INDEX
Reading edition
Abrasives, 267-270, 397
Abyssinia, potash, 112
Adams, Frank D., 367
Adirondacks, New York, graphite, 282 iron ores, 160, 162, 163, 171 phosphate from magnetic ores, 105-106 use of magnetic surveys in tracing iron rocks, 317
Ad valorem method of valuation of mineral deposits, 331-335
Africa, bauxite, 242 coal, 116 cobalt, 255 copper, 197-198, 205 tin, 260 See also South Africa; North Africa; East Africa; West Africa.
Alabama, bauxite, 243, 245 graphite, 281 iron, 52-53, 160, 162, 163, 166-167
Alaska, antimony, 248 copper, 36, 41, 47, 49, 199, 200-201 gold, 222, 224, 229 silver, 234 tin, 261, 262
Algeria, antimony, 247, 248 gypsum, 283 iron, 156, 160, 161, 194 petroleum, 128 phosphates, 104, 105, 106 See also North Africa.
Almaden, Spain, mercury ores, 256-257, 259
Alsace, potash, 111-113
Alsace-Lorraine, coal and iron of, under Peace Treaty, 401-402
Aluminum Company of America, 243
Aluminum ores, 241-246, 397 See also Bauxite.
Alunite, 39, 41-42, 112, 114, 230
Anaconda, Montana, arsenic production, 250
Anaconda Copper Mining Company, manufacture of phosphate, 105 use of geology in development and exploration, 326-327
Anamorphism, defined, 27, 57
Anamorphism of mineral deposits, 26, 57-58
Anhydrite, occurrence in gypsum deposits, 284-285
Anticlines, occurrence of oil in, 141-142, 147-148
Antimonial lead, 246
Antimony ores, 246-249, 398
Apex law, 349-350, 353
Aplites, 35
Appalachians, barite, 274 bauxite, 245 graphite, 282-283 petroleum, 132, 135 pitchblende, 266 pyrite, 108 tin, 262 See also under individual states.
Argentina, borax, 275 mica, 286 petroleum, 128 tungsten, 183
Arizona, asbestos, 271, 272 copper, 33, 38, 41, 47, 48, 198-199, 203, 204-205, 208, 314, 316 gold, 222 manganese, 175 molybdenum, 186,187 silver, 234 tungsten, 183 turquoise, 293
Arkansas, bauxite, 96, 243, 244-245, 246 diamonds, 292 fuller's earth, 279 hones, oilstones and whetstones, 269 phosphates, 105 zinc, 215
Arnold, Ralph, 134, 136, 149-150
Arsenic ores, 249-251, 397
Artesian wells, 73
Asbestos, 270-272, 398
Asphalt and bitumen, 56, 151-153, 397
Atolia, California, tungsten ores, 185
Atwood, W. W., 414
Australasia, cement, 87 coal, 116 gold, 222
Australia, antimony, 247 arsenic, 250 asbestos, 271, 272 bauxite, 242 bismuth, 252 coal, 115 copper, 197-198 gold, 41, 222, 224 iron, 154, 164, 165 lead, 210-211, 212 molybdenum, 186 phosphates, 105 silver, 232 tin, 260 tungsten, 183 zinc, 214-215, 216
Australia, laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343, 345
Austria, cement, 87 graphite, 280 mercury, 256, 257 molybdenum, 186 talc, 299 uranium and radium, 264 zinc, 214
Austria-Hungary, barite, 272 coal, 115, 116 iron, 160, 161 magnesite, 191-193 manganese, 174 silver, 232 See also Hungary.
Austria-Hungary, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64
Ball clay, 85, 398
"Bar" theory of formation of thick salt beds, 297
Baraboo, Wisconsin, quartzites of, 82
Barite, 272-274, 397
Basalt, 17, 19, 82, 90
Bauxite, 9, 50, 96, 241-246, 397
Bavaria, graphite, 280
Bawdwin Mines, Burma, lead and zinc, 209, 214
Beaumont Field, Texas, occurrence of oil, 148
Belgian Congo, cobalt, 255 copper, 205
Belgium, barite, 272 cement, 87 coal, 115-117, 127, 401 flint linings, 269 iron, 160-161 lead, 54-55, 210 millstones and buhrstones, 269 phosphates, 104 zinc, 54-55, 214
Belgium, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64, 280
Belle Isle, Newfoundland, iron ores, 52-53, 160, 166
Bergholm, Carl, 319
Bergstrom, Gunnar, 319
Bessemer processes of steel making, 158, 161
Bilbao, Spain; iron ores, 160, 170
Billingsley, Paul, and Grimes, J. A., 44
Bingham, Utah, copper and lead ores, 37, 42, 47, 199, 203, 204, 207, 208, 212, 314
Birmingham, Alabama, iron ores, 160, 162, 163, 166-167 See also Clinton iron ores.
Bisbee, Arizona, copper ores, 47, 198, 204, 314, 316
Bismuth ores, 252-253, 397
Bitumen and asphalt, 56, 151-153, 397
Black Hills, South Dakota, gold ores, 228, 229 tin ores, 262
"Blue ground," occurrence of diamonds in, 291
"Bluestone," 84
Bohemia, uranium and radium ores, 265
Boise Basin, Idaho, monazite deposits, 289
Boleo, Lower California, copper ores, 201
Bolivia, antimony, 247 bismuth, 252, 253 borax, 275 copper, 206 nitrates, 103 petroleum, 128 silver, 232 tin, 261, 262-263 tungsten, 183, 184
Bolivia, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64
Bonne Terre limestone, Missouri, zinc ores, 217
Boone formation, Missouri, zinc ores, 217
Borax, 274-277, 397
Borax Lake, California, borax deposits, 276
Borneo, diamond dust, 268 platinum, 238
Bort, 267, 268, 398
Boulder batholith, Montana, ore-deposits of, 44
Boulder County, Colorado, tungsten ores, 184
Braden copper ores, Chile, 199
Brazil, chromite, 179 coal, 116 diamonds and diamond dust, 268, 292 graphite, 280 iron, 52-53, 162, 165, 167, 313 manganese, 174-175, 176 mica, 286 monazite, 288, 289 oil shales, 151 zirconium, 189-190
Brazil, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64
Briey district, France, iron ores, 161, 163 vanadium, 187
Brinton, Virginia, arsenic ores, 251
British Coal Commission, 367
British Columbia, laws relating to mineral resources, 344
British Empire. See Great Britain.
British Guiana, bauxite, 242, 243
British South Africa, coal, 116
Broken Hill, New South Wales, lead and zinc ores, 209, 212
Bromine, 277-278, 397
Brooks, Alfred H., 404, 408
Brooks, Alfred H., and LaCroix, Morris F., 404
Buhrstones, 269
Building stone, 80-84, 88-90, 397
Bureau of Mines, 403, 406
Burma, lead, 209, 210, 212 rubies, 289, 292 silver, 233 tungsten, 183, 185 zinc, 214, 216
Burrows, J. S., 367
Butler, B. S., Loughlin, G. F., and Heikes, V. C., 44, 55, 230
Butte, Montana, arsenic in copper ores, 251 copper ores, 40, 47, 49, 198-199, 201-203, 207, 208 manganese ores, 177, 314 silver ores, 234, 314 use of placers in locating ores, 316 zinc ores, 215-216 zonal arrangement of minerals, 42, 44
Cadmium ores, 253-254, 397
California, antimony, 248 asbestos, 271 asphalt and bitumen, 152 basalt, 82 borax, 275, 276-277 chromite, 179 copper, 199, 204 diatomaceous earth, 269 fuller's earth, 279 gold, 222, 224, 227, 229, 308, 316, 342 granite, 82 graphite, 281 grinding pebbles, 268 magnesite, 191-193 manganese, 175 mercury, 40, 256, 257, 259 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 132, 133, 135, 137 potash, 112, 113-114 pyrite, 108 serpentine, 83 silver, 234, 308 tourmaline, 293 tungsten, 183
Campbell, J. Morrow, 185
Campbell, M. R., 121, 122, 366
Campbell, M. R., and Parker, E. W., 367, 370-371
Canada, arsenic, 250 asbestos, 270-271, 272 cement, 87 chromite, 179 coal, 115, 116 cobalt, 255 copper, 197-198 corundum, 268, 270 feldspar, 86 fluorspar, 193, 194 gold, 222 graphite, 280-281 grindstones and pulpstones, 269 gypsum, 283-284 iron, 52-53, 155, 156, 160, 165 magnesite, 191-193 mica, 286, 287 molybdenum, 186 natural gas, 151 nickel, 180-182 petroleum, 128 phosphates, 105, 106 platinum, 238 pyrite, 107-108 salt, 294 silver, 232, 234-235 talc, 299, 300 titanium, 190 zinc, 214, 215
Canada, laws relating to ownership to mineral resources, 343 use of magnetic surveys in tracing iron rocks, 317
Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, copper ores, 203
Cannel coal, 125
Cape Colony, South Africa, asbestos, 272
Capillarity, effect on ground-water level, 70 effect on petroleum migration, 142-143
Capital value of mineral resources, 64, 328
"Capping," of copper ores, 47
Carbonado, 268
Carey Act, classification of public lands under, 310
Carmel, New York, arsenic ores, 251
Casing-head gasoline, 139, 151
Caucasus region, Russia, manganese ores, 174, 176
Cement, 86-88, 397
Cementation, mineral products resulting from, 24
Cementing materials, source of, 25
Central America, cement, 87, 88 silver, 232 See also Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama.
Central Powers. See Germany, Austria-Hungary.
Cerium ores, See Monazite.
Ceylon, graphite, 280-283 mica, 286
Chalk, 83, 398
Chamberlin, T. C., 217
Chamberlin, T. C., and Salisbury, R. D., 415
Chance, H. M., 367, 368
Chert, use for abrasives, 267, 268, 270
Chile, borax, 275, 276 bromine, 277 coal, 116 copper, 197-199, 203 iron, 155, 161, 162, 164, 171 manganese, 176 nitrates, 100, 101-104 phosphates, 105, 106 potash, 112 silver, 232 sulphur, 109-110
Chile, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64, 261
China, antimony, 247-248, 249 arsenic, 250, 251 bismuth, 252 coal, 115, 116, 127, 154 iron, 154, 160, 164, 165, 171 petroleum, 128 salt, 294 silver, 232 tin, 260 tungsten, 183, 184
China, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64
"Chloriding" for silver ores, 314
Chrome (or chromite) ores, 178-180, 307, 365-366, 398
Clarke, F. W., 13, 17, 18
Classification of mineral deposits, 27-59 of mineral lands, 309-311 of mineral materials, adjustment of scientific to commercial names, 356
Clays, 18, 85, 91-92, 398
Cle Elum, Washington, iron ores, 58
Cleavage, 26
Cleveland district, England, iron ores, 161
Clifton-Morenci district, Arizona, copper ores, 38, 198
Climate, as a factor in exploration, 315 effect of in formation of bauxites, 246
Clinton iron ores, 9, 52-53, 163, 166-167, 218, 313, 317
Coal, conservation of, 365, 366-382 European international situation, 116-117, 386, 387, 393, 400-403 general economic and geologic features, 56, 115-127, 309, 397 reserves, 116, 360-361, 366-367
Cobalt district, Ontario, arsenic, 251 cobalt, 255 silver ores, 232, 234-235, 308, 316 use of coefficient to estimate future output, 322
Cobalt ores, 254-255, 398
Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho, lead-silver ores, 39, 45, 211, 212-213, 216, 234
Coke, 118-119
Colloids, content of in clays, 92
Colombia, coal, 116 emeralds, 289, 293 gold, 222 platinum, 238
Colombia, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64
"Colorado," 313
Colorado, arsenic, 250 asphalt and bitumen, 152 bismuth, 253 coal, 117 fluorspar, 194 gold, 222, 230 graphite, 281 lead, 211, 212 molybdenum, 186 oil shales, 150 petroleum, 133 silver, 234 tungsten, 183, 184 turquoise, 293 uranium and radium, 264-265, 266 vanadium, 187-188 zinc, 216, 219-220
Commercial and political control of mineral resources, 65, 387, 388 See also under individual resources.
Common rocks, as mineral resources, 80-94
Comstock Lode, Nevada, silver ores, 235-236, 308
Congo. See Belgian Congo
Connecticut, basalt, 82 diatomaceous earth, 269 tourmaline, 293
Conover, Julian D., 12
Conservation, 359-382, 393-395 application of economic geology to, 1-2 of coal, 366-382 of common rocks, 81 of human energy, 362 international aspects, 362-363, 375, 376-377, 393-395 of petroleum, 137-139
Conservation Commission of Canada, 367
Contact metamorphism, 20, 24, 25-27, 36-37 See also Igneous after-effects.
Contracts, classification of earth materials in, 356-357
Copper ores, 9, 36-50, 51-52, 55, 197, 209, 307, 308-309, 313-314, 318, 396
Cornwall, England, tin ores, 42, 260, 262, 263 uranium and radium ores, 264
Corocoro, Bolivia, copper ores, 206
Corundum, 267-268, 270, 398
Costa Rica, manganese, 176
"Cracking" processes for refining petroleum, 137, 139
Cripple Creek district, Colorado, gold ores, 230
Cuba, chromite, 179 copper, 197 iron, 8-9, 50, 58, 96, 155, 160, 163, 171-173, 313, 349 manganese, 175 nickel, 181 petroleum, 128
Cuyuna Range, Minnesota, manganese ores, 175, 177
Cycle, erosion or topographic, 6-7
Cyclic nature of ore concentration, 7-8, 47-48, 56, 169, 201, 205, 208, 325
Cyprus, asbestos, 271, 272
Dams, geologic problems involved in construction, 414
Davis, W. M., 408
Death Valley, California, borax deposits, 276
Degree of economic geology, 427-428
Denmark, cement, 87 chalk, 83 grinding pebbles, 268
Depletion of mineral deposits, as factor in valuation and taxation, 331, 337, 339
Depth as a factor in mineral deposition, 43, 49, 58-59
Diamond dust, 267, 268, 398
Diamonds, 289-292, 316, 317
Diatomaceous earth, 267, 269, 398
Diorite, 82
Dolomite, 23, 192
Domes, occurrence of oil in. See Anticlines.
Domes, salt and sulphur, Gulf Coast, 110, 298
Drilling, exploration of mineral deposits by, 320-321
Drilling records, public registration of, 305-306
Ducktown, Tennessee, copper ores, 204
Dutch East Indies, natural gas, 151 petroleum, 128, 129 tin, 260 use of coefficient to estimate tin reserves, 322
Dutch Guiana, bauxite, 243
Dutch West Indies, phosphates, 105, 106
Dynamic metamorphism, 25-26
East Africa, mica, 286
East Indies. See Dutch East Indies.
Eckel, E. C., 404
Economic Liaison Committee, 406
Egypt, petroleum, 128 phosphates, 104
Eiserner Hut, 313
Electrical conductivity, use in exploration of mineral deposits, 319
Ely, Nevada, copper ores, 41, 203
Emeralds, 289, 291, 293
Emery, 267-268, 270, 397, 398
Emmons, W. H., 43
Empire, Colorado, molybdenum ores, 186
Energy resources, 115-153 accelerating production of, 64, 130-131, 361, 366-367
Engineering, application of economic geology to, 2, 413-419
England. See Great Britain
Enrichment, secondary, 7-8, 25, 46-50 See also under Copper ores, silver ores, etc.
Epigenetic ore deposits, use of term, 32, 36
"Equated Income" method of taxation, 335-336
Erosion, relation to oxide zones, 47-48
Erosion cycle, description of, 6-7
Ethics, questions of, 430-431
Europe, coal and iron situation under terms of Peace Treaty, 400-403
Expert witnesses, use of geologists as, 349-355, 357-358
Exploitation of mineral deposits, functions of geologist, 326-327
Exploration of mineral deposits, 301-327 effect of ownership laws on, 347-349 effect of taxation on, 339-341 quantitative aspects of, 321-322, 324-326 relation to international conditions, 395-396
Extralateral rights, litigation affecting, 349-355
Extrusive rocks, formation of, 19
Federated Malay States. See Malay States.
Feldspar, 16, 86, 268-269, 397
Ferro-alloy minerals, 156-158, 173-196, 307, 362-363, 365-366, 393-394, 397-398
Ferroboron, 275
Ferrocerium, 288
Ferrochrome, 178
Ferromanganese, 173-174
Ferromolybdenum, 186
Ferrosilicon, 195
Ferrotitanium, 190
Ferrotungsten, 182-183
Ferrovanadium, 187
Ferrozirconium, 189
Ferruginous chert, 167
Fertilizer minerals, 99-114
Field work for students of economic geology, 425-426
Flint linings for tube mills, 269
Florida, fuller's earth, 279 phosphates, 105, 107 titanium, 190, 191 zirconium, 189
Flowage, rock, 25, 26
Fluorspar, 193-194, 397
Foothill district, California, copper ores, 204
Formosa, petroleum, 128
Foundations, application of geology to, 413
France, antimony, 247, 249 arsenic, 250-251 asphalt and bitumen, 152 barite, 272 bauxite, 242, 245 cement, 87 chalk, 83 coal, 115-117, 127 coal and iron situation under Peace Treaty, 400-403 fluorspar, 194 grinding pebbles, 268 gypsum, 283 iron, 154, 160-162, 163, 166-167, 402-403 manganese, 176 millstones and buhrstones, 269 molding sand, 84 oil shales, 150 phosphates, 104, 105 potash, 111-113 salt, 294 talc, 299 vanadium, 187 zinc, 214
France, control of various minerals in other countries, 64, 104-105, 178, 180, 210, 215, 222, 238, 247, 261, 280 laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343 relative position in regard to supplies of minerals, 399
Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, zinc ores, 215-216, 220
"Freestone," 84
French Guiana, bauxite, 242
Fuel ratio of coal, defined, 120
Fuller's earth, 278-279, 397
Gabbro, 19, 82
Gale, Hoyt S., 111
Galena dolomite, Wisconsin, zinc ores, 217
Galicia, petroleum, 128, 129 potash, 112
Ganister, 84, 91, 195
Garnet, 267, 268, 270, 398
Gas, natural, 57, 151
Georgia, asbestos, 271, 272 barite, 273 bauxite, 243, 245 corundum, 270 fuller's earth, 279 marble, 83
Georgia granite, volume change in weathering of, 21
Germany, arsenic, 250-251 barite, 272-273 bismuth, 252 borax, 275, 277 bromine, 277, 278 cadmium, 253, 254 cement, 87 coal, 115-117, 127, 400-403 copper, 9, 52, 197-198, 206 fluorspar, 194 gypsum, 283 iron, 154, 160-162, 402-403 lead, 54-55, 210-211 lignites, 379, 402 millstones and buhrstones, 269 nitrates, manufactured, 101-102 petroleum, 128 potash, 111-112 salt, 294, 297 silver, 232 tripoli and rottenstone, 269 uranium and radium, 264 zinc, 54-55, 214-215, 216 zirconium, 189
Germany, control of various minerals in other countries, 64, 174, 183, 189, 198, 211, 215, 222, 232, 257, 261, 271, 288, 387 participation of government in mineral trade, 388 relative position in regard to supplies of minerals, 399
Geysers, 72
Gilbert, Chester G., 123
Gilbert, Chester G., and Pogue, Joseph E., 119, 134, 138
Gilpin County, Colorado, uranium ores, 266
Glacial geology, application to railroad building, 418 application to road materials, 91, 418
Glacial soils, 95
Globe, Arizona, copper ores, 198
Gneissic structure, 26
Gogebic district, Michigan, iron ores, 312, 318, 325-326
Gold, monetary reserves, 223
Gold Coast, West Africa, manganese, 176
Gold ores, 36-50, 51, 221-230, 308-309, 313-314, 397
Goldfield, Nevada, alunite, 41-42, 114 bismuth, 253 gold-silver ores, 36, 39, 230, 308
Gossan, 47, 109, 173, 313
Government ownership and control. See Nationalization.
Governments, participation in mineral ownership and international trade, 388-390
Granite, 17, 19, 82, 90
Graphite, 279-283, 398
Graphite Association, Southern, 405
Gravel, sand and, 84-85
Gray, F. W., 368
Great Basin, Nevada, covering of mineral deposits by lavas, 311-312 gold-silver ores, occurrence in a metallogenic province, 308 tungsten ores, 185
Great Britain, arsenic, 250 barite, 272 cadmium, 253 cement, 78 chalk, 83 clay, 85 coal, 115-117, 126, 127 fluorspar, 193-194 fuller's earth, 278-279 grindstones and pulpstones, 269 gypsum, 283 iron, 154, 160-161, 163 manganese, 176 salt, 294 tripoli and rottenstone, 269 uranium and radium, 264
Great Britain, control of various minerals outside of British Isles, 64, 101, 104-105, 132, 152, 165, 178, 181, 183, 198, 210, 214, 222, 225, 232, 242, 247, 252, 256-257, 260, 275, 280 income taxes on mineral properties, 337, 339 laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343 participation of government in mineral trade, 388 relative position, in regard to supplies of minerals, 399 tendencies toward nationalization, 346
Great Plains, lignite, 118 pumice, 268
Greece, chromite, 178-179 emery, 268, 270 magnesite, 191-193 zinc, 214
Greenland, graphite, 280
Gregory, Herbert, 407, 413
Grimes, J. A., and Billingsley, Paul, 44
Grinding pebbles, 267, 268, 270, 398
Grindstones, 269
Ground-waters, composition of and relation to commercial use, 73-75 distribution and movement of, 68-72 influence in deposition of ore deposits, 41-42 relation to military operations, 78-79, 408, 410-411 relation to rock slides, 78, 416-417 source of, 68
Ground-water level, description of, 70 relation to oxide zone, 48 relation to zone of weathering, 22
Ground-water supply, relation of geology to, 75-76
Guano, 104, 106
Guatemala, chromite, 179
Guiana, bauxite, 242-243
Gulf Coast region, lignite, 118 petroleum, 132, 135, 137 salt, 298 sulphur, 110 See also Louisiana, Texas, etc.
Gypsum, 100, 283-285, 397
Haas, Frank, 367, 369
"Head" of underground water, 71-73
Heikes, V. C., Butler, B. S., and Loughlin, G. F., 44, 55, 230
Highway building, application of geology to, 90-91
Holland, cement, 87 commercial and political control of various minerals, 64 See also Dutch East Indies, etc.
Homestake Mine, South Dakota, gold ores, 229
Hones, 269
Hoover, Herbert C., 322
Hot springs, relation to ore-deposits, 40, 258-259
Hot waters, evidence of formation of ores by, 37-41
Huancavelica district, Peru, mercury ores, 258
Hudson River, physiographic problems in tunneling under, 415
Hudson's Bay, possible diamond field, 317
Humus, 94
Hunan Province, China, antimony ores, 249
Hungary, antimony, 247 natural gas, 151 See also Austria-Hungary.
Hydrosphere, 18
Hypogene ores, use of term, 32-33
Idaho, coal, 117 lead, 39, 45, 209, 211, 212-213 monazite, 289 phosphates, 105 silver, 234 zinc, 214, 216
Idria, Austria-Hungary, mercury ores, 257
Igneous after-effects, ore-deposits formed as, 19-20, 36-46
Igneous rocks, formation of, 19 mineral deposits associated with, 19-20, 34-46 principal minerals of, 14-16 proportions of principal types, 17 relative abundance of, 17 weathering of, 20
Illinois, clay, 85 coal, 115, 117, 126 fluorspar, 194 limestone, 83 petroleum, 132, 133, 135 pyrite, 109 sand and gravel, 85 tripoli and rottenstone, 269 zinc, 216
Illinois Geological Survey, coöperative exploration for oil, 147, 306
Income tax, application to mineral properties, 336-339
India, bauxite, 242
India, bromine, 277 chromite, 178-179 coal, 115, 116 corundum, 268 diamond dust, 268 gypsum, 283 iron, 154, 164, 165 manganese, 174-176 mica, 286 monazite, 288, 289 petroleum, 128, 129 platinum, 238 salt, 294 zirconium, 189
Indiana, coal, 117, 126 hones, oilstones and whetstones, 269 limestones, 83 petroleum, 133, 135
Interest rate, as a guide in conservation, 364 choice of for valuation purposes, 233 limiting effect on acquirement of reserves, 334
International aspects of mineral resources, 2, 383-404
International Coal Commission, 387, 393, 402
International trade, in common rocks, 80 in minerals, 383-388 participation of governments, 388-390
Intrusive rocks, formation of, 19
Iowa, flint linings, 269 grinding pebbles, 268 gypsum, 284 zinc, 216
Ireland, bauxite, 242
Iron and coal, situation of western Europe under terms of Peace Treaty, 400-403
Iron and steel, metallurgical processes, 158-159
Iron and steel industry, possible establishment on west coast of United States, 155, 165
Iron cap, of sulphide deposits, 47, 109, 313
Iron ores, anti-conservational effect of war, 365 attempt to estimate reserves of continents, 322 exploration of in Lake Superior region, 323-326 general geologic and economic features, 8-9, 28, 34, 36, 47, 50, 52-53, 55-56, 58, 96, 153-156, 158-173, 397 litigation concerning Cuban, 349 metallogenic provinces and epochs, 308-309 outcrops, 312-313 taxation of in Lake Superior region, 335 use of magnetic surveys, 317-318 world reserves, 162-165, 360-361
Itabirite, 167
Italy, asbestos, 271, 272 asphalt and bitumen, 152 barite, 272 bauxite, 242 borax, 275 cement, 87 graphite, 280 manganese, 176 marble, 83 mercury, 256-257 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 128 pumice, 268 salt, 294 sulphur, 109-110 talc, 299 zinc, 214-215
Italy, coal situation under Peace Treaty, 401 commercial and political control of various minerals, 64 relative position in regard to supplies of minerals, 399
Japan, arsenic, 250 cement, 87 chromite, 178-179 coal, 115, 117 copper, 197-198 gold, 222 graphite, 280 iron, 154, 160 manganese, 174 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 128 silver, 232 sulphur, 109-110 tungsten, 183, 185 zinc, 214
Japan, control of various minerals in other countries, 64, 105, 154, 247
Jasper, 167
Java, manganese, 176
Jerome, Arizona, copper ores, 41, 47, 198, 204-205, 314
Joachimsthal, Bohemia, uranium and radium ores, 265
Joint Mineral Information Board, 406
Joplin district, Missouri, cadmium, 254 lead and zinc ores, 54-55, 209, 211, 214, 215, 216-219
Juneau, Alaska, gold ores, 229
Kansas, gypsite, 284 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 132, 133, 135 salt, 294 zinc, 215
Kaolin, 85, 398
Katamorphism, defined, 27, 57
Katanga, Belgian Congo, cobalt, 255 copper ores, 205
Kennecott, Alaska, copper ores, 36, 41, 47, 49, 200-201
Kentucky, asphalt and bitumen, 152, 153 coal, 117 fluorspar, 194 marble, 83 petroleum, 133 sandstone, 84
Kimberley, South Africa, diamonds, 291-292
Knox dolomite, Tennessee, zinc ores, 219
Korea, gold, 222 graphite, 280, 282 iron, 160 molybdenum, 186 tungsten, 183
Lacroix, Morris F., and Brooks, Alfred H., 404
Lake Superior copper ores, 36, 52, 200, 206
Lake Superior copper, silver, gold ores, occurrence in a metallogenic province, 308
Lake Superior iron ores, 8, 47, 55-56, 160, 162, 163, 167-170, 309, 312-313
Lake Superior region, iron ore exploration in, 317-318, 323-326
Land grants in United States, retarding effect on exploration, 349
"Land-plaster", 100
Laterites, 172-173
Laws relating to mineral resources, 342-358
Lawton region, Pennsylvania, coal, 117
Lead and zinc, Wisconsin, equated income method of taxation, 335-336
Lead ores, 36-50, 54-55, 209-213, 307, 308, 313-314, 361, 397
Leadville, Colorado, bismuth, 253 lead and zinc ores, 212, 216, 219-220
Leasing law, on public lands in western United States, 348
Leith, C. K., 323
Leith, C. K., and Mead, W. J., 45
Leith, C. K., and Van Hise, C. R., 56, 324
Lesher, C. E., and Smith, George Otis, 371, 372, 373, 375
Lignite, 118, 120, 122, 124 German development of, 379, 402
Lime, 82, 99-100, 397
Limestone, 15, 17, 23, 82-83, 89-90, 91
Lincolnshire district, England, iron ores, 161
Lindgren, W., 43
Lipari Islands, Italy, pumice, 268
Lithosphere, principal elements of, 13 principal minerals of, 14-16 principal rocks of, 16-17
Litigation, use of geologists in, 349-355, 357-358
Lode, application of legal term to diverse mineral deposits, 350
Long-wall system of coal mining, conservational aspect, 368 subsidence of overlying ground and resulting litigation, 357, 417
Longwy, France, iron ores, 161
Lorraine, iron ores, 52-53, 161-162, 163, 166, 364, 402-403 phosphate from Thomas slag, 104
Loughlin, G. F., Butler, B. S., and Heikes, V. C., 44, 55, 230
Louisiana, natural gas, 151 petroleum, 132, 133, 135 salt, 298 sulphur, 110
Lower California, copper, 201 magnesite, 191-192
Luxemburg, coal situation under Peace Treaty, 401 iron ores, 160-162, 163 See also under Lorraine, iron ores
Madagascar, corundum, 268 graphite, 280-282
Magmatic segregation, mineral deposits thus formed, 34-35, 59
Magmatic waters, evidence of formation of ores by, 37-41
Magnesite, 191-193, 397
Magnetic surveys in tracing mineral ledges, 317-318
Magnetite deposits, 34, 171, 191, 317-318
Maine, feldspar, 86 granite, 82 tourmaline, 293
Malay States, tin, 260-261 tungsten, 183
Manchuria, iron, 160
Mandatory countries, exploitation of minerals in, 390-391
Manganese ores, 47, 55, 173-178, 314, 386, 398
Mansfield shales, Germany, copper ores, 9, 52, 206
Mantle rock, 22
Mapimi, Mexico, arsenic production, 250
Marble, 83, 89-90
Marbut, Curtis F., 95
Marl, 83
Marquette district, Michigan, iron ore outcrops, 312
Maryland, diatomaceous earth, 269 serpentine, 83
Marysville, Utah, alunite deposits, 114
Mashing, 25-26
Massachusetts, granite, 82 serpentine, 83
McCoy, A. W., 142
Mead, Daniel W., 69, 77-78
Mead, W. J., 245
Mead, W. J., and Leith, C. K., 45
Mehl, M. G., 144
Menominee district, Michigan, iron ore outcrops, 312
Mercury ores, 40, 255-260, 398
Mesabi district, Minnesota, concentration of siliceous iron ores, 156 exploration for iron ores, 313, 318, 324, 325
Mesopotamia, petroleum, 128-130, 137, 391
Mesothorium, 288
Metallogenic provinces and epochs, 308-309
Metamorphic cycle and its relation to classification of mineral deposits, 27-28
"Metamorphic rocks," defined, 27
Metamorphism, relation to economic geology, 10 use of principles of in exploration for mineral deposits, 319-320 See also Katamorphism, Anamorphism, Contact metamorphism, Dynamic metamorphism, Weathering, etc.
Metasomatic replacement, 24
Metcalf-Morenci district, Arizona, copper ores, 38, 198
Meteoric waters, influence of in deposition of ore deposits, 25, 41-42
Mexico, antimony, 247-248 arsenic, 250 cement, 87 copper, 197-198, 201, 203 gold, 222 graphite, 280-282, 283 lead, 210-211 magnesite, 191-192 mercury, 256, 258 molybdenum, 186 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 128, 129, 137, 144 silver, 231-232, 233 vanadium, 188 zinc, 214-215
Mexico, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64
Miami, Arizona, copper ores, 33, 47, 48, 198, 203, 208
Mica, 285-288, 398
Michigan, bromine, 277 copper, 199 grindstones and pulpstones, 269 gypsum, 284 iron. See Lake Superior iron ores, Gogebic district, etc. limestone, 83 salt, 294, 297
Michigan, taxation of iron ores, 335
Midcontinent field, petroleum, 132, 135, 137, 141, 146
Military geology, preparation of textbook, 407
Military operations, relation of ground-waters to, 78-79
Millstones, 269
Minas Geraes, Brazil, iron ores, 52-53, 162, 165, 167, 313
Mineral deposits, classification and general features of origin, 27-59 exploration and development, 301-327 origin as a factor in economic problems, 29-31, 322-323 outcrops, 311-317 secondary concentration, 46-50, 54-57 See also under Iron ores, Copper ores, etc. zonal arrangement, 42-45
Mineral industry, basis for popular interest in, 328 "social surplus" of, 330
Mineral lands, classification, 309-311
Mineral paints, relative position of United States, 397
Mineral provinces and epochs, 308-309
Mineral resources, conservation, 359-382 general quantitative considerations, 60-66 international aspects, 383-404 laws relating to, 342-358 nationalization, 345-347, 375-376, 377-378, 382 political and commercial control, 65 relative position of the United States in regard to supplies, 396-400 valuation and taxation, 328-341 world movement, 383-388 world reserves, 65-66
Mineralogy, relation to economic geology, 3
"Minette" iron ores, 158, 161, 166
Mining law, 342-358
Mining methods, control of by government or owners in interests of conservation, 355
Minnesota, granite, 82 iron. See Lake Superior iron ores, Mesabi district, etc. manganese, 175, 177
Minnesota, taxation of iron ores, 335
Mississippi Valley, cadmium, 254 lead and zinc ores, 54-55, 108, 211-212, 214, 215-219, 308, 313
Missouri, barite, 273-274 cadmium, 254 lead, 209, 211 silica for refractories, 195 tripoli and rottenstone, 269 zinc, 214, 215, 217-218
Molybdenum ores, 185-187, 397
Monazite, 288-289, 398
Montana, arsenic, 250-251 copper, 40, 42, 47, 49, 198-199, 201-203, 207, 208 gold, 222 graphite, 281, 283 manganese, 175, 176-177 petroleum, 133 phosphates, 105 sapphires, 293 silver, 42, 234, 237, 314 zinc, 42, 216, 219
Monte Amiata district, Italy, mercury ores, 257
Morenci-Metcalf district, Arizona, copper ores, 38, 198
Mother Lode district, California, gold ores, 229, 308, 316
Munitions Resources Commission of Canada, 404
Nancy, France, iron ores, 161
National Academy of Sciences, 407
National Conservation Commission, 367
National district, Nevada, antimony ores, 249
Nationalization of mineral resources 345-347, 375-376, 377-378, 382, 388
Natural abrasives, 267-270, 397
Natural gas, 57, 151
Nebraska, potash, 112, 114
Netherlands. See Holland, Dutch East Indies, etc.
Nevada, alunite, 39, 41-42, 114 antimony, 247, 249 bismuth, 253 borax, 275, 276 copper, 41, 199, 203 diatomaceous earth, 269 gold, 36, 222, 230, 308, 311-312 graphite, 281 grinding pebbles, 268 mercury, 357 oil shales, 151 platinum, 239-240 silver, 36, 38, 234, 235-237, 308, 311-312 tungsten, 183 turquoise, 293 zinc, 216
New Almaden, California, mercury ores, 259
New Brunswick, gypsum, 283-284
New Caledonia, chromite, 178-179 nickel, 180-182
New Cornelia, Arizona, copper ores, 203
Newfoundland, iron ores, 52-53, 160, 166 laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 344
New Hampshire, fluorspar, 194 garnet, 268 mica, 287
New Idria, California, mercury ores, 259
New Jersey, arsenic, 250 basalt, 82 clay, 85 iron, 171 sand and gravel, 85 zinc, 215, 220
New Mexico, copper, 199, 203 fluorspar, 194 silver, 234 uranium and radium, 265-266 zinc, 216
New South Wales, Australia, bismuth, 252-253 coal, 115, 116 lead, 209, 210, 212 platinum, 238 zinc, 214, 216
New York, arsenic, 250, 251 emery, 268, 270 garnet, 268 graphite, 281, 282 gypsum, 284 iron, 160, 162, 163, 171 limestone, 83 millstones and buhrstones, 269 petroleum, 132, 133 pyrite, 108 salt, 294, 297 sandstone, 84 talc, 299
New Zealand, bismuth, 252 phosphates, 105 platinum, 238 tungsten, 183
New Zealand, laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343
Nickel ores, 34-35, 180-182, 307, 308, 318, 398
Nitrates, 99-100, 101-104, 386, 392, 398
Nonesuch beds, Michigan, copper ores, 52, 206
North Africa, iron, 156, 160, 161, 164 lead, 210 phosphates, 104, 105, 106 potash, 112 zinc, 214-215
North Carolina, coal, 117 corundum, 268, 270 emeralds, 293 feldspar, 86 garnet, 268 granite, 82 mica, 287 monazite, 288, 289 rubies, 292 sand and gravel, 85 sapphires, 293
Northern Plains, coal, 118
Norway, copper, 197-198 molybdenum, 186 nickel, 180 titanium, 190 zinc, 214 See also Scandinavia.
Nova Scotia, gypsum, 283-284 saddle-reef gold ores, 41
Oceania, mercury, 258 phosphates, 105, 106 tin, 261
Ohio, bromine, 277 clay, 85 coal, 117 grindstones and pulpstones, 269 gypsum, 284 hones, oilstones and whetstones, 269 limestone, 83 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 133 salt, 294 sand and gravel, 85 sandstone, 84
Oil. See Petroleum.
Oil shales, 56, 139, 150-151
Oilstones, 269
Oklahoma, asphalt, and bitumen, 152 gypsum, 284 lead, 211 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 132, 133, 135 tripoli and rottenstone, 269 zinc, 215
Ontario, Canada, arsenic, 251 cobalt, 255 corundum, 270 mica, 286 nickel, 34-35, 180-182, 308, 312, 318 platinum, 238, 239 silver, 232, 234-235, 308, 316 talc, 299, 300
Ontario, Canada, laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 344
Onyx marble, 83
Open-hearth process of steel making, 158-159
Ore deposits. See Mineral deposits.
Oregon, borax, 275, 276 chromite, 179 mercury, 257
Origin of mineral deposits, as a factor in economic problems, 29-31, 322-323
Outcrops of mineral deposits, 311-316
Ownership laws, effect on exploration of mineral deposits, 347-349 relation of geology to, 349-355
Oxide zones, 22, 46-50, 313-314 See also under Copper ores, Silver ores, etc.
Pablo Beach, Florida, titanium ores, 190-191 zirconium ores, 189
Pacific coast, possible establishment of iron and steel industry, 155, 165
Pacific coast province, coal, 117
Palegeography, relation to economic geology, 4
Paleontology, relation to economic geology, 4
Palestine campaign, use of geologic data, 409
Panama, manganese, 176
Panama Canal, slides, 416-417
Parker, E. W., and Campbell, M. R., 367, 370-371
Peace Conference, use of geologists in advisory capacity, 356, 406
Peace Treaty, coal and iron situation of western Europe under terms of, 117, 400-403 effect of terms on valuation problems, 335 Silesian lead and zinc ores, 210, 214
Pearls, 289-292
Peat, formation of, 123-124
Pegmatites, 19-20, 35, 39
Peneplains, formation of, 6
Pennsylvania, basalt, 82 clay, 85 coal, 115, 117, 126 flint linings, 269 graphite, 281 iron, 171 limestone, 83 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 133 sand and gravel, 85 sandstone, 84 serpentine, 83 silica for refractories, 195 slate, 85
Persia, petroleum 128-130, 137, 391
Peru, bismuth, 252 borax, 275 coal, 116 copper, 197-198 mercury, 258 molybdenum, 186 nitrates, 103 petroleum, 128, 137 phosphates, 106 silver, 232 tungsten, 183 vanadium, 187, 188
Petroleum, 57, 127-150, 307, 310, 386, 396, 398
Petroliferous provinces, 149, 308
Petrology, relation to economic geology, 3
Philipsburg, Montana, manganese and silver ores, 37, 175, 176-177, 237
Phosphates, 99-100, 104-107, 397
Physiography, general discussion and relations to economic geology, 6-10 See also Topography.
Physiography, relation to bridge building, 413 relation to Hudson River tunnels, 415 relation to railway construction, 418 relation to river and harbor improvements, 414
Pisolites, 172
Pitch. See Asphalt.
Pittman Silver Act, 233
Placers, formation of, 51 gold deposits in, 227 See also Monazite, Platinum, Tin, Tungsten, and other minerals. use in tracing mineral outcrops, 316-317
Plasticity of clay, 92
Platinum ores, 51, 237-240, 386, 398
Plumbago. See Graphite.
Pogue, Joseph E., 100
Pogue, Joseph E., and Gilbert, Chester G., 119, 134, 138
Poland, lead and zinc, 210, 214
Political and commercial control of mineral resources, 65, 387-388 See also under individual resources.
Porosity of rocks, 69, 141
Porphyry copper ores, 197, 199, 203
Portland cement. See Cement.
Portugal, arsenic, 250 copper, 197-198, 204 pyrite, 107-108 salt, 294 tungsten, 183
Potash, 86, 99-100, 111-114, 386, 398
Precious stones, 289-293, 398
Primary ore deposits, use of term, 32
Primary ores, relation to depth, 49
Propylitic alteration, 39, 236
Protore, use of term, 33, 48
"Proximate" analyses of coal, 120
Public domain, laws relating to ownership of mineral resources on, 343-344
Pulpstones, 269
Pumice, 267, 268, 270, 398
Puzzolan cement. See Cement.
Pyrite, 100, 107-109, 307, 386, 397
Pyrophyllite, 299
Quartz, as geologic thermometer, 38 geologic occurrence, 16, 38-39, 43, 45, 47, 168-169, 196 production and use, 84, 267, 269
Quartzite, 84, 91
Quebec, Canada, asbestos, 270-272 magnesite, 193 mica, 286
Quebec, laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 344
Queensland, Australia, arsenic, 250
Quicksilver ores. See Mercury ores.
Radium ores, 55, 263-266, 397
Railway construction, application of geology to, 417-418
Rambler, Wyoming, occurrence of platinum, 239
Ransome, F. L., 33, 208, 230
Ray, Arizona, copper ores, 33, 47, 48, 198, 203, 208
"Red Beds" copper ores, 9, 206
Registration, public, of drilling records, 305-306
Regulus, 247
Reparations Committee, 387, 393, 402
Replacement, metasomatic, 24
Reserves of mineral resources, 65-66, 359-363, 393-395 See also under individual resources.
"Resource cost" of coal, reduction of in interests of conservation, 334, 375
Rhode Island, coal, 117 graphite, 281
Rhodesia, asbestos, 272 chromite, 178-179
Ries, H., and Watson, T. L., 413
Rio Tinto, Spain, copper ores, 204 pyrite, 108
Road building, application of geology to, 90-91, 418
"Rock flour," defined, 95
Rock slides, 78, 415-417
Rocks, common, as mineral resources, 80-84
Rocky Mountain region, coal, 117 petroleum, 132, 135
Room-and-pillar system of coal mining, modification for conservational purposes, 368-369
Rottenstone, 267, 269
Roumania, graphite, 280 petroleum, 128, 129
Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, 181
Royalties on coal, reduction of in interests of conservation, 334, 375
Rubies, 289, 291-292
Russia, asbestos, 270-271, 272 cement, 87 chromite, 178-179 coal, 115, 127 copper, 197-198 gold, 222 iron, 155, 160-161, 163 manganese, 174-176 mercury, 256, 258 oil shales, 151 petroleum, 128-120, 137 phosphates, 104, 106 platinum, 238, 239 potash, 112 salt, 294 zinc, 214
Russia, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64 laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343
Russia, Asiatic, vanadium, 187 See also Siberia.
Saar Basin, coal of, under Peace Treaty, 401
Salisbury, R. D., and Chamberlin, T. C., 415
Salt, 294-298, 397
Salt domes of Gulf Coast, 298
Sand, 15, 84, 267
Sand and gravel, 84-85
Sandstone, 15, 17, 23, 84, 90, 267, 269
Santa Rita, New Mexico, copper ores, 203
Sapphires, 289, 291, 293
Sargasso Sea theory, of deposition of lead and zinc sulphides, 217
Saxony, bismuth, 252 tin, 262
Scandinavia, molybdenum, 386 nitrogen-fixation plants, 102
Schistose structure, 26
Schlumberger, C., 319
Schuchert, Charles, 144
Schultz, Robert S., Jr., 417
Scotland, magnesite, 191 oil shales, 150
Searles Lake California, borax deposits, 276 potash deposits, 112, 113-114
Secondary enrichment, 7-8, 25, 46-50 See also under Copper ores, Silver ores, etc.
Secondary ore deposits, use of term, 32
Sedigenetic deposits, use of term, 51
Sedimentary mineral deposits, unsolved problems, 9, 53, 56
Sedimentary rocks, formation of, 22-24, 96 mineral deposits associated with, 23, 51-57 principal minerals of, 15-16 proportions of principal types, 17 relative abundance of, 16 weathering of, 23
Sedimentation, relation to economic geology, 2
Segregation, magmatic, 34-35, 59
Sericitic alteration, 39
Serpentine, 83
Seward Peninsula, Alaska, tin ores, 261, 262
Shale, 15, 17, 23, 85, 90
Shasta County, California, copper ores, 204
Shipping Board, 356, 406
Siam, sapphires, 289, 293 tin, 260 tungsten, 183, 184
Siberia, emeralds, 293 gold, 222, 226 lead, 210 vanadium, 187 zinc, 214
Silesia, cadmium, 254 coal, under Peace Treaty, 401 lead and zinc ores, 54-55, 210, 211-212, 214-215, 216-218
Silica, 195-196, 267, 269 See also Quartz, Quartzite, Sand, Sandstone, etc.
"Silt" (fine coal), use of, 370, 371
Silver ores, 36-50, 55, 231-237, 308, 313-314, 397
Silver Reef, Utah, deposits, 55
Slate, 85, 89
Slides, earth and rock, 78, 357, 415-417
Smelting capacity of world, 61
Smith, George Otis, 310, 367, 403
Smith, George Otis and Lesher, C. E., 371, 373, 373, 375
Smyrna, Turkey, emery, 268
Soapstone, 299-300
Societies, professional, standards of admission, 421-422, 428
Soils, classification, 97 composition, 96-97, 99 origin, 94-96 use of fertilizer minerals on, 99-101 use of geology in study of, 95-98
Sound waves, possible use in exploration, 319
South Africa, asbestos, 271, 272 cement, 87 coal, 116 cobalt, 255 copper, 197-198, 205 corundum, 268 diamond dust, 268 diamonds, 289, 291-292, 316 gold, 222-226, 228 iron, 154, 164 mica, 286 tin, 260 vanadium, 187
South Africa, laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343, 345
South America, cement, 87-88 coal, 116 lead, 210, 211 mercury, 258 zinc, 214 See also under individual countries.
South America, laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343-344, 345
South Carolina, coal, 117 monazite, 288, 289 phosphates, 105, 107
South Dakota, gold, 222, 228, 229 quartzite, 84 tin, 262 tungsten, 183
Southern Graphite Association, 405
Southern Pacific Railway, litigation in regard to oil lands, 348
Spain, arsenic, 250 barite, 272 cement, 87 copper, 197-198, 204 garnet, 268, 270 iron, 154, 156, 160-161, 162, 163 lead, 210, 211-212 manganese, 174 mercury, 256-257, 259 phosphates, 104, 106 platinum, 238 potash, 111-113 pyrite, 107-108 salt, 294 silver, 232 sulphur, 109-110 zinc, 214-215
Spain, commercial and political control of various minerals, 64
Spiegeleisen, 173-174
Springs, 72
Spurr, J. E., 43, 64, 403
Stassfurt, Germany, borax, 277 bromine, 278 potash, 111-112, 113, 296-297 salt, common, 296-297
Steel. See Iron and steel
Stone. See Building stone, Common rocks.
Storage of coal, 376
Stratigraphy, relation to economic geology, 4
Structural geology, relation to economic geology, 5 use of principles of in exploration for mineral deposits, 319-320
Structures of rocks, relation to earth stresses, 5 relation to topography, 7
Subsidence of ground over mining operations, geologic study of, 357, 417
Sudbury, Ontario, cobalt, 255 nickel ores, 34-35, 180-182, 308, 312, 318 platinum, 238, 239
Sulphide enrichment. See Secondary enrichment.
Sulphur, 99-100, 109-111, 397
Sulphur Bank Springs, California, deposition of mercury by hot waters, 259
Supergene ores, use of term, 32, 33, 48
Surface water supplies, 76-78
Surface waters, application of geology to use of, 414 relation to excavation and construction, 78-79
Sweden, cement, 87 iron, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 163, 171 manganese, 176 phosphate from Thomas slag, 104 zinc, 214 See also Scandinavia.
Switzerland, cement, 87 nitrogen fixation plants, 102
Syngenetic ore deposits, use of term, 32, 34, 51
Taconite, 167
Talc and soapstone, 299-300, 397
Tankage, use of phosphate content, 104
Tariffs, proposed, on mineral resources, 175-176, 179, 184, 192, 248, 257-258
Tariffs and duties, anti-conservational effect of, 362-363, 366, 375, 376, 393-394
Tasmania, bismuth, 252 platinum, 238 zinc, 214
Taxation of mineral resources, 1, 335-341
Tennessee, barite, 273 bauxite, 243, 245 copper, 204 flint linings, 269 marble, 83 petroleum, 132, 133 phosphates, 105, 107 zinc, 54-55, 216, 219
Terlingua district, Texas, mercury, 257, 259
Texas, asphalt and bitumen, 152 coal, 117 fuller's earth, 279 graphite, 281 gypsum, 284 mercury, 256, 257, 259 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 132, 133, 135, 148 salt, 298 sulphur, 110
Thermal metamorphism. See Contact metamorphism.
Thermal waters, 72
Thibet, borax, 275, 276
Thomas process of steel making, 158, 161 use of slag for phosphate content, 104, 106
Tin ores, 36-50, 51, 260-263, 307, 322, 386, 392, 398
Tintic, Utah, silver ores, 39, 42, 235, 251, 253
Titaniferous magnetites, 34, 171, 191
Titanium ores, 190-191, 398
Tonopah, Nevada, gold silver ores, 38, 234, 236-237, 308
Topographic cycle, description of, 6
Topography, relation to mineral deposits, 7-9, 314-315 relation to rock structures, 7
Tourmaline, 290, 293
Training in economic geology, 420-428
Transvaal, Africa, asbestos, 272 diamonds, 291 gold, 222, 223-225, 228
Trap-rock, 82
Travertine, 83
Treadwell Mine, Alaska, gold ores, 229
Trenches, military, application of geology to, 408, 410-411
Trinidad, asphalt, 152, 153 petroleum, 128
Tripoli, 267, 269, 398
Tungsten ores, 51, 182-185, 386, 398
Tunis, phosphates, 104-106 potash, 112 See also North Africa.
Tunnels, application of geology to construction, 414-415
Turkey, borax, 275 chromite, 178-179 emery, 268, 270
Turquoise, 290, 293
Tuscany, Italy, borax deposits, 275
Umpleby, Joseph B., 383
Underground waters. See Ground-waters.
United Kingdom. See Great Britain.
United States, abrasives, natural, 267-270, 397, 398 aluminum, 242-245, 397 antimony, 247-248, 249, 398 arsenic, 250-251, 397 asbestos, 270-272, 398 asphalt and bitumen, 152, 397 barite, 273-274, 397 bauxite, 242-245, 397 bismuth, 252-253, 397 borax, 275, 276, 397 bromine, 277, 278, 397 cadmium, 253-254, 397 cement, 87-88, 397 chalk, 83, 398 chromite, 179, 398 coal, 115-118, 126, 127, 366-367, 397 common rocks, 82-88, 397 copper, 197-208, 396 corundum, 267-268, 270, 398 diatomaceous earth, 269, 398 emery, 267-268, 270, 397 feldspar, 86, 397 ferro-alloy minerals, general, 154-158 fertilizers, general, 100-101 fluorspar, 194, 397 fuller's earth, 278-279, 397 garnet, 268, 260, 398 gold, 222-230, 397 graphite, 279-283, 398 grinding pebbles, 268, 398 gypsum, 283-284, 397 iron, 158-163, 166-171, 397 lead, 209-213, 397 lime, 82-83, 397 magnesite, 191-193, 397 manganese, 174-177, 398 mercury, 256-259, 398 mica, 286-287, 398 mineral paints, 397 molybdenum ores, 186-187, 397 monazite, 288, 289, 398 natural abrasives, 267-270, 397, 398 natural gas, 151 nickel, 181, 398 nitrates, 102, 398 oil shales, 150-151 petroleum, 128-150, 396, 398 phosphates, 104-107, 397 platinum, 238-240, 398 potash, 112-114, 398 precious stones, 290, 292-293, 398 pumice, 268, 398 pyrite, 107-109, 397 salt, 294-298, 397 silica, 195-196 silver, 231-237, 397 stone, 82-88, 397 sulphur, 109-111, 397 talc, 299, 300, 397 tin, 261, 262, 398 titanium, 190-191, 398 tripoli, 269, 398 tungsten, 183-185, 398 uranium and radium, 264-266, 397 vanadium, 18, 188, 398 zinc, 214-220, 398 zirconium, 189, 398
United States, control of various minerals in other countries, 64, 102, 129, 152, 163-164, 165, 175, 180-181, 184, 187, 189, 191, 198, 222, 232, 238, 243, 261 laws relating to ownership of mineral resources, 343-345 quantitative feature of mineral production, 60-66 relative position in regard to supplies of minerals, 396-400 tendencies toward nationalization of mineral resources, 345-346
United States Bituminous Coal Commission, 376
United States Bureau of Mines, activities in the war, 406 literature or international mineral relations, 403
United States Geological Survey, activities in the war, 406, 407 classification of mineral lands, 310-311 employment by, 428 literature on international mineral relations, 403
United States Shipping Board, 356, 406
Uranium ores, 55, 263-264, 397
Utah, arsenic, 250, 251 asphalt and bitumen, 152 bismuth, 253 copper, 37, 42, 47, 55, 199, 203, 204, 207, 208, 314 gold, 222, 314 lead, 42, 211, 212 manganese, 55 oil shales, 151 phosphates, 105 potash, 112, 114 silver, 42, 55, 234, 235 uranium and radium, 55, 264, 265 vanadium, 55, 187-188
Utah, ore deposits, relation to intrusive stocks, 44
Vadose zone, 70
Valuation of Lorraine iron ores at Peace Conference, 364
Valuation of mineral resources, 81, 328-341, 396
Value, capital, of mineral resources, 64, 328
Value of United States mineral production and imports, 62
Value of world mineral production, 62-63
Vanadium ores, 55, 187-188, 398
Van Hise, C. R., 367, 374
Van Hise, C. R., and Leith, C. K., 56, 324
Vein, application of legal term to diverse mineral deposits, 350
Venezuela, asphalt, 152, 153 magnesite, 191-193 petroleum, 128 phosphates, 105
Verde district, Arizona. See Jerome district.
Vermilion district, Minnesota, iron ore outcrops, 312
Vermont, granite, 82 marble, 83 serpentine, 83 slate, 85 talc, 299
Virginia, arsenic, 250, 251 emery, 268 manganese, 175 millstones and buhrstones, 269 pyrite, 108 talc and soapstone, 299, 300 titanium, 190 zinc, 54-55, 219
Virginia City, Nevada. See Comstock Lode
Volcanic ash, use as abrasive, 270
Wabana, Newfoundland, iron ores, 52-53, 160, 166
Wales, coal, 126
War, anti-conservational effects of, 365-366 application of geology to, 405-412 effect on ad valorem valuations, 335
War Industries Board, 356, 406
War Minerals Committee, 406
War Trade Board, 356, 406
"Wash," use in tracing mineral outcrops, 316-317
Washington, arsenic, 250 chromite, 179 magnesite, 191-193
Water, applications of economic geology to, 68 as a mineral resource, 61, 62, 67-79 general geologic relations, 67-68 hygroscopic, defined, 68 of constitution, defined, 68 quantity absorbed by soils and rocks, 69 relative abundance of, 18 source of, 67 use of, litigation arising from, 357-358 See also Ground-waters, Surface waters, Hot waters, Meteoric waters, Magmatic waters.
Water power, possibilities of substituting for coal, 378-379
Water supplies, 72-78
Water supply maps for military use, 411-412
Water table, defined, 70 See also Ground-water level.
Waters, thermal, 72
Watson, T. L., and Ries, H., 413
Weathering, of igneous rocks and veins, 20-22 of igneous rocks, formation of mineral deposits by, 50 of mineral deposits, 46-50 of sedimentary rocks, 23-24 production of clay by, 91 production of soils by, 94-96 zone of, 70
Welfare work, in interests of conservation, 372-373
Wells, 72-73
West Africa, gold, 222 manganese, 176
West Indies, cement, 87 phosphates, 105, 106 salt, 294
West Virginia, bromine, 277 coal, 117 grindstones and pulpstones, 269 natural gas, 151 petroleum, 132, 133
Whetstones, 269
White, David, 128, 129, 140, 143, 146
White Signal district, New Mexico, uranium and radium ores, 265-266
Wisconsin, artesian wells, 73 diamonds in glacial drift, 292, 317 granite, 82 iron. See Lake Superior iron ores, Gogebic district, etc. quartzite, 82, 84, 195 zinc, 216
Wisconsin, equated income method of taxation, 335-336 taxation of iron ores, 335
Witwatersrand, South Africa, gold ores, 228
Wolfram ores. See Tungsten ores.
Woodward, H. B., 69
Wyoming, chromite, 179 oil shales, 151 petroleum, 133 phosphates, 105 platinum, 239 potash, 112 uranium and radium ores, 265
Yellow Pine district, Nevada, platinum ores, 239-240
Yellowstone Park, springs and geysers of, 72
Zinc and lead ores, Wisconsin, equated income method of taxation, 335-336
Zinc ores, 36-50, 54-55, 213-220, 308, 313-314, 398
Zinc Syndicate, German, 215
Zirconium ores, 189-190, 398
Transcriber's Note
Some inconsistent spelling in the text has been retained.
Page x DEVELOPMNET changed to DEVELOPMENT
Page 87 Unites changed to United
Page 89 heterogenous changed to heterogeneous
Page 179 Guatemela changed to Guatemala
Paqe 329 familar changed to familiar
Page 433 Afrcia changed to Africa
Page 434 Winconsin changed to Wisconsin
Page 444 westtern changed to western
Page 450 ownnership changed to ownership