Front matter (continued 7)

An inmate's conduct and industry will be closely observed during this stage, and she will not be passed out of this Stage until the Institution Board is fully satisfied that she is doing her best. When the Institution Board are so satisfied, she shall be passed into the Special Grade.

The Special Grade.

5. On passing into the Special Grade, an inmate's case will be specially considered for conditional licence. During the time that has elapsed since reception, under the scheme detailed, it ought to be possible for the Authorities on the spot to have formed an opinion whether, or not, as prescribed by Section 5(1) of the Act, there is a reasonable probability that an inmate will lead a useful and industrious life if let out on licence. Cases, of course, differ infinitely. The causes that led to the Borstal sentence may be deeply ingrained, thus requiring a long period of reformatory training, or they may be due more to circumstance than character, and if the criminal habit or tendency is not deep seated, it is hoped that in many cases, the period of twelve months' detention, under healthy influences, will furnish sufficient guarantee that a criminal course is not likely to be persisted in. In arriving at an opinion on this point, the Institution Board will, of course, avail themselves to the fullest extent of the services and experience of the representative of the Borstal Association. Such representative will, if possible, be a member of the Visiting Committee, and thus closely identified with the history of each case from the commencement of sentence. Inquiries made by the Borstal Association as to home surroundings, parental influence, capacity for any special branch of work, will furnish the guide to the authorities in their determination of each case.

Inmates in the Special Grade will be specially located. Those not considered eligible for licence will, on passing into the Special Grade, be at once transferred to superior quarters, where they will be kept distinct from the main body, under a distinct body of officers, who will reside in quarters contiguous to such superior buildings. In addition to the privileges enjoyed by the Probationary Grade inmates in this Grade will have a special dress: their mess-room and dwelling rooms will be supplied with superior crockery, and they will elect their own mess president of each table or section. The reading of newspapers will be allowed.

Inmates may earn a good conduct stripe for every three months passed with exemplary conduct, carrying 5s. gratuity for the first stripe, 7s, 6d. for the second stripe, and 10s. for each stripe thereafter, up to a maximum of £2, half of which may be spent in purchase of articles for their own use, e.g., material for private work, articles of clothing &c.

Inmates may, in addition to the privileges allowed in the Probationary Grade, be allowed outside the walls on parole, or to go errands, or to undertake work in the neighbourhood.

Every ease in the Special Grade will be specially considered every two months by the Institution Board, with a view to conditional licence. The behaviour of inmates on parole will furnish the test of trustworthiness, and by its appeal to higher instincts, on conduct or behaviour, will strengthen the probability of successful liberation. A careful study and individualization, therefore, of each inmate in state of parole or semi-liberty, will furnish the necessary evidence for determining her fitness for liberty.

Star Special Grade.

6. When an inmate in the Special Grade appears, after close observation, to satisfy the Governor, by her general demeanour and efficiency, that she can be safely placed in a position of special trust, she may be promoted to what will be known as the Star Special Grade, or Honour Party, and wear a distinctive dress.

Such inmates may act as Monitors in different capacities, be employed in positions of trust in the Institution,—clerical work, library, nursing &c.,—or they may be placed in authority over other inmates or in situations where they can assist the administration in various capacities.

Penal Class.

7. The sanction of the System will be the Penal Class. This is an administrative, not a judicial, weapon in the hands of the Governor, and whose powers of degradation are unlimited. Strict separation in rooms, and loss of privilege, will be a sufficient deterrent for the unruly, combined with such ordinary punishment for occasional offences as the rules admit.

Where an inmate is believed to be exercising a bad influence, she shall be placed by the Governor in the Penal Class, for such time as the Governor considers necessary in the interest of the inmate herself, or others. She will forfeit the privilege of letters and visits. The Governor will record in the journal particulars of every case ordered to be placed in the Penal Class, with the reasons for the same, and stating the period during which an inmate is so retained. This record will be placed before the Commissioner or Inspector at each visit. The inmate will not be restored to a higher Grade without passing through a period of probation in the Ordinary Grade of such duration as the Governor may determine.

Gratuity.

8. A sum of £1 will be paid to the Borstal Association for each inmate released, for the purpose of providing assistance to inmates on discharge.

Letters & Visits.

9. An inmate will be allowed at the Governor's discretion to write and receive letters and have visits as follows;—

In the Ordinary and Intermediate Grades—every six weeks. In the Probationary Grade—every month. In the Special Grade—Visits monthly; Letters fortnightly.

Visits will be of 30 minutes' duration for the Ordinary and Intermediate, and 40 minutes' for the Probationary and Special Grades, with reasonable extension in any case at the discretion of the Governor.

Education.

10. There will be a Board of Education, over which the Chaplain will preside. It will be the authority to consider all questions connected with the education of inmates, and will decide, as the result of examination, into which Grade each inmate shall be placed on reception.

11. The education of inmates will be classified as follows:—

(1) Elementary.—Such inmates as are found on reception not to have profited sufficiently by the teaching received in Public Elementary Schools to pass out of Grade III of the National Code.

(2) Progressive.—Those who can pass out of that Stage, and are fit subjects for higher Grades.

(3) Technical.—Inmates who are being prepared for commercial or other special pursuit.

(1) Elementary Education.—The standard aimed at may be broadly defined as follows, viz.:—"the ability to write a letter such as is needed by a woman applying for employment, and such arithmetic as a woman needs for the ordinary purpose of daily life, including checking her wages." Such a Standard is practically represented by Grade III of the National Code, viz.:—

WRITING:— Simple Spelling rules. simple Composition. Reconstruction of easy stories. Easy letter writing. Dictation. ARITHMETIC:— 4 simple rules. 4 compound rules (money & easy weights & measures). Introduction to decimal system. Simple fractions.

All inmates not qualified to pass from that Grade shall receive Education during the first three months of their sentence, at such times and in such classes as the Board of Education, created by Instruction 10, shall decide; and such period may be extended in any special case where the Board is of opinion that it would be to the advantage of an inmate that this should be done.

Where an inmate obviously fails to profit by instruction, and there may be reason to think that this may be due to physical or mental causes, she will be specially examined by the Medical Officer, and such steps will be taken on his report as may be deemed suitable to meet the special circumstances of the case.

(2) The Progressive Class will consist of all those inmates who have passed through a period of Elementary instruction. Arrangements will be made by the Board of Education for such inmates to attend Evening School at such times, and for such objects as they may decide.

(3) Technical Classes.—These will be limited to those inmates who have been specially selected for a career in which a knowledge of special subjects is called for.

12. In addition to the times set apart for these respective Classes, there will be a Silent Hour for private study, for which a period of absolute silence for one hour daily will be introduced throughout the Institution, during which time all inmates will be engaged in the study of educational or trade matter. It is considered that organized private study is the most satisfactory way of securing that inmates shall not be locked in their rooms until late in the evening.

The objects of the Silent Hour are:—

(1) To provide opportunity (a) for the working of tasks set by the Schoolmistresses; (b) for inmates to study their trade text books and prepare notes from the same;

(2) To occupy the minds of the inmates in a profitable manner;

(3) To inculcate habits of studious application in order that the benefits of mental concentration and self-control may become apparent.

13. It will be seen that a great responsibility is incumbent on the Education Board in arranging the details of Education on these lines. It will be the duty of the Governor, acting on the advice of the Chaplain and Schoolmistresses, to arrange the details of each Class, consistently with the general needs of the Establishment and the convenience of the staff; and it is only by a real and hearty co-operation between all members of the educational staff that the object of the system can be attained, viz.:—in the first place, to raise the ignorant and illiterate to such a standard of education as will enable them to compete with the ordinary conditions of life on discharge; and, secondly, to furnish opportunity to write intelligent English, and to rise not only to the higher educational grades, but to obtain special knowledge in the particular careers to which their faculties are applied.

14. In addition to the ordinary educational curriculum, it will be the duty of the Education Board, subject to the authority of the Governor, to organize a regular system of Lectures or Addresses, on such subjects as, in their opinion, are calculated to increase knowledge, to widen outlook, and to inspire by example, e.g., readings from history or biography. They may, in addition, organize Debating Societies, where inmates can themselves take part in discussion on selected subjects. It is considered that Debating Societies might be a great advantage to the Institution. The advice of the Chaplain Inspector will always be available for the organization of the conduct of such Societies. They may also arrange for the formation of Singing or Choral Classes.

Revoked Licences.

15. Inmates whose licences are revoked, if not removed to a special Institution for such cases, will be placed in the Penal Class for one month, and will work with their room doors open, and will be employed at any suitable form of manual labour. After one month, they may, at the discretion of the Governor, be placed in the Ordinary Grade, and will be again removed to the Penal Class if he is satisfied that the inmate is making no real effort to improve. Any such case will be recorded in the Governor's Journal, to be laid before the Commissioner or Inspector at each visit. If no signs of improvement are manifest, the case will be submitted to the Visiting Committee for such action as may be desirable under Section 7 of the Act of 1908.

Industrial Training.

16. It is desirable that after a close observation of character and capacity, a definite view should be taken as to the class of training—industrial, domestic, clerical, or otherwise—for which an inmate is best fitted, and that she should be specialized on this with a view to her employment on discharge, but each inmate should, in the first instance pass through a course of instruction in laundrywork, housework, needle-work and cooking, as such a course must always be of advantage, whatever the special employment to be followed on discharge may eventually be.

Farm and garden work, attending to poultry and cattle, will be a special feature of the Establishment, and will require special training, which will be provided. The various garden spaces will also offer profitable employment and training under suitable instruction. In any place where there are garden plots, they will be kept with scrupulous care and neatness in all parts of the Establishment. The grass will be kept closely mown, and flower beds placed in all appropriate spots. Officers will be given the option of cultivating the plots contiguous to their Quarters, but failing this, it will be the duty of the inmates.

Farm and garden work, though it can be assigned specifically as training for a certain number of inmates, is rather a valuable subsidiary employment, to be made use of largely on medical and physiological grounds for girls requiring active labour in the open air, or who are unsuitable for other forms of labour. For such reasons, there would be no objection to employing girls in the Ordinary Grade on such work for limited periods, or in the summer evenings in lieu of labour in their rooms, always provided that girls in this Grade work under disciplinary supervision, which will be the differentia of this Grade.

Punishments.

17. No punishment or privation of any kind shall be awarded to an inmate by any officer of the institution except the Governor, or in his absence, the officer appointed to act for him.

An inmate shall be guilty of an offence against the discipline of the institution if she;—

(1) Disobeys any order or rule.

(2) Treats an officer with disrespect.

(3) Is idle or careless at work.

(4) Is irreverent at Divine Service or Prayers.

(5) Uses bad language or threats.

(6) Is indecent in language, act or gesture.

(7) Strikes or behaves in a provoking way to another inmate.

(8) Makes a disturbance by singing, whistling or shouting.

(9) Does any damage.

(10) Has in her room, or cubicle, or dormitory, or in her pockets or clothes, anything she has not been given leave to have. Nothing found on the grounds, or on the farm, may be picked up and kept.

(11) Receives anything from any other inmate, or gives anything to any inmate without leave.

(12) Misbehaves herself in any other way.

The Governor may examine any person touching any alleged offence against the discipline of the institution, and determine thereupon and punish the offence.

In addition to the power vested in the Governor for ordering an inmate to be placed in the Penal Class, the above offences may be punished in the following way:—

(1) By deprivation of any privilege, or (2) In the manner prescribed by Prison Rules.

If an inmate is charged with any serious or repeated offence for which the punishment the Governor is authorized to inflict is deemed insufficient, she shall be brought before the Visiting Committee, or one of them, who, in addition to any power vested in the Governor, may order such punishment as is prescribed by Prison Rules; or, in the exercise of their discretion, may report her to the Secretary of State as incorrigible, or exercising a bad influence, with a view to commutation to a sentence of imprisonment under Section 7 of the Act of 1908.

18. Officers and Inmates of Borstal Institutions shall be subject to the Standing Orders for Local Prisons, except in so far as they are inconsistent with the Regulations and Instructions made under the Prevention of Crime Act, 1908.

TIME TABLE FOR FEMALES.

6.0 a.m. Inmates rise.

6.30 " Clean rooms, boots, &c.

7.25 " Inmates breakfast.

7.55 " Chapel.

8.15 " Labour.

12 noon Drill Exercise and inmates dinner.

1.25 p.m. Labour.

5.0 " Inmates tea.

5.30 " Bible class, choir practice, singing class & bathing.

6.0 " Silent hour.

7.0 " Evening labour.

8.0 " Recreation.

9.30 " Lights out.

APPENDIX (b)

RULES FOR PERSONS UNDERGOING PREVENTIVE DETENTION.

(1.) Persons undergoing Preventive Detention shall be divided into three Grades, Ordinary, Special, and Disciplinary. On entering upon Preventive Detention, they shall be placed in the Ordinary Grade.

(2.) After every six months passed in the Ordinary Grade with exemplary conduct a prisoner who has shown zeal and industry in the work assigned to him may be awarded a certificate of industry and conduct. Four of these certificates will entitle him to promotion to the Special Grade. With each certificate a prisoner will receive a good conduct stripe carrying privileges or a small money payment.

(3.) A prisoner may be placed in the Disciplinary Grade by order of the Governor as part of a punishment for misconduct, or because he is known to be exercising a bad influence on others, and may be kept there as long as may be necessary in the interests of himself and of others. While in the Disciplinary Grade he may be employed in association if his conduct justifies association, but he will not be associated with others except at labour.

(d.) Prisoners will be employed either at useful trades in which they will be instructed, or at agricultural work, or in the service of the Prison, and those in the Ordinary and Special Grades will be allowed to earn gratuity by their work. They will be allowed to spend a portion of their gratuity in the purchase of additions to their dietary, or to send it to their families, or to accumulate it for use on their discharge.

(5.) A prisoner who is in Hospital, or medically unfit for full work will, on the recommendation of the Medical Officer who will certify that the disability was genuine and not caused by the prisoner's own fault, be credited with gratuity in proportion to his earnings when in health or calculated on his general disposition to work, coupled with good conduct.

(6.) A canteen will be opened in the Prison at which prisoners in the Ordinary and Special Grades may purchase articles of food, and other small articles at prices to be fixed by the Directors. The cost of such articles will be charged against each prisoner's gratuity. The privilege of purchasing articles in the canteen may at any time be limited or withdrawn by the Governor.

(7.) Prisoners who have obtained three certificates of industry, will be eligible to have a garden allotment assigned to them which they may cultivate at such times as may be prescribed. The produce of these allotments will, if possible, be purchased for use in Prisons at market rates, and the proceeds credited to the prisoner.

(8.) Prisoners in the Ordinary Grade may be allowed to associate at meal times and also, after gaining the second certificate, in the evenings. Prisoners in the Special Grade may also be allowed to associate at meal times and in the evenings, and shall be allowed such additional relaxations of a literary and social character as may be prescribed from time to time.

(9.) Any of the privileges prescribed in these special rules or gratuity earned may be forfeited for misconduct. A prisoner has no legal claim upon his gratuity, which will be expended for his benefit, or may be withheld at the discretion of the Society or person under whose supervision he is placed.

(10.) It will be the duty of the Chaplain and Prison Minister to see each prisoner individually from time to time during his detention and to promote the reformation of those under their spiritual charge. Divine Service will be held weekly in the Prison, and there will be in addition such Mission Services, lectures and addresses on religious, moral and secular subjects as may be arranged.

(11.) Prisoners shall receive the diets which the Directors may prescribe from time to time.

(12.) Prisoners will be allowed to write and receive a letter and to receive a visit at fixed intervals according to their Grade.

(13.) The Board of Visitors appointed by the Secretary of State under Section 13 (4) of the Prevention of Crime Act, 1908, shall hold office for three years. Their powers shall not be affected by vacancies. The Secretary of State shall, as soon as possible, fill any vacancy by making a new appointment. At their first meeting they shall appoint a Chairman. One or more of them shall visit the Prison once a month, and they shall meet as a Board as often as possible. They shall hear and adjudicate on such offences on the part of prisoners as may be referred to them by the Directors, and they shall investigate any complaint which a prisoner may desire to make to them, and, if necessary, report the same to the Directors with their opinion. They shall have free access to every part of the Prison and may see any prisoner in private, inspect the diets and examine any of the books. They shall bring any abuses to the immediate notice of the Directors, and in cases of urgency they may make recommendations in writing which the Governor shall carry out pending the decision of the Directors. They shall keep minutes of their proceedings, and make an annual report to the Secretary of State at the beginning of each year.

(14.) The Committee appointed under Section 14 (4) of the said Act shall meet once a quarter, and shall forward to the Directors such reports as may be required for their assistance in advising the Secretary of State as to the prospects and probable behaviour of prisoners after discharge.

(15.) Any person whose licence has been revoked or forfeited may on his return to Prison be placed and kept in the Disciplinary Grade for such length of time as the Board of Visitors shall think necessary.

THE ENGLISH PRISON SYSTEM.

INDEX TO CHAPTERS

Aged convicts, 41 Ages of prisoners received on conviction, 221 Aid-on-discharge (see 'Borstal,' and 'Central' Associations and Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies), 164 Alcoholism and crime, 160, 211 America, visits to, 25, 62, 64, 91 Appeal, Court of Criminal, 21 Auburn and Philadelphian Systems, 24, 63 Australia, Transportation to, 27, 31 Aylesbury Borstal Institution, 118 Baker, Dr., Inquiry at Pentonville as to young offenders, 86 Bedford, Adeline, Duchess of, 117 Bermuda, convicts at, 27 Birmingham, Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 166 Birmingham Juvenile Court, 102 Board, Prison—Constitution of, 18, 46 Borstal Association, 92, 95, 118, 182 Borstal Committees at Local Prisons, 96 Borstal System, 11, 85, 194, 214 " " and age of criminal majority, 87 " " its aims, 11, 83, 98 " " origin of name, 85, 92 " " early stages, 91 " " statutory effect given to, 94 " " since the Act of 1908, 94 " " and the Act of 1914, 100, 121 " " the "Modified", 96, 119, 127 " " for young women, 118 " " for young convicts, 41, 97, 118 " " regulations for, 231 " " remarks of Lord Chief Justice, 95 " " statistics of 'after-care', 95, 117, 119 " " labour of inmates, 141 Branthwaite, Dr., Inquiry into cases of inebriety, 160 Camp Hill Prison, 52 Cantine System, 165 Cells, Certification of, 64, 68 Census of convict population, 1901, 49 " prisoners fit for Hard Labour, 132 " " between the ages of 16 and 21, 85 Central Association for aid of discharged convicts, 54, 56, 174, 182 Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic), 225 Central Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 179 Centralization of authority, 69 Chaplains of Prisons, 5, 129 Children Act, 1908, 101 Classification (Convict) Inquiry of 1878, 37 " " present, 40 " " "Star" Class, 37, 40 " (Local) Under the Act of 1823, 62 " " " " 1877, 71 " " " " 1898, 78 " " " " 1914, 83 Cockburn, Lord Justice, 31, 89 Commission, Royal, 1863, 30, 34, 43 " " 1879, 37, 41 Commissioners of Prisons, The, 18 Committals to Prison since 1881, 219 Committee on Prisons, 1832 and 1836, 63 " " 1850, 65, 67 " " 1863, 67 " " 1895, Habitual criminals, 39 " " " separate confinement, 42 " " " Weakminded convicts, 42 " " " Local prisons, 75 " " " prisoners 16-21, 76, 86 " " " prison labour, 136 " " " and discharged prisoners, 76 Committees, Visiting &c., 32, 46, 53, 70, 123 "Conditional conviction", 107 Convict Prisons, 18, 131 Corporal Punishment, 34, 47, 70, 80 Correction, Houses of, 59 Courts, The Criminal, and their punishments, 19 Cranks and treadwheels, 67, 77, 134, 137 Crawford, Mr. W., Inspector of Prisons, 25, 62 Crime and its causes, 200 Crime, Prevention of, Act of 1908, 51, 82, 94 Crimes, Prevention of, Act of 1871, 36 Criminal Appeal, Court of, 21 "Criminal Diathesis,", 203 Criminal Justice Administration Act, 1914, 20, 82 " " " changes under, 82 " " " and Borstal System, 100, 121 " " " decrease in committals, 20, 224 Criminal, (clinical), laboratories, 195 Criminal Statistics, 1872 to 1914, 216 Criminal type, The, 203 Criminological Inquiry in English Prisons, 198 Death penalty, The, 21 Death-rate in Prisons, 186 Debating classes in prisons, 8, 128 Defective children, 105 Defectiveness, mental, (See 'Mental') "Detention, Places of" for Juveniles, 102 Dietaries, Prison, 145, 188 Directors of Convict Prisons, The, 18 Discipline, Progressive Reformatory, and Sir J. Jebb, 29 Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies, early history, 165 " " " " under Act of 1877, 167 " " " " Conference of 1878, 169 " " " " and co-ordination of effort, 15 " " " " scheme of 1896, 171 " " " " " 1913, 175 " " " " Central Committee of, 178 (See also "Borstal Association" and "Central Association") Dover Harbour, last Public Works, 13 Drunkenness, Habitual, (See also 'Alcoholism' and 'Inebriety'), 154 " " statistics of, 115, 225 Du Cane, Sir E., 71, 73, 75 Earnings of prisoners, 138 Economy in administration, 73 Education in prisons, 6, 121 Elementary Education (Defective & Epileptic Children) Acts 1899 & 1914, 105, 106 Elmira State Reformatory, 91 Employment of prisoners (See 'Labour') Female prison population, statistics, 114, 223 " " " and recidivism, 115, 122 " convicts, 47 " prisoners in Preventive Detention, 58 " " superintendence by female staff, &c., 114, 122 " under the Borstal System, 118 Fines, committals in default of payment, 20, 224 " release on part-payment, 79, 82 " 'supervision' until payment, 82 First Division prisoners, 71, 78 Gibraltar Prison, 27 Gloucester Refuge for discharged prisoners, 166 Goring, Dr. Chas. "A Criminological Inquiry", 198 Grant-Wison, Sir W., 92, 174 Gratuities, prisoners'—early convict system, 27 " high rate of, condemned, 31 " maximum earnable reduced to £3, 36 " English & continental systems, 165 " abolition of in Local Prisons, 175 " retained for certain classes, 180 Habitual Criminals Act, 1869, 36 Habitual Inebriates (see 'Inebriety') Habitual Offenders Division, proposed, 39, 50 Hard Labour, definition of phrase, 60, 66, 134 " and Committee of 1863, 67 " and the cellular system, 66 " provisions of Act of 1865, 68,134 " " " 1877, 70 " present methods of enforcing, 77 " and the Act of 1914, 83 Heredity and environment, 209 Holloway Prison, 114 Hospital Staff of Prisons, 197 Howard, John, 23, 60, 62 Hulks, The, 26 Indeterminate sentence, the, 55 Individualization of prisoners, 75, 93 Industrial labour in Prisons, 136 " prosperity and criminal statistics, 160 Inebriety, Committee of 1872, 154 " Act of 1879, 155 " Home Office Inquiry, 1892, 155 " Act of 1898, 155, 157 " Types of inmates in Certified Reformatories, 156 " Infrequent use of Act of 1898, 158 " Committee of 1908, 158, 162 " Mental state of inmates, 161 " Alcohol as a factor in crime, 160 " Analysis of 1,000 cases of, 160 (See also 'Drunkenness') Infectious disease in prisons, 186 Intermediate Class in Convict Prisons, 40 Irish System, The (1854), 30, 33 Jebb, Sir Joshua, 29 Justices, Visiting, 70 Juvenile-Adult prisoners (see "Borstal") Juvenile Courts, 102 " Labour Bureaux and Exchanges, 106 " Offenders, commitment of, 101 " " statistics of committals, 220 Labour, Prison, The Act of 1865, 68, 134 " " Recent changes, 138 " " Prior to Act of 1877, 131 " " and the inquiry of 1894, 136 " " revision of labour statistics, 137 " " increase in output, 139 " " Public Works, 26, 35, 131 " " Juvenile-Adults, 140 Labour, Prison, in Convict Prisons, 131 " " in Local Prisons, 133 " " during the Great War, 140 Lectures and addresses, 6, 128 Libraries, prison, 127 Licensing system for convicts, 34, 38, 54 Local Prisons, 18, 59 Lombroso, Professor, 199 London Prison Visitor's Association, 92 Long Sentence Division, 41 Mark System, in Convict Prisons, 31, 34 " " in Local Prisons, 81 Mechanical tasks in Prisons, 68, 72, 137 Medical Officers of Prisons, 185 Mental defectiveness and crime co-operation between Justices and Police, 16, 193 Mental defectiveness and inebriety, 161 " " duties of prison medical officers, 185 " " special prisons for cases of, 190 " " in prison, estimate of, 191, 207 " " The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913, 16, 105, 192, 215 " " Sir G. Newman, and prevention of, 196 " " Commission on Care and Control of Feeble-minded, 190, 207 " " Dr. Goring's Inquiry, 207 Merxplas, Labour Colony at, 148 Metropolitan Asylums Board and Casual Wards, 151 Mettray Agricultural Colony, 90 Millbank Prison, 44, 62 Misdemeanants, First Class, 71, 78 Moral and religious influences in prisons, 8, 127 National Society for Prevention of Crime, 15, 180 New South Wales, Transportation to, 24 New York, State Probation Commission, 113 'Normal' and 'abnormal' man, 201 Oakum-picking in prisons, 136 Offences against the law, 19 Officers of Prisons, 10, 197 'Panopticon' (J. Bentham), 62 Parkhurst Prison for young offenders, 88 Part-payment of fines, 79, 82 Patronage (See 'Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies') Pearson, Professor Karl, 198 Pécule System, 165 Penal Servitude: changes in System since 1894, 39 " " Act of 1853, 28 " " " 1857, 28 " " " 1864, 34 " " " 1891, 38, 39 " " " 1898, 46 " " decrease in committals, 38, 219, 230 " Reformatories for young offenders, 87 Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64, 65 Philadelphian and Auburn Systems, 24, 63 Philanthropic Association, 88 Physical criminal type, 203 Police Supervision, 20, 33 Population, prison-fall in (See also 'Statistics'), 46, 73, 114, 219, 223 Positive School of Criminology, 199 Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871, 36 Prevention of Crime Act, 1908, 51, 82, 94 Preventive Detention: the Advisory Committee, 54, 55 " " conditional release, 54 " " definition of, 49, 57 " " extension to penal servitude system, 14 " " objects of, 12, 51, 52 " " Memo, explanatory of Act of 1908, 51 " " 'parole' lines, 53 " " rules for, 53, 265 " " statistics of men discharged, 54 Prison Act 1778, 23, 24, 61 " " 1781, 61 " " 1823, 62 " " 1824, 25 " " 1835, 59, 66 " " 1839, 64 " " 1844, 66 " " 1865, 67, 134 " " 1877, 18, 69, 136 " " 1898, 46, 78 Prison Commission, The, 18 Prisons, &c. description of, 18, 60 Prisons Reform, meaning of, 1 " " in the future, 12 Probation, Act of 1887, and Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1879, 110 " " 1907, 21, 111 " New York State Probation Commission, 112 " indispensable to criminal justice, 113 " English and Foreign systems, 107 " national system of, 13 " statistics of, 111 Professional criminals, 49, 50 Progressive Stage System, 28, 34, 39 Punishments for prison offences (See also 'Corporal Punishment'), 34, 47, 68, 70 Public Works, 26, 35, 131 Recidivism, statistics of, &c., 115, 183, 221, 229 Recidivist class in convict prisons, 41, 57, 230 Reform, prison, 1 Reformatory Schools Act, 1854, 89 Remission of sentence, 38, 81 Reporting to police, 36, 38 Rules for the government of Prisons, 66, 67, 71, 78 Sanitary condition of prisons, 186 Second Division prisoners, 38 Secondary Punishments, 36 Sentences to penal servitude, decrease in number, 38 " " " increase after Act of 1871, 36 " " " minimum term reduced, 31, 38 Separate Confinement—and Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64 " " Reports of Commissioners of Pentonville, 26, 64 " " History of, 42 " " present terms for convicts, 46 'Separate' and 'Silent' Systems, 24, 63 Short sentences, 73, 83, 224 Silence, the law of, 7 'Special' class of convicts, 40 Spike Island, 29 Staff of Prisons, 10, 197 Stages, Progressive, 28, 34, 39 'Star' Class, 37, 40 State, transfer of prisons to, 18, 69, 71 Statistics, Criminal, Comparison of 1872-1914, 216 " showing committals of young offenders since 1848, 220 " prison, during the Great War, and since, 223 " " in times of industrial prosperity, 160, 226 " " decrease in recidivism, 183, 222, 229 Stipendiary Magistrates, 20 Stretton Colony for young offenders, 87 Study-leave for Medical Officers, 196 Study in prison, facilities for, 8 Summary Jurisdiction, Courts of, 20 Supervision of young offenders, 82 "Sursis," law of, 107, 112 Surveyor-General of Prisons, 66 Talking in prisons, 7 "Temporary Refuge for distressed criminals", 165 Ticket-of-leave (See also 'Licensing'), 26, 28, 33 Transportation, history of, 23 Travaux forces and Hard Labour, 30 Treadwheels and cranks, 67, 77, 134, 137 Triple Division of offenders in Local Prisons, 78 Tubercular disease in prisons, 187 Uniformity of system, 66, 67, 69, 72 Unconvicted prisoners, 71, 194 Vagrancy, early history of, 142 " the Act of 1824, 20, 142 " "Begging and Sleeping-out", 143 " and Labour Colonies, 148 " Colony at Merxplas, 148 " and Way-ticket system, 150 " and Casual Wards, 144, 151 " Committee of 1906, 147 " incorrigible rogues, 143 " Previous convictions and statistics, 149, 153, 222 Van Dieman's Land, 24, 27 Visitors, Boards of, 46 Visiting Committees of Prisons &c., 32, 53, 70, 123 Wakefield Industrial Home, 166 War, criminal statistics and the, 223 " employment of prisoners, 140 " closing of prisons during, 227 Weakminded prisoners (See 'Mental Defectiveness') Whipping, 20 Works, Public, 26, 35, 131 Young Offenders, alternatives to committal to prison, 101, 109 " " at Parkhurst, 88 " " decrease in commitments to prison, 220 " " concentration of effort upon, 76, 106 " " supervision until fine is paid, 82 " " under sixteen years of age, 20, 101 (See also under "Borstal" and "Juvenile")

Printed at His Majesty's Convict Prison Maidstone.