Front matter (continued 2)

Super means over, above (not touching). Super la maro flugis la nuboj, Over the sea floated the clouds. Followed by the accusative it shows motion over and above a thing, as Li ĵetis ŝtonon super la muron, He threw a stone over the wall.

Sub means under, underneath. La hundo kuŝis sub la tablo, The dog lay under the table. With the accusative sub shows motion to and beneath, as La hundo kuris sub la tablon, The dog ran under the table.

Vocabulary.

aero, air. sono, sound. benko, bench. kato, cat. lito, bed. frukto, fruit. genuo, knee. muso, mouse. muziko, music. ponto, bridge. sofo, sofa. supraĵo, surface. ŝultro, shoulder. ferdeko, deck. balanc-, swing (something). frap-, strike, slap. influ-, have influence on. prem-, press. naĝ-, swim. forestanta, absent. nobla, noble (quality). alta, high.

Mi sidas sur seĝo kaj tenas la piedojn sur benketo. Li revenis kun kato sur la brako. Mi metis la manon sur la tablon. Li falis sur la genuojn. Ne iru sur la ponton. Li ĵetis sin malespere sur seĝon. Li frapis lin sur la ŝultron, kaj premis lin malsupren sur la sofon. Mi sidigis min sur la lokon de la forestanta hejtisto. La fruktoplantado devas influi noblige sur tiujn, kiuj sia okupas je ĝi.

Super la tero sin trovas aero. Liaj pensoj alte leviĝis super la nubojn. Ŝi ricevis la permeson sin levi super la supraĵon de la maro. Ili povis sin levi sur la altajn montojn alte super la nubojn. Li staras supre sur la monto kaj rigardas malsupren sur la kampon. Ŝi sidis sur la akvo kaj balanciĝis supren kaj malsupren.

El sub la kanapo la muso kuris sub la liton, kaj nun ĝi kuras sub la lito. Ŝi ofte devis naĝi sub la akvon. Sub la sonoj de muziko ili dancis sur la ferdeko. Ekfloris sub ŝia rigardo la blankaj lilioj. Ŝi subiĝis sub la akvon. Ŝi suprennaĝis ĉe la subiro de la suno.

LESSON 32.

Tra. Trans. Preter.

Tra means through, as Tra la truo, Through the hole. Tra la mondo, Through the world.

Trans means at the other side, across, as Li loĝas trans la rivero, He lives on the other side of the river. With the accusative it means to the other side, as Li naĝis trans la riveron, He swam to the other side of (across) the river.

Preter means past, by, or beyond; it conveys the idea of coming up from behind and passing on in front, as Mi pasis preter via frato, or Mi preterpasis vian fraton, I passed your brother. The difference between tra, trans, and preter is clearly shown by the sentence Trapasinte la arbaron, li preterpasis la preĝejon kaj tiam transpasis la riveron per la ponto, Having passed through the wood, he passed by the church, and then passed over the river by the bridge.

Vocabulary.

kameno, hearth, fireside. poto, pot. kaldrono, cauldron, kettle. vaporo, steam, vapour. hirundo, swallow. tunelo, tunnel. oceano, ocean. momento, moment. abato, abbot. penetr-, penetrate. bol-, boil (as water boils). turn-, turn (a thing or oneself). larĝa, wide, broad.

Li estas tiel dika, ke li ne povas trairi tra nia mallarĝa pordo. Ŝi rigardis supren tra la mallume-blua akvo. Tra la palruĝa aero lumis la stelo de la vespero. La sonado de la sonoriloj trapenetras malsupren al ŝi. Ili traglitas inter la branĉoj. Sur la kameno inter du potoj staras fera kaldrono; el la kaldrono, en kiu sin trovas (or troviĝas) bolanta akvo, eliras vaporo; tra la fenestro, kiu sin trovas (or troviĝas) apud la pordo, la vaporo iras sur la korton.

La hirundo flugis trans la riveron, ĉar trans la rivero sin trovis (or troviĝis) aliaj hirundoj. Ili povas flugi sur ŝipoj trans la maron. "Kial Hanibalo iris trans la Alpojn? Ĉar tiam la tunelo ne estis ankoraŭ preter." Estas neeble, ke ili estu transirintaj trans la oceanon. Ĉio transturniĝis la fundo supren.

Ni pasis preter la stacio. En tiu ĉi momento preteriras la abato. Preterirante, mi demandis lin, ĉu jam estas la dekdua horo. La muelilo ne povas mueli per akvo preterfluinta.

LESSON 33.

Antaŭ. Post.

Antaŭ means before (time), Ni revenos antaŭ Mardo, We shall return before Tuesday, in front of (place), Antaŭ la domo, Before the house. Before verbs "antaŭ ol" is used, as Lavu vin, antaŭ ol manĝi, Wash (yourself) before eating.

Post means after (time), behind (place).

Care must be taken in using antaŭ and post to arrange the sentence so that there can be no doubt as to whether time or place is referred to. "He came before his father," in place or position, i.e., in front of his father, is Li venis antaŭ sia patro, but if before in time is meant, it must be Li venis antaŭ ol lia patro (venis). Li venis post sia patro means He came behind his father; if we mean "after his father came" we may use kiam, and say Li venis post, kiam lia patro venis.

To express "time past," "ago," antaŭ is used, as Antaŭ tri tagoj, Three days ago. Antaŭ longe, A long time ago. Antaŭ nelonge, Not long ago.

To express "in" a time to come post is used, as I will come in three days, Mi venos post tri tagoj. Post nelonge, In a short time.

Vocabulary.

preĝejo, church (place of prayer). ordo, order. riĉeco, wealth. paŝo, step. paĝo, page. vek-, waken (someone). bala-, sweep. raŭka, hoarse. avida, eager, greedy. ofte, often. publike, publicly.

Antaŭ ili staris preĝejo. Antaŭ tiuj homoj estas inde paroli. Ofte en la nokto ŝi staris antaŭ la fenestro. Mi estas peka antaŭ vi. Antaŭ unu horo. Antaŭ mallonge li vekiĝis tre raŭka. Antaŭ nelonge oni vendis la domon publike. Ne iru, antaŭ ol vi scias, ke ĉio estas en ordo. Mi devos lasi ilin elbalai la ĉambron, antaŭ ol ni komencos danci. Mi estis tie en la antaŭa jaro. Antaŭe mi neniam pensis pri riĉeco. Estis al ŝi, kiel la sorĉistino antaŭdiris.

Li restis post la pordo. Iom post iom. Ŝi komencis avide legi paĝon post paĝo. Ŝi rigardis post lin kun rideto. Post kelkaj minutoj leviĝis la suno. Ŝi ĵetis siajn brakojn posten kaj antaŭen. Ni restos kelkajn semajnojn en Parizo; poste ni vojaĝos en Germanujon.

LESSON 34.

Dum. Ĝis. Ĉirkaŭ.

Dum means during, as Dum mia tuta vivo, During my whole life. It is not much used as a preposition, that is, before a noun, en la daŭro de being better, as En la daŭro de mia tuta vivo, In (the duration of) my whole life; or the preposition is omitted altogether, as La tutan tagon mi laboradis, I used to work all day long. Dum, meaning while, whilst, is often used at the beginning of a sentence. Dume means meanwhile, or, in the meantime.

Ĝis means till, until, up to, as far as. Atendu ĝis Sabato, Wait until Saturday. Iru ĝis la rivero, Go as far as the river.

Ĉirkaŭ means about or around, somewhere near (more or less). Ili ludis ĉirkaŭ la arbo, They played around the tree. Ĉirkaŭ Majo ni foriros, About May we shall go away.

Vocabulary.

koncerto, concert. flanko, side. sorto, fate. radio, ray. kupolo, cupola, dome. rublo, rouble. etaĝo, story (of building). doloro, pain, ache. vitro, glass (material). globo, globe. kolekt-, collect. prepar-, prepare. pes-, weigh (something). ekzist-, exist. pere-, perish. proksime, near to.

Dum la tuta tago (aŭ, la tutan tagon) li restis sola. Dum (aŭ, en la daŭro de) kelkaj monatoj, ŝi ne eliradis el sia ĉambro. Li dormis dum la tuta koncerto (aŭ, la tutan koncerton). Dum daŭris la preparoj, li estis gasto ĉe la reĝo. Dum li veturas sur la vojo al Grenada, en Santa Fé estas decidata lia sorto.

Ili laboradis ĝis profunda nokto. La telero de la pesilo malleviĝis ĝis la tero. Ĝiaj radioj sin levadis ĝis la kupolo. Pruntu al mi dek rublojn ĝis morgaŭ. Li laboradis de frua mateno ĝis malfrua nokto. Li batalos ĝis la fino mem. Ni levadis nin ĉiam pli kaj pli alte ĝis la kvara etaĝo. Ĝi ekzistos ĝis la mondo pereos.

La reĝo venis ĉirkaŭ tagmezo en la vilaĝon Reading. Ĉirkaŭ la mateno la ventego finiĝis. Estos sufiĉe ĉirkaŭ dek metroj. Ĉiuj kolektiĝis ĉirkaŭ la vitra globo. Oni povas rigardi tre malproksime ĉirkaŭe. Ĉirkaŭe naĝis grandaj montoj de glacio. Li rigardis ĉirkaŭen sur ĉiuj flankoj.

LESSON 35.

De. Da.

De means of, from, or by; it denotes (i.) possession, as La ĉapelo de la patro, The father's hat; (ii.), the agent of an action, as La letero estis skribata de Johano, The letter was written by John; (iii.), cause, Li mortis de febro, He died of fever; (iv.), starting point, from, since, as De tiu tempo neniu lin vidis, (Starting) from (since) that time nobody has seen him; Li venis de Parizo, He came from Paris.

Da means of; it is used after words signifying quantity, when the noun following has a general, not a particular sense, as Dekduo da kuleroj, A dozen spoons; Funto da teo, A pound of tea; Peco da pano, A piece of bread; but if some particular tea, bread, etc., is specified, de must be used, as Funto de la teo, A pound of the tea; Peco de la pano, A piece of the bread. La cannot be used after da.

Vocabulary.

placo, place, square. velo, sail. drapo, cloth. ovo, egg. kilometro, kilometre. bordo, shore. amaso, crowd. aŭtuno, autumn. turo, tower. ĉevalo, horse. peco, piece. sumo, sum. inko, ink. najbaro, neighbour. mezuro, measure, sufer-, suffer. signif-, mean, signify. nigra, black. plena, full.

La lumo de la luno. En la mezo de la placo staris domo. Li povis havi la aĝon de dekses jaroj. La tempo de ilia vivo estas ankoraŭ pli mallonga, ol de nia. Ili sin levis de apud la tablo. Mi pensis, ke vi de tie jam ne revenos. La ŝipanoj demetis la velojn. Li deiris de la ĉevalo.

Glaso de vino estas glaso, en kiu antaŭe sin trovis vino, aŭ kiun oni uzas por vino; glaso da vino estas glaso plena je vino. Alportu al mi metron da nigra drapo. (Metro de drapo signifus metron, kiu kuŝis sur drapo, aŭ kiu estas uzata por drapo). Mi aĉetis dekon da ovoj. Tiu ĉi rivero havas ducent kilometrojn da longo. Sur la bordo de la maro staris amaso da homoj. Multaj birdoj flugas en la aŭtuno en pli varmajn landojn. Sur la arbo sin trovis multe (aŭ multo) da birdoj. Kelkaj homoj sentas sin la plej feliĉaj, kiam ili vidas la suferojn de siaj najbaroj. En la ĉambro sidis nur kelke da homoj. "Da" post ia vorto montras, ke tiu ĉi vorto havas signifon de mezuro.

Ĝi estas bela peco da ŝtofo. Sur la teleron li metis milojn da pecoj da arĝento. La lumoj brilas kiel centoj da steloj. Knabo aĉetis boteleton da inko. Ili konstruas turetojn enhavantajn multe da ĉambretoj. Li donis al ili grandan sumon da mono.

LESSON 36.

Per. Kun. Sen.

Per and kun represent different uses of our word "with," so care must be taken to use the correct word.

Per signifies by means of; it denotes the instrument by means of which something is done, as Per hakilo ni hakas, By means of an axe we chop.

Kun means in company with, accompanying. Li iros kun mi, He will go with me.

Sen means without as Teo sen sukero, Tea without sugar. It is used as a prefix to denote absence of something, as sen-utila, without use, useless (compare with mal, which denotes the exact opposite; malutila means harmful, noxious).

Vocabulary.

envio, envy. ŝaŭmo, foam, froth. fiŝo, fish. vosto, tail. pentraĵo, painting. reĝido, prince (king's son). princo, prince. ondo, wave. membro, member. tataro, Tartar. folio, leaf. fadeno, thread. lud-, play. pentr-, paint. flar-, smell (something). pel-, drive. kovr-, cover. ĉes-, cease. mov-, move (something). kune, together.

Mi manĝas per la buŝo, kaj flaras per la nazo. Ŝi surpaŝis per piedo sur la serpenton. Ĝi enkovris la belegan lilion per blanka ŝaŭmo. La korpo finiĝis per fiŝa vosto. Ĉiuj muroj estas ornamitaj per grandaj pentraĵoj. Per tie ĉi, kaj ne per alia vojo, la ŝtelisto forkuris. Per kia maniero oni povas veni en la landon de oro? Per tia maniero. Per unu vorto. La stelo Venus ekbrulis per envio.

Ŝi volis ludi kun ili, sed kun teruro ili forkuris. Kun kia atento ŝi aŭskultis tiujn ĉi rakontojn! La plej bela el ili estis la juna reĝido kun la grandaj nigraj okuloj. Tien ĉi alnaĝis la virineto de maro kun la bela princo. Kun plezuro. Kun ĉiu jaro la nombro de la membroj rapide kreskis.

La tataro restis sen bona ĉevalo kaj sen manĝo. Li preskaŭ sen vivo estis pelata de la ondoj. Ili teksis per ĉiuj fortoj, sed sen fadenoj. Li senvorte obeis. La folioj sin movis (or moviĝis) senĉese. Li kreis sennombrajn birdojn.

LESSON 37.

Por. Pro.

Por means for, in order to, for the purpose of, for the benefit of, as Li aĉetis inkon por skribi, He bought ink in order to write. Por is one of the three prepositions used before verbs in the Infinitive.

Pro means for, because of, on account of, for the sake of (cause), as Li demandis ŝin, pro kio ŝi ploras, He asked her, for what (reason or cause) she weeps.

Por looks forward to the aim or purpose of the action, to that which comes after the action, while pro looks back to what came before the action and caused it to be done, as Mi manĝas pro malsato por vivi, I eat because of hunger in order to live.

Vocabulary.

ofico, office. mastro, master. kafo, coffee. bieno, property. kaŭzo, cause. vend-, sell. konvink-, convince. kontenta, content, pleased. sata, satiated.

Li sin kuracis por resaniĝi. Ŝi havis multege por rakonti. Li iris en la preĝejon, por fari la konfeson. Por iel pasigi la tempon. Neniu pli bone taŭgas por sia ofico, ol li. Li uzis ĉiajn siajn fortojn por kontentigi sian mastron. Por mi estas tute egale, kie ajn mi loĝas. Prenu (la pagon) por la kafo.

Li mortis pro (aŭ, de) malsato. Mi havis tre bonan bienon, kiu estis vendita pro ŝuldoj. Pro la ĉielo, ne faru tion ĉi. Li estis konvinkita, ke li pro si ne devas timi. Pro tio ĉi Venus lumas pli forte, ol multaj aliaj steloj. Ĉu pro tio, aŭ ĉu pro ia alia kaŭzo, mi ne scias.

LESSON 38.

Pri. Laŭ.

Pri means concerning, in regard to, about, as Ni parolis pri nia amiko, We spoke about or concerning our friend.

Pripensi, to think about, to consider. Priparoli, to speak about. Priskribi, to describe.

Laŭ means according to, in accordance with, as Laŭ mia opinio, According to (or, in) my opinion.

Laŭlonge, lengthways.

Vocabulary.

konko, shell komando, command. eksteraĵo, exterior. portreto, portrait. boneco, goodness. fojo, time. afero, affair, matter. honesteco, honesty. konvena, suitable, proper, respectable. sonĝ-, dream. ŝajn-, seem, appear.

Ŝi volis kredi, ke la hebreo parolas pri iu alia. Nun la virino havas ĉion, ŝi pri nenio povas peti. Pri tio ĉi ne pensu. Tion oni vere ne povas diri pri vi. Estis ankoraŭ multaj aferoj, pri kiuj ili volis scii. Li ne povis eĉ sonĝi pri ŝi. Ŝi demandadis pri tio la maljunan avinon.

Mi restas tie ĉi laŭ la ordono de mia estro. Li ekiris laŭ tiu ĉi rivero. Ili havis la permeson supreniri ĉiufoje laŭ sia volo. Ŝi povis laŭ sia plaĉo fosi kaj planti. La konkoj sin fermas kaj malfermas laŭ la fluo de la akvo. Laŭ sia eksteraĵo li ŝajnis konvena homo. Laŭ la komando "tri" vi ekpafos sur la arbon. La pli juna filino estis la plena portreto de sia patro laŭ sia boneco kaj honesteco.

LESSON 39.

Kontraŭ. Anstataŭ. Krom.

Kontraŭ means against, opposite, or in opposition to as Li kuraĝe batalis kune kun ni kontraŭ niaj malamikoj, He courageously fought with us against our enemies. It is also used in the sense of overlooking, as La fenestro kontraŭ la strato, The window overlooking the street; and of facing, as Vizaĝo kontraŭ vizaĝo, Face to face. Kontraŭdiri, to contradict.

Anstataŭ means instead of, in the place of, as Mi iris Londonon anstataŭ Parizon, I went to London instead of to Paris. Mi iris hieraŭ anstataŭ morgaŭ, I went yesterday instead of to-morrow. Anstataŭ piediri, li veturis, Instead of going on foot, he drove. Anstataŭi, to take (or, be in) the place of; anstataŭigi, to put in the place of, to replace (by).

Krom means not including, in addition to, besides, as En la ĉambro estis neniu krom li, In the room there was nobody except him. La knabo estas granda, kaj krom tio, li estas bona. The boy is tall, and besides that, he is good.

Vocabulary.

rimedo, a means, remedy. kutimo, custom. profesoro, professor, reflektoro, reflector. fianĉo, betrothed. flanko, side. teo, tea. sukero, sugar. kremo, cream. prepozicio, preposition. vokalo, vowel. abomeno, disgust. ordinara, ordinary.

Vi havas rimedojn kontraŭ ĉiuj malsanoj. Kion povas fari li sola kontraŭ cent homoj? Kontraŭ sia kutimo, la profesoro nenion diris. Ĝi flugis kontraŭ la reflektoron. Kontraŭ sia propra volo ŝi tion ĉi konfesis. Li eksentis ian abomenon kontraŭ si. La kontraŭa flanko. Ili sidiĝis unu kontraŭ la alia. Ŝi estis maljusta kontraŭ li. Kontraŭ la ordinaro, la nombro de la dancantoj estis granda.

Anstataŭ li, oni sendis lian fraton. Anstataŭ eliri, li restis en la domo. Okulo anstataŭ okulo, kaj dento anstataŭ dento. Anstataŭ kafo li donis al mi teon kun sukero sed sen kremo. Anstataŭ "la" oni povas ankaŭ diri "l'" (sed nur post prepozicio, kiu finiĝas per vokalo).

En la salono staris neniu krom li kaj lia fianĉino. Krom la malplena teksilo nenio estis. Krom ni mem, ni havis tre malmulte por enporti. Ŝi volis havi, krom la ruĝaj floroj, nur unu belan statuon. Ĉiuj dormis, krom la direktilisto apud sia direktilo. Krom la membroj alveturas multe da gastoj.

LESSON 40.

Malgraŭ. Spite. Po. Je.

Malgraŭ means in spite of, notwithstanding, as Li sukcesis malgraŭ ĉio, He succeeded in spite of everything.

Spite is a stronger expression than "malgraŭ"; it means in defiance of all opposition, despite, as Li faris tion, spite la malpermeso, He did that, in spite of being forbidden.

Po means at the rate of, as Mi aĉetis dekduon da ovoj po unu penco, I bought a dozen eggs at (the rate of) a penny (each). Poduone, by halves. Po grande, wholesale; po malgrande, retail.

As already said (see Lesson 26), je is the only preposition which has no meaning of its own. It is used when a preposition is needed, and none of the others properly expresses the idea, as La kruĉo estas plena je (or, de) akvo, The jug is full of water. Mi enuas je la hejmo, I am tired of home.

Vocabulary.

mastrumaĵo, household affairs. fungo, mushroom. senco, sense, meaning. regulo, rule. klareco, clearness. akuzativo, accusative. nobeleco, nobility (of birth). honoro, honour. libereco, freedom, liberty. kulpo, fault. simila, similar, like. komuna, common to. kri-, cry. sopir-, sigh for, long for. ekzemple, for example.

Li multe laboris, sed malgraŭ ĉio, li ne sukcesis. Estis ankoraŭ sufiĉe varme, malgraŭ ke la suno staris malalte. Ili estos severe punataj, se ili, malgraŭ la malpermeso, pekos kontraŭ la libereco de la vojo. Spite ĉiuj miaj penoj por malhelpi lin, li foriris.

Por miaj kvar infanoj mi aĉetis dek du pomojn, kaj al ĉiu el la infanoj mi donis po tri pomoj. Ili povas kosti po tri ĝis kvin ŝilingoj. Tiu ĉi libro havas sesdek paĝojn; tial se mi legos en ĉiu tago po dekkvin paĝoj, mi finos la tutan libron en kvar tagoj. Mi aĉetis kvar librojn po ses pencoj.

Ni estis nur okupitaj je kelkaj mastrumaĵoj. La konstruo estas simila je fungo. Ili forkuris, kiam la virino ekkriis je ili. Je la vespero la ĉielo kovriĝis je nuboj. El timo je Karagara mi forkuris. Ŝi estis tre fiera je sia nobeleco. La hundo sincere malĝojis je li. Neniu el ili estis tiel plena je deziroj, kiel la plej juna knabino. Je vorto de honoro.

40a.

Se ni bezonas uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne montras al ni, kian prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas uzi la komunan prepozicion "je." Sed estas bone uzadi la vorton "je" kiel eble pli malofte. Anstataŭ la vorto "je" ni povas ankaŭ uzi akuzativon sen prepozicio.—Mi ridas je lia naiveco (aŭ, mi ridas pro lia naiveco; aŭ mi ridas lian naivecon).—Je la lasta fojo mi vidas lin ĉe vi (aŭ, la lastan fojon).—Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton.—Mi sopiras je mia perdita feliĉo (aŭ, mian perditan feliĉon).—El la dirita regulo sekvas, ke se ni pri ia verbo ne scias, ĉu ĝi postulas post si la akuzativon (t.e.=tio estas, ĉu ĝi estas aktiva) aŭ ne, ni povas ĉiam uzi la akuzativon. Ekzemple, ni povas diri "obei al la patro" kaj "obei la patron" (anstataŭ, "obei je la patro"). Sed ni ne uzas la akuzativon tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion ĉi malpermesas; ekzemple: ni povas diri "pardoni al la malamiko" kaj "pardoni la malamikon," sed ni devas diri ĉiam "pardoni al la malamiko lian kulpon."

LESSON 41.

Suffixes -aĵ-, -ec-.

-aĵ- denotes a thing (i.) made from or of the substance named, or (ii.) having the quality or character named, or (iii.) resulting from the action expressed by the word to which it is added, as Ovo, an egg, ovaĵo, something made of eggs, an omelette; Mirinda, wonderful, mirindaĵo, a wonderful thing, a wonder; Trovi, to find, trovaĵo (or, trovitaĵo), a thing found.

-ec- denotes quality; it forms the name of a quality; as, Bona, good; boneco, goodness. Riĉa, rich; riĉeco, richness. Akurata, accurate, prompt; akurateco, accuracy. Mola, soft; molaĵo, a soft thing; moleco, softness. Amiko, a friend; amikaĵo, a friendly act; amikeco, friendliness, friendship. Eco, quality.

Vocabulary.

kuko, cake. ligno, wood (substance). alkoholo, alcohol. araneo, spider. ceremonio, ceremony. heroo, hero. frandaĵo, a dainty. acido, acid. vinagro, vinegar. sulfuro, sulphur. azotacido, nitric acid. lago, lake. objekto, object, thing. tren-, drag. fotograf-, photograph. konfit-, preserve with sugar. pak-, pack. la ceteraj, the rest, remainder. mirinda, wonderful. peza, heavy. oportuna, convenient.

La fotografisto fotografis min, kaj mi sendis mian fotografaĵon al mia patro. Vi parolas sensencaĵon, mia amiko. Mi trinkis teon kun kuko kaj konfitaĵo. Akvo estas fluidaĵo. Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, ĉar ĝi enhavis en si ian malklaraĵon. Sur la tablo staris diversaj sukeraĵoj. Mi manĝis bongustan ovaĵon. Kiam mi ien veturas, mi neniam prenas kun mi multon da pakaĵo. Glaciaĵo estas dolĉa glaciigita frandaĵo. La tuta supraĵo de la lago estis kovrita per naĝantaj folioj kaj diversaj aliaj kreskaĵoj. La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj la lignaĵisto faras tablojn, seĝojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn. Mi uzas nenian alkoholaĵon. Lia maljuna patrino kondukis la mastraĵon de la domo. "Malbonan eksteraĵon li havis," respondis la hebreo. Ŝi pripensis la faritaĵojn de la tago pasinta. Ĝi estas tiel malpeza, kiel araneaĵo. La trenaĵo de la vesto estis longa. Ili sin movas, kiel vivaj estaĵoj.

Li amas tiun ĉi knabinon pro ŝia beleco kaj boneco. Lia heroeco tre plaĉis al mi. Mi vivas kun ili en granda amikeco. Ni estas ja en la proksimeco de la rivero. Tio ĉi estas la plej grava eco. Kortega ceremonio postulas maloportunecon. La riĉeco de tiu ĉi homo estas granda, sed lia malsaĝeco estas ankoraŭ pli granda.

En tiuj ĉi boteletoj sin trovas (troviĝas) diversaj acidoj, vinagro, sulfuracido, azotacido kaj aliaj. La acideco de tiu ĉi vinagro estas tre malforta. Via vino estas nur ia abomena acidaĵo. Tiu ĉi granda altaĵo ne estas natura monto. La alteco de tiu monto ne, estas tre granda.

LESSON 42.

Suffixes -ej-, -uj-, -ing-.

The suffix -ej- denotes a place specially used for a certain purpose, as Tombo, a tomb; tombejo, a cemetery. Ĉevalo, a horse; ĉevalejo, a stable. Mallibera, captive malliberejo, a prison.

-uj- denotes that which contains or produces, or bears (as countries, fruit-trees, receptacles, etc.), as Anglo, an Englishman: Anglujo, England. Hispano, a Spaniard; Hispanujo Spain (lando is also used, as Skotlando). Pomo, an apple; pomujo, an apple tree (arbo is also used, as pomarbo). Abelo, a bee; abelujo, a beehive. Sukerujo, a sugar-basin; Ujo, a receptacle.

-ing- signifies a holder, case, or sheath for one thing, as Fingro, a finger; fingringo, a thimble. Piedo, a foot; piedingo, a stirrup. Glavo, a sword; glavingo, a sword-sheath. Ingo, a sheath.

Vocabulary.

skatolo, box. hufo, hoof. pantalono, trousers. cigaro, cigar. tubo, tube. monaĥo, monk. magazeno, magazine, warehouse. objekto, object, thing. glavo, sword, konsil-, counsel, advise. ŝvit-, sweat, perspire. sorb-, absorb. ban-, bathe (oneself or another).

La domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas lernejo, kaj la domo, en kiu oni preĝas, estas preĝejo. La kuiristo sidas en la kuirejo. La kuracisto konsilas al mi iri en ŝvitbanejon. La ĉevalo metis unu hufon sur serpentejon. La virino promenadis tra belegaj arbaroj kaj herbejoj. Li venis en sian loĝejon. Li haltis apud la pordego de la monaĥejo.

La rusoj loĝas en Rusujo, kaj la germanoj en Germanujo. Mia skribilaro konsistas el inkujo, sablujo, kelke da plumoj, krajono, kaj inksorbilo. En la poŝo de mia pantalono mi portas monujon, kaj en la poŝo de mia surtuto mi portas paperujon; pli grandan paperujon mi portas sub la brako. Metu sur la tablon la sukerujon, la teujon, kaj la tekruĉon.

Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn, aŭ ĉambro, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarejo; skatoleto aŭ alia objekto, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarujo; tubeto, en kiun oni metas cigaron, kiam oni ĝin fumas, estas cigaringo. Skatoleto, en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas plumujo, kaj bastoneto, sur kiu oni tenas plumon por skribadi, estas plumingo. En la kandelingo sidis brulanta kandelo.

LESSON 43.

Ge-, bo-, -id-, pra-, -ĉj-, -nj-.

The prefix ge- signifies both sexes taken together, as gepatroj, parents. Gefratoj, brothers and sisters. Gereĝoj, king and queen (the word formed is, of course, always plural).

The prefix bo- denotes relationship by marriage, as bopatro, father-in-law; bofilo, son-in-law.

The suffix -id- signifies the offspring or descendant, as Reĝo a king; reĝido, a king's son, a prince. Kato, a cat; katido, a kitten. Ŝafo, a sheep; ŝafido, a lamb.

The prefix pra- means of generations ago, great-, grand-, as, avo, grandfather; pra-avo, great-grand-father. It is also used for descendants, as pra-nepo, great-grandson. Praa, primitive or primeval.

The suffix -ĉj- is added to men's names and -nj- to women's names to form pet names, part of the name being left out, as Petro, Peter; Peĉjo, Pete. Klaro, Clara; Klanjo, Clarrie. Paĉjo (from patro), papa; panjo, mamma.

Vocabulary.

altaro, altar. parenco, relation. doktoro, doctor (law, etc.). stato, state, condition. koko, cock. gratul-, congratulate. deven-, originate, descend from. adres-, address (a letter). telegraf-, telegraph.

Patro kaj patrino kune estas nomataj gepatroj. Petro, Anno, kaj Elizabeto estas miaj gefratoj. Gesinjoroj N. hodiaŭ vespere venos al ni. La gefianĉoj staris apud la altaro. Mi gratulis telegrafe la junajn geedzojn. La gereĝoj forveturis Kordovon. Ŝi edziniĝis kun sia kuzo, kvankam ŝiaj gepatroj volis ŝin edzinigi kun alia persono.

La patro de mia edzino estas mia bopatro, mi estas lia bofilo, kaj mia patro estas la bopatro de mia edzino. Ĉiuj parencoj de mia edzino estas miaj boparencoj, sekve ŝia frato estas mia bofrato, ŝia fratino estas mia bofratino; mia frato kaj fratino (gefratoj) estas la bogefratoj de mia edzino. La edzino de mia nevo, kaj la nevino de mia edzino estas miaj bonevinoj. Virino, kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino; edzino de kuracisto estas kuracistedzino. La doktoredzino A. vizitis hodiaŭ la gedoktorojn P. Li ne estas lavisto, li estas lavistinedzo.

La filoj, nepoj kaj pranepoj de reĝo estas reĝidoj. La hebreoj estas Izraelidoj, ĉar ili devenas de Izraelo. Ĉevalido estas nematura ĉevalo, kokido nematura koko, bovido nematura bovo, birdido nematura birdo. Tiu bela tero trovis sin en tre praa stato.

Johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston, Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion iliaj gepatroj nomas Johanĉjo (aŭ Joĉjo), Nikolĉjo (aŭ Nikoĉjo, aŭ Niĉjo), Erneĉjo (aŭ Erĉjo), Vilhelĉjo (aŭ Vilheĉjo, aŭ Vilĉjo, aŭ Viĉjo), Manjo (aŭ Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (aŭ Sofinjo).

LESSON 44.

Suffixes -ebl-, -ind-, -em-.

These three suffixes are used to form adjectives.

-ebl- means possible to be what the word to which it is added signifies, as Vidi, to see; videbla, able to be seen; Aŭdi, to hear; aŭdebla, able to be heard, audible; Movi, to move; movebla, movable; Ebla, possible; eble, possibly.

-ind- means worthy of what the word denotes, as Honoro, honour; honorinda, honourable, worthy of honour; Honti, to be ashamed; hontinda, shameful; Indo, worth; inda, worthy of.

-em- means having an inclination towards or propensity for, or being disposed towards something as Forgesi, to forget; forgesema, forgetful; Servi to serve; servema, willing to serve, obliging. Ema fond of.

The difference between the three suffixes is shown by the following words:—

Kredebla, possible of belief; kredinda, worthy of belief; kredema, having a tendency to believe readily, credulous.

Legebla, able to be read; leginda, worthy of being read; legema, fond of reading, inclined to read.

Vocabulary.

ŝtalo, steel. spirito, spirit, bagatelo, trifle. fleks-, bend. laŭd-, praise. renvers-, turn over. memor-, remember. ekscit-, excite. venĝ-, revenge. kredeble, probably. kompreneble, of course.

Ŝtalo estas fleksebla, sed fero ne estas fleksebla. Ne ĉiu kreskaĵo estas manĝebla. Vitro estas rompebla kaj travidebla. Via parolo estas tute nekomprenebla, kaj viaj leteroj estas ĉiam skribitaj tute nelegeble. La mallumo estas netrapenetrebla. Li rakontis al mi historion tute nekredeblan. Eble mi povos helpi al vi. Ĉu vi amas vian patron? Kia demando! kompreneble, ke mi lin amas. Mi kredeble ne povos veni al vi hodiaŭ, ĉar mi pensas, ke mi mem havos hodiaŭ gastojn. La tablo staras malrekte kaj kredeble baldaŭ renversiĝos. Li faris sian eblon.

Li estas homo ne kredinda. Via ago estas tre laŭdinda. Tiu ĉi grava tago restos por mi ĉiam memorinda. Ĝi estas vesto de granda indo. Ĝi ne estas inda je danko. La ŝipanaro montriĝas ne inda je sia estro.

Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj ŝparema, sed ŝi estas ankaŭ tre babilema kaj kriema. Li estas tre ekkolerema, kaj ekscitiĝas ofte ĉe la plej malgranda bagatelo, tamen li estas tre pardonema, li ne portas longe la koleron, kaj li tute ne estas venĝema. Li estas tre kredema, eĉ la plej nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al li la plej nekredindaj homoj, li tuj kredas. Li estas tre purema, kaj eĉ unu polveron vi ne trovos sur lia vesto. Li estas bonega knabo, sed tre ema kredi spiritojn.

LESSON 45.

Dis-, -um-.

The prefix dis- denotes separation or scattering, as Ĵeti, to throw; disĵeti, to scatter. Ŝiri, to tear; disŝiri, to tear into bits. Doni, to give; disdoni, to distribute.

The suffix -um- has no definite meaning. It is used in only a few words, of which the most important are:—

aerumi (from aero, air), to expose to the air.

ventumi ( " vento, wind), to fan.

kolumo ( " kolo, neck), collar.

manumo ( " mano, hand), cuff.

butonumi ( " butono, button), to button.

gustumi ( " gusto, taste), to taste (something).

komunumo ( " komuna, common), a community.

krucumi ( " kruco, cross), crucify.

malvarmumi ( " malvarma, cold), take cold.

mastrumi ( " mastro, master), keep house.

plenumi ( " plena, full), fulfil.

brulumo ( " bruli, burn), inflammation.

kalkanumo ( " kalkano, heel), heel of boot.

Vocabulary.

rezultato, result. angulo, angle, corner. tolo, linen. ĉemizo, shirt. ating-, attain, reach to. ŝir-, tear. kvankam, although. simila, similar. grava, important.

Ni ĉiuj kunvenis por priparoli tre gravan aferon; sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni disiris. Malfeliĉo ofte kunigas la homojn, kaj feliĉo ofte disigas ilin. Mi disŝiris la leteron, kaj disĵetis ĝiajn pecetojn en ĉiujn angulojn de la ĉambro. Post tio ĉi oni disiris hejmen. La vojo disiris en kelkaj direktoj.

Mi volonte plenumis lian deziron. En malbona vetero oni povas facile malvarmumi. Li disbutonumis la superveston. Ŝi ludis kun sia ventumilo. Ĉemizojn, kolumojn, manumojn, kaj ceterajn similajn objektojn oni nomas tolaĵo, kvankam ili ne ĉiam estas faritaj el tolo.

The suffixes -on-, -obi-, -op-, have already been explained in Lesson 9.

-Aĉ-

A new suffix -aĉ- has gradually come into use during the past few years. Its meaning is well shown in the following examples:—Domo, house; domaĉo, hovel. Virino, woman; virinaĉo, hag. Ridi, to laugh; ridaĉi, to grin (maliciously). Ĉevalo, horse; ĉevalaĉo, a sorry nag, a screw. Obstina, persistent, stubborn; obstinaĉa, pig-headed. Popolo, a people; popolaĉo, populace. Morti, to die; mortaĉi, to die the death. Lingvo, language; lingvaĉo, a jargon.

This suffix should only be used sparingly.

JOINING WORDS. CONJUNCTIONS.

Certain words are used merely to join words or sentences. Those already learned are:—

kaj, and. sed, but. ĉar, because, for. ankaŭ, also. ol, than. se, if. aŭ, or. ĉu, whether. ke, that. kvazaŭ, as if. kvankam, although. almenaŭ, at least. tamen, however. do, then, therefore.

The following are also useful:—

kaj ... kaj, both ... and. aŭ ... aŭ, either ... or. ĉu ... aŭ, whether ... or. ĉu ... ĉu, whether ... whether. nek ... nek, neither ... nor. eĉ se, even if. same kiel, the same as.

EXCLAMATIONS. INTERJECTIONS.

The following are simply exclamations of joy grief, surprise, etc.:—

ah! aha! ah! ha! ah! he! halloo! hey! hm! hm! humph! ho! oh! oho! ho! ho ve! alas! for! away! fi! for shame! nu! well (now)! nu do! well (now) then! ja! indeed! jen! there! look! behold! bis! again! encore! kia! what! bone! good! all right! brave! bravo! hura! hurrah! vere! truly! efektive! really! adiaŭ! goodbye! bonvenu! welcome! kompreneble! of course! vivu! long live! antaŭen! forward! ĉu vere? is it true? ĉu ne? is it not?

COMPOUND WORDS.

It is often convenient to form compound words, as poŝtkarto, forpeli, ĉiuminute, stacidomo, senmove, telertuketo. When this is done, the word expressing the principal idea is placed last.

Generally it is sufficient to use the root of the qualifying word, but if the sound or sense requires it, the whole word is taken, as unutaga means "of one day"; unuataga, "of the first day."

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS IN THE SENTENCE.

In English the sense often depends entirely on the order of the words, e.g., the sentence "John saw George" would mean something quite different if reversed—"George saw John." But in Esperanto, thanks to the accusative n, the endings a and e for participles, and the pronoun si, the order of words may be varied without altering the sense. "Georgon vidis Johano" means exactly the same as "Johano vidis Georgon."

But though the meaning can in most cases be understood whatever the order of the words, it is best to adopt the simplest arrangement, and to follow the natural course of thought, which is, first, that about which we think, then that which we think about it. English students may frame their sentences exactly as they would in their own language. In Esperanto, as in English, the arrangement is sometimes altered, either for emphasis, as Laŭdata estu Dio! Praised be God!; or to please the ear, as Oni min admiras, instead of Oni admiras min, People admire me.

Note.—Care must be taken in placing the word "ne." Its usual place is before the verb, when it negatives the whole sentence. Study the effect of placing ne in different positions in the sentence Mi deziras vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton, I wish to see John and his brother:—

(i.). Mi ne deziras vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton, I do not wish to see John and his brother.

(ii.). Mi deziras ne vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton, I wish not to see John and his brother, i.e., I wish to avoid seeing them.

(iii.). Mi deziras vidi ne Johanon, sed lian fraton, I wish to see not John, but his brother.

(iv.). Mi deziras vidi Johanon kaj ne lian fraton, I wish to see John and not his brother.

Ne tute means "not quite," while tute ne means "not at all."

Jam ne means "no longer." "Not yet" is ankoraŭ ne.

Words which are already international, such as microscope, telephone, automobile, etc., are adopted unchanged, except as to the spelling and termination, as mikroskopo, telefono, aŭtomobilo.

WORDS USED WITH THE OBJECT.

As already said, when an adjective or participle (or a noun) is added to the object simply as a describing word, it takes n like the object, as Li perdis sian novan libron (aŭ, sian libron novan), He lost his new book. Ŝi trankviligis la kriegantan infanon (aŭ, la infanon kriegantan), She pacified the screaming child. Li vizitis sian fraton Johanon, He visited his brother John. ("John" shows which brother).

But if the adjective, participle, or noun is used not merely to describe, but indirectly to tell something about the object, it does not take n. A comparison of the following sentences will make this clear:—

1. Li trovis la pomojn maturajn. He found the ripe apples.

Li trovis la pomojn maturaj. He found (that) the apples (were) ripe.

2. Li trovis la kruĉon rompitan. He found the broken jug.

Li trovis la kruĉon rompita. He found (that) the jug (was) broken.

3. Li kolorigis la drapon ruĝan. He dyed the red cloth.

Li kolorigis la drapon ruĝa. He dyed the cloth red.

4. Li tranĉis (aŭ faris) la veston tro mallongan. He cut (or made) the too-short coat (the coat that was too short).

Li tranĉis la veston tro mallonga. He cut the coat (so that it was) too short.

5. Li nomis la knabon mensogisto. He called the boy a liar.

Compare this use of words with the following:—

He made his father angry (or, be angered). Li kolerigis sian patron, or, li igis sian patron kolera.

The loss drove him mad. La perdo frenezigis lin, or, igis lin freneza.

It rendered the gun useless. Ĝi senutiligis la pafilon, or, igis la pafilon senutila.

COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO. By Dr. Zamenhof.

A.—Alphabet.

Aa, Bb, Cc, Ĉĉ, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ĝĝ, Hh, Ĥĥ, Ii, Jj, Ĵĵ, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Ŝŝ, Tt, Uu, Ŭŭ, Vv, Zz [Footnote: Names of the letters: a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo.]

Remark.—Presses which do not possess the accented letters can use instead of them ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, u.

B.—Rules.

(1) There is no indefinite Article; there is only a definite article (la), alike for all sexes, cases, and numbers.

Remark.—The use of the article is the same as in the other languages. People who find a difficulty in the use of the article need not at first use it at all.

(2) Substantives have the termination o. To form the plural the termination j is added. There are only two cases: nominative and accusative; the latter is obtained from the nominative by the addition of the termination n. Other cases are expressed by the aid of prepositions (the genitive by de, the dative by al, the ablative by per, or other prepositions according to sense).

(3) The Adjective ends in a. Case and number as with the substantive. The Comparative is made by means of the word pli, the Superlative by plej; with the Comparative the conjunction ol is used.

(4) The fundamental Numerals (they are not declined) are: unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, dek, cent, mil. The tens and hundreds are formed by simple junction of the numerals. To mark the ordinal numerals the termination of the adjective is added; for the multiple—the suffix obl, for the fractional—on, for the collective—op, for the distributive—the word po. Substantival and adverbial numerals can also be used.

(5) Personal Pronouns: mi, vi, li, ŝi, ĝi (referring to thing or animal), si, ni, vi, ili, oni; the possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the adjectival termination. Declension is as with the substantives.

(6) The Verb undergoes no change with regard to person or number. Forms of the verb; time being (Present) takes the termination -as; time been (Past) -is; time about to be (Future) -os; the Conditional mood -us; the Ordering mood -u; the Indefinite -i. Participles (with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present -ant; active past -int; active future -ont; passive present -at; passive past -it; passive future -ot. All forms of the passive are formed by the aid of a corresponding form of the verb esti and a passive participle of the required verb; the preposition with the passive is de.

(7) Adverbs end in e; degrees of comparison as with the adjectives.

(8) All the Prepositions require the nominative.

(9) Every word is read as it is written.

(10) The Accent is always on the penultimate syllable.

(11) Compound Words are formed by simple junction of the words (the chief word stands at the end); the grammatical terminations are also regarded as independent words.

(12) When another Negative word is present the word ne is left out.

(13) In order to show Direction words take the termination of the accusative.

(14) Each Preposition has a definite and constant meaning; but if we have to use some preposition and the direct sense does not indicate to us what special preposition we are to take, then we use the preposition je which has no meaning of its own. Instead of the preposition je we can also use the accusative without a preposition.

(15) The so-called Foreign Words, that is, those which the majority of languages have taken from one source, are used in the Esperanto language without change, merely obtaining the spelling of the latter; but with different words from one root it is better to use unchanged only the fundamental word and to form the rest from this latter in accordance with the rules of the Esperanto language.

(16) The Final Vowel of the substantive and of the article can be dropped and replaced by an apostrophe.

COMMON USEFUL EXPRESSIONS.

tio estas, i.e., that is.

kaj cetere, k.c., etcetera.

kaj tiel plu, k.t.p., and so on.

kiel ekzemple, k.ekz., as for example.

kiel elbe plej (baldaŭ), as (soon) as possible.

kio ajn okazos, whatever happens (shall happen).

kondiĉe, ke, on the condition that.

kun la kondiĉo, ke, on the condition that.

Bonan tagon, sinjoro. Good day, sir.

Kiel vi fartas? How do you do?

Tre bone, mi dankas. Very well, I thank you.

Mi dankas vin. I thank you.

Dankon. Thanks.

Multe da dankoj. Many thanks.

Vi estas tre ĝentila (afabla). You are very kind.

Vi estas tre kompleza. You are very obliging.

Mi malsatas. I am hungry.

Mi soifas. I am thirsty.

Al mi estas varme (malvarme). I am warm (cold).

Kiu estas tie? Estas mi. Who is there? It is I.

Sidiĝu, mi petas. Be seated, I beg (you).

Kun plezuro. With pleasure.

Kion vi bezonas? What do you want?

Cu vi min komprenas? Do you understand me?

Vi estas prava (malprava). You are right (wrong).

Tio estas vera. That is true.

Estas vera, ke... It is true that...

Je kioma horo vi foriros? At what time are you going?

Kioma horo estas? What time is it?

Kiom kostas tio ĉi? How much does this cost?

Ĝi kostas tri ŝilingojn. It costs three shillings.

Kie vi estas? Where are you?

Kien vi iras? Where are you going?

Kian aĝon li havas? How old is he?

Antaŭ unu semajno. A week ago.

Post du tagoj. In two days.

Li venos ĵaŭdon. He will come on Thursday.

Pasigu al mi la panon, mi petas vin. Pass me the bread, I beg you (please).

Estas li mem! It is himself!

Tiom pli bone So much the better!

Oni diras, ke... They say, that...

Neniu tion diras. Nobody says that.

Kio okazis? What has happened?

Ĉu vi konas Sinjoron A.? Do you know Mr. A.?

Mi scias, kiu li estas, sed mi ne konas lin. I know who he is, but I do not know him.

Ĉu estas leteroj por mi? Are there letters for me?

Rapidu. Be quick.

Ne diru tion. Do not say that.

Ne faru tion. Do not do that.

Kia estas la vetero? Kian veteron ni havas? What kind of weather is it?

Pluvas; neĝas. It rains; it snows.

Pluvis la tutan nokton. It rained all night long.

Estas beld, varmege. It is fine, hot.

Ĉu mi tion faru? Shall I do that?

LETTERS.

(a). Beginnings.

Kara, dear. Mia kara, my dear. Estimata, esteemed. Estiminda, estimable. Respektinda,respect-worthy. Honorinda honourable. Patro, amiko, etc., father, friend, etc. Samideano, fellow-thinker. Kunlaboranto, fellow-worker. Sinjoro, Sir. Sinjoroj, Gentlemen, Sirs. Sinjorino, Madame, Mrs. Fraŭlino, Miss.

(b). Endings.

Kun (koraj, amikaj) salutoj, with (hearty, friendly) greetings. Kun (alta, granda) estimo, with (high, great) esteem. Kun (miaj, ĉiuj) bondeziroj, with (my, all) good wishes. Kun (multe da) amo, with (much) love. Via, La via, yours. Via, (tre) vin amanta, your (very) loving. Via, tre sincere, fidele, etc., yours very sincerely, faithfully, etc. Ĉiam via, yours always. Tre sincere via, very sincerely yours.

KEY TO EXERCISES.

1.

A father and a brother. A lion is an animal. A rose is a flower and a pigeon is a bird. The rose belongs to Theodore. The sun shines. The father is a tailor. Where are the book and the pencil? Here is an apple. On the ground lies a stone. On the window lie a pencil and a pen. The son stands by the father. Here lies the hat of the father (the father's hat). The father is in the room. Before the house is (stands) a tree.

What is a lion? What is a rose? What shines? What is the father? Where is the father? What is on the window? Where is the pen?

Is a lion an animal? Yes, a lion is an animal. Is a rose a bird? No, a rose is not a bird, a rose is a flower.

2.

The father is well. A child is not a mature man. The sky is blue. A lion is strong. The father is good. The hand of John (John's hand) is clean. (Some, or, a) paper is white. White paper lies on the table. Here is the young lady's exercise book. In the sky stands (is) the beautiful sun. The paper is very white, but the snow is more white (whiter). Milk is more nutritious than wine. The bread is fresh. The uncle is richer than the brother. Here lies (is) a red rose. The dog is very faithful. The book is new.

3.

(The) birds fly. The song of (the) birds is pleasant. Where are the boys? The fathers are well. Children are not mature men. Lions are strong. John's hands are clean. Here are the young ladies' exercise books. The uncles are richer than the brothers. The dogs are very faithful. White papers lie on the table. In the room are new hats. Where are the sharp knives? Good children are diligent. Here lie (are) pure white delicate lilies. The teeth of lions (lions' teeth) are sharp.

4.

I read. You write. He is a boy, and she is a girl. We are men. You are children. They are Russians. Where are the boys? They are in the garden. Where are the girls? They also are in the garden. Where are the knives ? They are (lie) on the table. The child cries, because it wants to eat. Sir, you are impolite. Gentlemen, you are impolite. Tkey say that (the) truth always conquers. The house belongs to him. I come from (the) grandfather, and I go now to (the) uncle. I am as strong as you. Now I read, you read, and he reads, we all read. You write and the children write, they (you) all sit silent and write.

My dog, you are very faithful. He is my uncle, for my father is his brother. Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. His father and his brothers are in the garden. Her uncle is in the house. Where are your books ? Our books are (lie) on the table; their pencils and their paper also are (lie) on the table.

Who is in the room ? Who are in the room ? The gentle- man who is reading is my friend. The gentleman to whom you are writing is a tailor. What is lying on the table ?

5.

I see a lion (lions). I read (am reading) a book (books). I love (the) father. I know John. (The) father is not reading a book, but he is writing a letter. I do not like obstinate people. I wish you good-day, sir. Good morning! A joyous festival (a pleasant holiday) (I wish you). What a joyful festival (it is to-day) ! In the day we see the bright sun, and at night we see the pale moon and the beautiful stars. We have newer bread than you. No, you are wrong, sir, your bread is less new (staler) than mine. We call the boy, and he comes. In (the) winter they heat the stoves. When one is rich one has many friends. He loves me, but I do not love him. Mr. P. and his wife love my children very much; I also love theirs very much. I do not know the gentleman who is reading.

6.

Why do you not answer me? Are you deaf or dumb? What are you doing?

The boy drove away the birds. From (the) father I received a book, and from (the) brother I received a pen. (The) father gave me a sweet apple. Here is the apple which I found. Yesterday I met your son, and he politely greeted me. Three days ago (before three days) I visited your cousin, and my visit gave (made) to him pleasure. When I came to him he was sleeping, but I woke him.

I will relate to you a story. Will you tell me the truth? To day is Saturday, and to-morrow will be Sunday. Yesterday was Friday, and the day after to-morrow will be Monday. [Footnote: Notice that in these two sentences ankoraŭ and iam express different meanings of the English word "yet."] Have you yet found your watch? I have not yet looked for it; when I have finished (shall finish) my work I will look for my watch, but I fear that I shall not find it again. If you (shall) conquer us, the people will say that only women you conquered. When you (shall) attain the age of fifteen years you will receive the permission.

7.

I love myself, you love yourself, he loves himself, and every man loves himself. I take care of her (so) as I take care of myself, but she takes no care at all of herself, and does not look after herself at all. My brothers had guests to-day; after supper our brothers went with the guests out of their (our brothers') house and accompanied them as far as their (the guests') house. I washed myself in my room, and she washed herself in her room. The child was looking for its doll; I showed the child where its doll lay. She related to him her adventure. She returned to her father's palace. Her flowers she tended not. My brother said to Stephen, that he loved him more than himself.

8.

Two men can do more than one. I have only one mouth, but I have two ears. He walks out with three dogs. He did everything with the ten fingers of his hands. Of her many children some are good and others bad. Five and seven make twelve. Ten and ten make twenty. Four and eighteen make twenty-two. Thirty and forty-five make seventy-five. One thousand eight hundred and ninety-three. He has eleven children. Sixty minutes make one hour, and one minute consists of sixty seconds.

8a.

January is the first month of the year, April is the fourth, November is the eleventh, and December is the twelfth. The twentieth day of February is the fifty-first day of the year. The seventh day of the week God chose to be (that it should be) more holy than the six first days. What did God create on the sixth day? What (which) date is it (have we) to-day? To-day is the twenty-seventh (day) of March. Christmas Day is the 25th of December, New Year's Day is the 1st of January, One does not easily forget one's first love.

9.

I have a hundred apples. I have a hundred (of) apples. This town has a million of inhabitants. I bought a dozen (of) spoons, and two dozen (of) forks. One thousand years (or, a thousand of years) make a millennium.

Firstly, I return to you the money which you lent to me; secondly, I thank you for the loan; thirdly, I beg you also afterwards (on a future occasion) to lend to me when I (shall) require money.

9a.

Three is half of six, eight is four-fifths of ten. Four metres of this stuff cost nine francs, therefore two metres cost four and a-half francs. One day is a three hundred and sixty-fifth or a three hundred and sixty-sixth of a year.

Five times seven are thirty-five. For each day I receive five francs, but for to-day I have received double pay, that is, ten francs.

These two friends walk out always (two) together. Five together they threw themselves upon me, but I overcame all five assailants.

10.

Give (to) the birds water, for they want to drink. Alexander will not learn, and therefore I beat Alexander. Who has courage (dares) to ride on a lion? I was going to beat him, but he ran away from me.

Do not give your hand to a lion. Relate (tell) to my young friend a beautiful story. Tell father that I am diligent. Tell me your name. Do not write to me such long letters. Show me your new coat. Child, do not touch the looking-glass. Dear children, always be honest. Do not listen to him.

He says that I am attentive. He begs me to be attentive. Tell him not to chatter. Ask him to send me a candle. The cottage is worth your buying (worthy that you should buy it). She strongly desired that he (should) remain alive.

Let him come, and I will forgive him. Let us be gay, let us use life well, for life is not long. Let him not come alone, but come with his best friend. I already have my hat; now look for yours.

11.

If the pupil knew his lesson well, the teacher would not punish him. If you knew who he is, you would esteem him more. They raised one hand upwards as if they were holding something. If I really were beautiful, others would try to imitate me. Oh! if I were (had) already the age of fifteen years!

12.

To remain with a lion is dangerous. The knife cuts well, for it is sharp. Go more quickly. He shut the door angrily. His speech flows softly and pleasantly. We made the contract not in writing, but by word of mouth. An honest man acts honestly. The pastor who died a short time ago lived long in our city. Did you not get it back? He is sick unto death. The iron rod which was in the stove (fire) is burning; hot. Paris is very gay. Early in the morning she drove to the station.

Forgive me that I stayed so long. His anger lasted long. He is to-day in an angry temper. The king soon sent again another good-hearted official. This evening we shall have a ball. Where are you? Away from here! (Get away!).

Where did he drive away to? She ran home. We went forward like furies. Everything was right (good), and we went on further. The lady glanced back. The sailors demanded to go back (required that one should go back). I hung it here, for it saved my life. I never sent here.

13.

My brother is not big, but he is not little, he is of medium growth. A hair is very thin. The night is so dark that we can see nothing even before our nose. This stale bread is hard as stone. Naughty children love to torment animals. He felt (himself) so miserable that he cursed the day on which he was born. We greatly despise this base man. The window was long unclosed; I closed it, but my brother immediately opened it again. A straight road is shorter than a curved. Do not be ungrateful.

The wife of my father is my mother, and the grandmother of my children. My sister is a very beautiful girl. My aunt is a very good woman. I saw your grandmother with her four granddaughters, and with my niece. I have an ox and a cow. The young widow became again a fiancée.

14.

He gave me money, but I immediately returned it to him. I am going away, but wait for me, for I shall soon return. The sun is reflected in the clear water of the river. He returned to his country. She threw herself again upon the seat.

In the course of a few minutes I heard two shots. The firing continued for a very long time. His speech of yesterday was very fine, but too much speaking tires him. He is singing a very beautiful song. Singing is an agreeable occupation. With my hand I kept on briskly rubbing him. The rain kept on falling in rivers. Every minute she kept looking out through the window and cursing the slow motion of the train.

I leap very cleverly. I started with surprise. I used to jump all day long from place to place. When you began to speak I expected to hear something new. The diamond has a beautiful sparkle. She let the diamond flash. Two flashes of lightning passed across the dark sky.

15.

I am (being) loved. I was (being) loved. I shall be (being) loved. I should be (being) loved, Be (being) loved. To be (being) loved. You have been washed. You had been washed. You will have been washed. You would have been washed. Be (having been) washed. To have been washed. He is to be invited. He was (going) to be invited. He will be (about to be) invited. He would be (about to be) invited. Be about to be invited. To be about to be invited. This commodity is always willingly bought by me. The overcoat was (has been) bought by me; consequently it belongs to me. When your house was being built, my house had already been built a long time. I give notice that from now my son's debts will not be paid by me. Be easy; my whole debt will soon have been paid to you. My gold ring would not be so long (being) sought for if it had not been so cleverly hidden by you. According to the plan of the engineers this railway is going to be constructed in the space of two years; but I think that it will be being constructed (in construction) more than three years. When the prayer was (had been) finished he rose.

Augustus is my best loved son. Money in hand is more important than (money) had. A sparrow (which has been) caught is better than an eagle (which is) going to be caught.

16.

Flowing water is purer than water standing still. The fallen man cannot raise himself. (The) time past will never more return; (the) time to come no one yet knows. Come, we await you, Saviour of the world. In the language Esperanto we see the future language of the whole world. The number of the dancers was great. It is the legend which true believers always repeat. He led the traveller to the place where the thieves were resting. (To) a man who has sinned unintentionally God easily pardons. The soldiers led the prisoners (arrested) through the streets. A man whom one has to judge is one to be judged (prisoner at the bar).

16a.

Now he teils me the truth. Yesterday he told me the truth. He always told me the truth. When you saw us in the drawing-room he had already (previously) told me the truth. He will tell me the truth. When you (shall) come to me, he will previously tell me the truth (or, he will have told me the truth; or, before you (will) come to me, he will tell me the truth). If I were to ask him, he would tell me the truth. I should not have made the mistake if he had previously told me the truth. When I (shall) come, tell me the truth. When my father (shall) come, tell me beforehand the truth. I wish to tell you the truth. I wish that that which I said should be true (or, I wish to have told the truth).

17.

Walking in the street, I fell. Having found an apple, I ate it. He came to me quite unexpected. He went meditating (deeply) and very slowly. We were ashamed, having received instruction from the boy. The imperial servant went out, taking with him the bracelet. Profoundly saluting, he related that the thief had been caught. Without saying a word, the duchess opened her jewel-case. Having worked a year, and having saved a few dollars, I married (with) my Mary. Having crossed the river, he found the thief. Looking (having looked) by chance on the floor, she saw some book, forgotten probably by a departed traveller.

18.

The bootmaker makes boots and shoes. Nobody lets thieves into his house. The brave sailor was drowned in the sea. An author writes books, and a writer simply copies papers. We have various servants - a cook, a housemaid, a nurse, and a coachman. (He) who occupies himself with mechanics is a mechanic, and (he) who occupies himself with chemistry is a chemist. A diplomatist we can also call a diplomat, but a physicist we cannot call a "physic," for "physics" is the name of the science itself. One day there came two cheats, who said that they were (are) weavers.

19.

They so hindered me that I spoiled the whole of my work. Send away your brother, for he hinders us. Fetch the doctor, for I am ill. He procured for himself many books from Berlin.

He grew pale with fear, and afterwards he blushed from shame. In the spring the ice and the snow melt. In the muddy weather my coat became very dirty; therefore I took a brush and cleaned the coat. My uncle did not die (by) a natural death, but nevertheless he did not kill himself, and also was killed by nobody; one day, walking near the railway lines, he fell under the wheels of a moving train, and was killed. I did not hang my cap on this little tree; but the wind blew away the cap from my head, and it, flying, became hung (got caught) on the branches of the little tree. Seat yourself (or, sit down), sir.

His gloomy face made his friend laugh. The whole night they passed awake, and lighted more than sixteen candles. I divested the child of his night clothes, and stood him in the tub; afterwards I dried him. He made friends with evil companions. A poor Hebrew wished to become a Christian. The bottle fell and broke. She became his wife. Little by little she became quite calm.

20.

The sea is deeper there than any anchor can reach. In some (any) way. Without any reproach of conscience. I know in what sort of place I shall certainly find him. What kind of weather is it? What harm have I done to you? In that way he did everything. He invited him to come into such and such a place. Not every sort of bird sings. Beyond all doubt. No (kind of) man deserves such a punishment. Such books are harmful. At times he visits us.

For some reason he could not sleep. Why do you not answer me? I did not understand your question, therefore I did not answer. People do not understand one another, and therefore they hold themselves aloof. For every reason that is the best.

I once loved you. What lives must of necessity some time die. When shall you go away? In the moonlight night, when all were asleep, then she sat on the edge or the ship. Be for ever blessed! She had never seen a dog before.

20a.

Where are the boys? Where did you go? I am staying here. He lost his purse somewhere in the town, but where he lost it he does not know. I willingly came from there here. He begged her to tell him whence she came (whence she comes). For youth there are snares everywhere. Everywhere are flowers, and nowhere can one find more beautiful (ones).

How beautiful! Am I fit for a king? So finished the happy day. They shone like diamonds. How are you? Somehow he misunderstood me. My wife thought the same as I. I cannot understand at all what you say. Very strange and quite incomprehensible! I, as president, elected him. I chose him as president.

Whose glove is this? I never take that one's opinion. Suddenly she heard somebody's loud disagreeable voice. Everybody's idea is different. A good friend, without whose help he would never have seen this land. Somebody's loss is not always somebody's gain. Someone's loss is often no one's gain.

20b.

I feel that something is happening. Never did I give you anything. I wish to do something good for (to) you. What is this? What kind of ornament is this? What do I see? This is all I spoke of. I will give up nothing to you. Do nothing against your mother. Before all, be faithful to yourself. She began to feel something such as (which) she herself in the beginning could (can) not understand.

She spoke a little angrily. The pupils of the eyes little by little contracted. Who is so unreasonable (senseless) that he can believe it? How much money have you? I have none. Give me as much water as wine.

Somebody comes; who is it? Would anybody have the courage to do that? Everybody tried to save himself as he could. A language in which nobody will understand us. None of them could save the drowning person. He helped nobody ever (never helped anybody) even with one centime. We shall go all together. I know nobody in that town. This is beyond all human strength.

20c.

Where I am travelling from, whither and why, I can only answer: I know not. They begged him to delay a little (with) his departure. These nests are often larger than the huts of the people of that place. He departed with the firm resolve to leave for ever this ungrateful land. If anyone were to see that, he would curse Fortune. I would give a hundred pounds sterling if ox tongue could have for me such a good taste as for you. What time is it? Nearly (soon) twelve o'clock.

21.

On a hot day I like to walk in a wood. They opened the gate noisily, and the carriage drove into the courtyard. This is no longer simple rain, but a downpour. A huge dog put its forepaw on me, and from terror I did not know what to do. Before our army stood a great series of cannon. (In) that night a terrible gale blew. With delight. He longed to go away again.

Immediately after heating the stove was hot, in an hour it was only warm, in two hours it was only just warm, and after three hours it was already quite cold. I bought for the children a little table and some little seats. In our country there are no mountains, but only hills. In summer we find coolness in thick woods. He sits near the table and dozes. A narrow path leads through this field to our house. On his face I saw a joyful smile. Before the woman appeared a pretty little dog. Pardon, he whispered.

22.

With (by means of) an axe we chop, with a saw we saw, with a spade we dig, with a needle we sew, with scissors we clip. The knife was so blunt that I could not cut the meat with it, and I had to use my pocket knife. Have you a corkscrew to uncork the bottle? I wished to lock the door, but I had lost the key. She combs her hair with a silver comb. In summer we travel by various vehicles, and in winter by a sledge. To-day it is beautiful frosty weather; therefore I shall take my skates and go skating. The steersman of the "Pinta" injured the rudder. The magnetic needle. The first indicator in most illnesses is the tongue. He put it on the plate of a pair of scales.

23.

The sailors must obey the captain. All the inhabitants of a state are citizens (subjects) of the state. Townsfolk are usually sharper than villagers. The Parisians are gay folk. Our town has good policemen, but not a sufficiently energetic chief constable. Lutherans and Calvinists are Christians. Germans and Frenchmen who live in Russia are Russian subjects, although they are not Russians. He is an awkward and simple provincial. The inhabitants of one state are fellow-countrymen, the inhabitants of one town are fellow-citizens, the professors of one religion are co-religionists. Those who have the same ideas are fellow-thinkers.

The ruler of our country is a good and wise king. The governor of our province is strict but just. Our regimental chief (colonel) is like a good father to (for) his soldiers. They are as (equally) proud as a housewife of her house. On the engine the engine-driver sat alone. The emperor, accompanied by the empress, had just entered (into) his box.

24.

Our country will conquer, for our army is large and brave. On a steep ladder he raised himself to the roof of the house. I do not know the Spanish language, but by help of a Spanish-German dictionary, I nevertheless understood your letter a little. On these vast and grassy fields feed great herds of beasts, especially flocks of fine-woolled sheep. The train consisted almost entirely (only) of passenger coaches. They put before me a cover (table requisites), which consisted of a plate, spoon, knife, fork, a small glass for brandy, a glass for wine, and a serviette. On the sea was a great ship, and among the rigging everywhere sat sailors. His escort stood at the back of the box. Dark ranges of mountains bar the way.

A florin, a shilling, and a penny are coins. A grain of sand fell into my eye. One spark is enough to explode gunpowder.

25.

A poor wise man dined with a miserly rich man. A fool everyone beats. He is a liar and a despicable man. A coward fears even his own shadow. This old man has become quite silly and childish. A learned man undertook an important scientific work. Only saints have the right to enter here. He only is the great, the powerful (One). It is not the legend about the beauty Zobeida. After an infectious disease the clothes of the patient are often burned. The curse of the prophet is over the head of an ungrateful one. After some minutes the brave man went out. All the saints, help!

(Lesson 26 no Exercise).

27.

She returned to her father's palace. They both went to the mayor. Did I not do good to you? She told him nothing. She wrote him a letter. He every day teaches people something which they do not know. They flew towards the sun. One sister promised the other to tell her what she saw, and what most pleased her the first day. Perhaps he will forgive you. She did not believe her own ears. He did not know that he had (has) to thank her [for] his life. She saved his life. The witch cut off the tongue of the mermaid.

28.

I lived with her father. It fell to (on) the bottom of the sea on the breaking up of the ship. By [the] light of torches. Arm in arm. There seized him some fear at the thought. Nothing helps; one must only bravely remain of his [own] opinion. She laughed at his recital. At every word which you (will) speak, out of your mouth will come either a flower or a precious stone.

He stopped near the door. The serpent crawled about her feet. When he was with me, he stood a whole hour by the window. I lived in a tree near your house. She planted near the statue a rose-red willow. The wayside trees.

29.

The bird flies in the room (= it is in the room and flies [about] in it). The bird flies into the room (= it is outside the room, and now flies into it). I am travelling in Spain. I am travelling to (into) Spain. What to do then (is to be done) in such a case? I am in a good temper. He whispered to the queen in the ear. In consequence of this occurrence. I should prefer to stay here in peace. Her birthday was exactly in the middle of winter. He glanced into the child's eyes. He was a tall handsome man of the age of forty years. In the whole of my life. At the end of the year. Hand in hand. Entering (having entered) the carriage, she sat as if on pins. Corn is ground into flour. Alexander turned into dust. He divided the apple into two parts.

30.

Between Russia and France is Germany. They divided among them twelve apples. Between ten and eleven o'clock in the morning. Between the pillars stood marble figures. Near the wall between the windows stood a sofa. They talked long among themselves. In this disease an hour may decide between life and death. In the interval between the speeches they set off fireworks.

I am standing outside the house, and he is inside. He is outside the door. Now we are out of danger. He lives outside the town. Standing outside, he could only see the outer side of our house. He pointed outside into the darkness. I left him outside. This man is better outwardly than within.

He went out of the town. He has just returned from foreign parts. With extraordinary vivacity she jumped out of the carriage (of the train). She put a crown of white lilies on her (another's) head (hair). He made use of the opportunity. These nests are made wholly of earth. She was the bravest of all. Now you have grown up! He went out of the bedroom, and entered into the dining-room. The Esperanto alphabet consists of twenty-eight letters.

31.

I am sitting on a seat and have my feet on a little bench. He came back with a cat on his arm. I put my hand on the table. He fell on his knees. Do not go on the bridge. He threw himself in despair on a seat. He slapped him on the shoulder and pressed him down on to the sofa. I seated myself in the place of the absent stoker. Fruit-culture must influence for good those who are occupied with it.

Over the earth is air. His thoughts rose high above the clouds. She received permission to rise above the surface of the sea. They could rise on the high mountains high above the clouds. He stands above on the mountain, and looks down on to the field. She sat on the water and swung up and down.

From under the sofa the mouse ran under the bed, and now it runs [about] under the bed. She often had to dive under the water. To (under) the sound of music they danced on the deck. Under her gaze blossomed the white lilies. She sank under the water. She swam up at sunset.

32.

He is so stout that he cannot go through our narrow door. She looked up through the dark-blue water. Through the roseate air shone the evening star. The sound of the bells penetrates down to her. They glide among the branches. On the fireplace between two pots stands an iron kettle; out of the kettle, in which is boiling water, goes steam; through the window, which is near the door, the vapour goes into the court.

The swallow flew across the river, for across (on the other side of) the river were other swallows. They can fly on ships across the sea. "Why did Hannibal go across the Alps? Because then the tunnel was not yet ready." It is impossible that they should have gone across the ocean. Everything was turned upside down.

We passed by the station. At this moment the abbot passes by. In passing, I asked him if it were (is) yet twelve o'clock. The mill cannot grind with the water that is past.

33.

Before them stood a church. Before such men it is worth while to speak. Often in the night she stood before the window. I am guilty towards (before) you. An hour ago. A short time ago he woke up very hoarse. Not long ago the house was sold publicly. Do not go before you know that everything is in order. I must let them sweep out the room before we (shall) begin to dance. I was there the previous year. Formerly I never thought about wealth. It was with (to) her as the witch prophesied.

He remained behind the door. Little by little. She began eagerly to read page after page. She looked after him with a smile. After some minutes the sun rose. She threw her arms backwards and forwards. We shall stay some weeks in Paris; afterwards we shall travel into Germany.

34.

During the whole day (or, the whole day) he remained alone. During (for) some months she did not leave her room. He slept during the whole concert (or, the whole concert). While the preparations lasted, he was a guest of the king. While he is journeying on the road to Granada, in Santa Fé his fate is being decided.

They used to work until late at night. The plate of the scales sank to the ground. Its rays crept up to the dome. Lend me ten roubles until to-morrow. He worked on from early morning till late at night. He will fight to the very end. We kept going up always higher and higher to the fourth story. It will exist until the world shall perish.

The king came about midday into the village of Reading. About morning the gale ended. About ten metres will be sufficient. All gathered round the glass globe. One can look very far round about. Great mountains of ice floated around. He looked around on all sides.

35.

The light of the moon. In the middle of the square stood a house. He might be of the age (have the age) of sixteen years. Their lifetime is still shorter than ours. They rose from beside the table. I thought that you would (will) never return from thence. The sailors took down the sails. He dismounted from the horse.

A wine glass is a glass in which there was wine previously, or which is used for wine; a glass of wine is a glass full of wine. Bring me a metre of black cloth. (Metro de drapo would mean a yard-measure which was lying on cloth, or which is used for cloth). I bought a half-score of eggs. This river has a length of two hundred kilometres (has two hundred kilometres of length). On the seashore stood a crowd of people. Many birds fly in the autumn into warmer lands. On the tree were many birds. Some people feel happiest when they see the sufferings of their neighbours. In the room were (sat) only a few people. "Da" after any word shows that this word signifies measure.

It is a beautiful piece of stuff. On the plate he put thousands of pieces of silver. The lights glitter like hundreds of stars. A boy bought a little bottle of ink. They construct little towers containing many little chambers. He gave them a great sum of money.

36.

I eat with my mouth, and smell with my nose. She trod with her foot on the serpent. It covered the lovely lily with white foam. The body ended in a fish's tail. All the walls are decorated with great paintings. By here, and by no other way, the thief escaped. In what way can one come into the land of gold? In such a way. In one word. The star Venus began to burn with envy.

She wished to play with them, but they ran away in terror. With what attention she listened to these tales. The most beautiful of them was the young prince with the great black eyes. Hither swam the sea-maiden with the beautiful prince. With pleasure. With every year the number of members rapidly increased.

The Tartar remained without a good horse and without food. Almost without life he was driven about by the waves. They wove with all their might, but without thread (threads). Without a word he obeyed. The leaves moved ceaselessly. He created numberless birds.

37.

He treated himself in order to regain his health. She had a great deal to tell. He went into the church to make his confession. In order to pass the time somehow. Nobody is more fit for his post than he. He used all his might to please his master. For me it is all one wherever I live. Take (the pay) for the coffee.

He died of hunger. I had a very good estate, which was sold on account of debts. For heaven's sake, do not do this. He was convinced that on his own account he need not fear. On this account Venus gives more light than many other stars. Whether for that, or for some other reason, I know not.

38.

She wished to believe that the Hebrew spoke of someone else. Now the woman has everything, she can ask for nothing. Do not think about this. One cannot truly say that about you. There were still many things about which they wished to know. He could not even dream about her. She used to ask the old grandmother about that.

I remain here by order of my chief. He began to go along this river. They had permission to go up always according to their (own) will. She could dig and plant as she pleased (according to her liking). The shells closed and opened according to the flow of the water. From his outward appearance he seemed a respectable man. At the command "three" you will shoot at the tree. The younger daughter was the very picture of her father in her goodness and honesty.

39.

You have remedies against all diseases. What can he alone do against a hundred men? Contrary to his custom, the professor said nothing. It flew against the reflector. Against her own will she confessed this. He began to feel a certain disgust against himself. The opposite side. They sat down one opposite the other. She was unjust towards him. Contrary to usual, the number of dancers was great.

Instead of him his brother was sent. Instead of going out he remained in the house. An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Instead of coffee he gave me tea with sugar, but without cream. Instead of "la" one can also say "l'" (but only after a preposition which ends with a vowel).

In the drawing-room there was nobody except him and his fiancée. Besides the empty loom there was nothing. Besides ourselves we had very little to bring in. She wished to have, besides the red flowers, only one beautiful statue. All slept, save the steersman beside his tiller. In addition to the members, many guests journey there.

40.

He worked hard, but in spite of everything he did not succeed. It was still fairly warm, notwithstanding that the sun was low. They will be severely punished if, notwithstanding the prohibition, they (shall) offend against the freedom of the road. Despite all my endeavours to prevent him, he went away.

For my four children I bought twelve apples, and to each of the children I gave at the rate of three apples. They may cost three to five shillings each. This book has sixty pages; therefore if I (shall) read every day (at the rate of) fifteen pages, I shall finish the whole book in four days. I bought four books at sixpence each.

We were only engaged about some household affairs. The structure is similar to a mushroom. They ran away when the woman cried out at them. In the evening the sky became covered with clouds. From fear of Karagara I ran away. She was very proud of her high rank. The dog sincerely mourned for him. None of them was so full of desires as the youngest girl. On word of honour.

40a.

If we need to use a preposition, and the sense does not show us what preposition to use, then we can use the general preposition "je." But it is well to use the word "je" as seldom as possible. Instead of the word "je" we can also use the accusative without a preposition. I laugh at his simplicity (or, I laugh on account of his simplicity; or, I ridicule his simplicity). The last time I saw him with you I travelled two days and one night. I sigh for my lost happiness. From the said rule it follows that if we do not know as to any verb whether it requires the accusative case after it (that is, whether it is active) or not, we can always use the accusative. For example, we can say "obei al la patro" and "obei la patron" (instead of "obei je la patro"). But we do not use the accusative when the clearness of the sense forbids it; for example, we can say "pardoni al la malamiko" and "pardoni la malamikon," but we must always say "pardoni al la malamiko lian kulpon."

41.

The photographer photographed me, and I sent my photograph to my father. You talk nonsense, my friend. I drank tea, with cake and jam. Water is a fluid. I did not wish to drink the wine, for it had in it a certain muddiness. On the table were various sweetmeats. I ate a tasty omelette. When I travel anywhere I never take with me much luggage. An ice is a sweet frozen dainty. The whole surface of the lake was covered with floating leaves and various other plants (growths). The timber merchant sells wood, and the joiner makes tables, chairs, and other wooden objects. I use no sort of alcoholics. His old mother carried on the management of the house. "An evil appearance he had," answered the Jew. She thought over the doings of the past day. It is as light as a cobweb. The train of the dress was long. They move like living beings.

He loves this girl on account of her beauty and goodness. His heroism greatly pleased me. I live with them in great friendship. We are, in fact, close to the river. This is the most important quality. Court ceremony necessitates inconvenience. The wealth of this man is great, but his foolishness is still greater.

In these little bottles are various acids—vinegar, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and others. The acidity of this vinegar is very weak. Your wine is only some abominable acid thing. This great eminence is not a natural mountain. The height of that mountain is not very great.

42.

The house in which one learns is a school, and the house in which one prays is a church. The cook sits in the kitchen. The doctor advises me to go into a vapour-bath. The horse put one hoof on a serpent's nest. The woman used to walk through lovely woods and meadows. He came into his lodging. He stopped by the gate of the monastery.

Russians live in Russia, and Germans in Germany. My writing materials consist of an inkstand, a sand-box, a few pens, a pencil, and a blotter. In my trousers pocket I carry a purse, and in my overcoat pocket I carry a pocket book; a larger portfolio I carry under my arm. Put on the table the sugar-basin, the tea-caddy, and the teapot.

A shop in which one sells cigars, or a room in which one keeps cigars, is a cigar-store; a box or other object in which one keeps cigars is a cigar-case; a little tube in which one puts a cigar when one smokes it is a cigar-holder. A little box in which one keeps pens is a pen-box, and a little stick, on which one holds a pen to write, is a penholder. In the candlestick was a burning candle.

43.

A father and a mother together are named parents. Peter, Anne, and Elizabeth are my brother and sisters. Mr. and Mrs. N. will come to us this evening. The engaged couple stood by the altar. I congratulated the young married pair by telegraph. The king and queen left Cordova. She married (with) her cousin, although her parents wished to marry her to another person.

My wife's father is my father-in-law, I am his son-in-law, and my father is the father-in-law of my wife. All my wife's relations are my relations by marriage, consequently her brother is my brother-in-law, her sister is my sister-in-law; my brother and sister are the brother-in-law and sister-in-law of my wife. The wife of my nephew and the niece of my wife are my nieces by marriage. A woman who treats the sick is a lady doctor; the wife of a doctor is a doctor's wife. Mrs. Dr. A. visited Dr. and Mrs. P. to-day. He is not a laundryman, he is a washerwoman's husband.

The sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons of a king are princes. The Hebrews are Israelites, for they are descended from Israel. A foal is an immature horse, a chicken an immature fowl, a calf an immature ox, a fledgeling an immature bird. That beautiful land was in a very primeval state.

John, Nicholas, Ernest, William, Mary, Clara, and Sophia are called by their parents Johnny (or Jack), Nick, Ernie, Will (or Willie or Bill or Billy), Polly (or Molly), Clarry, and Sophy.

44.

Steel is flexible, but iron is not flexible. Not every plant is edible. Glass is breakable and transparent. Your speech is quite incomprehensible, and your letters are always written quite illegibly. The darkness is impenetrable. He related to me a story altogether incredible. Perhaps I can (shall be able to) help you. Do you love your father? What a question! of course (that) I love him. Probably I shall not be able to come to you to-day, for I think that I myself shall have guests to-day. The table stands askew, and will probably soon fall over. He did his best (his possible).

He is a man unworthy of belief. Your action is very praiseworthy. This important day will remain for me for ever memorable. It is a coat of great worth. It is not worthy of thanks. The crew show [themselves] unworthy of their leader.

His wife is very hardworking and economical, but she is also very fond of talking and noisy. He is very irascible, and often becomes excited at the merest trifle; nevertheless he is very forgiving, he does not bear anger long, and he is not at all revengeful. He is very credulous; even the most incredible things, which the most untrustworthy people relate to him, he immediately believes. He is very cleanly, and you will not find even one speck of dust on his coat. He is an excellent boy, but very apt to believe [in] spirits.

45.

We all came together to talk over very important business, but we could not reach any result, and we parted. Misery often unites people, and happiness often separates them. I tore up the letter, and threw its bits into every corner (all corners) of the room. After this they separated for home. The road branched in several directions.

I willingly fulfilled his desire. In bad weather one may easily take cold. He unbuttoned his overcoat. She played with her fan. Shirts, collars, cuffs, and other similar things we call linen, although they are not always made of linen.

TRANSLATIONS FROM VARIOUS LANGUAGES.

PARDONATA FORESTO.

Oni invitis junulon al festeno. Respondante al la invito, li diris: "Mi venos plezure, se mi estos viva."

"Ho," diris la invitanta sinjorino, "se vi estos senviva, ni vin ne atendos."

El Tutmonda Anekdotaro.

Festeno, banquet, (dinner) party.

KOREKTO.

Juna fraŭlino: "Ho, S-ro profesoro! Kion povus rakonti tiu ĉi maljuna kverko, se ĝi povus paroli?!"

Profesoro: "Ĝi dirus: pardonu min, mia fraŭlino, mi ne estas kverko, sed tilio."

Ibid.

Tilio, lime tree.

NAIVECO.

Knabino sesjara havis katon kaj pupon. Iu demandis ŝin, kiun el la du ŝi preferas. Ŝi ne volis respondi, fine ŝi diris al li en la orelon: "Mi preferas mian katon, sed ne diru, mi petas vin, tion al mia pupo."

El Unua Legolibro de Kabe.

HAWKE.

Kiam la fama angla admiralo Hawke estis ankoraŭ knabo kaj la patro unuafoje prenis lin sur ŝipon, li admonis lin bone konduti kaj aldonis: "Tiam mi esperas vidi vin kapitano." " Kapitano!" ekkriis la knabo. "Kara patro, se mi ne esperus fariĝi admiralo, mi ne konsentus esti maristo."

Ibid.

Admoni, to admonish; konduti, to behave (oneself).

EFIKA RUZO.

Iu vilaĝano petis sian tre avaran najbaron, ke li metu sur la limon inter la du ĝardenoj palisan barilon, ĉar la najbara kokinaro vagadis dum la tuta tago en lia ĝardeno.

Tamen la avarulo rifuzis, kaj jam la najbaro intencis alvoki la helpon de la juĝistoj, kiam li ŝajne kontenta kvietiĝis.

Subite, je ĉies miro, oni ekvidis la malamatan avarulon starigi tre fortan lignan barilon.

"Sed, amiko," demandis la vilaĝanoj, "rakontu kiamaniere vi atingis tion."

"Nu, tre simple," li diris. "Iun matenon mi sendis al la najbaro tri aŭ kvar ovojn, dirante, ke liaj kokinoj demetis ilin en mia ĝardeno. Jam la sekvintan tagon li komencis konstrui la barilon. Tio estas ĉiam pli malkara, ol doni okupadon al la advokatoj."

El Tutmonda Anekdotaro.

Peti, to beg; limo, boundary; paliso, palings; vagi, to wander; alvoki, to invoke; ŝajne, apparently; subite, suddenly; kvieta, quiet; advokato, lawyer.

JUPITERO KAJ ĈEVALO.

— Patro de l' bestoj kaj de l' homoj!—diris ĉevalo, proksimiĝante al la trono de Jupitero—oni diras, ke mi estas unu el la plej belaj bestoj; mi mem kredas tion, tamen ŝajnas al mi, ke multon en mi oni devus plibonigi.

— Kion laŭ via opinio oni povus plibonigi en vi? Parolu, mi estas preta lerni de vi—diris Jupitero ridetante.

— Eble mi kurus ankoraŭ pli rapide, se miaj piedoj estus pli longaj kaj pli maldikaj; longa cigna kolo ornamus miri; pli larĝa brusto pligrandigus miajn fortojn; kaj ĉar vi destinis min por porti vian favoratan, homon, vi povus sur mian dorson meti pretan selon.

— Bone—diris Jupitero—atendu momenton!—kaj li kreis kamelon.

Ekvidinte la novan beston, la ĉevalo ektremis de l' timo kaj abomeno.

— Jen la altaj piedoj, kiajn vi deziris—diris Jupitero—jen la longa cigna kolo, larĝa brusto kaj preta selo. Ĉu vi deziras, ke mi tiel aliformigu vin?

El Unua Legolibro de Kabe.

Trono, throne; ŝajni, to seem; preta, ready; cigno, swan; ornami, to ornament; brusto, chest; destini, to destine, appoint; selo, saddle; tremi, to tremble; abomeno, disgust.

LA HOMA KORPO KAJ LA SENTOJ.

El Serba Esperantisto.

Petu Johanon, ke li alproksimiĝu, ke li paŝu al vi, por ke vi observu la trajtojn de lia vizaĝo.

Lia frunto estas alta kun brune blondaj haroj, liaj vangoj estas rondaj, lian mentonon kovras dika barbo, kiu kaŝas la gorĝon.