.

1834. Thomas Telford, a distinguished architect and civil engineer, died at London. He was a self-made man, rising from a shepherd boy in Eskdale, Scotland, to rank with the most learned of his age.

1836. William Henry, a celebrated writer on chemistry, died.

SEPTEMBER 3.

1189. Inauguration of Richard I (Cœur de Lion), at Westminster, a most splendid pageant.

1328. Castracani Castruccio, a famous Italian general, died. He was found, when an infant, in a heap of leaves, in Tuscany; and lived to attain the highest rank in military fame.

1332. A famous bull feast in the Coliseum at Rome, after the fashion of the Moors and Spaniards. The ladies were seated in three balconies, lined with scarlet cloth. Every knight assumed a livery and device. The champions who were left on the arena outnumbered the quadrupeds.

1588. Richard Tarleton, a celebrated jester and actor, and dramatic writer, was buried at Shoreditch, London—the Yorick of Shakspeare's Hamlet.

1592. Robert Greene, an English dramatic author, died; notorious for his licentiousness.

1609. Henry Hudson, coasting northwardly, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon came to three great rivers, and stood for the northernmost.

1634. Edward Coke, the celebrated English judge, died. He was a clear and luminous writer on the laws and constitution of his country.

1642. Battle of Liscarrol, between the Irish army of 7,500, under general Barry, and the British, 2,400, under lord Inchiquin, in which the latter were victorious.

1650. Battle of Dunbar; the Scots under Leslie defeated with great slaughter by Oliver Cromwell; 3,000 of them slain and 10,000 taken prisoners, one half of whom were "driven, like turkeys, into England."

1651. Battle of Worcester; Cromwell defeated Charles II with great slaughter; the whole Scottish army being principally killed or taken.

1653. Claudius Salmasius, a French historian and critic, died. He was a man of most uncommon abilities and erudition, as his works, numerous and various, show.

1658. Oliver Cromwell died, on the anniversary of some of his most famous victories. The mighty conqueror, Death, snatched him in no ordinary manner, for Dan Æolus proclaimed it in tempest to all nations of Europe.

1660. James, duke of York, remarried to Ann Hyde; Clarendon, lord chancellor, pretending on account of the dignity of royalty, he would rather have seen her his concubine than his wife.

1662. William Lenthall, speaker of the parliament that levied war against Charles I, died.

1680. Paul Ragueneau, superior of the Jesuit missionaries in Canada, died at Paris, aged 75. He was a man of wonderful confidence in God, and of the most complete disengagement from temporal things.

1692. David Ancillon, a German divine, died; eminent for his learning, piety and eloquence. His library at Metz was a great curiosity to the learned.

1711. Elizabeth Sophia Cheron died; a French lady who obtained great celebrity by her talents for poetry, painting, the learned languages and music.

1715. The pretender proclaimed king James VIII by the earl of Mar at Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.

1729. John Hardouin, a French Jesuit, died; who distinguished himself for his criticism and extensive erudition, as well as by the singularity of his opinions.

1733. At Carlton, Yorkshire, England, a vault, 8 feet by 5, was discovered 18 feet below the surface, in which lay a skeleton of a large body with a helmet in a niche over the head, on the wall some Saxon characters and the date 992 were discovered.

1739. George Lillo, an English dramatic writer, died. Though a jeweler by profession, and a man of business, he cultivated the muses, and acquired great celebrity.

1752. New style; eleven days blotted from the English calendar; this, the 3d, being accounted the 14th. The Julian computation, either from ignorance or negligence, supposing a complete solar revolution in the precise period of 365 days and 6 hours, made no provision for the deficiency of 11 minutes per annum, which, however, in the lapse of 18 centuries amounted to a difference of 11 days.

1774. Antony de Ferriol, count Pont de Vesle, died; a French comic writer.

1777. British under Gen. Howe marched upon Philadelphia, and the Americans retreated across the Brandywine.

1782. Sixth action between the British, admiral Hughes, 12 ships and a 50 gun ship, and the French admiral Suffrein, 12 ships and three 50 gun ships, off Trincomalee. The action was bloody; the French on re-entering the harbor in the evening, lost a 74 gun ship.

1783. Definitive articles of peace signed at Paris, between England, France, Spain and America.

1791. New French constitution presented to Louis XVI by the national assembly.

1796. Battle of Wurzburg; the French under Jourdan defeated by the Austrians under the archduke Charles.

1801. British took possession of Alexandria, Egypt. They found there 312 cannon. The garrison consisted of nearly 12,000, who had subsisted a long time on horseflesh.

1803. Joseph Ritson, an English writer, died. Though a man of learning, he adopted a most singular and capricious form of orthography.

1804. Sixth attack on Tripoli by the American squadron under Com. Preble. The Constitution brought to in a situation where more than 70 guns could be brought to bear upon her. She silenced one of their batteries, and considerably damaged the town, castle and other batteries.

1807. Clara Reeve died, aged 70; an English writer of considerable literary talent.

1816. Kia King, emperor of China, dethroned by the guards of his palace, on account of a sentence he passed in relation to some affairs of religion.

1839. William Sullivan died at Boston, aged 64. He was an eminent lawyer, and sustained various civil and military offices, and was the author of Familiar Letters, Political Class Book, &c.

1852. George Richardson Porter, secretary of the board of trade, died at Tunbridge Wells, England, aged 60. He wrote upon the sugar cane, and other products and manufactures.

1855. Gen. Walker with 150 men, only 80 of whom were white, took up his quarters at Virgin bay. Gen. Mandiola attacked him with 400 men, but was defeated with the loss of 50. Walker's loss 1 white, 4 natives.

1855. Rachel, the noted French actress, made her first appearance in America at New York, and was enthusiastically received.

1855. Battle of Sand Hills; the United States troops under general Harney gained a complete victory over the Sioux Indians, killing 86 warriors, and capturing about 70 women and children, with a loss of only 4 of his own men.

SEPTEMBER 4.

1456. John Corvinus Hunniades died; a general in the Hungarian armies, distinguished for his bravery and his great success in the wars with the Turks.

1532. Pizarro, having landed in Peru and founded a colony, now began his march for the conquest of the country. His force consisted of 62 horse, and 106 foot, among whom were 20 crossbowmen, with which he went forth to encounter tens of thousands of fierce and warlike men. It is said that Pizarro incited his followers to this dangerous enterprise by the singular argument, that this main design was the propagation of the catholic faith, without injuring any person.

1588. Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, died. He was a great favorite at the court of Elizabeth, and accounted a man of talents; but artful, ambitious, and criminal.

1598. Philip II of Spain died at the Escurial of a loathsome disease. By his own account, he expended 600,000,000 of gold ducats and sacrificed 20,000,000 of human lives.

1665. Naval action between the English and Dutch; the latter lost 12 war and 2 East India ships.

1676. John Ogilby, a Scottish writer, died. From the profession of a dancing master he became an eminent geographer, critic and poet.

1699. Christian V, king of Denmark, died, in consequence of a wound received in hunting, aged 53. He was much engaged in war. (August 25?)

1727. The body of George I of England was interred in the night at Hanover.

1745. The town of Perth occupied by the adherents to Charles the pretender, and he himself proclaimed king of Great Britain.

1753. Andrew Fountaine, an English antiquarian, died. He traveled over the European continent in search of pictures, medals, statues and inscriptions, with which he enriched the cabinets of England.

1759. Paul Francis Velli, a French Jesuit, died; author of a valuable history of France.

1780. John Fielding, one of the police justices of London, died at Bromton. Though blind from his youth he was a vigorous writer, and an efficient magistrate.

1784. Cæsar Cassini de Thury, an eminent French astronomer, died. He had acquired much knowledge on the science at the age of 10. He published a map of France in 182 sheets, which has served as a model for all subsequent works of the kind. This family had been at the head of the Royal observatory at Paris 113 years.

1785. A Mr. Sadler ascended at Oxford, England, in a balloon of his own construction. He was the first Englishman who undertook an ærial voyage.

1796. A quantity of rope was brought into the office of the secretary of state at London as the first specimen of the labor of convicts at Botany bay. It was two inches thick.

1797. On this day the majority of the French directory overthrew the opposite party; sixty-five deputies were condemned to deportation as guilty of a conspiracy for the restoration of the monarchy. The councils renewed their oaths of hatred against royalty on this occasion.

1800. Cayuga bridge over the lake finished.

1802. Garnerin, a French æronaut, made a descent of about 8,000 feet in his parachute. This was not so successful as a former experiment, the parachute not opening for some time after being cut from the balloon.

1804. Great hurricane in the West Indies; 274 vessels lost.

1805. Peter Francis Andrew Mechain, a French astronomer, died. He was a practical man, and accomplished much useful labor.

1808. John Home, a Scottish writer, died, aged 84. He was a preacher at the time his admirable play of Douglas appeared, which gave so much offence to the presbytery that he resigned.

1830. Donald McDonald died at Lynn, Mass., aged 108. He was born in Scotland, 1722, and during the last years of his life wandered about the country, a vagrant of the most intemperate habits. He was with Wolfe at the battle of Quebec.

1834. George Clymer, inventor of the Columbian printing press, died in London, aged 80; formerly of Philadelphia.

1836. The sultan of Turkey released all the inmates of his seraglio from the perpetual imprisonment within the precincts of his palace, to which they had considered themselves to be condemned for life.

1843. Capt. Ross landed at Folkstone on his return from a voyage of discovery in the southern polar circle, which had occupied four years.

1844. Metamoras destroyed by a hurricane. More than two-thirds of the houses in the city were prostrated, and 200 lives lost. This city was devastated in the same way in 1835 and 1837.

1850. Marshal Haynau, who commanded the Austrian forces in the Hungarian war, visited the brewery of Perkins & Barclay, London, and was attacked by a mob composed of the workmen in the establishment, and the draymen and coal heavers outside, and barely escaped with his life, by the assistance of the police. The cruelties of his acts had excited the indignation of all Christendom.

1852. The Hudson river steam boat Reindeer exploded, by which 28 lives were lost, and 20 others were injured.

SEPTEMBER 5.

1548. Catharine Parr, the sixth and last queen of Henry VIII, died. She was learned, and had sufficient prudence and sagacity to direct the caprices of the monarch in his dotage.

1569. Edmund Bonner, bishop of London, died. He was of low parentage, and on coming to power, distinguished himself by a most cruel and bloody persecution of the protestants, 200 of whom he was instrumental in bringing to the stake, and is said to have whipped and tortured several with his own hands. On the accession of Elizabeth he was committed to prison, where he died.

1593. The river Thames in England almost dry from westerly winds and low tides.

1618. Jacques Davy Du Perron, a French cardinal, died; celebrated for his learning and political knowledge.

1654. Cromwell's first parliament assembled at Westminster. The speech explaining his policy occupied three solemn hours.

1655. Stuyvesant sailed from New York against the Swedes on the South or Delaware river.

1685. Francis North, an English statesman, died. He rose through his abilities, and found time amidst his arduous duties to prepare and publish several works.

1701. Edmund Boursault, a French dramatist, died. He received little or no education, yet became a correct and popular author.

1745. Simon Joseph Pellegrin, a French ecclesiastic and poet, died. He obtained the prize at the academy in 1704.

1752. The first play performed in America by a regular company of comedians, at Williamsburgh, then the capital of Virginia. The piece was the Merchant of Venice, and the afterpiece Lethe, written by Garrick. Thus Shakspeare had the first place, in time as in merit, as the dramatist of the western world, and Garrick the honor of attending on his master. Lewis Hallam made his "first appearance on any stage" at this performance. He had one line to speak, apparently an easy task, but when he found himself in presence of the audience, he was panic struck; he stood motionless and speechless, until bursting into tears he walked off the stage, making a most inglorious exit. It is scarcely necessary to add that he was afterwards the hero and favorite in tragedy and comedy for nearly half a century.

1765. Anne Claude de Caylus, a French writer, died. His Collection of Egyptian Antiquities, 7 vols. 4to, is valuable. He also discovered, from a passage of Pliny, the ancient mode of encausting painting, and of tinging marble.

1774. The first congress met at Philadelphia. There were 52 members present from eleven colonies. (Sept. 4?)

1778. British under Gen. Grey landed at Bedford or Dartmouth, and destroyed above 70 sail of shipping, besides small craft. They burnt the magazine, wharf, storehouses, vessels on the stocks, the dwelling houses and mills, and levied a contribution of all the public moneys, 300 oxen and 10,000 sheep.

1781. An indecisive engagement took place off the Chesapeake between the British fleet, admiral Graves, and the French fleet under de Grasse. While the two admirals were manœuvering, count de Barras with a French fleet of eight line of battle ships passed the British at night and got within the capes of Virginia; by this combination the French had a decided superiority, and the British took their departure.

1785. Lunardi made the first balloon ascent in Scotland. He ascended at Edinburgh, and traversed a distance of fifty miles over sea and land in one hour and a half.

1786. Jonas Hanway, an English merchant and philanthropist, died. He undertook a laborious and dangerous course of travels through Russia into Persia, with a view of opening trade. The city of London owes many useful improvements and institutions to his enterprise and benevolence.

1794. John Hely Hutchinson, an Irish lawyer and statesman, died. He was noted for his avidity after lucrative offices; of whom lord North remarked, that if England and Ireland were given him he would solicit the Isle of Man for a potato garden.

1800. The capitulation of the fortress of Valetta, at Malta, was signed, two years after it had been taken from the knights by the French. It was agreed that the French troops should march out with the honors of war as far as the sea shore, where they should ground their arms, and then be embarked for Marseilles as prisoners of war until exchanged, and Malta has remained in the hands of the British.

1808. Clement Cruttwell died; an English divine and author, whose literary performances, for labor, extent and utility, have rarely been equaled.

1812. First battle of Borodino, in Russia; the French under Bonaparte and his favorite generals; the Russians under Koutousoff. The Russians made a desperate resistance, till night separated the combatants.

1813. Action off Seguin between United States brig Enterprise, 17 guns, Lieut. Burrows, and British brig of war Boxer, 18 guns, Lieut. Blythe; the latter was captured in 40 minutes, with the loss of upwards of 20 killed and 14 wounded; American loss 4 killed and 10 wounded. Both commanders were killed, and were buried together at Portland, on the eighth.

1819. At Studein, in Moravia, at noonday, the atmosphere being serene and tranquil, there was a fall of little pieces of earth from a small cloud isolated and very bright.

1824. Peter Louis Lacretelle died; a distinguished French lawyer and writer.

1837. Borowlaski, a celebrated Polish dwarf, died in England, aged 98. His height was short of 36 inches, though his person was of complete symmetry. In former years he traveled on the continent, but for the last 40 years had resided in England. He excelled as a wit and humorist, was acquainted with several languages, and his company was much courted. He had brothers and sisters, some of whom were above six feet in stature.

1841. Grenville Millen, an American poet, died at New York, aged 41. He relinquished the profession of the law to devote himself to poetry and literature, of which he published a volume in 1833.

1848. The city of Messina, in Sicily, was bombarded and taken by the king's troops.

1848. An insurrection occurred at Leghorn, and the city was placed by the insurgents in the hands of a provisional government.

1849. Samuel Bunch, a congressman from Tennessee, died, aged 63. He commanded a regiment under Gen. Jackson in the Indian war, and in the charge of the battle of the Horse Shoe, was the first or second man over the breast works of the enemy.

1852. William Macgillivray died; professor in the university of Aberdeen, who published works upon birds, and in other departments of natural history.

1852. John Pitkin Norton, professor of agricultural chemistry at Yale college, died, aged 30.

1853. I. L. Mason, a United States engineer, died at San Francisco. He was born in Providence, educated at West Point, and constructed the fortifications at fort Adams, and was one of the most skillful and scientific officers of the engineer corps. He was sent out to superintend the construction of the fortifications at San Francisco.

1853. George Poindexter, a Mississippi statesman, died at Jackson. He was the second governor of Mississippi, and in 1811 killed Abijah Hunt in a duel.

1854. Robert M. Patterson, director of the United States mint, died at Philadelphia. He was president of the American philosophical society, and had been a professor in the universities of Pennsylvania and Virginia.

SEPTEMBER 6.

972. John XIII, pope, died. He was elected by the power of the emperor, against the wishes of the Roman people. A violent dissention was the consequence, and the new pontiff was banished the next year by the prefect of Rome; he was reinstated by the emperor, and his opponent in turn sent into exile.

1492. Columbus sailed from the Canaries, where he had been detained since the 12th of August, in refitting for the voyage.

1521. John Sebastian del Cano, having on the death of Magellan, been appointed captain of the Spanish expedition for the discovery of a western passage to the Molucca or Spice islands, conducted the remainder of the voyage, which was finished this day. This was the first voyage round the world. It sailed August 10th, 1519, from Seville, and consisted of five ships and 236 men. Only one ship of this squadron ever reached Spain. (8th?)

1578. Drake having passed the straits of Magellan, entered the Pacific ocean, on his memorable campaign against the Spanish treasure ships.

1581. William Postel, a French mathematician, died. He possessed great learning, but was a visionary. His works are twenty-six in number, on curious and strange subjects.

1609. Hudson having anchored at Sandy Hook, sent forward five men in a boat, who passed through the Narrows, sounding as they went. They were attacked by two Indian canoes, and John Colman, an Englishman, who had accompanied Hudson in his polar voyages, was killed. This was the first European blood that was shed in these waters. The place where he was interred is still called Colman's point.

1620. The Mayflower, with its company, consisting of 101 passengers, sailed from Plymouth, England, for America; having been obliged to put back twice, on account of the leaky condition of the Speedwell, which was to sail with her. This was the company of Pilgrims which landed at Plymouth rock, and commenced the settlement of New England.

1645. A general thanksgiving was ordained by governor Kieft, to be observed through the limits of New Netherland, for the restoration of peace with the Indians; showing that this festival, which is by many asserted to be exclusively puritanical, was also observed by the Dutch occasionally.

1652. Philip Alegambe died; a Dutch Jesuit whose works were in high estimation.

1676. The Massachusetts forces, having subdued Philip, turned their arms against the eastern Indians, and surprised about 400 of them at Cocheco, in Maine, who were all taken; those found accessory to the late rebellion, being about half the number, were sold into slavery, and several who had committed murders were hung.

1678. Tonge and Oates furnished a narrative of a plot to overturn the English government.

1683. John Baptist Colbert, marquis of Segnelia, died. He was an illustrious French statesman, deservedly respected as a minister who ably restored the navy, the commerce and finances of the country, patronized learning and science, and invigorated genius by his mild and active generosity.

1689. Mentz, in Germany, surrendered to the imperialists.

1748. Edmund Gibson, bishop of London, died; an eminent antiquarian, theological, political and controversial writer.

1769. Great jubilee at Stratford, England, in honor of Shakspeare. The pageant continued three days, and attracted much attention.

1775. John Baptist Bullet, a French author, died. He possessed a most retentive memory, and his works are learned and useful.

1781. Fort Griswold taken by the British under Arnold, and the garrison put to the sword. Colonel Ledyard, who commanded the fort, was run through the body with his own sword, after he had surrendered. Of the garrison, 73 were killed, 30 or 40 wounded, and 40 taken prisoners. British loss 48 killed, and 142 wounded.

1781. New London was set on fire, 60 dwellings and 84 stores burnt.

1781. American privateer, Congress, captured British sloop of war Savage, 20 guns.

1783. Anna Williams, a blind English authoress, died, aged 77.

1784. George Alexander Stevens, an English writer, died. He possessed the rare faculty of entertaining an audience four hours at a sitting. By his lectures on heads he realized about 50,000 dollars; but died finally in a mad house.

1796. William Benwell, an elegant English scholar, died.

1808. Louis Pierre Anquetil du Perron, a French divine and historian, died. He traveled in Asia, where he acquired the language of the ancient Persians, and became acquainted with the original writings of Zoroaster, and brought home a large amount of literary spoil.

1810. Battle of Rudschuck; the Russians defeated the Turks, killed the seraskir and 5,000 men, and took an immense number of prisoners, with all their artillery and equipage.

1813. William Burrows, a gallant naval officer of the United States, was slain in the action between the Enterprise, United States, and British ship Boxer. (See 5th.)

1814. British under general Provost took Plattsburgh.

1816. Thomas Clarke died in London, aged 80. He came to the city at the age of 22, and obtained the place of a porter; by the strictest economy and well directed effort, he accumulated the fortune of one and a half million dollars.

1821. Vicessimus Knox died; a learned English divine and miscellaneous writer.

1839. An insurrection at Zurich, in Switzerland, in consequence of the city government having enacted a new law, enforcing a system of government, independent of the clergy, and differed from the routine of the old catechism, and having called from Germany to fill the theological chair of the university, professor Strauss, whose neological doctrines had given much offence. Several thousand peasants assembled and marched into the city headed by their pastors. A few lives were lost, the government declared itself dissolved, the peasants withdrew, and the city became tranquil.

1848. The British forces under general Whish, besieged the city of Moulton, in northern India, and were forced on the 14th to withdraw with much loss.

1848. Thomas Trenor, an Irish exile, died in New York, aged 86. In 1798 he was a merchant in extensive business, joined the patriots, and became treasurer of the United Irish society. He was arrested for treason, and spent four years in prison. Ruined in fortune, and with impaired health, he came to America; for 17 years was occupied in the iron manufacture in Vermont, and for the last 15 years was employed in the New York custom house.

1855. Colonel Henry L. Kinney was appointed by acclamation civil and military governor of San Juan del Norte, or Greytown, at a mass meeting of the citizens.

SEPTEMBER 7.

70. Jerusalem demolished, and her foundations broke up on this day, Gregorian time. The walls were crossed on Friday, the last day of August, the conquest was completed on the sabbath and the calends of September, and the havoc consumed about six days. There were slain or butchered one million beards. (See 8th Aug. Gorpeius is a tropical month, beginning 25th Aug.)

1069. The Danes again made a descent on England, and landed at Dover.

1134. Alfonso, king of Arragon, killed in battle.

1493. Frederick IV, of Germany, died. He was a weak, indolent and superstitious monarch, who saw his subjects revolt with indifference, and was afterwards reduced to beg his bread.

1533. Birthday of Elizabeth, afterwards queen of England; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

1566. Nicholas Zrinyi, a Hungarian Leonidas, killed. He had thrown himself into the castle of Szigeth, with 3,000 men, and was besieged by the Turks. This number was dwindled down to 600 by repeated sallies. The sultan died of rage at his obstinacy, and the grand vizier made a general assault. Zrinyi rushed out at the head of his band, and was killed by three balls; the whole garrison shared his fate. Above 20,000 Turks had been killed during the siege.

1644. Grey Bentivoglio, an Italian cardinal, died. He wrote an account of Flanders, and a history of its civil wars.

1655. Nicholas Abram, a French Jesuit, died; distinguished for his proficiency in the dead languages.

1671. A great training in Boston, says Winthrop's journal, which lasted two days; 1,200 men in the field, not an oath uttered, nor any body drunk during the whole time, though there was much wine and strong beer in town.

1706. Battle of Turin; the French under count Marisin defeated by prince Eugene, with the loss of 2,000 killed, and all their baggage and ammunition, and the military chest.

1736. The door of the Tolbooth, of Edinburgh, burnt, and John Porteus, who had been sentenced to death, but reprieved by the queen, taken out of jail by a mob, and hanged on a lamp post.

1760. Montreal surrendered to the English. By the reduction of this place, Gen. Amherst completed the conquest of Canada, and the subversion of the French empire in North America, which was added to the British possessions.

1772. An unprecedented rain and consequent flood happened in Inverary, Scotland.

1776. George Smith, an eminent English landscape painter and author, died.

1779. John Armstrong, a celebrated Scottish poet, died.

1783. Leonard Euler, a Swiss mathematician, died. He possessed great erudition, and was perfect master of ancient mathematical literature; and had the history of all ages and nations, even to the minutest facts, ever present to his mind.

1784. Ann Lee, known by the appellation of the "elect lady," or mother of Zion, and head of the sect called Shakers, died at Nisqueunia, near Albany, N. Y.

1798. Peter Frederick Suhm, an eminent Danish historian and miscellaneous writer, died. His histories form 16 quarto volumes, and his other works 15 vols.

1799. John Ingenhouz, an eminent Belgian natural philosopher, died in England. His chemical discoveries were applied to medical and agricultural improvements.

1799. Peter Charles le Monnier, a celebrated French astronomer, died. He was one of those who made the journey to the north in 1785, for the admeasurement of the globe.

1805. Thomas Butler died; he was a brave officer in the American revolutionary army, but refusing to comply with the general order, to cut the hair close to the head, he was involved in much difficulty with general Wilkeson.

1807. Copenhagen surrendered to the British after a long bombardment, in which six thousand were killed and wounded, and 1,800 houses destroyed.

1811. Peter Simon Pallas, a distinguished writer of Prussia, died. He accompanied empress Catherine's famous expedition to Siberia, for the observation of the transit of Venus, &c. He was subsequently tutor to the grand dukes Alexander (afterwards emperor) and Constantine.

1812. Battle of Borodino; the Russian army consisted of 120,000, and the French had an equal number. There were also 500 cannon employed by each. The slaughter was dreadful; of one of the Russian divisions that mustered 30,000 in the morning, only 8,000 survived. These had fought in close order under a fire of 80 cannon. It is computed that not less than 30,000 Russians, and 50,000 French were killed; and night found either army on the ground they had occupied at day break.

1820. Great solar eclipse in England.

1827. Abo, the capital of Finland, nearly destroyed by fire. Only 800 volumes of the public library escaped destruction, and nearly 100 persons perished.

1831. Warsaw captured by the Russians under Paskiewitch after two days' fighting. Russian loss estimated at 20,000.

1833. Hannah More, a celebrated English authoress, died, aged 88. Her works are very numerous, by which she realized upwards of $140,000.

1836. John Pond, an eminent English astronomer, died. He was named by Dr. Maskelyne as the fittest man to succeed him as astronomer royal, which office he held during 25 years with consumate ability.

1838. William Colfax, an officer of the revolution, died. He was one of the life guards of Washington, and supposed to have been the last survivor of that corps.

1839. Andrew Halliday died; a Scottish medical and historical writer of merit.

1847. Letters from St. Petersburgh of the 7th Sept. state, that that city has been visited with the most terrific storm of wind and rain ever experienced within the memory of the oldest inhabitant. It rained incessantly for forty-eight hours, whilst the wind blew with intense violence. The result of this visitation was the destruction of above 400 houses. At one period fears were entertained for the safety of the entire city, and some timid and superstitious persons apprehended the end of the world was at hand.

1850. The bill admitting California as a state and Utah as a territory of the United States, passed the house of representatives.

1851. Levi Woodbury, an American statesman, died at Portsmouth, N. H., aged 64.

1855. The first Hebrew temple in the Mississippi valley was consecrated at St. Louis.

1855. Leonard Maelzel, the inventor of several musical and automatic instruments, and who exhibited the famous chess player in this country, died at Vienna, aged 79.

SEPTEMBER 8.

70. Jerusalem taken by Titus after a most obstinate resistance on the part of the inhabitants. More than 1,000,000 are said to have perished.

1636. Harvard college founded at Cambridge, Mass.

1644. Francis Quarles, a celebrated English poet, died.

1650. The princess Elizabeth, daughter of the unfortunate Charles, died at Carisbrook castle in the isle of Wight, aged 15.

1656. Joseph Hall, "the first professed English satirist," died. He was bishop of Norwich, and acquired the title of the Christian Seneca. He is universally allowed to have been a man of great wit and learning.

1664. The colony of New York surrendered to the English.

1705. According to De Foe, it was on this day that the apparition of Mrs. Veal appeared to Mrs. Bargrave, at Canterbury, to say that Drelincourt on Death was the very best book on that subject.

1755. Battle of lake George, between the English under colonel Johnson and the French and Indians under baron Dieskau. The French force was nearly 2,000; that of the provincials greatly superior. A detachment of 1,000 men and 200 Indians which were sent out from the fort were ambuscaded and narrowly escaped destruction. A grand attack was then made on the fort by the French regulars, the Canadians and Indians being employed on the English flanks. After a battle of four hours, the enemy was compelled to retreat in disorder, and were pursued by a party from the camp, which fell on their rear and precipitated their flight. Dieskau was taken prisoner, and the remnant of his army completely routed by a detachment of 200 New Hampshire militia, from fort Edward, who had been sent to the assistance of the main army. The loss of the provincials was 327 killed and wounded—that of the enemy about 600. King Hendrik killed here.

1756. The Indian village of Kettaning, in Pennsylvania, destroyed by the colonists under colonel Armstrong. The Indians had fortified their village and provided a supply of powder for 10 years, and great quantities of arms and merchandise. The place was surprised, the chief, colonel Jacobs, killed, and as the Indians refused to accept quarter, they were exterminated. This affair was of so great importance that the authorities caused a silver medal to be struck on the occasion.

1757. The duke of Cumberland in behalf of England signed the convention of Closter Seven, by which the electorate of Hanover was left in the hands of the French and the whole army consisting of 40,000 Hessians, Brunswickers, &c., disarmed.

1760. Canada surrendered to the British at Montreal under lord Amherst. This was hailed with universal joy by the colonies, as the end of the cruel wars and bloody massacres which had hung over their towns and plantations nearly a century, in which the French and Indians had been uniformly the aggressors, and had vied with each other in murder, barbarity and rapine. Under the brief repose which followed the colonies rapidly increased in number and wealth, till the gigantic struggle for independence again plunged the country in scenes of desolation and ruin, in which the British armies in a degree emulated the French and Indian foe.

1761. Bernard Forest de Belidor, a Spanish mathematician, died at Paris. He wrote on fortifications and engineering, several valuable works.

1772. The first court of general quarter sessions of the peace for the county of Tryon was held at Johnstown, so called after sir Wm. Johnson; Guy Johnson, judge.

1775. John Leyden, afterwards a poet and famed oriental scholar, was born at Denholm, Roxburghshire.

1781. Battle of Eutaw Springs; the British regulars, 2,000 in number, under colonel Stewart, were defeated by the Americans under general Greene, 1,400 regulars and 500 militia. British loss in killed, wounded and prisoners about 1,000; American loss about 500. This battle closed the war in South Carolina.

1782. Tremendous cannonade and bombardment from Gibraltar with red hot balls and carcasses, upon the Spanish besiegers. Two floating batteries were consumed.

1793. The British under the duke of York raised the siege of Dunkirk, in France, defended with great bravery and resolution by Hoche.

1794. Battle of Brescia; the Poles defeated by the Russians under Suwarrow, with the loss of 8,000 men, and their whole park of artillery.

1795. A monument by Flaxman to the memory of Collins, the poet, was set up at Chichester, England.

1797. Richard Farmer died; a celebrated scholar and critic. He is noted for a single work, his Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare, in which he maintains that the bard obtained his knowledge of ancient history and mythology from translations and not from original classic authors. It is probably the best commentary which has been produced.

1798. The first number of the Allgemeine Zeitung (General Gazette) published at Augsburg, in Bavaria. Under the charge of baron Cotta, it is probably the most celebrated newspaper in the world. It has correspondents in all countries of Europe, and in America.

1798. Battle of Standtz, in Switzerland. The hardy mountaineers defended their homes against the French with clubs, spears and fragments of rock; but were forced to retire before the regular artillery and muskets of their enemy, their beautiful valley was destroyed by fire, and neither age nor sex spared by the furious soldiery.

1804. Great storm at Savannah, by which the city suffered to an immense amount in damages to buildings and other property, as well as loss of life. The storm extended to a considerable distance, carrying destruction with it in every quarter.

1817. John Carter, an eminent English antiquary, draftsman and critic, died. He was many years a laborious contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine.

1837. Samuel Egerton Bridges, an English nobleman, died near Geneva, in Switzerland. He was a man of considerable talents and learning, and a voluminous writer in various branches of literature, but possessed of a most unhappy temper and disposition.

1838. Benjamin Booth Royd, pastor of the independent church, Huddersfield, England, died. He was a lively example of piety and a life of industry.

1846. George Mifflin Bache, lieutenant commanding United States brig Washington, died at sea off cape Hatteras. His hopes of thoroughly exploring the Gulf stream were thus cut off.

1847. Battle of El Molino del Rey, in Mexico, where many a brave American fell.

1847. Martin Scott fell at the battle of Molino del Rey. In early life he was one of the sharp shooters among the Green Mountain Boys, and it is storied of him that so unerring was his aim that a nail driven partway into a board, he could drive home by his bullet.

1849. Amariah Brigham, a distinguished physician, died at Utica, New York, aged 51. He was superintendent of the State asylum for the insane.

1852. Mark H. Sibley, an eminent lawyer, died at Canandaigua, New York, aged 56. He had distinguished himself at the bar, in the state assembly and in congress, and on the bench.

1853. The first chamber in Holland adopted the much disputed law on religious liberty by a vote of 22 to 16.

1854. A violent storm at Charleston, South Carolina, which continued forty-eight hours, overflowing the wharves and damaging the shipping.

1855. Robert Muller, a celebrated pianist and composer, died at Edinburgh, Scotland.

1855. William Holland Daniel Cuddy, an experienced and efficient British officer, killed in the attack on the Redan, at Sebastopol, aged 41. He had served in India until 1841, and afterwards with distinction in the Chinese war.

1855. The allies having kept up an infernal fire upon the fortress of Sebastopol during three days and nights, attacked the works in three columns, and captured the Malakoff, whereupon the Russians blew up the remaining forts upon the south side of the city, sunk and destroyed their vessels, and under cover of the explosions and of the night, retreated to the north side of the city over a bridge recently constructed, leaving a large number of guns, and a vast amount of military stores in the hands of the victors, who lost 2,019 killed, and about 7,500 wounded and missing.

SEPTEMBER 9.

905. Olga, princess of Russia, received with great pomp and ceremony at Constantinople by the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The baptism and nomination of the empress Helena, established the era of Russian Christianity.

1087. William I (the Conqueror), king of England, died in consequence of a fall from his horse, near Rouen, in France. He invaded England from Normandy, 1066, and having defeated Harold, who was slain at the battle of Hastings, was crowned king.

1513. Battle of Flodden, in Scotland, among the Cheviot hills. The Scots were defeated with the loss of 5,000 killed. Admiral Howard reported 10,000 Scots that fell in the field and pursuit. The English are supposed to have lost about an equal number, but among their slain were no persons of note. The heroic king James was struck down by an arrow a spear's length from the feet of Surrey, the English general.

1576. Titian (Tiziano Vezellio), the Italian painter, died of the plague, aged 96.

1583. Humphrey Gilbert, on his return from a voyage of discovery to America, was foundered at sea in a violent storm when every person perished.

1607. Pompone de Bellievre, an eminent French statesman, died. He enjoyed the favor of princes and the reward of office, and in turn was disgraced.

1609. Henry Hudson arrived in New York harbor, which perceiving to be a good one for all winds, the ship rode all night.

1654. Peter Stuyvesant, with 700 men, approached the Swedish settlements on the Delaware. They were all reduced without bloodshed. (See Sept. 16.)

1677. About twenty Indians who had descended Connecticut river, fell upon Hatfield as the people were raising a house, killed and captured about twenty, among the latter some women and children. On their return the same day they halted at Deerfield, where several people were employed in rebuilding their houses. But being discovered, their mischief was confined to killing one and capturing two. These people were just returned to their farms which had been laid waste the year before. They were soon compelled again to abandon them.

1681. John Foster, the first Boston printer, died, aged 33. He graduated at Harvard, 1667, and it having been permitted to "have a printing presse elsewhere than at Cambridge," it was put under his charge.

1689. The famous treaty of partition was signed at the river Kerbechi, between China and Russia.

1703. Charles de St. Denis Evremond, a French nobleman, died in England, aged 95. He signalized himself by his valor in the army, and was equally eminent for his literary talents.

1734. An eagle whose expanded wings from tip to tip measured nine feet eight inches, was taken at Charlton, in Kent, England.

1770. Bernard Siegfried Albinus, an eminent Dutch anatomist, died, aged 88. He surpassed all his predecessors in the science of anatomy, and published 3 folio volumes of plates to illustrate the human body.

1771. Robert Wood, an English traveler and writer, died.

1776. United States first so called.

1781. British colonel Stewart destroyed a great quantity of his stores and abandoned Eutaw springs. He left 1000 stand of arms and 70 wounded men.

1782. Grand attack on Gibraltar by the Spaniards, from a floating battery of 64 heavy cannon, and their whole lines, together with 60 mortars and their shipping, which was continued during the whole day.

1790. Action off Codgia bay, between the Turkish and Russian fleets, which was begun the day previous, and ended in the defeat of the Turks, who lost two ships taken, and one in which was the admiral, blown up, and the admiral alone escaped death.

1792. Charles Xavier Joseph Franqueville d'Abancourt, minister of Louis XVI, perished at the massacre of the Orangery.

1797. Three men were suffocated in one of the famed Meux's brewvats at London, not having first used the precaution to let down a lighted candle.

1801. Gilbert Wakefield died; an eminent English polemical and classical writer.

1806. John Brand, an English antiquary, died. He was originally a shoemaker; but found means to acquire a liberal education and left several valuable works.

1814. Captain McGlassin with 50 Americans, forded the Saranac and reconnoitered the British works, drove in a party of 150 men, attacked and carried their battery, killed their commanding officer and 16 men, and having destroyed their works, returned with the loss of 1 wounded and 3 missing.

1814. British navy with a detachment of troops, 150 sailors and 250 Indians, captured the United States schooners Tigress and Scorpion, near St. Joseph, Michigan.

1816. Kilian Van Rensselaer, a general in the revolutionary army, died at Albany. He embarked early in defence of his country; in 1777 was attacked by a large body of Indians at fort Anne, where he was wounded in the thigh by a ball, which was extracted after his death, having been carried 39 years.

1824. An expedition, fitted out at Rangoon in Burmah, consisting of English and native troops to the number of 1,000, took the town of Tavoy, a place of considerable strength, with 10,000 fighting men, and many mounted guns. The viceroy of the province and many persons of distinction were among the prisoners. A new state carriage for the king of Ava, a magnificent vehicle surpassing anything of the kind in Europe in splendor and costly material, was taken, and conveyed to England.

1830. William Bulmer, an English printer, whose name is associated with all that is beautiful in printing, died.

1839. Second fire at Mobile (the first being on the 7th), by which the best part of the city was laid in ruins.

1839. The United States Bank of Pennsylvania refused to pay its liabilities, and all the banks in Philadelphia immediately suspended specie payments. The whole number of banks in the Union was 959; of which 343 suspended entirely, 62 in part, 493 did not suspend, and 56 never resumed.

1846. Magnetic telegraph between Albany and New York completed; by means of which New York and Buffalo were brought together also.

1848. Great conflagration at Brooklyn, New York; about 200 houses burnt, and property destroyed amounting to $750,000.

1851. Thomas H. Gallaudet, an American philanthropist, died at Hartford, Ct., aged 64. He opened the first establishment in this country for the education of deaf mutes at Hartford, in 1817, and devoted a large part of his active and most useful life to this work of benevolence.

1851. The funeral obsequies of the Spaniards and Cubans who fell in the contests with the forces of Lopez, was celebrated with great pomp at the cathedral in Havana; $70,000 were subscribed by the citizens for the benefit of their widows and children.

1852. J. D. Belin, consul for Belgium and Switzerland, died at New Orleans.

1853. The remnant of the famous table rock at Niagara falls broke off and tumbled into the abyss with a tremendous crash.

1854. Angelo Mai, an Italian cardinal, died at Albano, aged 72. He was chief librarian of the Vatican, and a learned correspondent of the academies at Paris and Munich; but is better known by his discoveries from palimpsest manuscripts, which were published in two collections of 10 volumes each.

SEPTEMBER 10.

954. Louis IV, king of France, killed by a fall from his horse, at the age of 38.

1167. Matilda, of England, empress of Germany, died. She was the daughter of Henry I of England, married Henry IV of Germany, and was afterwards acknowledged queen of England; but her conduct not suiting the nobles, she was deposed and Stephen placed on the throne.

1543. The small remains of the army which had sailed from Cuba in 1539 (see May 18) under de Soto, for the conquest of Florida, arrived at Panuco on their return. This great expedition ended in the poverty and ruin of all concerned in it. Not a Spaniard remained in Florida.

1547. Conspiracy of Placentia, when Peter Louis Farnese, son of pope Paul III, was assassinated. The place was taken by the conspirators and delivered to the troops of the emperor Charles V before daylight next morning.

1547. Battle of Pinkey, in Scotland; the English under the protector Somerset, defeated the Scots under the earl of Arran, and obtained one of the most finished victories on record. The Scots lost 10,000 men.

1604. William Morgan, bishop of Asaph, formerly of Landaff, died. He directed and superintended the translation of the scriptures into Welsh.

1621. King James gave sir William Alexander a patent of the whole territory of Acadia, by the name of Nova Scotia. It was erected into a palatinate, to be holden as a fief of the crown of Scotland. An unsuccessful attempt was soon after made to effect a settlement, and he sold it to the French in 1630. Twenty years afterwards three thousand families settled there from New England.

1649. Peter Goudelin, a poet of Gascony, died. He was so celebrated that he acquired the title of the Homer of Gascony.

1691. Edward Pococke died; a most learned English critic and commentator, and famous particularly for his great skill in the oriental languages.

1714. An agreement between the Van Hoorn or Berbice company, and the Dutch East India company, to furnish the former annually after this day, 240 negroes from Angola, or Ardrah (one-third to be females), at 165 florins a head.

1730. Guichard Joseph du Verney died; professor of anatomy at Paris, of great celebrity.

1738. Thomas Sheridan, an Irish divine and poet, died. He published a prose translation of Perseus.

1752. John Baptist Bertrand died; a French physician, known for his interesting account of the plague of Marseilles.

1759. Second action off Pondicherry, between the British fleet, admiral Pococke, and the French under admiral d'Auché. British loss 164 killed, 385 wounded. A deserter reported the French loss to have been 1500 killed and wounded.

1771. Birthday of Mungo Park, a celebrated Scottish adventurer. He twice attempted the discovery of the course and outlet of the Niger, so long a source of conjecture with geographers, in the second of which he lost his life in the 35th year of his age.

1779. Indian village of Canandaigua burnt.

1781. Count d'Estaing returned with his fleet to the Chesapeake, and captured two British frigates of 32 guns each.

1782. The firing on Gibraltar from the isthmus continued by the Spaniards, at the rate of 6,500 cannon shot, and 1,080 shells in every 24 hours.

1785. Treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and Prussia.

1791. A great insurrection among the negroes in St. Domingo, attributed to the new opinions of liberty and equality, called in Paris L'Ami des Noirs.

1797. Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin died; a lady of very superior literary accomplishments, who distinguished herself by many able productions, and the peculiarity of her views.

1802. A lunar rainbow observed at Mattock, in Derbyshire, England.

1806. John Christopher Adelung, a German professor at Erfurt, died; author of a grammatical and critical dictionary of the German language, in 5 vols. quarto. He was never married, and it was said of him that his writing desk was his wife, and the 70 volumes which he wrote were his children. His wine cellar, which was unique, he called his bibliotheca selectissima.

1809. Augustus Louis von Schloetzer, a German historian, died. He wrote a History of Lithuania, &c.

1813. Battle of lake Erie, and defeat and capture of the entire British fleet under Com. Barclay, by the United States fleet under Com. Perry. The British force consisted of 6 vessels, 63 guns; Americans had 11 vessels, 54 guns. The action commenced at 15 minutes before 12, and ended about 3 P. M. The loss of the British was estimated at 200; Americans lost 27 killed, 96 wounded—123.

1827. Ugo Foscolo, a distinguished Italian writer, died. His works are numerous, but giving offence to the authorities, he was driven from country to country, and died from disease and penury.

1845. Joseph Story, one of the most distinguished American jurists, died at Cambridge, Mass., aged 66.

1851. The steamer Pampero, which had been used in the Lopez expedition against Cuba, was seized by the United States revenue officers, at Dunn's lake, Florida, and subsequently condemned.

1852. Urquiza, director of the Argentine confederation, was deposed.

1852. The Burmese evacuated and burned Prome.

SEPTEMBER 11.

1069. The Danes under Harold and Canute landed in England, at the mouth of the Humber, and laid waste the country.

1297. Battle near Cambuskenneth, on the Forth, between the Scots under Wallace, and the English, in which the latter were defeated with the loss of 5,000 slain. The victors, to show their utter detestation of that tool of Edward, Cressingham, flayed his body, and converted his skin into thongs for their horses.

1539. Date of the will of Henry Pepwell, a distinguished book publisher, who died this year.

1609. Hudson while at anchor in the harbor of New York, was visited by the natives, who made a great show of friendship, giving tobacco and Indian corn.

1649. Drogheda, in Ireland, taken by assault by the English, under Cromwell. A universal massacre was permitted during five days. "I believe we put to the sword," is the general's despatch, "the whole number of the defendants. This is a marvellous great mercy." The garrison alone consisted of 2,500 foot and 300 horse. There was scarce thirty lives saved in the whole town, and these were by Cromwell reserved to be sent to Barbadoes.

1677. James Harrington, an eminent English political writer, died; author of the political romance of Oceana, in imitation of Plato's Atlantic Story.

1697. The famous peace of Ryswick proclaimed.

1709. Battle of Malplaquet, in Belgium; the allies under the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene, defeated the French army of 120,000 men, under Villars and de Boufflers. This was a dear victory to the allies, who lost 20,000 of their best troops.

1745. Mary Chandler died; an English lady, distinguished for her poetic talent.

1776. Great tempest on the coast of Newfoundland; a large amount of shipping, and a great number of lives lost.

1777. Battle of Brandywine; the Americans under Washington and Green entirely defeated by the British, under Cornwallis. The Americans lost about 1,300 killed, wounded and prisoners. This was the first battle Lafayette was in; he was wounded in the leg.

1781. John Augustus Ernesti died; professor of theology at Leipsic, and author of numerous literary and theological works.

1798. The Sublime Porte, incensed at the invasion of Egypt, declared war against France, and joined with his old adversary, the emperor of Russia.

1799. Tortona surrendered to Suwarroff. Thus was Italy nearly reconquered.

1813. Running action between the United States commodore, Chauncey, on lake Ontario, and the British commodore, Yeo; the latter succeeded in getting into Amherst bay.

1814. The British, 8,000 strong, commenced disembarking their troops at North Point, about 12 miles from Baltimore, for the purpose of attacking that city.

1814. Battle of lake Champlain and Plattsburgh. The British fleet 95 guns, under commodore Downie, defeated and captured by the United States fleet, Com. Chauncey, 86 guns. British loss 57 killed, 72 wounded; American loss 52 killed, 58 wounded. At the same time the British troops under general Provost, about 14,000 veterans, the flower of the duke of Wellington's army, attacked the American lines at Saranac, Plattsburgh, and were defeated by general Macomb. American loss, killed 38; wounded 64; missing 20.

1820. Home Riggs Popham died; a distinguished British naval officer.

1823. David Ricardo, a celebrated English writer on finance and statistics, died. He was of Jewish descent, and abandoned by his father at an early age for marrying a quakeress. His talents however, procured him wealth and distinction.

1826. William Morgan, a freemason in western New York, abducted by his fellows of the craft for revealing their secrets.

1833. Deaths by cholera in the city of Mexico, from the 5th August to this date, 10,000.

1840. Long-Kiewa, a Chinese linguist, died at Calcutta, aged 59. He was inspector of the tea plantations established by an English company at Assam, but was obliged to exile himself on account of a family misdemeanor. He is represented to have been a man of immense knowledge. Besides his erudition in the sciences, he was proficient in all the principal languages spoken in Europe and Asia, as well as Hebrew, Greek and Latin. He made for the most part the Chinese translation of the scriptures published by Marshman, and left in MS. a Chinese-Latin-English dictionary. He bequeathed to the Asiatic society of Calcutta his library, containing 30,000 volumes, more than 20,000 of which are in the Chinese language.

1840. The town of Beyrout, in Syria, fired upon, reduced to a mass of ruins, and taken, by the British and Austrian fleets.

1842. A Mexican army 1,300 strong, took possession of Texas, but soon retreated.

1851. A riot at Christiana, Pa., upon the attempt to remove a fugitive slave. Mr. Gorsuch, the owner of the slave was killed and his son mortally wounded; the United States marshal and his posse were driven from the ground by armed negroes, and the slave escaped.

SEPTEMBER 12.

284. Marcus Aurelius Numerianus, the Roman emperor, died, or was assassinated. He was admired for his learning and moderation, was naturally eloquent, and was esteemed one of the best poets of the age.

1362. Innocent VI (Stephen Albert), pope, died. He was of a peaceful disposition, and labored earnestly to reconcile the kings of England and France.

1382. Louis I, king of Hungary and Poland, died. One of his acts was to expel the Jews.

1504. Columbus sailed from San Domingo—that great man's last voyage. His crazy and shattered bark, like his body, landed at St. Lucar in November.

1528. Andrew Doria, a noble Genoese, and the ablest seaman of his age, retook Genoa from the French, and restored its independence.

1553. Albert, of Brandenburgh, defeated by Henry of Brunswick. He was placed under the ban of the empire, and fled to France, where he died.

1609. Hudson weighed anchor in the harbor of New York, and commenced his memorable voyage up the river which bears his name.

1651. The Scots prisoners taken at the battle of Worcester, &c., brought before Cromwell and the parliament at Acton, and sold to the West Indies for slaves or given away as dogs.

1660. James Cats, a Dutch statesman and poet died, aged 83. His poems are much admired by his countrymen.

1665. John Bollandus, a Flemish Jesuit, died. His judgment, learning and sagacity led to his appointment to collect materials for the lives of the saints of the Romish church. He lived to complete 5 vols. folio, and the work was continued to 47 vols. by his successors.

1672. Tannegui le Fevre, a learned French author, died. He was the father of Madam Dacier.

1683. The allies under John Sobieski and the duke of Lorraine, routed the vast Turkish army under the walls of Vienna, and compelled them to raise the siege. Sobieski sent a post to his queen, saying that the grand vizier had made him his sole heir, including 70,000 dead men.

1683. Alphonso VI, king of Portugal, died. His conduct displayed the tyrant and the madman, and he resigned his crown.

1703. The emperor and king of the Romans, resigned their right to Spain to the archduke Charles, who was thereupon declared king of Spain.

1714. Barcelona surrendered to the duke of Berwick.

1729. Birthday of Moses Mendelsohn, a learned Jew of Berlin. He was of obscure origin, and became a merchant; but quitted commerce for literature, and acquired great reputation.

1764. John Philip Rameau, a French musician, died. His writings on music procured him the title of the Newton of the science.

1776. Washington, with the remains of his army, entered Philadelphia, after his disastrous defeat at Brandywine. The same night a party of the British made an excursion to Wilmington, took the governor of Delaware out of his bed, and captured a shallop richly laden with public and private property, and the public records.

1784. The Spanish fleet under Don Barcelo, bombarded Algiers. The Spaniards fired 600 bombs, 144 balls and 260 grenades. The Algerines fired 202 bombs, and 1,164 balls. Great damage was done to the city.

1804. The American squadron captured near Tripoli, two vessels laden with wheat for that city.

1806. Edward Thurlow, an eminent English nobleman, died. He possessed a vigorous and active mind, added to close application, which gave him a high rank among the professional men of that day.

1812. Fort Wayne relieved by the troops under general Harrison. The Indians raised the siege with great precipitation.

1813. Edmund Randolph died; whose history is blended with that of his country.

1814. Battle of fort McHenry, near Baltimore. The British, 8,000 men, under general Ross, were arrested in their march upon Baltimore, and general Ross was killed. The fort was bombarded incessantly 25 hours. Total American loss in killed and wounded 173; British official loss 290.

1819. Gebbaral Lebrecht, prince von Blucher, a celebrated Prussian field-marshal, died. He had been 45 years in the army, and for his celerity in the field, was called Marshal Forwards.

1820. Francis Christopher Kellerman, a French marshal, died. He entered the army at the age of 17 as a huzzar, and rose to the highest honors under Napoleon.

1829. Surrender of the Spanish army at Tampico, under general Barradas, to the Mexicans under Santa Anna. The Spaniards were to transport themselves to Havana, and pledged not to serve against Mexico in future. This terminated the expedition to subdue Mexico after five engagements.

1832. Priscilla Wakefield, an English authoress, died, aged 82. She wrote many popular and useful works for children and youth, and promoted the institution of savings banks.

1838. Henry Ryalls died at Darien, Ga., aged 110. He was a soldier of the revolution, and retained his faculties to the last.

1847. First day's battle of Chapultepec.

1849. Mariano Paredes, ex-president of Mexico, died in that city, after a long and painful illness.

1850. The fugitive slave bill passed by the house of representatives at Washington, as it had come down from the senate.

1854. David Lansborough, a Scottish divine, died at Ayrshire, aged 73. He was distinguished as a naturalist, and contributed much to the knowledge of fossils, botany and shells.

1857. Steamship Central America, from Panama to New York, having 626 persons on board, and nearly two millions in treasure, was totally lost in a gale, and about 100 persons were saved.

SEPTEMBER 13.

507 B. C. The dedication of the Roman capital fell upon this day, about the full moon of the Greek month Matagitnion. Horatius Pulvillus, as supreme prætor, drove the first annual nail in the wall of the temple, near the fane of Minerva.

44. Cæsar executed his last testament at his seat near Lavicanum. He left the people his gardens near the Tiber, and 300 sesterces to each man.

81. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, emperor of Rome, died. He was an obscure native of Riti, who by his merits and virtues rose to consequence in the Roman armies, and headed the expedition against Jerusalem.

335. Constantine dedicated his great church of the Resurrection at Jerusalem, Saturday; and on Sunday exalted the relic of the cross.

1435. John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford, regent of France, died. He was the brother of Henry V of England, and the most accomplished prince of Europe. He purchased and transported to London the Royal library of Paris.

1515. Battle of Marignano, in Italy, which lasted with great fierceness two days. The French commander, who had been in eighteen pitched battles, exclaimed that all other fights compared with this were but children's sports, that this was the war of giants. The French were victorious.

1529. Vienna besieged by the Turks.

1557. John Cheke, a learned Englishman, died. He was professor of Greek in the university, and held important state offices. On the accession of Mary, he preferred popery to the fagot, and abjured his faith.

1565. William Farel, a successful French reformer, died. He labored with great zeal against the Catholic church, and made many proselytes.

1592. Michael de Montaigne died; a celebrated French writer, whose works are still quoted.

1598. Philip II, of Spain, died. He was made king of Sicily and Naples, 1554; became king of England by marriage with Mary, and two years after ascended the Spanish throne by the abdication of his father, Charles V. (See Sept. 4.)

1629. Nine sachems came to Plymouth and voluntarily subscribed an instrument of submission to the English, acknowledging themselves the loyal subjects of James, king of Great Britain, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c.

1629. John Buxtorf, a German linguist, died. He was professor of Hebrew, at Basil, and is placed in the first rank of men who have been eminent for rabbinical learning.

1645. Battle of Philiphaugh near Selkirk, where the earl of Montrose was defeated.

1694. John Barbier d'Ancour, a French advocate and critic, died.

1748. The scaffolding used in Westminster Hall for the trial of the prisoners adhering to the pretender, Charles Edward Stewart, was pulled down and sold to the builder for £400.

1759. Quebec stormed and taken by the British under Wolfe, who was wounded and died in the arms of victory. The French lost 500 killed, and 1,000 taken; British loss 50 killed, 500 wounded.

1771. John Gambold, a noted Moravian preacher in London, died; a great enthusiast, but respected for his learning and abilities, and inoffensive manners.

1781. Combined attack on Gibraltar by 10 Spanish floating batteries, and about 300 cannon, mortars and howitzers from the isthmus. Two of their largest ships were burnt and 2 feluccas taken. The British saved from one of the ships about 350 men; 8 other ships blew up or were burnt.

1787. Moses Brown, an English poet and divine, died.

1794. John Peter Claris de Florian, an eminent French author, died. His dramas, pastorals, novels and fables, gave him great popularity as a sentimental writer.

1795. Captain Vancouver returned from his voyage of discovery after an absence of four years.

1797. John Fell, an English dissenting minister, died. He is known as the author of several respectable works.

1806. Charles James Fox, an eminent English statesman, died.

1808. Xavier Bettinelli, an elegant Italian writer, died. His works are published in 24 vols., two of which are tragedies, and two poems.

1814. British approached within 700 yards of fort Bowyer, Mobile, and opened their fire on it.

1819. Completion of the Mahmudie or Alexandria canal, in Egypt. This vast undertaking was commenced in January of the same year by Mehemet Ali, pasha of Egypt, under the superintendence of six European engineers, with about 100,000 laborers, and their number, though more than 7,000 died of contagious diseases, was gradually increased to more than 290,000, each of whom received about 17 cents per diem. It extends from below Soane, on the Nile, to Pompey's pillar, is 47½ miles long, 90 feet wide, and 18 feet deep.

1831. Albany and Schenectady rail road opened; the first in the state of New York.

1839. James Maitland, earl of Lauderdale, died, aged 80. He was the author of various publications on finance and political economy.

1842. An Affghan army under Akbar Khan, numbering 13,000, defeated by the British under Gen. Pollock, at Tetzeen. Three days after the city of Cabul occupied by British forces.

1843. The town of Port Leon in Florida, was almost entirely destroyed by an inundation and hurricane. The inhabitants selected a new site upon which to rebuild, a few miles higher up the St. Marks, which was called Newport.

1847. Levi Twiggs killed at Chapultepec, Mexico; a distinguished officer of the United States army.

1848. Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, an American naval commander, died at Tarrytown, N. Y., aged 45. In 1842 he made a cruise in the Somers, in which he felt constrained to hang several mutineers to the yard arm. He published several works, and was a man of integrity and devotional feelings.

1850. The Advance and Rescue, American vessels in search of sir John Franklin, were completely fastened in the ice.

1855. The expedition in search of Dr. Kane, who was in search of sir John Franklin, arrived at Lievely, isle of Disco, Greenland, where they found Dr. Kane and his companions, who had left their ship in the ice, and traveled 83 days to a Danish settlement.

SEPTEMBER 14.

258. Thascius Cæcilius Cyprianus, beheaded. He was bishop of Carthage, and a principal father of the Christian church.

407. John Chrysostom, one of the most illustrious fathers of the church, died. His works were edited by Montfaucon in 13 vols. folio.

533. The Roman general Belisarius achieved the conquest of Africa, a chaotic waste of enslaved humanity, where the image of intelligence is unknown.

1321. Alghieri Dante, a celebrated Italian poet, died. His most considerable work is the Inferno.

1403. Battle of Homildon hill, in which the Scots were defeated.

1499. Vasco de Gama landed at Lisbon from his immortal adventure.

1523. Adrian VI, pope, died. He was of obscure birth, but his abilities raised him gradually to consequence.

1528. Richard Fox, bishop of Exeter and Durham, died. He was of obscure origin; besides his episcopal offices he was employed on several embassies.

1544. The English under the duke of Norfolk raised the siege of Montreuil in France.

1646. Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel, died; famous for the discovery of the Parian marbles which bear his name, and which he gave to the university of Oxford.

1661. The bodies of May the historian, the mother and daughter of Cromwell, Pym and several others, were removed from king Henry VII's chapel and buried in the churchyard.

1666. A French expedition, consisting of 28 companies of foot and all the militia of the colony, marched from Quebec for the purpose of destroying the Mohawks. This formidable army, entered the Mohawk country, after a march of 700 miles, and laid waste their villages; the Indians, retiring into the woods with their women and children, escaped. The expedition was commanded by M. de Tracy, then upwards of 70 years of age.

1677. Richard Atkins, a typographical author, who suffered much on account of his loyalty, died in Marshalsea prison, being confined for debt. His writings were all of the ultra kind.

1704. William Hubbard, a New England clergyman and historian, died, aged 83. He was settled at Ipswich, Mass., and was one of the best writers of the time in which he lived.

1711. The British fleet intended for the reduction of Canada having met with numerous reverses, arrived at Spanish-river bay, a council of land and sea officers, considering that they had but ten weeks' provisions, and could not depend upon a supply from New England, concluded to return home and abandon the enterprise.

1712. John Dominic Cassini, a celebrated Italian astronomer, died. He was invited by the senate to teach mathematics at Bologna, at the age of 15; and before his death had enriched science with a thousand new discoveries.

1714. Thomas Britton, a celebrated musical small coal man, died. He rented a house in London, commenced business, and occupied his leisure hours in learning chemistry and music. He became an adept in those sciences, and excelled in many curious arts and crafts, all which he had acquired without neglecting his business. During the day he was seen with his sack and measure crying small coal, and in the evening conducting a concert at his house, where men of fashion and well dressed ladies of high rank ascended to his room by a ladder, to regale their ears. He was a member of a weekly society of black-lettered literati, where leaving his sack at the door, he entered the room among noblemen in his checked shirt, and produced his books collected from stalls and shops in blind alleys. His death was occasioned by a ventriloquial friend, who during a musical conversation pronounced these words distinctly as coming from a distance: "Thomas Britton, go home, for thou shalt die." Honest Tom, supposing the voice to have proceeded from an angel, went home depressed in spirits, took to his bed and died. He was twice induced to sit for his portrait. In one he is represented in a blue frock, with a small coal measure in his hand; and in the other tuning a harpsichord. One of them is in the British Museum.

1716. The Thames both above and below London bridge nearly dry, supposed to be caused by a strong west wind keeping back the tide.

1726. The Senecas, Cayugas and Onondagas surrendered to the English their habitations and country, from Cayahoza to Oswego, and sixty miles inland.

1741. Charles Rollin, the celebrated French historian, died, aged 81. He was the son of a cutler, and became famous not only as a writer, but also for his eloquence.

1751. James Philip d'Orville, a Dutch critic, died; professor of eloquence, history and Greek at Amsterdam.

1772. A bow and quiver were found in the new forest, England, supposed to have lain since the time of William Rufus, who was killed by an arrow in this forest in 1100.

1777. Burgoyne, having collected about thirty days' provision, and thrown a bridge of boats over the Hudson, crossed and encamped on the heights and plains of Saratoga.

1778. During the celebration of mass at Bourbon-les-bains, in Bassigni, France, the vault under the church gave way, which occasioned the death of 600 persons.

1784. James Essex died; an Englishman famous for his skill in Gothic architecture.

1788. Jordan Noel de Vaux, a celebrated French general, died. He was made governor of Corsica in 1769, and completed the conquest of that island; he was afterwards raised to the dignity of marshal of France. He had been present at 19 sieges and 14 battles.

1792. John Vander Mersch died. He headed the insurgents of Brabant against the imperial forces, in 1789, and distinguished himself by his valor and prudence.

1795. The English drove the Dutch from their camp at the cape of Good Hope, and captured the Williamstad of 26 guns.

1811. James Grahame, a Scottish poet and divine, died.

1814. The French advance guard under Murat and Beauharnois entered Moscow. No defence was made except by the populace in the Kremlin, who fired the palace, and the whole city was wrapt in flames. Of 4,000 superb stone houses, only 200 remained; of 800 churches, all were destroyed or heavily damaged, and of 8,000 wooden houses, about 500 escaped.

1814. Gloutzk attacked and stormed by the Russians; the Poles and French under Dombrofsky retreated with the loss of 1,000 men.

1816. William Bawdween, an English vicar, died. He was an excellent Saxon scholar, and translated the two first volumes of that curious national work the Domes-day Book, which was published by a vote of the British parliament. He proposed to publish the whole work, and is said to have left the other 8 vols. prepared for the press.

1835. John Brinkley, bishop of Cloyne in Ireland, died. He was distinguished as a mathematician and astronomer.

1836. Aaron Burr, third vice-president of the United States, died, aged 81. He possessed very distinguished talents, but manifested a lamentable want of principle.

1839. Don Carlos abandoned Spain and retired with his family into France, by which the long protracted civil war in Spain was regarded as at length closed.

1847. Battle of Gareta San Cosme in Mexico, which preceded the entrance of the Americans into the city.

1848. The British forces under Gen. Whish had besieged for several days the city of Moultan, in northern India. After much bloody fighting, the desertion of Shere Singh, an important ally, they were compelled to withdraw.

1851. James Fennimore Cooper, a distinguished American novelist, died, aged 62. He was born at Burlington, N. J., graduated at Yale, and adopted the navy as his profession. He stands at the head of nautical novelists, and is the author of historical works besides.

1852. The world-renowned duke of Wellington, died at Walmer Castle, in Kent, England, aged 83; and the numerous honors concentrated upon him were scattered in various directions. (See Nov. 18.)

1852. Augustus N. W. Pugin, styled the Christian architect, died at Ramsgate, England, aged 41. The revival of Gothic architecture in England is associated with the names of himself and his father.

1853. The engine of a freight train on the Ohio and Pennsylvania rail road exploded while running, lifting the locomotive from the track and hurling it fifty feet.

1853. The first ground broken of the European and North American rail road, at St. John, by lady Head, assisted by the lieutenant-governor in the presence of 25,000 people.

1854. Alexander W. Stowe, chief justice of the state of Wisconsin, died at Milwaukee.

SEPTEMBER 15.

1590. Gerard Bontius, professor of medicine at Leyden, died. He was the first who immortalized himself by pills, having invented a kind, the secret of which was long unknown.

1596. Cadiz taken and plundered by Howard and Essex. Loss computed at 20,000,000 ducats.

1607. Hudson returned to England from his first voyage of discovery, having discovered the island of Spitzbergen, but failed in the great object, the discovery of a north-west passage to India.

1609. Hudson, in his first ascent of the great river, came in view of mountains which lay from the river's side, and anchored, it is supposed, near the present site of Catskill landing.

1613. Thomas Overbury, a polite English writer, poisoned in the Tower. He wrote in verse and prose. (See 17th.)

1623. Nicholas Bergier, historiographer of France, died. He wrote a history of the great roads of the Roman empire.

1643. Richard Boyle, the great earl of Cork, died. He went to Dublin with a small fortune, and by his great industry and ability enriched himself and benefited his country.

1678. The expedition under La Salle arrived at Quebec from France; count Frontenac being governor of Canada.

1712. Sidney, earl of Godolphin, died. He began his political life under Charles II; voted for the exclusion of the duke of York, but became minister to the same person when James II; voted for a regency when James fled; became minister to William III, and under queen Anne became premier.

1745. Arthur Bedford, a learned English clergyman, died. He made great exertions for the reformation of the drama.

1775. Andrew Foulis, a learned Scottish printer, died. From his press issued some of the finest specimens of correct and elegant printing that were produced in the eighteenth century.

1776. The British under general Howe took possession of New York.

1777. Washington left Philadelphia and crossed the Schuylkill with the remains of his army, determined to give battle to sir Wm. Howe wherever he could meet him.

1784. The first ærial voyage made in England by Vincent Lunardi, an Italian.

1793. Battle at Parmesans; the French defeated by the Prussians under the duke of Brunswick, with the loss of 3,000 taken prisoners, and 27 cannon. Same day Wurmser advanced upon the French lines at Lauter and Weissenburg, and carried by assault the different redoubts, took all their tents and 26 cannon, and would have destroyed the greater part of the army had not their retreat been favored by a fog.

1794. Battle of Boxtel; the French under Pichegru defeated the Prussians. The French under Jourdan also defeated the Austrians under Clairfait.

1797. Lazarus Hoche died; a brave and intrepid general in the French army during the revolution.

1810. A plot discovered to massacre the British at Lisbon, though defending the Portuguese cause.

1814. One of the large vats in the brew house of Meux & Co., London, burst, and demolished two houses; 3,500 barrels of beer were lost and four persons killed.

1814. British ship Hermes, destroyed in an attack on fort Bowyer, at Mobile point, and the other three ships compelled to put to sea. The fort was attacked at the same time by the British and Indians on the land side. The American garrison consisted of 130 men, of whom 4 were killed and 4 wounded. British loss, killed and wounded, 232.

1819. An edict of the king of the Netherlands required, that in certain provinces, none other than the national language, the Flemish-Dutch, should be used in public business.

1829. Slavery abolished in Mexico by the president.

1829. James Hamilton died at Dublin; inventor of the Hamiltonian method of instruction.

1830. William Huskisson, an English statesman, killed by a train of cars on the Liverpool rail road.

1833. John Gordon Smith, an eminent English scholar, died. He published a celebrated work on medical jurisprudence; became involved in pecuniary difficulties, and terminated his short and useful life within the walls of the Fleet prison.

1834. William H. Crawford, an American statesman, died. He was minister to France in 1813, and in 1825 a candidate for the presidency.

1838. Adalbert von Chamisso, one of the most popular modern poets of Germany, died at Berlin.

1843. Revolution in Athens, which, though not sufficient to eject king Otho from the throne of Greece, yet obliged him to concede much to the popular will.

1849. Strauss, the celebrated musical composer, died at Vienna.

1849. The sultan of Turkey formally refused to deliver up Kossuth and his colleagues, Hungarian refugees, on the demand of Russia and Austria, and diplomatic relations with the ambassadors of those powers were broken off.

1855. George T. Napier, a celebrated British general, died, aged 72. He first distinguished himself at Martinique in 1809, and afterwards in the Peninsula, where he lost an arm. He was seven years civil and military governor of the cape of Good Hope, where he introduced important measures and reforms.

SEPTEMBER 16.

1757 A. M. The covering of the ark removed by Noah on the 1st day of the 1st month, answering to our Sept. 16. (See Nov. 2.)

322 B. C. Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, died by poison, on the most mournful day of the Thesmophoria, 16th of Pyanepsion.

36. Herod Agrippa thrown into bonds at Rome by Tiberius.

655. Martin I, pope, died. He caused the doctrines of the monothelites to be condemned, and was afterwards sent to the Crimea by Constantine, where he died of ill treatment.

1186. A conjunction of all the planets at sunrise in Libra, on which occasion the astrologers had predicted great calamities.

1380. Charles V (the Wise), of France, died. By his abilities and energy, the English were dispossessed of nearly all their provinces in France.

1519. John Colet, an English divine, died; known as the founder of St. Paul's school, London, for the gratuitous education of 153 pupils perpetually. His father had 22 children, yet at the time of making the above endowment, he had no near relative to inherit the property.

1589. Michael Baius, an able French ecclesiastic, died. His writings are superior to the learning of the times in which he lived.

1655. The Swedish settlement on the Delaware, called fort Casimir, commanded by Suen Scutz, surrendered to the Dutch under Gov. Stuyvesant. The strength of the place consisted of 4 fourteen pounders, 5 swivels and some small arms, which were delivered to the conquered, who became possessed of the west side of Delaware bay, and the fortress was called New Amstel by the Dutch, and New Castle by the English.

1681. Action off cape Spartel between a British ship and an Algerine corsair with 327 men and 88 Christian slaves on board. The battle lasted from 2 till 8 P. M., within pistol shot, and was renewed again next morning, when the corsair, having lost two masts, called for quarter.

1686. Fychan Gaunor died at Abercowarch, in Wales, aged 140. (1786?)

1701. James II, of England, died in France. He was dethroned in 1688, and remained a pensioner on the bounty of the king of France till his death.

1732. The tide in the river Thames, England, flowed eight hours instead of four and ebbed five instead of eight.

1736. Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, a Prussian philosopher, died; eminent for his great improvement in the construction of thermometers.

1745. Bergen-op-Zoom surrendered to the French.

1775. Allen Bathurst, an English statesman, died. His biographers claim for him almost every talent and every virtue.

1776. Unsuccessful attack of the British on the Americans at Harlem Heights. British lost 20 killed and about 100 wounded.

1779. Count d'Estaing summoned Savannah, Georgia, garrisoned by the British under general Provost, who amused the French until he received a reinforcement.

1782. Carlo Broschi (Farinelli), died; an Italian singer of great celebrity.

1784. Robert Bell the first who kept a circulating library in Philadelphia, died at Richmond, Va.

1785. Darkness so great at Quebec that no person could read at noonday. (See Oct. 16, 1783.)

1792. Three thousand French refugees had landed in England from the revolution in France; and in the course of the following year they were reckoned at 8000 priests and 2000 laymen. These were mostly destitute, and down to 1806, about two million pounds had been contributed to their support.

1795. Cape of Good Hope surrendered to the British by the Dutch.

1800. Battle of Lambach: the French took from the Austrians 1000 wagons of provisions, equipage and ammunition.

1804. William Tindall, an English divine and antiquary, died.

1805. An experiment with a calamaran made on a vessel of 300 tons burden opposite Walma castle, England, which succeeded and blew up the vessel.