FOOTNOTES:

1 (return) [ Celebrated general under Petr' Alexiovitch the Great, and the Tzarina Anna Iwanofna; banished by her successor, the Tzarina Elizabeth Petrofna.]

2 (return) [ Savéliitch, son of Savéli.]

3 (return) [ Means pedagogue. Foreign teachers have adopted it to signify their profession.]

4 (return) [ One who has not yet attained full age. Young gentlemen who have not yet served are so called.]

5 (return) [ Drorovuiye lyndi, that is to say, courtyard people, or serfs, who inhabit the quarters.]

6 (return) [ Eudosia, daughter of Basil.]

7 (return) [ Diminutive of Petr', Peter.]

8 (return) [ Anastasia, daughter of Garassim]

9 (return) [ Orenburg, capital of the district of Orenburg, which—the most easterly one of European Russia—extends into Asia.]

10 (return) [ Touloup, short pelisse, not reaching to the knee.]

11 (return) [ John, son of John.]

12 (return) [ One kopek=small bit of copper money.]

13 (return) [ The rouble was then worth, as is now the silver rouble, about 3s. 4d. English money.]

14 (return) [ "Kvass," kind of cider; common drink in Russia.]

15 (return) [ Whirlwind of snow.]

16 (return) [ Curtain made of the inner bark of the limetree which covers the hood of a kibitka.]

17 (return) [ Marriage godfather.]

18 (return) [ Torch of fir or birch.]

19 (return) [ Tributary of the River Ural.]

20 (return) [ Tea urn.]

21 (return) [ A short caftan.]

22 (return) [ Russian priest.]

23 (return) [ Russian peasants carry their axe in their belt or behind their back.]

24 (return) [ Under Catherine II., who reigned from 1762-1796.]

25 (return) [ i.e., "palati," usual bed of Russian peasants.]

26 (return) [ Allusion to the rewards given by the old Tzars to their boyárs, to whom they used to give their cloaks.]

27 (return) [ Anne Ivánofna reigned from 1730-1740.]

28 (return) [ One verstá or verst (pronounced viorst) equal to 1,165 yards English.]

29 (return) [ Peasant cottages.]

30 (return) [ Loubotchnyia, i.e., coarse illuminated engravings.]

31 (return) [ Taken by Count Münich.]

32 (return) [ John, son of Kouzma.]

33 (return) [ Formula of affable politeness.]

34 (return) [ Subaltern officer of Cossacks.]

35 (return) [ Alexis, son of John.]

36 (return) [ Basila, daughter of Gregory.]

37 (return) [ John, son of Ignatius.]

38 (return) [ The fashion of talking French was introduced under Peter the Great.]

39 (return) [ Diminutive of Marya, Mary.]

40 (return) [ Russian soup, made of meat and vegetables.]

41 (return) [ In Russia serfs are spoken of as souls.]

42 (return) [ Ivánofna, pronounced Ivánna.]

43 (return) [ Poet, then celebrated, since forgotten.]

44 (return) [ They are written in the already old-fashioned style of the time.]

45 (return) [ Trédiakofski was an absurd poet whom Catherine II. held up to ridicule in her "Rule of the Hermitage!"]

46 (return) [ Scornful way of writing the patronymic.]

47 (return) [ Formula of consent.]

48 (return) [ One verchok = 3 inches.]

49 (return) [ Grandson of Peter the Great, succeeded his aunt, Elizabeth Petrofna, in 1762; murdered by Alexis Orloff in prison at Ropsha.]

50 (return) [ Torture of the "batógs," little rods, the thickness of a finger, with which a criminal is struck on the bare back.]

51 (return) [ Edict or ukase of Catherine II.]

52 (return) [ Pugatch means bugbear.]

53 (return) [ Sarafan, dress robe. It is a Russian custom to bury the dead in their best clothes.]

54 (return) [ Girdles worn by Russian peasants.]

55 (return) [ Peter III.]

56 (return) [ Little flat and glazed press where the Icons or Holy Pictures are shut up, and which thus constitutes a domestic altar or home shrine.]

57 (return) [ Atamán, military Cossack chief.]

58 (return) [ 1 pétak = 5 kopek copper bit.]

59 (return) [ First of the false Dmitri.]

60 (return) [ Allusion to the old formulas of petitions addressed to the Tzar, "I touch the earth with my forehead and I present my petition to your 'lucid eyes.'"]

61 (return) [ At that time the nostrils of convicts were cut off. This This barbarous custom has been abolished by the Tzar Alexander.]

62 (return) [ Daughter of another Commandant of a Fort, whom Pugatchéf outraged and murdered.]

63 (return) [ Name of a robber celebrated in the preceding century, who fought long against the Imperial troops.]

64 (return) [ In the torture by fire the accused is tied hand and foot; he is then fixed on a long pole, as upon a spit, being held at either end by two men; his bare back is roasted over the fire. He is then examined and abjured by a writer to confess, and any depositions he may make are taken down.]

65 (return) [ Slight skirmish, wherein the advantage remained with Pugatchéf.]

66 (return) [ Frederick, son of Frederick; name given to Frederick the Great by the Russian soldiery.]

67 (return) [ Title of a superior officer.]

68 (return) [ Hazard game at cards.]

69 (return) [ Diminutive of Emelian.]

70 (return) [ Little summer carriage.]

71 (return) [ Fedor Poushkin, a noble of high rank, ancestor of the author, was executed on a charge of treason by Petr' Alexiovitch the Great.]

72 (return) [ Leaders of the Russian faction against John Ernest, Duc de Biren, Grand Chamberlain, and favourite of the Tzarina, Anne Ivanofna. Both were executed in a barbarous manner.]

73 (return) [ Anna, daughter of Blaize.]

74 (return) [ General Romanoff, distinguished in the wars against the Turks, vanquished them at Larga and Kazoul, 1772. He died 1796.]