GENERAL INDEX

A

Abdominal typhus, one of the early names given to typhoid fever, 202

Abernethy, John, celebrated English surgeon of the 18th and early 19th centuries, 131

Abraham, long life of, 31

“Adversaria Anatomica,” the title of Morgagni’s first published treatise, 92

Albertini, Hyppolyte, 92

Albinus, 35

Alcohol, how death is produced by, 148

Allgemeine Krankenhaus, the, at Vienna, reorganized by the Emperor, Joseph II., 74

Allopaths, the, 26

Alston, 130

Ambulance, field, invented by Baron Larrey, 244

Amputation of limbs, circular, credited by the English to Cheselden, 151 credited by the French to J. L. Petit, 151

Amputations, primary, highly recommended by Baron Larrey in military surgery, 248

Anatomy and physiology, great stress laid by Sir Benjamin Brodie on the importance, to surgeons, of an intimate knowledge of, 149

Animalcules found in infusions, 93

Archiv für Physiologische Heilkunde, founded in 1842, 54

Arsenic, how death is produced by, 148

Auenbrugger, 189, 194 novum inventum of, 76

Auricle, voluntary movements of, 87

Auscultation, difficulties encountered by the physician in his efforts to interpret correctly the significance of certain sounds heard during, 198 modern method of, 195, 210

278Autenrieth, associated with Reil in editing the Archives of Physiology, 20

Authorities quoted, list of, 271

“Avis au Peuple,” title of Tissot’s most popular medical treatise, 99

Ayen, Duke of, an enthusiastic botanist, 171

Azote, lifeless matter, 123

B

Baglivi, Giorgio, celebrated Italian physician of the 17th century, 91

Balfour, a distinguished physician of Calcutta, attempted in 1818 to establish the idea that gonorrhoea is a disease distinct from syphilis, 153

Baron, Dr., biographer of Sir Edward Jenner, 111

Barthez, Paul-Joseph, Chancellor of the University of Montpellier, 198

Bartlett, Elisha, of Boston, Mass., translator of J. L. H. P.’s biography of Dupuytren, 227

Bassi Laura, distinguished Italian scientist, 93

Baudelocque, Professor of Obstetrics at La Maternité in Paris, 254, 260 chosen to take charge of the accouchement of the Empress, Marie Louise, 256

Bayle, A. L. J., author of a treatise entitled “Bibliothèque de Thérapeutique,” 265

Bayle, Gaspard Laurent, distinguished French physician, 182 (Portrait 182)

Beer, Georg Josef, celebrated ophthalmologist of Vienna, Austria, 77, 231

Bell, Benjamin, 153

Bell, Sir Charles, 153 becomes one of the most celebrated surgeons of London, 154 279demonstrates an important law concerning the nature of the spinal cord nerves, 154 first person to establish the law governing centrifugal and centripetal nerve impulses, 79 (Portrait 154)

Bell, John, distinguished English anatomist, 155

Benedict, T. W. G., 77

Bernard, Claude, on the nature of vital force, 21 (See also under Claude Bernard)

Bichat, Marie François-Xavier, 162, 164, 210 devotes much time to experimental physiology, 166 (Portrait, 162)

Billroth, 50

Blumenbach, 45

Boer, Professor of Obstetrics at Vienna, 75

Boerhaave, 18, 35, 60 “Aphorisms,” 61 “Institutions of Medicine,” 63

Bone formation, as explained by Prochaska, 80

Bonnet, Théophile, author of the famous treatise on pathological anatomy, entitled “Sepulchretum,” 93

Bordeu, Théophile, one of the earliest French physicians to engage in research work, 159, 160 on the position of the glands and their action, 160 suffered greatly from gout, 161

Borsieri, Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at Pavia, 102

Botany, reasons for the enthusiastic love for this branch of science which some men appear to possess, 172

Brain, injuries of, Sir Benjamin Brodie’s observations on the treatment of, 149

Brasquet demonstrated the erroneous nature of Broussais’ statistics, 212

Bretonneau, proposed the name “Dothiénentérite” for typhoid fever, 203

280Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 147 one of the leading English experimental physiologists, 148 (Portrait, 148)

Broussais, François Joseph Victor, physician connected with the Military Hospital at Val-de-Grâce, and, later, Professor of General and Special Pathology and Therapeutics at the University of Paris, 55, 207 misstatements made by, hastened his downfall, 211 (Portrait, 208) profound contempt of, for the vis medicatrix naturae, 211 propositions belonging to the domain of physiology, 208 propositions belonging to the domain of pathology, 209

Broussaism, 208 according to A. L. J. Bayle, Broussaism greatly hindered the art of therapeutics from making a satisfactory advance, 265 important part played by, in hindering the real advance of medical science, 208

Brunonianism, 23, 47

Bureau d’adresse ou de rencontre, 5

C

Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges, 175

Camerarius, Elias, 35

Cardiac and pulmonary diseases, pathological anatomy of, 197

Carotid artery, first ligated by Sir Astley Cooper, 137

Cataract operations by Prof. Beer at the Allgemeine Krankenhaus in Vienna, 77

Cavendish, the English chemist who confirmed Priestley’s discovery that atmospheric air is composed of water and different acids, 120

Charité, La, one of the larger Paris hospitals, 261

281Chereau, 258

Cheselden credited by the English with having been the first to perform the circular amputation of limbs, 151

Chest, auscultation of, 196

Chesterfield, Earl of, 44

Chomel, 202

Chopart, François, widely known by his advocacy of the operation called “Chopart’s amputation” of the foot, 220, 260

Cinchona bark, remedial effects of, suggested to Hahnemann the doctrine of similia similibus, 22

Circular amputation of limbs, 151

Cisalpine Republic, formation of, 104

Claude Bernard, 125 on the nature of vital force, 21

Claude Chastillon, architect of the Hôpital Saint-Louis at Paris, 263

Clavicle, fracture of, Desault’s bandage in the treatment of, 164, 223

Clinical teaching inaugurated in the Vienna Medical School, 66

Condillac favors Locke’s philosophy, 53

Cooper, Sir Astley, distinguished English surgeon of the 18th and early 19th century, 135 (Portrait 136)

Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas, 76, 186, 188, 191, 260 appointed “First Physician” to Napoleon Bonaparte, 191 refuses to wear a wig while on duty at the Necker Hospital, 188 translator of Auenbrugger’s treatise, 186 (Portrait 188)

Cow-pox virus, 114

Crantz, Heinrich, 65

Cross, Dr. John, personal observations of the service rendered at La Maternité hospital in Paris, 253, 262 testimony of, with regard to Dupuytren, 229

Crystalline lens, method of extracting perfected by the French surgeon, Daviel, 151

282Cure, Law of, by Hahnemann, 23

Cuvier, the naturalist, x explains why some men become so enamored with the science of botany, 172

D

Daubenton, celebrated French naturalist, 177

Daviel, 151

De Haen, Anton, 53 his treatise, “Ratio Medendi,” 65

Delpech, Jacques, 233 assassinated by a former patient, 235 became famous as an authority in orthopedic surgery, 234

Demosthenes, distinguished eye surgeon of Marseilles, France, 231

Demours, famous French ophthalmologist, 231

Denman, Thomas, English author of a treatise on obstetrics, 255

Dental surgery, distinguished French authorities in, 236

Dephlogisticated air (oxygen) discovered by Joseph Priestley, 120

Desault, Pierre-Joseph, distinguished French surgeon, 163, 221 established a clinical school at Hôtel-Dieu of Paris, 225 introduced the practice of ligating the exposed ends of the larger arteries immediately after an amputation, 224 inventor of Desault’s bandage, for use in the treatment of fractures of the clavicle, 164, 223

Descartes, French philosopher, advocates à priori reasoning in preference to realistic philosophy, 52

Descemet, distinguished French botanist and anatomist, 231, 232 also successful as a practitioner in maladies of the eye, 233

“Descemet’s Membrane,” according to Hyrtl, should be named “Duddel’s membrane,” 87

“De Sedibus et Causis Morborum,” the title of Morgagni’s famous work, 92

Desgenettes, Aimé-Nicolas Du-friche, a distinguished French military surgeon, 241 283in the retreat of the French Army from Russia, he was taken prisoner, but was immediately released by order of the Emperor Alexander, 242 (Portrait 242)

Desruelles, one of Broussais’ pupils, did not employ mercury in his treatment of syphilis, but applied leeches locally, 211

Devaux, Jean, a learned French surgeon of the 17th century, 237

Dezeimeris, 37, 42, 97

Diderot favors Locke’s philosophy, 53

Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich, 48

Dimsdale and Tronchin, the two earliest European advocates of inoculation in small-pox, 108

“Doceo ut discam,” Seneca’s motto, 159

“Dothiénentérite” the name proposed by Bretonneau for typhoid fever, 203

Douglass, James, distinguished Scotch anatomist and surgeon of the 18th century, 35, 132

Douglass, John, younger brother of James, revived the supra-pubic operation for stone in the bladder, 132

Drowning, case of recovery, 29

Dublin lying-in hospital, 255

Duddel, E., an Englishman, was the first to describe the membrane commonly known as “Descemet’s membrane,” 87

Dumas, Charles Louis, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Montpellier, 174

Dupuytren, Guillaume, one of the great surgeons at the Hôtel-Dieu of Paris, 226 founder of the Musée Dupuytren, 229 (Photograph of the Museum, 260) (Portrait 226) very successful as a clinical teacher, 228

Duverneys, father and son, 35

284E

École de Médecine, the old, of Paris, has now been transformed into a sort of social hall for the use of all the university students, 259 (Picture of device, 262) (Views, 258, 260)

Écoles de Santé, in France, 259

Eli, the High Priest, long life of, 31

Elisha, long life of, 31

Engel, Dr., of Vienna, 62

Enteric fever, one of the first names given to typhoid fever, 202

Esmarch, 49, 50

F

Face, articulations of the bones of the, 159

Faculté de Médecine, the, of Paris, was housed in 1808 in the quarters of the Collège de l’Académie de Chirurgie, 258

Fauchard, Pierre, author of a treatise on the surgery of the mouth, 237

Femur, ununited fracture of, 149 Dr. Physick’s treatment of, 149

Ferrand, distinguished French surgeon of the 18th century, 224

Fistula in ano, operation for, 151

Forli, the Academy of, 92

Fothergill, John, one of the most distinguished English physicians of the 18th century, 129 Benjamin Franklin’s estimate of the man, 130 bequeathed his entire fortune to the poor, 130

Four-year course adopted by Vienna School of Medicine toward end of 18th century, 74

Franco, Pierre, of Lausanne, Switzerland, and Orange, France, 151, 231

Frank, Johann Peter, founder of the first treatise distinctly devoted to hygiene and medico-legal science, 17, 44

Franklin, Benjamin, remarks of, concerning inoculation, 109

285French physicians, types of, who flourished about the time of the “Reign of Terror,” 171

French Revolution, Medicine at the height of the, 170

Frère Côme, 151

Frère Jacques, 151

G

Galeria Copiala, long life of, 30

Galvani, Aloysius, lecturer on anatomy at the University of Bologna, 103

Galvanism, 104

Gangrene, hospital, 235

Gariot, Jean-Baptiste, dentist to the King of Spain during the 18th century, 238 author of a treatise on diseases of the mouth, 238

Gasser, Lorenz, 65

Gasserian ganglion, a term invented by A. R. B. Hirsch, 65

Gastritis, one of the first names given to the disease now commonly called “typhoid fever,” 202

Gastro-entero-cephalitis, one of the first names given to typhoid fever, 202

Gazette de France, founding of the, 6

Germans, cultured, obliged to think, speak and write in French at the end of the 18th century, 53

Germany, low state of medical affairs in, at the beginning of the 18th century, 15, 52

Giant, the famous Irish, whose skeleton was secured by John Hunter for his museum in London, 145

Gilles de la Tourette, 10

Gimbernat, a distinguished Spanish surgeon, 137

Glands, position of, and their action, 160

Goettingen, University of, 37

Gonorrhoea, during the 18th century, commonly believed to be one of the manifestations of syphilis, 153

286Goudareau, author of a French translation of J. P. Frank’s treatise, 45

Graeco-Latin terminology adopted by physicians in conversation with their patients not approved by Kant, the metaphysician, 74

Griesinger, Wilhelm, 55

Gurlt, von, 50

Guy Patin, 9

H

Haen, Anton de, 53, 64

Hahnemann, Samuel, 22

Hall, Marshall, 204

Hallé, Jean-Noël, distinguished French Physician, 178 very successful in overcoming the opposition in France and Italy to vaccination, 180

Haller, Albrecht von, 19, 34 (Portrait 34) treatises published by, 38

Heart and lungs, diseases of, full discussion of, by Laënnec, 197

Heat-production in living animals, Lavoisier’s theory of, 124

Hernia, different kinds of, 137

Hirsch, August, 15, 52, 74 exposed the perniciousness of Broussais’ treatment, 212

Hirsch, A. R. B., invented the term “Gasserian ganglion,” 65

Hoffmann, Friedrich, of Halle, Prussia, 19, 53

Hofrath, Aulic Councillor, 46

Holy Land, Prince Louis’ crusade to, in 1147, 98

Homoeopathy, 22 in the city of New York in the years 1850–1870, 26

Hôpital Saint-louis, at Paris, 262 (Illustration, 264)

Hospital work in Vienna reorganized toward end of 18th century, 74

Hospitals, Parisian, 261

Hostel Des Consultations Charitables, 8

Hôtel-Dieu, the great hospital of Paris, 4, 261 (Illustration, 258)

Hueter, 50

287Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, 16, 28 author of “The Art of Prolonging Life,” 16 (Portrait 28)

Hunter, John, the English anatomist and biologist, 40, 95 (Portrait 144) younger brother of William, and a great anatomist, physiologist and operating surgeon; also the founder of Hunter’s Museum in London, 141

Hunter, William, distinguished English surgeon and anatomist, 139 founder of the anatomical schools of Great Britain, 141 (Portrait 140)

Hygiene, first journal devoted to, 17

Hypotheses, rather than facts, should not serve as the basis of doctrines in either pathology or therapeutics, 33

Hyrtl, Joseph, distinguished Professor of Anatomy at the Vienna Medical School, 85 on the changes which take place in an artery after it has been ligated or divided with the knife, 86 on voluntary movements of the auricle, 87

I

Inflammation believed by Broussais to be at the bottom of most of the pathological phenomena encountered in the practice of medicine, 210

Inoculating for the small-pox, 108

Insomnia defined by A. von Haller, 39

Irritability and Sensibility, distinction between these terms, 38

Isaac, long life of, 31

Ishmael, long life of, 31

Italy, Medicine in, 89

J

Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph, 65

Jaeger, F., one of the distinguished Vienna ophthalmologists, 77

288Jahr’s Manual of Homoeopathic Medicine, 26

Jenner, Sir Edward, discoverer of vaccination as a means of protection against small-pox, 110 (Portrait 110) receives a grant of £10,000 from the English Parliament, 115

Jesuit Order gradually excluded from the control of affairs in the Vienna University, 66

J. L. H. P., sketches of French medical men by, 207

Joints, diseases of, researches of Sir Benjamin Brodie respecting, 148, 149

Jonet, Marie, Sage-Femme Jurée at the Chatelet Hospital in Paris, 256

Joseph, Father—Leclerc du Tremblay, 8

Joseph, son of Jacob, long life of, 31

Joseph II., Emperor, successor of his mother, Maria Theresa, 71

Joshua, long life of, 31

Jourdain, Anselme-Louis-Bernard-Brechillet, distinguished French dental surgeon of the 18th century, 238

K

Kant, Immanuel, the famous Prussian metaphysician, 74

Katzenjammer, 35

Kaunitz, Prince, Imperial Austrian Chancellor, 62

Korn, Georg, 48, 52

L

Lachapelle, Veuve, Associate Midwife-in-Chief of Hôtel-Dieu, 256

Laënnec, René Théophile Hyacinthe, inventor of the modern method of auscultation, 195 on the pathological anatomy of diseases of the chest, 83 treatise of, on auscultation, 197 (Portrait 196)

Langenbeck, von, 48, 49

Larrey, Baron Jean-dominique, distinguished French military surgeon, and inventor of an improved type of field ambulance, 243, 244 289advocated strongly primary amputations in military surgery, 248 great resourcefulness of, under difficulties, 247 highly commended by the Emperor Napoleon, 247 (Portrait 244) showed his high character when the French troops retreated during the Russian campaign, 245

Lassus, 260

Latin, barbaric, employed by the Germans in their university lectures at the end of the 18th century, 53

Laugier, Robert, 65

Lausanne, in 1765, still recognized the Bernese Government as its overlord, 100

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, invented the term “oxygen” and described its full significance, 120, 122. (For portrait see Frontispiece.) discovered the important fact that all organic bodies are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, 123 credited with having formulated the chemical theory of respiration, 125 discovered also that all the acids contain oxygen, 120 formulates the theory of heat-production in living animals, 124 Government collector of taxes in the early part of his career, 122 guillotined on May 8, 1794, 124 maintains that combustion represents simply the combination of the two elements, carbon and oxygen, 123 one of the first to cultivate experimental physiology, 168 proves that the act of respiration in animals is a species of combustion, in the course of which oxygen combines with certain elements290 of the body to form water and carbonic acid, 123 proves also that Stahl’s doctrine of animism, as well as the phlogiston theory, is untenable, 123

Le Clerc, biographer of Dupuytren, 226

Leclerc du Tremblay, Capucin monk, known as “His Gray Eminence,” 4

Le Dran, distinguished French surgeon, 36

Leipzig, battle of, 21

Lemonnier, Louis Guillaume, a French physician who ardently cultivated the science of botany, 171 life saved from the violence of the mob in 1782, 173

Liard, value of the, 6

“Life, the Art of Prolonging,” title of famous treatise written by Hufeland, 28

Lithotomia Douglassiana, 133

Livia, long life of, 30

Livre, value of the, 8

Loaning money to the poor at a low rate of interest (Renaudot’s saggestion), 5

Locher, Maximilian, 68

Locke, John, the English philosopher, 52

Longevity, instances of exceptional, 30

Loudon, Western France, birthplace of Renaudot, 3 (Views of city and vicinity, 4)

Louis, Antoine, celebrated Parisian surgeon, 203

Louis, Charles A. P., Chief of Clinic at the Paris École de Médecine, 187, 203, 210 (Portrait 204)

Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, 109

Louis Xiii, 4, 6

Louvain, High School of, 59

Luceia, long life of, 30

Luecke, 50

M

Mackenzie, the distinguished ophthalmologist, 77

291Magendie, one of the first French scientists to cultivate experimental physiology, 168 on the difficulties of interpreting correctly the significance of certain sounds heard during auscultation, 198

Mahon, P. A. O., 260

Makrobiotik, the Art of Prolonging Life, Hufeland’s famous treatise, 16, 28

Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, 61 beneficent interference on the part of, in behalf of a higher standard of medical education, 66, 68, 94

Marianne, Archduchess, 61

Marshall, Hall], 204

Maternité, La, the great French midwifery school at Paris, 253

Medical literature, German, low state of, at the beginning of the 18th century, 15

Medical periodical, the first French, 7

Medici, Marie de’, 4

Membrana Descemetii erroneously so named, 87

Mercurial salivation, frequency of, before Van Swieten’s time, 68

Mercury, red oxide of, when heated, produces oxygen (Priestley), 120

Midwifery as taught at La Maternité, the great French midwifery school, 253

Military surgery, 241

Monro, 130

Montpellier, views of, 198, 200, 202

Monts-de-piété, when first established at Paris, 5

Monument erected in Hôtel-Dieu in honor of Desault and Bichat, 167, 192

Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, one of the greatest anatomists of the 18th century, 91 teachings of, 210

Moses, long life of, 31

Mouse, alive, case of swallowing of, 32

Mouth, surgery of the, 237

Mueller, Johannes, 154

292Mueller, Willibald, author of Van Swieten’s biography, 63

N

Napoleon at the University of Pavia in 1805, 96

“Nature cures disease” (Hufeland), 33

Necker, Madame, founder of a hospital in Paris, 188

Newspaper, the, first founded in Paris, France, 5

Norton, Mrs. Charles F., Librarian, Transylvania College, Lexington, Kentucky, ix

“Nosographie Philosophique,” Pinel’s celebrated treatise, 202

“Novum Inventum,” the, of Auenbrugger, 76

O

O’Brien, the celebrated Irish giant, 145

Officiers de Santé, 259

Ophthalmology, one of the first specialties to take root in Vienna, 77

“Organon of the Rational Art of Healing,” Hahnemann’s great work, 22, 23, 25

Orthopedic Surgery, 234

Os unguis, perforation of, by Woolhouse, 151

Oxygen, the full significance of which term was made known to the world by Lavoisier some time after Priestley’s discovery, 120

P

Pagel, statement of, with regard to Broussais, 207

Palate, the art of remedying defects of the, 237

Pannus, first correct description of, by Beer, of Vienna, 78

Paré, Ambroise, 224

Pathogenic fever, one of the early names given to typhoid fever, 202

Pathological propositions advanced by Broussais, 209

293Pavia, University of, 45 Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, takes a strong interest in its prosperity, 94

Percussion method of Auenbrugger, 193

Père Potentine, 188

Petersen, 55

Petit, J. L., famous surgeon of Paris, 162, 215 credited by the French with having been the first to perform the circular amputation of limbs, 151 (Portrait 216) successful treatment of a case of hemicrania, 217 trephining of skull for subdural abscess resulting from middle-ear inflammation, 217

Petit, Marc-Antoine, celebrated French surgeon, 162

Petit-Radel, 183

Phlogiston theory of Stahl, 120

Physick, Dr., of Philadelphia, treatment of ununited fracture of the femur by, 149

Physiological propositions advanced by Broussais, 208

Physiology, animal and vegetable, 95 experimental, cultivated largely by Bichat, 166 experimental, first cultivated by Albrecht von Haller, 168

Piarrou de Chamousset, who built a hospital in which every patient had a bed to himself or herself, 263

Pinel, Philippe, author of the work entitled “Nosogrophie Philosophique,” 202, 260

Police, Medical, 44

Pope’s description of travelling among the Alps, 121

Pott, Percival, famous English surgeon, the first to publish a complete memoir of the disease now commonly known as “Pott’s disease of the spine,” 133

Priestley, Joseph, discoverer of “dephlogisticated air” (oxygen), 120 294also discovered that respiration takes place more easily, and that combustion progresses more actively, in the presence of this gas, 120 house at Birmingham, England, burned by rioters, 122 in 1794 emigrates to Pennsylvania, 122

Primae Lineae Physiologiae, the title of the first systematic treatise on physiology, 38

Prochaska, Georg, 79 his explanation of bone formation, 80 ideas of, with regard to the nature of vital force, 79

Pulmonary and cardiac diseases, pathological anatomy of, 177

Puschmann, 3, 45, 75, 85

Putridity alone, according to Peter Frank, not the cause of typhoid fever, but rather the vehicle of a special contagium vivum, 203

Pythagoras, views of, with regard to eating, physical exercise, etc., 31

R

Rasori’s therapeutic method resembles that of Broussais, 212

“Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort” (Bichat), 167

Reil, Johann Christian, 17, 19 on the diagnosis and treatment of fevers, 20 on “vital force,” 20

Religious beliefs, tolerance of, increased by the French Revolution, 53

Renaudot, Théophraste, founder of the first French newspaper, 3 his sons, Isaac and Eusebius, 8, 10 (Statue, 8)

Respiration, Lavoisier’s chemical theory of, 125

Richelieu, Cardinal, 4 (Portrait, 6)

Richet, A., opinion of, with regard to J. L. Petit’s qualifications as a surgeon, 215

295Rokitansky, Carl, Professor of Pathological Anatomy in the Vienna Medical School, 81, 92, 93 called by Rudolf Virchow “the Linnaeus of pathological anatomy,” 84 contributions of, to medical literature, 82

Rosas, Anton, the distinguished Vienna ophthalmologist, 77, 231

Roux, well-known French surgeon, report of, regarding the condition of English surgery in the early part of the 19th century, 151

Roux, Professor, member of the Paris Faculté de Médecine, visits London in 1814 for the purpose of ascertaining by personal observation how the English surgeons are dealing with the more important problems in surgery, 150

S

Sabatier, Raphaël-Bienvenu, distinguished French surgeon of the 18th century, 218, 260

Sacombe, Dr., charges Baudelocque with criminal practice in performing the operation of Caesarian section, 255 both the courts and public opinion promptly judged this charge to be an infamous calumny, 255

Saint-Louis, Hôpital, at Paris, 262

Salivation, mercurial, frequency of, before van Swieten’s time, 68

Salpétrière, La, one of the larger hospitals at Paris, 261

Sanitation, house and municipal, first treatise upon, published in Germany toward the end of the 18th century, 44

Santé, Écoles de, 259

Santé, Officiers de, 259

Sarah, Abraham’s wife, long life of, 31

Scarpa, Antonio, the Italian anatomist, 46, 96 refusal of, to take the oath of allegiance to the newly established Cisalpine Republic, 96

296Scheele, William, also mentioned as a discoverer of oxygen, 120

Schleswig-Holstein campaign, 48

Scopoli, 46

Senebier, Jean, of Geneva, Switzerland, 95

Seneca’s motto, “Doceo ut discam,” 159

Sensibility and irritability, the distinction between these terms, 38

“Sepulchretum,” title of Bonnet’s famous treatise, 93

Similia similibus, believed by Hahnemann to be a general law of healing, 22

Simpson, James J., Professor of Midwifery in the University of Edinburgh, 25

Single beds, the establishment of, as the only desirable ones in hospitals, 263

Sleep, von Haller’s definition of the term, 39

Slow nervous fever, one of the first names given to typhoid fever, 202

Small-pox, earliest mention of, by Rhazes, in A. D. 922, 107 measures adopted for the control of, 107

Somnambulism defined by von Haller, 40

“Sore-throat, putrid,” epidemic of, in 1746, 130

Spallanzani, Lazarus, distinguished Italian biologist, 93 letter of, concerning Dr. Tissot, 102

Spina bifida first successfully treated by Sir Astley Cooper, 138

Sprengel, 42, 155, 255

Stagnant water, minute organisms found in, 95

Stahl, Georg Ernst, 53 phlogiston theory of, 120

Stahlism, 23

Stanislas Augustus, King of Poland, a great admirer of Dr. Tissot, 99

Steno, duct of, operation for perforating, 151

Stethoscope, as perfected by Laënnec, 196

Stoerck, Anton, 65, 71

Stoll’s “Aphorisms,” 190

297Stones, shape of, affected by running water, 94

Stromeyer, 48

Sudhoff, on character of Johann Christian Reil, 21

Superstition diminished by the French Revolution, 53

Suprapubic operation for stone in the bladder revived by John Douglass, 132

Surgeons, English, pleasant relations among, 152

Surgery, the golden age of, in France, 213

Surgical anatomy taught with great success by Desault, 223

Swiss physicians of prominence during the 18th century, 34

Sylvius, attempt of, to inaugurate clinical teaching at the University of Leyden, 67

Synovial membranes, 166

Syphilis affecting an entire family, 200

T

Tenon’s criticisms on Hôtel-Dieu and Hôpital Saint-Louis at Paris, 263

Terentia, long life of, 30

Théophraste Renaudot, founder of the first French newspaper, 3

Thoracentesis very frequently performed by Auenbrugger of Vienna, 76

Tissoni, original name of Tissot, 97

Tissot, Samuel-Auguste-André-David, Swiss physician of Italian origin, 41, 97, 135 amusing incident at Lausanne relating to, 101 visit to Paris, 101

Transylvania University at Lexington, Kentucky, IX

Traube, Ludwig, 54

Trautson, Archbishop, 66

Trendelenburg, 50

Tronchin, Théodore, of Geneva, Switzerland, 98, 108

Trousseau, Armand, author of the treatise entitled “Clinique de l’Hôtel-Dieu,” 269; and also (in association with Hermann Pidoux) of a treatise on materia medica and therapeutics, 266 298(Portrait 266)

Tuberculous deposits in the lungs, diagnosed by auscultation, 210

Typhoid fever, the term finally decided upon for this disease, 203 contagiousness of, 204 early studies of, 202 first names given to the disease, 202

V

Vaccination, for the prevention of small-pox, introduced by Jenner in 1796, 110 picture of a medal commemorating the discovery of, 108

Vallisnieri, Antonio, distinguished Italian naturalist, 93

Valsalva, Antonius, 92

Van Swieten, Gerhard, 19, 59 as a medical reformer, 63 commentaries of, on Boerhaave’s teachings, 61 composition of, 69 contributions of, to medical literature, 68, 69 liquor, use of, in the treatment of syphilis, 68 (Portrait 60)

Varicose veins of the leg, Sir Benjamin Brodie’s treatment of, 149

Variolae vaccinae, an inquiry into the causes and effects of the, 114

Vegetable poisons, experiments made by Sir Benjamin Brodie on the different modes in which death is produced by, 148

Velpeau (Portrait 268)

Ventes à grâce troque ou rachapt, 5

Vesalius, 83

Vicq-d’Azyr, Felix, distinguished French anatomist and physiologist, 130, 177

Vienna, revival of medical science at, in early part of the 18th century, 16

Vienna School of Medicine, 57 reorganization of, 64

299scheme of teaching adopted by, in 1780, 73

Vital force, memoir on, by Reil, 20 explained by Prochaska, 79 nature of, 21

Volta, 46

Voltaire, 263 advocates the teachings of John Locke, 52

Von Graefe, C. F., the distinguished ophthalmologist, 77

Von Graefe, Karl, director of the Surgical Clinic of Berlin, 48

Von Haller, Albrecht, 19, 34, 38, 95, 101 the first to cultivate experimental physiology, 168

Von Langenbeck, 48, 49

Von Walther, Philip, 77

W

Wakefulness defined by von Haller, 39

Water, infected, drinking of, mentioned by Galen as the cause of various epidemic fevers, 202

Wheeler, translator of Hahnemann’s “Organon,” 22

“White inflammation,” Boerhaave’s, 183

Williams Memorial Publication Fund, VII

Winslow, distinguished anatomist, 36

Woolhouse, the first surgeon to perform the operation of perforating the os unguis, 151

Wunderlich, Karl August, 54

Z

Zimmermann, Johann Georg, 41

300