DIVISION II. GENERAL ELEMENT.
Reading edition
(A) WORDS SIGNIFYING WATER, RIVER, &c.
Ea.—This Anglo-Saxon word signifies (1) water in general, and (2) any running body of water, river, &c.—It occurs in the names of rivers, in the names of places near rivers, and in the names of marshes formed by rivers.
The rivers Medway and Stour were anciently written Meduw-ea, and Stur-ea. In the East Anglian counties the term is still preserved, for we meet with Popham’s ea, St. John’s ea, Hammond eau, &c.
Eye, Yeo, and Aye, are slightly altered forms of the same root, and ea is another name for the river Leven.
E-hen, fowl river;
Ea-mont (Ea-mot), water-meeting.
The following places near rivers contain some form of the Anglo-Saxon root, ea:—
Chels-ea, the cold river-marsh;
Batters-ea, St. Peter’s river-marsh;
It formerly belonged, together with Peter’s-ham, to St. Peter’s Abbey, Cherts-ey.
Ea-ton, E-ton, the town of the river;
E-dale, the river vale;
E-rith, water channel;
Ea-land, Yea-land, river district;
Eg-ham, the dwelling on the stream.
The plural form, Eas, water-course, occurs in Eas-dale, Eas-writh, and Eas-tyn.
In the Gothic we meet with the following cognate forms:—aha, aue, awe, owe, ahva, and ach, e.g.,
Fuld-a, Fuld-aha;
Goth-a, Goth-aha;
Lahn, Lon-aha;
Sieg, Seg-aha.
We find a, a contraction of aha, in Schwein-a, Asch-a, Born-a, Buch-a, Baren-wald-a, Konigs-werth-a, Hoyers-werd-a, Berk-a, Vach-a, Goth-a, &c.
In Burgundy, we find the terminations ay, oy, and y, used to designate habitations established along running water, e.g.—Cambr-ay, Tourn-ay, Dou-ay, Quesn-oy, Chaum-y, &c.
The ending ow, in Beesk-ow, Godan-owa, and Buch-ow, is another form of the same root.
The form Ach occurs in
Stadt-stein-ach,
Dorn-ach,
Aach-en,
Baden-ach,
Gold-ach,
Nieder-ach,
Stein-ach, the stony-dwelling on the stream;
Wurz-ach, the herb dwelling on the stream;
Wolf-ach, the wolf’s dwelling on the stream;
Rod-ach, the cleared spot or path on the stream.
The plural form, ar, er, signifying the confluence of waters, occurs in Ohre, Er-furt, Ohr-druf, and Neck-ar.
The Scandinavian forms for water, are, A, Aa, and Aae.
In England we find Cald-a, Routh-a, Rath-a, Ay-am, Ay-cliffe, &c.
Aa occurs as the name of several rivers in Hanover, France, Brabant, Groningen, and Switzerland.
Aa is found in
Nips-aae,
Schol-aae,
Sus-aae,
Skar-a,
Grenn-a,
Wad-sten-a,
Sal-a,
Nor-a,
Hag-a,
Foss-aa,
Aa-kirke,
A-bo, the dwelling by the water;
A-land, water district;
A-hus, the house by the water;
A-dorf, Ay-throp, the village by the water.
Ain, the river, forms part of the following names:—Glomm-en, Alt-en, Ul-en, Sus-en, &c.
Beck (Scandinavian), a rivulet.—In England, the following places contain this root:—
Elder-beck,
Beck-cote,
Raven-beck,
Pinch-beck,
Wel-beck,
Pur-beck,
Crumm-ock-water,
Crum-beck-water,
Hol-beck, hollow rivulet;
Hil-beck, hill rivulet;
Swarth-beck, black rivulet;
Beck-with, the wood of the rivulet;
Becken-ham, the home of the rivulet;
Wans-beck, Odin’s rivulet;
Coupland Beck (Coupman Beck), merchant’s rivulet;
Bex-ley, the meadow of the rivulet;
Beck-ford, the ford of the rivulet, called the Yare or Yarty.
In Denmark we meet with Aale-beks, Aal-bek, Egje-bek, Vinde-bek, and Hol-bek.
In Oldenburg we find Vis-beck, sacred rivulet; in the south of Luxemburg we meet with Becke-rich, the district of the rivulet.
In West Flanders the form beke occurs in Roos-beke, Wam-beke, Haerle-beke, Meule-beke, &c.; in south Brabant the form beeke is prevalent, e.g.—Buns-beeke, Clab-beeke, &c. We also meet with a Becke-voort, having the same signification as Beck-ford in England. The root Beck occurs very frequently in the names of places in the neighbourhood of the rivers Rhine and Elbe, e.g.—Wandes-beck, Schwarzen-beck, Flot-beck, Stein-beck, Barn-beck, Suder-beck, Hals-beck, Schip-beck, &c.
In France we find the exact spots where many of the old Norse leaders settled down, by the presence of this root—e.g.,
Bol-bec, the habitation by the rivulet;
Foul-bec, the rivulet of birds;
Ro-bec, the rivulet of the cleared ground;
Caude-bec, the cool rivulet.
In Germany and Austria we find the cognate form, Bach, a rivulet—e.g.,
Hunds-bach, the hound’s rivulet;
Ror-bach, the reed rivulet;
Gries-bach, the gravelly rivulet;
Finster-bach, the dark rivulet;
Eschen-bach, the ash rivulet;
Ross-bach, the horses’ rivulet;
Erl-bach, the alder rivulet;
Alde-bach, the ancient rivulet;
Fisch-bach, the fish rivulet;
Bem-bach, the tree rivulet;
Wam-pach, the deep rivulet.
Bath (baed, baeth, bad, Anglo-Saxon), water.—Bath, Bath-ford, Bath-easton, Bad-by, Bad-bury, Badon-hill, Bux-ton, Ba-ke-well, &c.
The German form, Bad, Pad, occurs in Baden, Wies-baden, Carls-bad.
Borne, Bourne, Burn, Burne (Anglo-Saxon), a stream, from Birnan, to burn.—It “denotes the bubbling of a welling running stream with the singing of the boiling water and the flaming of fire.”
Winter-borne, the stream flowing in the winter season;
Sher-borne, the clear stream;
Ty-born, the district stream;
Hol-born, the hollow stream;
Col-burn, the cool stream;
Hart-burn, the hart’s stream;
Burn-side, the habitation of the stream;
Burn-ham, the stream dwelling;
Au-burn, the ancient stream;
He-burn, the high stream.
We find Born on the continent, in Sal-born, Pader-born, Sonne-born, Eschen-born, &c.
The German form, Brun, occurs in
Wolf’s-brunnen, the wolf’s stream;
Kiesel-brunn, the gravelly stream;
Schön-brunn, the bright stream;
Bruns-wick, the city on the stream;
Bruns-buttel, Bruns-torp, the village on the stream.
Botten, Botn (Scandinavian), the sea.—Gulf of Bothnia, Norr-botten, Boden-see, Bott-sand, Holt-pade, Lacus Bodam-icus (Lake Constance), Botten Viken, Botten Hafvet, &c.
Brigg, Bridge, a passage of wood or stone over a river.—It is often applied to fording and landing places.
Brigg,
Glandford Briggs;
Brig-stock;
Brix-ham, the home of the bridge;
Brix-ton, the town of the bridge;
Bris-tol, the dwelling-place of the bridge.
The Scandinavian form, Bro, occurs in
Bro-ra, bridge-rivulet;
Bro-gar, bridge-enclosure;
Vester-bro, west-bridge; &c.
As cognate forms, we find Bruges, Esten-brug, Coppen-brugge, Brugg, Brig, Inns-bruck, Del-bruck, Konigs-bruck, Hers-bruck, Bruck, Brucken-au.
Bred, Bread (Anglo-Saxon), border, shore-bank.—Bread-sale, Bret-by clump, Bred-hurst, Bred-field, Bred-sted.
Brad (Anglo-Saxon), broad, expansive, the expansion of a river in a flat country, a lake so formed.—Outton-broad, Braydon-broad, Breydon-water, Mut-ford-broad.
Broc (Anglo-Saxon), a brook, a rushing stream.—Brox-ash, Brox-bourne, Ock-brooke, Cole-brooke, Ful-brook, Wam-brook, Mill-brook, Bruck-land.
We find the same root in Rad-brock, Alten-brock, Ooster-brock, Wester-brock, Strad-broke.
Bruoch (old High German), and Bruch (German), evidently cognate forms, signify a bog or marsh, e.g.—Alten-bruch, Bruch-sal, Bruch-berg and Brussels (Bruschels).
Ceol, Ciol (Anglo-Saxon), Keol (Danish), a ship.—Kiel, Kieler-fiord, Culen-burg, and Kuylen-burg.
Crundel (Anglo-Saxon), a water-course, “a spring or well with its cistern, trough, or reservoir to receive water.”—Grindle, Grindla-ton, Grindles-mere, Cron-dall, Crow’s Crundel, Cradwan Crundel (Crowden Farm).
Comber (Scandinavian), Kumpr (Old Norse), a running sheet of water; and hence it enters into combination with the names of places bordering on ponds and water-troughs.—Comber-ton, Comber-mere, Comber-bach.
Dam, from Dammen (German), to bank, dam.—Amster-dam, (Armstel-dam), Rotter-dam, Saar-dam, Schie-dam, &c.
Delve (English), to dig.—Delve is a local word, signifying a quarry or ditch.—Delven-au and Delft.
Dic (Anglo-Saxon), a ditch, dike, or river.—Wans-dike, Wran-dyke, Dish, Flen-dish (Flamin-dic), Cars-dyke, Hague-dike, Dyck-buttel, Wolvers-dyke, &c.
Diupr, diup (Scandinavian), deep.—It is often applied to parts of the sea, and to rivers.—Dieppe, Diupa, Depe-dale, Hollands-diep, Mars-diep. We also find Linn Deeps.
Dub (Scandinavian), a pool or piece of water (from Dyb, (Danish), deep).—Ash-dub, the ash-pool.
Efes, Eves (Anglo Saxon), the bank of a river, a border, edge of a mountain.—Eaves-ham, Habergham-eaves, Eves-batch, Eves-knoll.
Elf (Scandinavian), a river.—Elfs-burg, Elfs-nabben, Kong-elf, Elf-karle-by, Elbe, Alb, &c.
Fiord (Danish), Fiorth (Old Norsk), Firth (Scotch), an inlet of the sea, a bay, a station for ships.—Firth of Forth, Firth of Tay. (Frith is a mis-spelling for Firth.)
The Ford in Mil-ford, Haver-ford, Water-ford, is not to be confounded with Ford, a passage, but is another form of the Scandinavian Fiord, in Kieler-fiord, Ecken-fiord, Laxe-fiord, &c.
Ford, Fort, Fyrd (Anglo-Saxon), Forth (Scandinavian), a passage through a stream.
Holm-forth, island ford;
Spot-forth, the place at the ford;
Sand-ford, Mud-ford, Brad-ford, ford;
Cuck-ford, the rapid ford;
Whit-ford, the wide ford;
Ox-ford, the ford of the ox;
Rom-ford, the broad ford;
Stam-ford, the stony ford;
Here-ford, the ford of the army;
Wad-ford, the waded ford;
Sto-ford, the dwelling-place at the ford;
Ash-ford, the ford of the ash;
Frods-ham, the home of the ford;
Tiver-ton (Twy-ford-tun), the two ford town.
The German Furt, a ford, occurs in Hirsch-furt (Hart-ford), Her-furt (Here-ford), Schwein-furt (Swine-ford), Ochsen-furt (Ox-ford).
The Dutch Voort, a ford, is found in Wester-voort, Becke-voort, Amers-foort, Brede-voort, &c.
Fen, Faen (Anglo-Saxon), wet-land.—Fen-ham Flats, Fen Ditton, Walling Fen, Fen-stan-ton, Feni-ton, Fins-bury, Fen-brig, &c.
The Dutch form, Veen, occurs in Amster-Veen, and in Ven-lo, &c.
Fljot, Floi, Flod (Scandinavian), Fleot, Fleth (Anglo-Saxon), Fleet (English), a flow or flush of water, channel or arm of the sea between the coast, and an island, a river, a tide creek.—The presence of the root marks habitations on the sea, rivers, or canals.—The Fleet, Long-fleet, Ben-fleet, Shal-fleet, Salt-fleet, Fax-fleet. The Flow (a piece of water in Scotland), Flow Moss, Solway Flow, Flout-ern, Scar-let, and Flow-ton.
In France the root Floi occurs under the form, Fleur, in Bar-fleur, Har-fleur, Vite-fleur (White-fleet), Flot-beck, Pos-flethe, Beyden-fleth, and Aver-fleth.
Fors, Forse, Force, Foss (Scandinavian), a water fall.—River Foss, Forss-water, Forse, Forsin-ard, Low-force, Scale-force, Billing-fors, Fos-kilde, and Fos-land.
Gat (Scandinavian), a sound.—Catte-gat, the Gatt, Helle-gat, Rams-gate, Mar-gate.
Gau (German), a district watered by a river.—Aar-gau, Tor-gau, Breis-gau, Bur-gau, Wolve-ga, and Finke-ga.—Gaw, in England, as a local word, signifies a hollow with water springing in it, a furrow.—Gaw-thorpe, Goy-don, &c.
Geo (Scandinavian), a hollow, a chasm in the shore, a small inlet.—Wolfs-geo, Gui-odin, Gue-odin (Odin’s-inlet), Varren-ge-fiord, Varen-ge-ville, Varren-gue-bec.
Goe (Old Norsk), a cleft, a small opening in the land, a bay.—Red-goe, Raven-goe, Tod’s-goe, Whale-goe.
Gill (Scandinavian), a small gravelly stream, also a glen or valley; Gool, a ditch.—Row-gill, Woo-gill-tarn, Kesh-gill-burn, Esh-gill, Ive-gill, Gils-land, &c.; Goole, Gille-by, Gille-skaal, &c.
Gout, Gote, a drain or ditch, from Geotan (Anglo-Saxon), to pour.—River Goyt, Win-thorpe-gout, Trus-thorpe-gout, Tyd-gote, Got-ham, &c.
From the German Giessen, gösse, gegossen, to pour, to water, are derived—Gies-en, Giess-bach, Goss-au, &c.
Haf (Scandinavian), the sea, Havn (Danish), a haven.—Stone-haven, White-haven.
The old Haaf, Havre, Haver-ford, Hafs-lund, Frische-haf, Aland Haf, Haff of Stettin, Hafs-loe, Westman’s havn, Havn-sur-Dive, Havn-sur-Mederet, &c.
Hamn (Scandinavian), a port, bay, gulf.—Hamna-voe, Soder-hamn, Carls-hamn, Torn-hamn-sudde, Quister-ham, Go-ham, Cane-ham, Estre-ham, Ham-bye, &c.
Hatch (Provincial), a flood-gate, dam.—Mers-ham-hatch, Kelve-don-hatch.
Hyd, Hithe, Hythe (Anglo-Saxon), originally a receptacle; (2), haven; (3), coast.—Hythe, Hyde, Seche-Hythe, Rother-hithe, Green-hithe, Lamb-eth.
Holm (Scandinavian), a river island, a green plot of ground surrounded by water, low land lying along the river or ocean.—Holm, Holmes, Holm-moss, Holm-head, Holm-forth, Kirk-yet-holm, Hipper-holme, Den-holm, Steep-holm, and Flat-holm, Houlmes (near Rouen), Engo-homme, Tur-hulm (Tor-holm), Stock-holm, Hoy-holm, Borg-holm, Born-holm.
Heafod (Anglo-Saxon), the source of a stream.—Wood-head, Holm-head, Leather-head, &c.
Ig (Anglo Saxon), an island.—It assumes the various forms of Eage, Aege, Eig, &c.—Aig-burth, Eigh-ton, Eg-ham, Ight-field, Ight-ham, &c.
Kell, Keld (Scandinavian), a spring, “the gathering of water within a hill side, which then bursts out with a considerable gush, and forms a strong stream.”—Kil-ham, Kil-bourn, Kel-sal, Kil-hope, Kel-stedge, Kel-sale, Kel-sey, Lath-kill, Gunner-kild-bottom, Oer-kell, Halli-keld, Sal-keld, Kielder Moors, Kelder-vik.
Lad, Lode, Lade (Anglo-Saxon), water running into the sea, a pan for water, a drain, a pool, a gentle lake, an artificial water-course.—River Lyde or Lythe, Even-lode, West-lode, Whap-lode, Salter’s Lode-sluice, So-ham-lode, Burwell-lode, Reach-lode, Swaff-ham-lode, Lech-lade.
Lays (Provincial), lakes; Lay, a large pond.—Lowes-toft, the field of lakes; the provincial form is Lays-toft; forest of Lowes, Lowes-by, &c.
Laug (Scandinavian), water.—Bal-laugh, Lamp-lugh, Laugh-ton, Skir-laugh, Winters-lag, &c.
Lock, meeting of waters, junction of rivers.—Mat-lock, Whee-lock, Wen-lock.
Lecha, Letch, a small river.—Leck-hamp-stead, Latch-ford, Leckon-field, Letch-worth.
Lagu, Lage, Lache (Anglo-Saxon), water, a lake.—River Lac, Mort-lake, Shock-lach, Laken-heath, Ship-lake, Burg-has-lach, Dur-lach, and Lace-by.
Mere (Anglo-Saxon), a lake.—Comber-mere, Winder-mere, Col-mere, Mer-ton-Say, Hornsea-mere, Youns-mere, Ring-mer, Aves-mere; Haar-lem-mere, Alk-maar, Mor-ton, Mar-tin.
Mire, the Scandinavian form, Myri (Old Norsk), signifies a marsh or bog.—Gris-mire, Ling-mire, Wrag-mire, Sour-mire.
In Norway we find Rosse-myre, and in Iceland, Skala-myre.
We find the Frisian form, Mar, in Mar-strand, Hiel-mar, Mar-stall, Wis-mar, Wol-mar.
Mersc, Mars, Mas (Anglo-Saxon), a marsh or bog.—Mars-ton-moor, Mers-ham, Raw-marsh, Alder-mas-ton, Merst-ham, Meas-ham, Marsk, Os-mas-ton, Mas-ham, Tor-mas-ton, Mars-den, the Mash.
Perhaps the river Mease or Meuse is derived from the same root.
Mund (German), the mouth of a river; Muyden (Dutch); Mouth (English).—Rore-mund, Wel-mend, Witt-mund, Warne-munde, Munden, Muiden.
Oe (Scandinavian), an island.—Angles-ey, Guerns-ey, Aldern-ey, Shepp-ey, Nordern-ey, Wolv-ey, Holm-oe, Wragg-oe, Wag-oe, Rom-oe, Hoal-oe, Far-oe, Langer-oog, Wanger-oog, Cantal-eu, Jur-a, Isl-a, Straths-ay.
Ord, Ort (Dutch), a point, the junction of two rivers.—Havel-ort, Calv-orde, Frederiks-ort.
Ora (Anglo-Saxon), the shore, coast, border, those parts of the sea or river affording safe landing-places.—Or-ton, Hor-ton, Ore-by, Toln-ore, Hor-dle.
The Scandinavian, Eyr, Eyri, Aur, Oi, Ore, occurs in Eri-boll, Eri-sta, Ore-sund, Sand-area, Net-area, Rabbit-area.
Ofer, Ofra, Over (Anglo-Saxon), the shore, bank.—Little Over, Mickle Over, Over-leigh, Wend-over, And-over; Over-yssel, Hann-over, Over, near Cologne, Ofer, in the neighbourhood of the Elbe.
Pot (Scandinavian), the hole formed by a river in the rocks which compose its bed.—Lade-pot, Bull-pot, Spear-pots.
Piddle, Puddle (Anglo-Saxon), a thin stream.—Piddle-town, Piddle-trent-hide, River Biddel, Tol-puddle, Aff-puddle.
Pol, Pole, Pell (Anglo-Saxon), deep standing water, a detached or enclosed piece of water, a haven or harbour.—Pool-croft-hea, Pul-ham, Pel-ham, Yar-pole, Pul-borough, Pool-ey, Poles-worth, Poole, &c.
Pine (Provincial), a pit.—Wash-ford-pyne.
Pyt (Anglo-Saxon), a body of standing water, a puddle, cistern; from Pyttan, to excavate.—Putn-ey, Putten-ham, Pits-ford, Pud-sey, Pitn-ey, Wool-pit, Pit-stone, &c.
Ra (Scandinavian), a river.—Oxe-ra, Bro-ra (bridged-river), Nordu-ra.
Rea (Anglo-Saxon), Ry-ton, Rye-gate.
Run (Anglo-Saxon), a stream, water-course.—Run-ton, Run-ham.
Rack (Scandinavian), a trace, strait, channel.—Dam-rack, Sky-rack, &c.; the Race, Skage-rack.
Sola (Old High German), water, river.—Bagos-sola (bug), Salza, Saale.
Sloh, Slaew (Anglo-Saxon), a slough.—Slough, the name of several places in England.
Slaed, Slade (Anglo-Saxon), wet ground, low marshy ground.—Lin-slade, Slai-thwaite, Sled-dale, Sloten.
Spout (Scandinavian), a waterfall.—Cautley Spout, Gale-forth-spout, Spyten-vand (in Norway), Spout.
Strind, Strund (Scandinavian), the beach, sea coast.—The Strand, Whitby-strand, Flad-strund, Nord-strand, Es-strand, &c.
Sike (Scandinavian), a water course, drain.—Ful-sick, Meer-syke.
Stang (Scandinavian), a pool.—Meller-stang, Gar-stang, &c.
Strom (Scandinavian), a stream.—Stroms-a, Stroms-oe, Strom-ness, Straums-ey, Stroms-holm, and Mael-strom.
Strommer, a channel which separates the Isle of Siaeland from the Isle of Amak.
Saef, Siv (Anglo-Saxon), a rush, torrent.—The river Sheaf, Swaves-ey, &c.
Sea (Anglo-Saxon), See (German), the sea, a lake.—Sea-ham, Sea-ton, Sea-forth, Horn-sea, Whittle-sea, &c.; Lang-see, Esrum-see, Gruner-see, and Moss-see.
The Scandinavian Soe (sea), occurs in Mor-soe, Mos-soe, Sonder-soe, &c.
Skell (Scandinavian), a well, spring.—Skel-man-thorpe, Skell-eftea, Skelder-vik, Skel-ton, &c.
Sund (Scandinavian), separated, a channel, a strait.—Sunder-land, the Sound, Helle-sund, Stral-sund, &c.
Tjorn, Tern, Tarn (Scandinavian), a small lake.—Lough-rigg-tarn, Flat-tarn, Flou-tern-tarn (from Floi, Scandinavian, a bog, marsh, &c.), Angle Tarn, Beacon Tarn, Tjorn (an island off the coast of Sweden), Holms-jon, Mars-jon, Flas-jon.
Vatn, Vat, Vand (Scandinavian), water, a lake.—Apa-vatn, My-vatn, Sands-vatn, Bjork-vatn-et, Rys-vand; Olle-vat (a lake in the Hebrides), Vatn-dale, Watend-lath (in Cumberland), Steapa-vat, &c.
Sometimes Vand is changed into Water, as in Helga-water (a lake in Shetland), Ulls-water, Gates-water, Broad-water, Oude-water, Water-vliet (netherlands), Vara-bot (France).
Vaag, Voe (Scandinavian), a bay, harbour, in
Voe (Sum-brough),
Burra-voe,
Usk-vagh,
Flad-vagh,
Vaag-oen,
Vaag-en,
Sol-way,
Groes-vagh,
Hamna-voe, harbour bay;
Selia-voe, herring bay; &c.
Vig, Vik, Wick (Scandinavian), a small bay, harbour, landing-place, town on the sea coast, mouth of a river.—Bruns-wick, Schles-wig, Laur-vig, Steen-vig, Lem-vig, Weston-vik, Bra-viken, Wool-wich, Green-wich, Har-wich, Ips-wich, Dib-ic, Cu-ic, and Green-oc.
Wath, Wade (Scandinavian), a ford.—Wath-upon-Dearne, Winder-wath, Wades-mills, Wads-ley; Waythe, Biggles-wade, Sands-vath, Waithe.
Wash (Scandinavian), an arm of the sea, a river, ford.—The Wash, Ship-wash, Vis-by, Wash-field, and Was-dale.
Well (Anglo-Saxon), a spring.—Both-well, Wyl-am, Wel-ton, Wil-land; Waedensch-wyl, Walch-wyl, Wyl-au, Hof-wyl, &c.
Wasser (German), Waes (Anglo-Saxon), water.—Wasser-burg, Wasser-trudingen, Waes-ten, Waes-land, Water-loo (water meadow), Weasen-ham, Wassen-bury, &c.
Wac (Anglo-Saxon), soft marshy ground; Wax (Scandinavian).—Wac-ton, Wax-holme, Wax-holm, Wax-ham, Whax-grove, &c.
Wael, Wheel (Provincial), a whirlpool.—Wheel-don, Weel, Weel-ey, Wheel-ton, &c.
Worth (Anglo-Saxon), an island formed by a river, a canal between the two branches of a river, a farm.—Teb-worth, Hems-worth, Tets-worth, Nails-worth, Rush-worth, Til-worth, Clos-worth, Wid-worthy, Tat-worth, Chil-worthy, Dodge-waart, Bols-waard, Holt-wierde, and Schoenen-werth.
Wychen (Anglo-Saxon), springs; Wych (Provincial), a salt spring.—Whix-ley, Wick-en, Middle-wich, Nant-wich, and Ford-wich.
(B) NAMES OF MOUNTAINS, HILLS, &c.
Bac, Beac (Anglo-Saxon), a ridge or back; Bac (Gothic), a woody mountain, an ascent or descent.
Buhel, Puhel, Buhl (German), a hill, rising ground.
Baich (Old English), a “languet of land.”—Saddle-Back, Bac-ton, Bacon’s-field, Hog’s-back, Bainton-Beacon, Inkpen-Beacon, &c.
Cæsar makes mention of a Sylva Bacen-is, which separated the Cherusci from the Suevi; and Ptolemy speaks of a Meli-boc-os, in the north of Germany. There is still a Meli-boc-us in the south of Germany.
The German form (Buhl, Puhel, &c.), occurs in
Eichen-buhl, the oak ridge;
Dun-kels-buhl, the ridge of the mountain springs;
Ross-buhl, the horse’s ridge;
Lust-buhl, the hill of pleasure.
Breg, Beorg, Beroh (Anglo-Saxon), a mountain, a hill, a heap of stones or earth; Berg Pereg (High German), Bairgs (Gothic), Bierg, Bjorg, Borg (Scandinavian).—Ha-berg-ham-caves, Wa-ber-thwaite, Wi-berg-thwaite (holy mountain path), Leg-ber-thwaite (low mountain path), Brown-berg-hill, Lang-baurgh.
Barrow and Barf occur frequently in the north of England. They are probably only slightly altered forms of Berg.—Under-barrow-scar, High-barrow-ridge, &c.; Clee-barf, Barf near (Bassen-thwaite), &c.
The German Berg is found in
Berg, Berg-en, the mountain region;
Berge-dorf, the hilly city;
Berg-heim, the hilly home;
Adels-berg, the noble’s hill;
Arns-berg, the eagles’ hill;
Alten-berg, the ancient hill;
As-perg, the ash hill;
Heidel-berg, the heath hill;
Konigs-berg, the King’s hill;
Mittel-gebirge, middle range.
The Scandinavian form Borg, appears in
Borg-loh, the hilly dwelling by the water;
Borg-holm, the hilly island;
Borg-holz-hausen, the hilly-wooded dwelling; &c.
Break (Scandinavian), the slope of a mountain, the hollow in a hill.—Mel-break, Cal-break, Lov-brekke, Skards-brekke, Sand-brekke, &c.
Calf (Scandinavian), a smaller mountain near a larger one. It is also applied to islands.—Calva, Calf, Kalva-berg (the “Calf of Man”), Calver-peak, &c.
Car (Anglo-Saxon), a rock.—Uugin-Car, Rugh Car, Gol-car, the Carrs.
Cam (Scandinavian), a summit, top.—Cam-fell, Cachede-cam, &c.
Clife, Clif, Cliffe, Clee, Clou, Clough (Anglo-Saxon), a rock.—Cleve, Old Cleeve-hill, Cleve-land, Claver-don, Cleve-don, Claver-ley, Clippes-by, Clip-stone, Clop-hill, Klop-stock, Clop-ton, Clop-ham, Cliffe, Cliff-ton, Top-cliffe, Shorne-cliffe, Swil-low-clift, Cliffe-end; Clee-thorpes, Cle-hanger, Clee-hills, Clee-barf, Cleever, Claw-ton, Cleo-bury, Clough-ton, Buc-cleugh, Cleves, Kloppen-burg.
Clump (Provincial), a heap.—Chariot-clump, Heaver-clump.
Clud, Clent (Anglo-Saxon), a piece of rock.—Pen-ket-cloud, Temple-cloud, Cloud-end, Clent-hill, Clin-ton.
Cnol (Anglo-Saxon), rising ground, a small round hill.—Falkland Knoll, Brent-knoll, Mays-knoll, Knowl-bury, Windy-knowl.
Cop (Anglo-Saxon), a top, summit.—Mold-cop, Wyle-cop, Mow-cop, War-cop, Schnee-koppe (snow top).
Dodd (Scandinavian), a mountain with a rounded summit.—Harts-op-dodd, Skiddaw-dodd.
Dun, Don, Down (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, sometimes applied to dwelling-places on hills.—The Downs, Downe, Down-ton, Leigh-down, Hunting-don, Ham-don, Snow-don, Dun-fell, Dun-mallet, Down-holm, Down-head, Duns-by, Dun-score, Duns-fold, Dun-stan.
Edge (Anglo-Saxon, Ecg), high moor-lands, the sharp ridge of a mountain.—Edge-hill, Swirrell-edge, Strathon-edge, Land-egge.
Fell, Fjeld (Scandinavian), a rock-hill, mountain chain.—Dovre-fjeld, Hardanger-fjeld (the mountains of hunger and poverty), Rute Fielle, Fal-aise, Oxen-fell, Hart-fell, Shap-fell, Bow-fell, Campsie-fells, Snae-fell, Mickle-fell.
Gare, Gore, Gor (Anglo-Saxon), a triangular piece of ground, a narrow slip of ground, generally dirty or marshy.—Water-gore, the Gore, Haven-gore-marsh.
Ha (Scandinavian), high.—Ha-wick, Ha-warden, Ha-worth, Hea-ley, Hea-laugh, Hea-ton, Hey-don, Hey-thorpe, Hey-shot, Pool-croft-hea, Hirne-ha.
Hammer (Scandinavian), a rock.—Hammer-scar, Hammer-end, Hammer-fest, Hammer-stein, Stor-hammer, Lille-hammer.
Hart, Hard (Gothic), high.—Harder-wyk, Harden-burg, the Hardt mountains.
Hawes, Haw (Scandinavian), a rock, an oblong mountain, a prospect.—Esk Haws, Buttermere Haws, Haws-water.
We find Aas (pronounced Aws), the Norwegian form, in Aas-fjeld, Aas-vand, &c.
Haugh, Houg, How, Ho, Hoo, Hov, Hoe, Hoy, &c. (Scandinavian), a hill, sepulchral mound, promontory.—Bothwell-haugh, Haugh-am, Haugh-ton, Haugh-ley, Haugh-mond-hill; Alders-haugh, Hogh-ton, Bar-haugh, Hough-ton-le-spring, Green-ough, Bere-hough, Hew-by, Kew (Kay-hough, Kay-howe); the Haugh, Haigh-ton, Scale-how, Hund-how, Red-how, Grimes-hoo, the Hoo, Haux-ley, Hax-ley, Hox-ay (the isle of the promontory), Haugs-eid (the isthmus of the hillock), Haux-ton, &c.; Loose-hoo, Iving-hoe, Stapl-oe, Hoy-land, Al-sta-haug, La Hogue, Jord-heue, Le-hou, Ne-hou, Cape Hoc, Heve, Hogues d’Isigny, Hogues de Baucy, Hoy-a, Hoy-holm.
Haus (Old Norsk), top, summit.—Herd-house, Lad-house, Husa-fell, &c.
Hang (Anglo-Saxon), a heel.—East and West Hang, Hangle-ton, Hanke-low.
Hook, Hawk, Hack, and Hoch have a similar signification.—Hace-by, Hacker-sall, Hack-ford, Hack-thorne, Hack-ness, Hack-don, Hoc-kliffe, &c.; Hawk-moor, Hook, Hooker-ton, Hook-nor-ton, Hack-sted, Hack-low.
Hohe, Hoch (German), height, high.—Hohe-geiss, Hohen-stein, Hohen-linden, Hohen-as-perg, &c.; Hoch-heim, Hoch-kirch, Hoch-wald, &c.; Hoog-veen, Hoog-meide.
Heigh, High (Anglo-Saxon), elevated.—Heigh-am, Heigh-ley, Heigh-ton, High-bray, High-ley, High-week, &c.
Heaford (Anglo-Saxon), head-top, upper.—Head-lam, Head-ley, Head-worth, Hed-don, Hed-hope, Heed-ley.
Hean (Anglo-Saxon), high.—Hean-or, Hean-wood, Hainton, Hent-land, Haun-ton.
Hope, Op, Ope (Scandinavian), the side of a hill, a sheltered spot on the side of a hill.—Hop-town, Harts-op, Harr-op, Wool-hope, Oxen-hope.
Hob (Scandinavian), a rising eminence; Heap (English).—Hob-linch, Hob-knap; Heap, Heap-ey, Heap-ham, &c.
Hul, Hyl (Anglo-Saxon), a mountain, elevation in general.—Tintin-hull, Soli-hull, Mag-hull, Hil-ton, Hil-bury, Hil-gay, Hill-am, Hillers-don, Hil-per-ton, and Hill-side.
Hofved, Hoved (Scandinavian), a head, promontory.—
Skov-hoved, wood head;
Vorms-hofved, worm’s head.
Head, when it occurs in the names of capes, promontories, &c., in England, is of Scandinavian origin.
Horn, Hurne, Hyrne, Herne (Anglo-Saxon), an angle or corner-land projecting into the sea or river, a peak.—Hirne-ha, Cold-irne, Guy-hirne, Horn-castle, Horn-sea, Horn-um, Stor-horn, Breit-horn, Tenfels-horn, Wild-horn, and Rinder-horn.
Knot (Scandinavian), a round heap.—Hard-knot, Scald-knot, School-knot, Whim-bury-knots, Knots-low.
Knaep (Anglo-Saxon), rising ground.—Mister-ton Knap, Hob-knap, &c.
Knab, the Scandinavian form, occurs in Knab-scar, the Knab, &c.; Knipe-scar, Knipen-berg.
Low, Lewe, Loe, Law (Anglo-Saxon), a small round hill.—Broad-low, Had-low, Tax-low, Mar-low, Wins-low, Hal-low, Doller-law, Bug-law-ton, Hag-loe, Lev (Scandinavian), Orms-lev, and Ors-lov.
Loppe, Hlype (Anglo-Saxon), an uneven place, a leap.—Hind-lip, Lop-ham, Lax-leip, Hous-lip-burn, Deer-leep-hill, &c.
Lynch, Link (Anglo-Saxon), ploughed ground on the side of a hill, high ground.—Stock-linch, Moor-lynch, &c.
Loft (Scandinavian), a mound.—Carl-lofts, Lof-sta, Lofta-hammar, Loft-house, Lofts-ome, &c.
Lad (Scandinavian), a pile or heap.—Lost-lad, Lad-cragg.
Klint (Scandinavian), sea rocks.—Spoel-klint, Stevens-klinte, Steyns-klint.
Mor, Moor (Anglo-Saxon), a common, highlands covered with heath; Moor (English).—Nort-moor, Backe-moor, Mor-peth.
Nap (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, peak, point, top of a hill; Neb (Scandinavian).—Nap-ton-on-the-hill, Nap Farm, Nep-ton, Nep-cote, Whinney Neb, White Nab, Con-mer Nab, the Nabs, Nabs Buts.
Ness, Naze, Nose (Scandinavian), damp, humid land stretching out into the sea, a promontory, a projecting portion of land.—Lowestoft-ness, Foul-ness, Dunge-ness, Sheer-ness, Skeg-ness, Strom-ness, Bow-ness, Scar-ness, Fur-ness, Skeg-nas, Sand-noes, the Naze.
In France, Ness takes the form of Nez.
Pike, Peak, Pig (Scandinavian), a point.—Kid-sty-pike, Dufton-pikes, Mur-ton-pikes, the Peak, Pig-don, Knock-pikes, Pick-mere, Jolly Waggon Pike, Pike-law, West-pike.
Rigg (Scandinavian), a ridge, an oblong hill; Hrigg (Anglo-Saxon), a back.
Lough-rigg-fell;
Ask-rigg, ash-ridge;
Lat-rigg, the dwelling on the ridge;
Long-rigg, long-ridge;
Ewan-rigg, yew ridge.
The German form, Ruck, occurs in
Ziegen-ruck, the kid’s ridge;
Hunds-ruck, the hound’s ridge.
Rise (Anglo-Saxon), Raise (Scandinavian), a mound, hill-top, a high wood, &c.—Clap-ham Rise, Rise-ley, Raise-gill, Rise-holm, Rise-brough.
Scar, Scarth, Scarf, Scor, Scree, Skrid (Scandinavian), a rock, sharp, steep, or precipitous.—Scar-borough, Scar-overton, Black Hope-scars, Scars-dale, Ul-sker, Skerry, Ul-scarth, Gate-scarth, Balder-scarth, Scarf-gap, the Screes, Scree-scar, Scrax, Skar-a, Skiel-skior, Skaa-up, Skier-um, Sten-bids-skaar, Scar-stad, Scar-ild, Ska-tunge, Einer-sker, Svart-sker, Cher-bourg, Evar-skard, Haka-scard, Skarven-Fjeld, Maastjern-skarv, Skard, Skrid, Ref-skrid, Skrids-hol, Scarthin-cliffs, Scor-burgh, Scor-ton.
Scug (Scandinavian), a declivity.—Scugger, Skugg, Skeg-ness.
Sty (Scandinavian), an ascending path.—Kid-sty-pike, Sty-head, An-sty, Hubber-sty, Stee.
The Anglo-Saxon forms are Steele, Steigle, Stege.—Ham-steel, High-stile, Long-stile, Stile, Steel Fell.
The German Steig, a path.—Occurs in Alten-steig, Stege, Steiger-wald.
Steap (Anglo-Saxon), steep.—Steep-holm, Stoupe-brow, Steep.
Shelf, Skelf (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), a crag, rock, steep places.—Shelf-anger, Shel-don, Tib-shelf, Self-stones, Ra-skelfe, &c.
Stack, Stake, Stickle (Scandinavian), a rock, peak.—Stawkers, Stack, Hay-stacks, the Stake, Harrison Stickle, Pike o’Stickle, Stickle-stad, &c.
Stert (Anglo-Saxon), a tail.—Start-point, Stert-island, &c.
Stones (Provincial), hills, heights.—Blake-low-stones, Ox-stones, Dane Head Stones, &c.
Top (Anglo-Saxon), head, summit.—Top-cliffe, Tops-ham, Lewis-top, Pon-top Pike, Tip-ton, Top-croft, &c.
Tunga (Scandinavian), a promontory, headland, applied to rocks and mountains.—Tonge-with-Haulgh, Middle Tongue, Tong-fell, Tunge-fiord, Ska-tunge, Tang-fjeld, Tungn-fell.
Weald, Wald, Wold, Wealt, Would, Wild, Welt (Anglo-Saxon), a forest, a high woodland district.—The Wealds of Kent, the Wolds of Yorkshire, Moncton-weald, Glen-whelt, Walt-ham, Cots-wold, Wold-brow, Wald-au, Wald-bach, Wald-burg, Wald-eck, Wait-by, Wald-heim, Wald-kirch, Wald-see, Ost-wolde, Wold, and Woude.
Winch, Wink (Scandinavian), a corner.—Winch-combe, Wink-field, Wink-leigh, Winchel-sea, Finkle-bridge, Winkel-seth, Rose-Winkel, Ruh-winkel, &c.
Warn, Wharn (Anglo-Saxon), steep.—Wharn-side, Wharn-cliffe, Wharn-ham.
Yoke (Scandinavian), a hill, chain.—Yoke-thwaite, Yoke-cliffe.
(C) NAMES OF VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &c.
Acre, Aker (Anglo-Saxon), a field.—West-acre, Kint-aker.
Bearw, Bearo, Bern (Anglo-Saxon), a fruitful productive wood, from Beran, to yield; Bar, Bur, a bower, knoll; Byras, woods, plots of woody ground.—Brown-ber-hill, Bram-ber, Tod-bere, Green-ber-field, Bur-ton, and Bar-ton, Sheb-beare (sheep-wood), Kentis-beare, Beer (near Seaton), Bier-low, Baum-ber (tree-wood), Bear-stead, Bears-ton, Bear-ley, Ber-don, Bur-combe, Bur-land, Burs-lem, Bur-stall, Bur-marsh, Bur-wash, Bar-ham, Bar-ford, and Bar-well.
Bearne (Provincial), a wood.—Barn-by, Barn-ey, Barn-well, Barn-ham, Barn-brough, &c.
Bit (Anglo-Saxon), a pasture.—Cow-bit, Nes-bit, &c.
Bus, Bush (Anglo-Saxon), a small wood.—Busch (German), Bosc (Scandinavian).—Bush-ey, Bos-ham, Bus-by, Bus-cot, Bush-bury, Buss of Newham, Buss of Werdie; Col-bosc, Mille-bosc, Rom-bosc, Boschen-ried, and Dicke-busch.
Bent (Provincial), a plain, field, a common.—Bent-ham, Bent-ley, Hayton’s Bent, Bent-hall, Bent-worth, Chow-bent, &c.
Botm (Anglo-Saxon), Bottom (English), a dale.—Gunner-kild-bottom, Houn-dene-bottom, Shuffle-bottom (Shaw-field-bottom), Owler-bottom, and Brook-bottom.
Car (Anglo-Saxon), a plain.—Car-ham, Car-stairs.
Chin, Chine (Anglo-Saxon), a cleft, hollow.—Chin-ley-churn, Crow-chine, &c.
Cup (Anglo-Saxon), a hollow.—Bu-cup, Cub-ley, &c.
Croft (Scandinavian), a small field.—Craw-ton, Wey-croft, Croft Farm, Sander-croft, Haver-croft, Crof-ton, Cox-croft, and Wivels-croft. In France the same root is found under the form Crottes.
Comb (Anglo-Saxon), a valley or low piece of ground, a space between two hills.—Combe, Brans-combe, Bor-combe, Clo-combe, Gat-combe, Sted-combe, Comp-ton.
Dal (Scandinavian), a valley (from Dala, to depress); Thal (German).—Scar-dale, Ken-dal, Arun-dell, Dal-wood, Dingley-dell, Co-dale, Gris-dale, Ul-dale, Dul-wich, Dul-ver-ton, Schön-thal, Rein-thal, Dussel-thal, Dal-hem, Dals-land, Dal-bye, Dal-heim, Dal-river, &c.; Dane-tal, Darne-tal, Delle du Bog, Delle du Fosse.
Deonu, Dionu, Denu, Den, Dean (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, pasture, valley, hollow, ravine, &c.—Taunton Dean, Forest of Dean, Deb-den, Cob-den, Hammer-den, Bals-dean, O-dean, Dib-den, Den-by, Den-bigh, &c.
Field, Feld (Anglo-Saxon), detached localities partly open, an open height, a plain.—Heath-field, Spring-field, Neither-field, Lang-field, &c.
The German form, Feld, occurs in Feld-berg, Feld-kirch, Lingen-feld, Hume-feld, Alten-feld, Lichter-velde, Basse-velde, &c.
Fold, Fol, Fald (Scandinavian), land district, enclosure for sheep, &c.—Nettle-ford, Ox-fold, Had-fold, Ex-fold, Ash-fold, Frith-fold, Duns-fold, &c.
Gap (Scandinavian), an opening between hills.—Raise Gap, Whin-latter-Gap, Yap-ton.
Grafe (Anglo-Saxon), a small wood, a grove.—No-bottle-grove, Bo-grove, By-grave, Graf-ton, Cot-Grave, Red-grave, and Chal-grove.
Hag, Hay, Hedge, Edge (Anglo-Saxon), a limit boundary, fence, any enclosure, a single field, a plot of ground fenced in and surrounded by an hedge; Haga (Scandinavian), Hag (Gothic), enclosed pasturage, a cultivated copse or woodland.—Hag-borne, Hag-ley, Hag-loe, Hedger-ley, Hay-don, Hay-dock, Hay, West-hay, Cut-hayes, Wil-hay, Child-hayes, Hay-ton, Hayes, Comb-hay, Hag-a, Hagen, the Hague, Hagen-au, Dorls-hagen, Falken-hagen.
Hanger, Hangra, Anger (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow near a wood, surrounded by a furrow.—Fisher-ton-anger, Clay-hanger, Anger-ton, Cle-hanger, Oke-hanger-mere.
Hat, Had, Heath (Anglo-Saxon), field; Heide, (German).—Hat-field, Hat-cliffe, Hather-leigh, Hath-ern, Hather-op, Hat-ton, Heden-ham, Had-ley, Hether-set, Hethers-gill, Het-ton, Hide, Hadden-ham, Had-don, Had-leigh, Had-low, Had-nall-ease, Had-stock, Pook-hyde, Hoath-ley, Heidel-berg, Heiden-heim, Heide.
Hayne, a cleared spot fenced in, is perhaps connected with the German Hain, small grove, wood, though it is generally considered another form of Hag, Hay, &c.—Wil-hayne, Hoober-hayne, Cown-hayne, Down-hayne, Blanken-hayn, Balken-hayn, Burg-haun, and Hain-ault.
Hese, Hyse (Anglo-Saxon), a grove, wilderness.—Hes-wall, Hes-ton, Hes-ley-Hurst, Hess-ay, His-ton, His-ket, Has-combe, Has-field, Hase-ley, Has-guard, Has-land, and Haye.
Holt, Hot, Hod (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, copse; Holz (German).—The Holts, Spars-holt, Hoddes-don, Hots-pur, Boc-holt, Borck-holt, Holz-minden, Holt-land, Holt-rup, Ter-houlde.
Hunt (Anglo-Saxon), a chase.—Fox-hunt, Ches-hunt.
Hurst, Herst, Hest, Est (Anglo-Saxon), Horst (German), Hriostr (Old Norsk), woods which produce fodder for cattle, thicket, a clump of forest trees which have not attained their full growth, or masses of standing corn.—Ew-hurst, Pens-hurst, As-hurst, Wad-hurst, Sell-hurst, Ex-hurst, Hurst-ley, Worst-ley, Fing-est, Made-hurst, Hurst, Hors-mar, Baren-horst.
Ing (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow.—Ing-birch-worth, Inger-thorpe, Ingle-by, Ing-ham, Ing-oe, Read-ing. Bark-ing, Martins-ing, Earl’s-ing-Lee.
Leagh, Lah, Leh, Lay, Lea, Ley, Leigh (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow, field, thicket, a woodland district, enclosure, place favourable to growth of grass; Loh (German); Lo, Loo (Dutch),—Had-leigh, Hor-leigh, Hoo-leigh, Pash-leigh, Mor-leigh, Bing-ley, Leigh-ton, Wark-leigh, Lay-sters, Leigh-down; Ven-lo, Water-loo, Kafer-loh, and Sapel-loh.
Lease, Laes (Anglo-Saxon), pasture land.—Lewes, Lewes-ham, Oxen-lease, Cow-leaze.
Leben (German), ground cleared of wood.—Als-leben, Aschers-leben, Eis-leben.
Ling (Anglo-Saxon), heath.—Ash-ling, Bir-ling.
Lum (Provincial), a wooded valley.—Lum-ley, Burs-lem.
Lund (Scandinavian), a wood, forest.—Lund, Laund-booth, Lund-ditch, Laun-ton, Hoff-lund, Hanging-lund.
Maed, Mead (Anglo-Saxon), a meadow.—Hot-mead, Mad-ley, Made-ley, Meth-wold, Bass-mead.
Maestene (Anglo-Saxon), a forest, grove of oak.—Sel-meston, West-meston, Mis-ter-ton.
Mearc (Anglo-Saxon), a woodland district, meadowland; Mork (Scandinavian), a wood.—Mercia, Mark (Lincoln and Somerset), Mark-ham, Mark-by, Marks-hall.
Peece, Pacce (Anglo-Saxon), dirty, watery land.—Pash-ley, Patch-am, Patch-way, Pax-ton, Pas-ton, Pax-ford.
Plas, in Plas-ket, Plass-ey, Plax-tol, has a similar signification.
Plumbe (Anglo-Saxon), a woody place.—Plum-ley, Plump-ton, Plum-stead.
Paeth (Anglo-Saxon), a way, path, entrance, road.—Mor-peth (moor-path), Pad-field, Pad-worth, Pad-bury, Pate-ly.
Rake (Provincial), a mine.—Land-rake.
Rayne (Provincial), limit, bound.—Rain-hill, Rain-ham.
Riothr, Raith (Scandinavian), a clear place, an open field; Ryde, to clear away.—Reith-by, Raith-by, Rath-mill.
Rode (German), Rode, Rod, Royd (English), land cleared or grubbed up.—Ruthyn, Rut-land, Martin-royd, Hol-royd, Hunt-royd, Orme-rod, Ack-royd, Werni-gerode, Elbin-gerode, Rod-ach, Mount Ruti, Ruthi, Oste-rode.
Skogr, Scow, Scaw, Skov, Shaw, Shoe (Scandinavian), a wood.—Scaw-ton, Scof-ton, Scow-garth, Fla-scow, We-scow, Bri-sco, Ever-saw, Auden-shaw, Skovs-hoved.
In France we find Bois d’Escoves.
Shot (Anglo-Saxon), a wood.—Scot-by, Scot-ton, Shot-ton, Alder-shot (alder-wood), Bag-shot (badger’s-wood).
Snadas, Snaed, Snad (Anglo-Saxon), a piece of land with well-defined limits without enclosures, public woods, or pasture grounds.—Snaith, Sned, Snettis-ham, Whip-snade, Snod-land.
Stock (Anglo-Saxon), a wood, enclosure.—Stock-land, Stock-linch, Taw-stock, Hal-stock, Chard-stock, Stock-holm.
Smeth, Smid, Smith (Anglo-Saxon), smooth, level ground.—Smea-ton, Smes-towe, Smith-field, Smeeth, Smeeth-cote.
Spring (Anglo-Saxon), a grove.—Spring-thorpe.
Stob, Stub, Stobbe (Anglo-Saxon), a stump.—Stobs-wood, El-stub, Stepn-ey (Steben-heath), Stub-croft, Stub-land, Stubbe-rup.
Toll (Anglo-Saxon), a small grove of lofty trees.—Toll-piddle, Tol-ton, Tel-ton, Toller-ton, Tol-land, Tole-thorpe.
Toft (Scandinavian), a field, the border of the house and homestead.—Lowes-toft, Knocking-tofts, Toft.
In France we find Hau-tot, Crique-tot, Ec-tot, Sasse-tot, Anse-tot, Ebel-toft, Enges-tofte.
Tot (Anglo-Saxon), a small grove.—Totn-ore, Tot-ham, Totten-ham, Tut-bury, Tot-land Bay, Tet-bury, Dod-pits, Tot-lets, Tot-ern-hoe.
Telgr (Scandinavian), a tract of land.—Soder-telge, Soder-telje, Norr-telge.
Tved, Thwaite (Scandinavian), a path, an isolated piece of ground, ground cleared of wood.—Lock-thwaite, Stanger-thwaite, Hall-thwaite, Line-thwaite, Tvede, Om-thvett, Skis-ved.
Wan, Wing, Wang (Anglo-Saxon), a large indefinite tract of land, a meadow.—Wang-ford, Wing-field, Wan-stead, Tongs-winge, Wanger-oog, Wang, El-wangen.
Waste (Provincial), a level.—Waste-water, Thorn-waste.
Wride (Anglo-Saxon), an intertwining, luxuriant thicket.—Wrays-bury, Writtle, Ease-writh, Wret-ham, Wret-ton, Ting-rith (Tyn-grave).
With (Scandinavian), a wood.—Ask-with, Bram-with, Wither-by, &c.
Wood (English), Weide (German), pasture ground.—Weid-au, Wid-au, Wed-more, Wid-combe, Woot-ton, Widde-combe, &c.
Wiese (German), a meadow.—Wies-baden, Wiesen-thied, &c.
(D) NAMES OF HABITATIONS.
Band (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), a division, boundary.—How-Band, Millstone-band, Taylor’s-gill-band, Southernly-bound, &c.
By, Bo (Scandinavian), a town, from Bua, to dwell; Byr, the town of commerce.—Kir-by, Kirk-by, Thores-by, Der-by, Den-by, Wait-by, Horns-by, Ire-by, &c.; Kirk-boe, Frode-boe, Qual-boe, By-grave, By-field, Buer-dale, Wibel-buhr, and Ochtel-buhr. In France we find this root, under the form Beuf, in Lim-beuf, Mar-beuf, Quille-beuf, and Marque-beuf.
Bold, Balt, Booth, Bottle (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling.—Shil-bottle, New-bold, New-bald, Bolt-on, Par-bold, Bootle, Lor-bottle, Booth-by, More-battle, Bot-ley, New-bottle, Boulder-dale, Buittle, Bot-ham, and Bot-hall.
Borde (Provincial), a cottage.—Bord-well, &c.
Buttel (German), a dwelling.—Wolfen-buttel, Lust-buttel, Bruns-buttel, &c.
Biggen (Provincial), a building, from Big, to build.—New-biggen, Sun-biggen (south-building), &c.
Bow, Bol (Scandinavian), a dwelling, house of a proprietor.—Bows, Bow-ness, Bow-scale Tarn (Bowness was anciently called Bol-ness, or Bul-ness), Boly, Bol-bec, Mum-ble, Strum-ble, Alden-bull, Tetten-bull, Bol-stadoren.
Burg, Bury, Borough (Anglo-Saxon), a city, place of retreat or defence.—Bury, Nether-bury, Hem-bury, Stan-bury, Sid-bury, Salis-bury (Scaro-byrig, the dry-city), Shaftes-bury (town of shafts), Burg-walter (Bridge-water), Borough-bridge, Sea-borough, Sad-borough, Water-perry, Wood-perry.
Burra-voe, Brough, and Brough-under-Stanmore are examples of the Scandinavian form, Brough.
Busta, Buster, Bust (Scandinavian), a dwelling-place, a contraction of Bol-stathr, dwelling seat. (See Bol).—Hob-bister, Swan-bister, Flad-bister, Swara-bister, Swara-ster, Mura-ster, Kirka-bister, and Busta-voe.
Chip, Cheap (Anglo-Saxon), a market.—
Chipping Norton,
Copen-hagen,
Coppen-brugge,
Kiob-stae,
Norr-koping, north-market;
Ny-koping, new-market;
Chep-stow, market place;
Cheap-side, market-seat;
Coup-man Beck (Coup-land Beck), merchant’s district brook;
Soder-koping, south-market.
Cot, Coat, Cote, Ket (Anglo-Saxon), a hut, salt-pit, cottage, the dwelling of the poorer classes.—
Swins-coe, swine’s cottage;
Hes-ket, horse-cottage;
Plas-ket, marshy-cottage;
Cots-wold, the cottages of the wolds;
Cot-leigh, the cottage by the pasture;
Cottes-more the cottage by the moor; &c.
Derne (Anglo-Saxon), a solitary place.—Dearne, Darn-all, Wath-upon-Dearne, Bode-dern, Dern-yett, &c.
Dacre, Daker (Scandinavian), log-house.—Dacre, Daker-stead, &c.
Ern, Erne (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling, hermitage.—Crewk-erne, Ask-ern, Kill-earn, Cow-arne, &c.
Gata (Scandinavian), a street, road, path, thoroughfare.—Fresh-water-gate, Fisher-gate, Clappers-gate, Hollow-gate, Darn-yett. Some of the leading thoroughfares in London end in Gate—e.g., Bishops-gate-street, Moor-gate-street, Kings-gate-street.
The form Gade, found in Denmark and Norway, has the same signification.—Gade-busch, &c.
Gale, Geil (Scandinavian), a dwelling in a hollow.—Gale-garth, Gale-hows, Grettis-geil, &c.
Hut, Hutte (Anglo-Saxon), a shelter, house, dwelling, &c.—Hut-ton, Hut-toft, &c.
Ham (Anglo-Saxon), Heim (German), Um (Frisian), Home (English), farm, enclosed land, a village or town; the same root occurs in Ham-let.—High-ham, Low-ham, East-ham, Ham-don, Hamp-ton, Ham-burgh, Dront-heim, Blen-heim, Hus-um, Hol-um, Fisk-um, Skiv-um, Ann-ham, and Zel-ham.
Garth, Guards (Scandinavian), an enclosed place; Yard (Anglo-Saxon).—Mel-guards, Stain-garth, Sky-garth, Gas-garth, Cal-garth, Bro-gar, Land-guards, Lan-gar, Humble-yard, and Yard-ley.
Hall, Ealh (Anglo-Saxon), a castle, mansion, house of a king, a temple; Alhs (Gothic).—Hal-twistle, Hal-stock, Lilles-hall, Coppen-hall, Darn-all, Ala-darp, Als-hein, and Als-feld.
Hold, Hald (Anglo-Saxon), tenement, fortress.—Hold-shott, Hold-fast, Hold-gate, Holden-by, Halder-ness, and Neu-Haldens-leben.
Helm (Provincial), hovel, cottage.—Helm-don, Helm-ley, &c.
Hem (Anglo Saxon), limit, border.—Hem-don, Hem-bury, Hem-ley, &c.
Herne (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling, retired place.—Lan-herne, Mat-herne, Herne-Bay, Herne-hill, &c. (See Ern).
House (English); Hus, Huus (Scandinavian); Haus, Hausen, Husen, Sen (German), a residence.—Hus-thwaite, Wood-house, Bo-hus-land, Ar-os, Aa-huus, Haus-ruck, Schaff-hausen, Borg-holz-hausen, Ink-huizen, Al-sen, and As-sens.
Hof, Hoven (German), a court, temple; Hof (Scandinavian).—There is near Appleby a village called Hoff; Hoff-row, Hoff-common, and Hoff-lund are places containing the same root.
In, Inne (Anglo-Saxon), an enclosure, occupied by the proprietor.—In-gars-by, In-gate-stone, In-skip-with, In-golds-by, En-field, In-ward-leigh.
Kirke, Kirk (Scandinavian), a church.—Kir-by, Kirk-by, Aa-kirke, Dun-kirk, &c.
Lath, Laith (Scandinavian), a barn.—Lath-kill, Laith-kirk, Lath-bury, &c.
Land (Scandinavian), a district.—Nat-land, Mor-land, Ly-land, Rus-land, Gar-land, &c.
Mel (Gothic), a boundary.—Mel-guards, Mel-beck, Cart-mell-fel, Meal-rigg, Mel-ay.
Pightle, Pigle, Pingle (Anglo-Saxon), a small parcel of land enclosed with hedges, a field adjoining the farm-house.—Pightels-thorne, Pigles-thorne, and Pit-stone.
Ray, Reay (Scandinavian), a corner.—Reay, Dock-ray, Elle-ray, &c.
Rick (Provincial), a district.—Rast-rick, Land-rick, Lind-rick, Mar-rick; Reich, Rich (German), Reichen-hall, Reichen-au, Au-rich, and Ell-rich.
Row, Rowe (Anglo-Saxon), a street.—Row-botham, Hoff-row, Hard-row, Row-land, &c.
Sad (Anglo-Saxon), a camp.—Sad-borough, Sed-bergh.
Scale, Shiel, Shield (Scandinavian) a log-house, fisherman’s hut.—Scale-force, Thorny-scale, Bon-scale, Hud-scales, Scale-hill, North Shields, South Shields, Lin-sheels, Shill-hill.
Sel, Sele, Sale (Anglo-Saxon), a hall, mansion, seat.—Bo-sell, Kel-sale, Sel-side, Sale-fell, Sel-by, Buer-sill, Bruch-sal and Up-sala (high halls.)
Set, Seta (Anglo-Saxon), Seat, Side (Scandinavian), a seat or dwelling, pasture upon a mountain side.—Lang-sett, Somer-set, Dor-set, Settle, Shottle, As-kel-side, Orm-side, Raven-side, Seat-allan, Seat-Robert, Seat-oller, Out-seats, Thor-set, and Ulv-set.
Shir, Shire (Anglo-Saxon), a division.—Shares-hill, Sher-wood, Sharn-brook, Half-shire, &c.
Shed, Shad (Anglo-Saxon) a division.—Shad-well, Shad-forth, Shad-ox-hurst, &c.
Skans (Scandinavian), a fort.—Scan-dale.
Skew (Scandinavian), a place in a corner.—Scale-sceugh, Barn-skew, A-skew, North-sceugh.
Sok (Anglo-Saxon), a ward.—Sock-burn, Sock-hyre, &c.
Stall, Stell (Anglo-Saxon) a residence.—Bor-stall, Hep-ton-stall, Tun-stall, Bo-stell, Heiken, Borg-stell (a residence on the side of a hill).
Staple, Stapol, Stable (Anglo-Saxon), a market place, an establishment.—Staple, Barn-staple, Staple-ton, Stapl-oe, Staple-ford.
Stead (Anglo-Saxon), Stadr, Ster (Scandinavian), the site of a building, a mansion.—Kirk-steads, Hamp-stead, Ash-stead, Stead-combe, the Staithe, Staithes, Brab-ster, Wolf-ster, Honi-ster, Ul-ster, Lein-ster, Mun-ster, Y-stad, Neu-stadt, Strom-stratt, and Staden.
Stitches (Anglo-Saxon), deep narrow furrows for draining land.—Stitch-bury, Stitchel, Stetch-worth.
Stoke (Anglo-Saxon), a place by the water.—Stoke, Stoke-Pogis, &c.
Stow (Anglo Saxon) a place, village; Stoe, Sta (Scandinavian).—Stowe, Chep-stow, Sme-stow, Bri-stol, Stow-market, Stow-on-the-Wold, Dock-sta (marshy-place), Bro-sta (bridge-village), Fog-stoen, Haver-stoe (oat-village), and Mogle-stue.
Thing (Scandinavian), a council.—Thing-oe, Ding-wall.
Thorpe, Torp, Drup, Rup, Up (Scandinavian), a village; Torf, Dorf (German).—Col-thorpe, Adles-trop, Soul-drop, Cracken-thorpe (crow-village), Hack-thorpe, Ebers-dorf, Al-torf, Hump-drup, Brade-rup.
Ton, Tun (Anglo-Saxon), an enclosure, town.—Ac-ton, Wes-ton, New-ton, Clay-ton, Tun-bridge, Tun-stall, Eas-tyn, As-ten.
Twistle, Twizle (Anglo-Saxon), a border, boundary.—Ex-twistle, Hal-twistle, Hau-twysel, Tin-twisel, Twizell, Twisel.
Tye (Anglo-Saxon), a district.—Tee-ton, the Tyes, Tew, Teigh, Tey.
War, Wark (Scandinavian), a fortification.—Ne-wark, Grims-argh, South-wark, War-cop, Wark-leigh, Lessoe-varks, Wark-um.
Ward (Anglo-Saxon), a watch, guard, &c.—Ward-le, Ward-en, Wart-hill.
Wall, Vold (Scandinavian), a rampart, mound, fortification.—Ting-wall, Kirk-wall, Wall-op, Ude-valla, Eids-vold.
Weiler (German), a dwelling station.—Esch-weiler, Buchs-weiler.
Won, Win (Anglo-Saxon), a dwelling, possession.—Won-ersh, Won-ton, Won-ford.
LONDON: JUDD & GLASS, NEW BRIDGE STREET, BLACKFRIARS, E. C.