Chapter X · (continued 2)
Reading edition
The good lady, too, was much enamoured of the courtesy of Spaniards.
"They are civil to all, as their qualities require, with highest respect; so I have seen a grandee and a duke stop his horse, when an ordinary woman passeth over a kennel, because he would not spoil her clothes, and put off his hat to the meanest woman that makes reverence, though it be to their footmen's wives.... They are punctual in visits, men to men and women to women. They visit not together, except their greatest ministers of State to wives of public ministers from Princes.... They are generally pleasant and facetious company, but in this their women exceed, who seldom laugh and never aloud, but are the most witty in repartees and stories and notions in the world.... They work little, but that rarely well, especially in monasteries (i.e. convents). They all paint white and red, from the Queen to the cobbler's wife, old and young, widows excepted, which never go out of close mourning, nor wear gloves nor show their hair after their husband's death, and seldom marry. They delight much in the feasts of bulls and in stage plays, and take great pleasure to see their little children act before them in their own houses, which they will do to perfection.... Until their daughters marry they never stir so much as down stairs, nor marry for no consideration under their quality, which to prevent, if their fortunes will not procure them husbands, they make them nuns. They are very magnificent in their houses, furniture, pictures of the best, jewels, plate, and clothes; most noble in presents, entertainments, and in their equipage."[51]
Fanshawe's mission made but slow progress, for the pride of Spain with regard to Portugal still stood in the way, and Philip was hoping against hope that the campaign of the following year, 1665, would restore to him the crown he had lost. He was still straining every nerve to get money; and as a last fatal resource in order to relieve as he hoped the distress of the treasury, he now reduced the value of the silver money to half, so that, as Lady Fanshawe says, "the pistole that was this morning at 82 reals was now proclaimed to go but for 48, which was above £800 loss to my husband."[52] At length, in the spring, by such devices as this—seizing all the securities lodged for loans, etc.—another army was got together. Don Juan, by the intrigues of the Austrian faction, was recalled and sent into semi-disgrace to Consuegra; the Count of Caracena, distinguished in the war with the Turks on the frontier of Hungary, being entrusted with the task of reconquering Portugal.
Philip, indeed, at this time, as his health and strength decayed, was surrounded by intrigue, intended, as it did, to drag unhappy Spain once more into the fatal alliance with the Emperor, in which Spain was made the catspaw of Austrian ambition, and the milch-cow of Austrian greed. It was no longer to suppress freedom of conscience in the German States. That had been conceded long ago; and against that alone had it been Spain's traditional policy to fight. The German Queen and her confessor Nithard, with Pöetting, the Austrian ambassador, were all intent now upon obtaining Spanish aid to the wars with the Turk on the Hungarian frontiers.[53] Philip still treated it as a question of conscience, and his letters to the nun breathed continual sorrow at having to deplete his own poverty-stricken subjects to help the Emperor. But it never seems to occur to him that he was really under no obligation whatever to do so, and that Spain would not have been seriously affected even if the Turk had been victorious in Hungary.
The nun's last letter
His personal health was now very bad, gallstones and other painful maladies keeping him in almost constant agony. To a letter from the nun, imploring him to care for his health, in March 1665, he answered that he would do so; "but I can assure you that I only want what may be best for God's service, and neither health, nor anything else, but that the divine will should be executed upon me. This is what I wish you to supplicate His Divine Majesty to grant me, and my salvation, which is my main concern." A few weeks after this was written, in March 1665, the nun sent to her royal friend another letter full of goodly counsel and encouragement; and then the pen fell from her hands for ever, and Philip was left utterly alone. His wife, working hard for her future influence, and in favour of the Austrian policy, had no sympathy to spare for the sufferings of the declining old uncle-husband, to whom political ambitions had given her as his wife. The only son who lived to succeed him was a scrofulous degenerate, who presented, even in his infancy, an exaggeration of his inherited type, which made him a monstrosity, a poor creature who never emerged from puerility, and finally died of senile decay at forty.
There was literally no ray of light on earth for Philip, now that Sor Maria was dead. Around him, as he knew and saw, plans and intrigues were anticipating the time when he should be no more. There were those in the Court, looking mostly to Don Juan, who dreaded to see Spain dragged once more at the tail of the Empire; for Louis XIV. was already threatening, and most Spaniards hankered for the closer alliance, meaning peace with France, that seemed so firm on the Isle of Pheasants only five years before; whilst Mariana and the Austrians had gained to their side a large party of nobles, pledged for their own greedy ends to support the Queen when she should succeed to the Regency and hold in her hands the resources of Spain.
The last blow
On the 20th June 1665 the terrible news had to be broken to the King, that his forlorn hope had been defeated. Count Caracena, from whom so much had been hoped, had been utterly crushed by the Portuguese and their English auxiliaries. Eight hours of carnage had reduced the Spanish army from 15,000 men to 7000, and all the guns had been lost. Philip could, in very truth, do no more. To raise this army every means, legal and illegal, had been resorted to; private property had been violated, pledges had been broken, injustice had been perpetrated, and suffering had been inflicted upon poor people already sorely oppressed. To this had the great dream come at last: that the King who was held to be the proudest and wealthiest in Christendom was unable to hold even his own territory. For the first time Philip broke down in the sight of men; for Sor Maria was dead, and to none could he turn now for comfort. Heart-broken, he cast himself upon the ground in a paroxysm of grief, and sobbed out the formula that was his only refuge, "Oh God! Thy will be done," almost the same words as those which his grandfather uttered when he received the news of the catastrophe that had overtaken his great Armada. But Philip IV.'s case was worse, by far, than that of Philip II. Behind the latter there was still a nation full of faith in its divine selection to dominate the world for the glory of God and His chosen King: behind Philip IV., himself aged and worn with sickness of body and disillusion of spirit, there was a people who had lost all confidence in themselves and their mission, ready to scoff and spit upon the idols that had failed them; a people whom sloth, vanity, and epicureanism had robbed for a time of their nobleness, and who yet had to pass through the consummation of their woe before, cleansed in the fires of suffering, they should arise again.
Philip knew it; and, looking back over his long reign, he must have cursed the fate that condemned him from his birth to the performance of an almost impossible task with utterly inadequate means. He had been dedicated at his baptism to the Dominican ideal of a Christian church purged of dissent at any cost; and yet, from the time when the Protestant ambassadors of England were the honoured guests at his christening, until now in his despairing age Fanshawe was reminding him daily of his impotence both on land and sea, he had been obliged to woo heretics, and to fight a great Catholic Power which was bent upon the final humiliation of his house. Thus, with bitter irony, some mightier power, with ends incomprehensible to men, mocked at the great designs of those who thought that they and theirs were but junior partners with providence, the chosen agents of the Almighty; and Philip, in whose days the scales had fallen from the nation's eyes, ascribed the agonised awakening, and the ruin it disclosed, to the vengeance of an offended deity for his own puny sins.
Philip bewitched
Philip was tired of the struggle, weary of the sordid intrigues around him, and he fell into gloomy despondency that banished from him all interest in life. His bodily sufferings were intense, for the malady that afflicted him was a cruel one. Again the rumour ran that the King was bewitched, and that the late Inquisitor-General had been arranging means to remove the spell when he died. The great ecclesiastics in attendance were convinced that Satan was at the bottom of the King's troubles; and asked Philip's permission to proceed in their incantations to defeat the evil one who was thus persecuting him. There were those at Court who sneered at the absurdity of attempting to cure a physical malady by such means;[54] but the Inquisition insisted, and took over the management of the case. The acting Inquisitor-General, Gonzalez, accompanied by Philip's confessor, Juan Martinez, went to the patient and asked him for a little bag of relics which he always wore around his neck, for they feared some evil charm might be amongst them. Then to the Dominican monastery of the Atocha they solemnly carried "an old book of sorcery, some prints of his Majesty transfixed with pins," and other rubbish, all of which they solemnly burnt with much sacred mummery.
This did the King no good, and then the doctors tried their hand with a sweet conserve of mallow leaves, not, one would think, a sovereign remedy for gall-stones. On Monday, 14th September, the physicians confessed themselves hopeless. The hemorrhage was very great, and the patient utterly exhausted with frequent paroxysms of fever, in one of which he was thought to be dead, and the news spread through the capital that he was so. When he was restored to consciousness, he summoned the new Secretary of State, Loyola, and entrusted him with official papers and his will for Queen Mariana, and then demanded the last sacrament. When the friars brought the viaticum and told the dying man that all hope was gone, he was resigned; though the Holy Virgin of the Atocha was taken in procession past his windows, and the body of St. Diego, with scores of other grisly remains, were kept in the sick-room itself, in the hope that good would come of them. Mariana and her two children came to say good-bye to the dying man on Monday afternoon, and, with tears in his eyes, Philip sighed to the five-year-old weakling who was to succeed him: "God make you happier than He has made me."[55] He took an affecting leave, too, of the Duke of Medina de las Torres, and the other nobles who were attached to him; pardoned the Marquis of Heliche for the attempt to blow up the Retiro, and granted many titles and knighthoods to his gentlemen-in-waiting. Count Castrillo, always self-seeking, had the bad taste to pester the King, both personally and through the friars, that he should be made Grandee, but Philip angrily referred him to the Queen.
For three days the King lingered on in suffering, confessing again and again and receiving absolution; never for long abandoning his hold upon the rough crucifix that had comforted the last moments of his saintly predecessors on the throne. The jealous friars and confessors about him quarrelled so violently in the death chamber on one occasion, about administering the last sacrament again, that the Marquis of Aytona turned the King's confessor out of the room and forbade his return. On Wednesday, Castrillo came in full of the great news that Don Juan had presented himself at the palace, and Philip, disturbed and unhappy at the trouble that this portended, sternly sent orders for the Prince to return instantly; for this, he said, was only the time for him to die, not to enter into mundane disputes.
Death of Philip IV.
All that night the King was delirious, until he suddenly recovered consciousness just before dawn on Thursday, 17th September 1665, and then quietly passed away. He had been beloved by those around him, and had been prodigal all his life of favour to the men who served him; but Mariana and her son were the source of bounty now, and human nature showed its baseness at such a crisis, as it is wont to do in palaces; for, as my eye-witness authority avers,[56] "Of all his Majesty's household, the Marquis of Aytona and two other servants alone wept for the death of their King and master; and in all the rest of the capital there was not one person who shed a tear." The Marquis of Malpica, captain of the Guard, came from the death chamber first to the anteroom filled with guards on duty, and announced the King's passing by shouting: "Now, comrades, your duty is to go upstairs[57] and guard his Majesty King Charles." Courtiers were too busy thence-forward looking towards the future to care much for the unhappy Planet King who had laid down his heavy burden. The reading of the will which made Mariana Regent, the constant meetings, and the coming and going of the ministers, kept the palace astir from morning till night; but a few faithful souls dressed the poor remains of the King in a musk-coloured velvet suit, embroidered with silver, placed a silver sword by his side, a diamond cross in his hands folded upon his breast, which was embroidered with the great red dagger of Santiago, and covered the head with a beaver hat. And so, garbed and enclosed in gorgeous silver and red velvet coffins, he was placed high upon a dais under a canopy illumined by great wax torches, surrounded with the insignia of imperial majesty, and guarded by the faithful halberdiers of Espinosa; whilst friars chanted and prayed around the bier hour after hour. The hall in which the body of Philip lay thus in deathly state was that which had seen so many gay hours of his hopeful youth; for it was the room devoted to the stage-plays that he had loved not wisely but too well.
Lady Fanshawe, like the rest of the great people in Madrid, went to see the sight, and thus records her impressions—
"The body of Philip IV. lay exposed from the 18th September, Friday morning, till the night of Saturday the 19th, in a great room in his palace, in which they used to act plays. The room was hung with fourteen pieces of the King's best hangings, and over them rich pictures round about, all of one size placed close together. At the upper end of the room was raised a throne of three steps, upon which there was placed a bedstead raised at the head. The throne was covered with a rich Persian carpet, and the bottom of the bedstead with a counterpoint of cloth of gold. The bedstead was of silver, the valance and headcloth of gold wrought in flowers with crimson silk. Over the bedstead was placed a cloth of state of the same as the valance and headcloth of the bedstead, upon which stood a silver gilt coffin raised a foot or more at the head than at the feet, and in the coffin lay Philip IV. with his head on a pillow, upon it a white beaver hat, his hair combed, his beard trimmed, his face and hands painted. He was clothed in a musk-coloured silk suit embroidered with gold, a golilla about his neck, cuffs on his hands, which were clasped on his breast, holding a globe and a cross therein. His cloak was of the same, with his sword on his side; stockings, shoe-strings, and garters of the same, and a pair of white shoes upon his feet."
The burial of Philip
Seven altars and scores of lighted tapers were erected in the chamber, and offices for the dead King's soul went ceaselessly on, as the courtiers came and went before the painted clay that had been once so potent; but when, late on Saturday, the time came to carry the body through the night across the plains to the snow-tipped Guadarramas glimmering afar off, where in the stately jasper chamber he had wrought for his royal house Philip IV. was to lie amongst the greater dead, few of the high nobles and officers cared to absent themselves from Madrid in these early days; and one after the other they refused to do the last sad offices to him who had so often commanded them with a glance. At last the Duke of Medina de las Torres peremptorily ordered a kinsman of his own to take charge of the body to the Escorial. Even the bearing of the body to the mule litter that awaited it gave rise to a hot dispute, in which threats of violence between two sets of officials were flung across the coffin.[58]
With fourscore friars and the great officers of the palace who were obliged to accompany the corpse, the litter, surrounded by torches, travelled throughout the night, and on Sunday, 20th September 1655, the prior of the Escorial relieved the courtiers of the burden of which they were so glad to be free; whereafter they all scurried back, as fast as horses could carry them, to make the preparations and ensure their own important participation in the glorious series of bull-fights, cane-tourneys, masques, and sumptuous parades which within a fortnight were to greet the accession of his Catholic Majesty King Charles II.
The end
There were still thirty-five years more of national humiliation and grief for Spain before the great convulsion that awoke her to a new life; but these years were but a prolongation of the agony preceding the dissolution that had been made inevitable during the reign of Philip IV. The Court over which he was the presiding spirit had exhibited in the forty-five years he ruled it the strange phenomenon of corruscating intellectual activity, accompanied by unexampled moral and social corruption. Literature and art had blazed up with sudden refulgence before they too sank into twilight; and when Philip passed in, the generation of geniuses that illumined his Court were dead or hastening to the grave, whilst all else was sinking deeper and deeper into darkness.
It needed the formation of new ideals, the evolution of a new patriotism, to make Spain worthy of her history again; and the outworn, incestuous blood of the Philips was powerless to lead the nation back to health and sanity after its splendid epoch of heroics. Philip did his best, but he himself was but a product of his time and country: a kindly gentleman of noble aspirations and ignoble practice, weak of will and tender of conscience, a poet and a dilettante, doomed to an overwhelming task for which he was unfit. In his long reign he saw moral decadence that he could not arrest, national ruin that even his frantic prayers were powerless to avert; and he lived through half a lifetime of martyrdom, because he ascribed his failure to the vengeance of a ruthless deity whom he had offended by his sins, and believed that he, gentle-hearted as he was, had brought upon the people that he loved the wide-spread woe he saw around him.
INDEX
Abbot, Archbishop, 109. Academies (literary contests), 200, 301. Admiral of Castile (Duke of Medina de Rio Seco), 163, 167. Aguila, Marquis del, 300. Ahumada, Father, 373. Alamos, Don Baltasar de, 237. Albert, Cardinal, Archduke, 21, 286. Aliaga, confessor of Philip III., 45. Alumbrados, the blasphemous sect so called, 271. Amegial, battle of, 494, 495. Anna of Austria, Queen of France, 155, 334, 335, 377, 464, 465, 482. Aragonese Cortes, 141, 159, 162-170, 228, 254-259, 287, 296, 397. Archy Armstrong in Spain, 100, 120. Arcos, Duke of, 342. Arnet, murderer of Ascham, 433. Arundel, Philip, Earl of, 196. Ascham, Anthony, Cromwell's envoy to Spain, 429; his mission, 431; his murder in Madrid, 431-437. Astillano, Prince of, 460. Aston, Sir Walter, 77, 81, 106, 124, 292, 293, 295, 311, 312, 313, 317, 322. Atillano, "the poet," 301. Auto-de-fé, an, 150, 259. Avendaño, an actor, 231. Aytona, Marquis of, 218, 229, 391, 510. B Balbeses, Marquis of (Spinola), 341. Ballard, an English priest in Madrid, 102. Baltasar, Carlos, Prince, 210, 225, 241, 244, 246, 250, 253, 257, 276, 282, 284, 285, 353, 367, 387, 397; his betrothal, 399. Barbastro, Cortes at, 164. Barcelona, 167 et seq., 255-259, 297, 337-342. Bejar, Duke of, 253, 342, 461. Borgia, Cardinal, 253, 343, 458. Borja, Melchior, 371. Braganza, Duke of, 286, 334; proclaimed King of Portugal, 345, 423. Breitenfeld, battle of, 247. Bristol, Earl of, Sir John Digby, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76, 77, 81, 97, 98, 100, 106, 123, 124. Buckingham, Duke of, in Madrid, 67 et seq.; meets Philip, 81-85; the state entry, 86-92, 95, 96, 105; quarrels with Olivares, 106, 113-120; leaves Spain, 121-123, 125; his assassination, 216. Buckingham, Duke of, his letters to King James, 79, 83, 92, 93, 105, 107, 111, 114. Buen Retiro, palace of, 201, 238, 273, 280, 281, 284, 300, 301, 311, 316-319, 330, 342, 388, 392, 455, 489. Burgos, Archbishop of, 39. Burke, Marquis of Mayo, 216. C Calderon, 147. Calderon, Marquis de Siete Iglesias, 31, 44. Caracena, Count, defeated in Portugal, 504. Cardenas, Alonso de, 423, 424, 425-429. Cardona, Duke of, 167, 257, 287, 342. Carducho, V., 194. Carignano, Princess of, her reception in Madrid, 311, 316-319, 329. Carlos, Infante, 44, 62, 65, 66, 90, 99, 123, 138, 163, 167, 174-186, 241, 246, 247, 255, 256, 259; his death, 260. Carlos, Prince, son of Philip IV., 492, 500, 511. Carpio, Marquis of, 65, 66, 99, 167, 229, 352, 366, 371, 394. Carrion, the nun of, 122; her impostures, 308. Castel Rodrigo, Marquis of, 163, 319. Castrillo, Count of, 364, 488, 510. Catalan Cortes. See Aragonese. Catalonia, disaffection and war in, 336-342, 357, 365, 388, 391, 392. Cea, Duke of, 91. Chambers, Laurence, 432. Charles, Prince of Wales, 37; the Spanish match, 51, 52; arrives in Madrid, 67 et seq.; he sees the Infanta, 77; meets Philip, 81-83; his state entry to Madrid, 87 et seq.; in love with the Infanta, 93; attempts to convert him, 94, 95; his pastimes in Madrid, 96; his visits to the Infanta, 97; his indiscretion, 100; negotiations, 104-110; disillusioned, 119; departs from Spain, 121, 195, 196. Charles I., King of England, 216, 217-225, 243, 266, 274, 282, 288, 290-295, 313, 315, 321, 322, 323; his execution, 424. Charles I., his painter in Madrid, 282 n. Charles II. of England, birth of, 224, 426, 487, 495. Chevreuse, Duchess of, in Madrid, 317. Cinq Mars, 364. Coloma, Carlos, Spanish ambassador in England, 218. Condé, Prince of, 378, 462, 463, 466. Cottington, Sir Francis, 67, 74, 76, 81, 106, 107, 117, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222-225, 268, 275, 282, 295, 426, 432. Corral de la Cruz. See Theatres. Corral de la Pacheca. See Theatres. Crofts, Courier, 112. Cromwell, his relations with Spain, 423-437. D Don Juan of Austria, son of Charles V., 59. Don Juan Jose of Austria, son of Philip IV., 207, 285, 353, 387, 403, 405, 418, 452, 463, 464, 467, 474, 486, 487, 494, 495, 504, 506, 510. Downs, the capture of the Spanish fleet in, 324. Dunkirk captured, 463. E English courtiers, their behaviour at Philip's christening, 6. English embassy at Philip's baptism, 1-10. Eraso, Don Francisco, 237. Escovedo, 59. Execution of the Hijar conspirators, 407-411. F Fadrique de Toledo, 156, 279 n. Fanshawe, Lady, in Madrid, 498 et seq.; her opinion of Spaniards, 501; her account of Philip's lying in state, 512. Fanshawe, Sir Richard, 314; his mission to Spain, 495-497; his state entry, 498; his failure, 504. Fashions, change of, in Spain after the marriage of Maria Teresa, 486. Felton assassinates Buckingham, 216. Feria, Duke of, 155. Fernando, Infante, 44, 90, 174-186, 241, 246, 247, 255, 256, 259; goes to Flanders, 260, 281, 288, 293, 299, 303, 310, 315, 331; dies, 377. Festivities in Madrid, 60-66, 86-92, 101, 118, 145, 150, 209, 210, 225, 231-235, 273, 301, 307, 310, 312, 316-319, 451, 456-46l, 469, 472. Fischer, Ascham's secretary, 432-437. Field sports in Spain, 211-213. Flanders and Spain, 21, 156, 176, 246, 247. Flores d'Avila, Marquis of, 64. Fonseca, Dr., patron of Velazquez, 197-199. Francisco Fernando of Austria, Philip's natural son, 236-238. Frederick the Palatine, 70, 116, 216, 217-225, 266. Frias, Duke of, Grand Constable of Castile, 5, 354, 461. Fuenterrabia, 335, 480. G Garcia Fray, punished by the Inquisition, 272. Golilla, the, 138, 144, 447, 486. Gomez Davila's way with the Moriscos, 23. Gondomar, Count, Spanish ambassador in England, 68, 73, 74, 76, 81, 102, 123, 125. Gongora, his sonnet on the English embassy, 4. Grammont, Marshal, his mission to Madrid, 471. Granada, Archbishop of, Philip's tutor, remonstrates with Olivares, 53. Guevara, Anna de, 367. Gustavus Adolphus, 245, 247, 249. Guzman, Enrique Felipe, Olivares' son, 268, 352, 354. Guzman, the house of. See Olivares. H Halsey, Major, murderer of Ascham, 433 et seq. Haro, Count of (a child), 457. Haro, Don Luis de, 352, 369, 371, 379, 394, 401, 406, 411, 420, 448, 451, 457, 459, 464, 466-485; death of, 487-490. Hay, Earl of Carlisle, 103, 216, 217. Heliche, Marquis of, 163, 167, 229. Heliche, Marquis of (2), 450, 451, 469, 489, 510. Henrietta Maria, Queen, 295. Henry IV. of France, 24, 29. Herrera, Don Juan, 300, 328. Hijar, Duke of, 327; his conspiracy, 407 et seq. Hinojosa, Marquis of, Spanish ambassador in England, 115, 117, 501. Hopton, Sir Arthur, 219, 242, 243, 244, 249, 250, 252, 260, 263, 268, 273, 275, 276, 277-279, 280, 282, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292-295, 312, 314, 321, 322, 423. Howard, Lord Admiral, Earl of Nottingham, in Spain, 3. Howel, his account of the visit of Charles Stuart to Madrid. See Charles, Prince of Wales. Humanes, Count of, 237, 288, 292. I Idiaquez, Minister of Philip II., 25. Infanta Isabel, 21, 156, 176, 246, 260. Infantado, Duke of, 38, 39, 133, 139. Irish intrigues in Madrid, 216, 312. Isabel of Bourbon, Philip's first wife, 30, 31, 55-58, 60, 61, 65, 77, 91, 97, 120, 121, 144, 145, 147, 173, 183, 212, 220, 229, 230, 231-235, 259, 283-326, 353, 360, 361; leads the enemies of Olivares, 367; illness and death of, 392-395. Isasi Ydiaquez, Don Juan, 236. Isle of Pheasants, conferences and meetings on, 467, 470, 473, 481. J Jamaica seized by England, 439. James I. of England, 29, 36, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 84, 85, 95, 101, 105, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 124. James I., his letters to "Baby" and "Steenie," 84, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116. James, Duke of York, 463. John Frederick of Saxony, 289. L Lede, Marquis of, goes to England, 438. Leganes, Marquis of, 194, 229, 281, 364, 365. Lerida, Cortes at, 163. Lerma, Duke of, 1, 9, 11, 17, 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 43, 46, 68, 69. Liars' Walk, 54, 76, 146, 147, 196, 299, 327, 371, 439. Lindsay, Lord, 216. Linhares, Count, 325, 326. Lionne's mission to France, 465-467. Lope de Vega, 59, 147, 196, 240, 241. Los Velez, Marquis of, 335, 343. Louis XIII., 30, 252, 360, 377. Louis XIV, 377; his marriage with Maria Teresa, 466-485. M Madrid, 27, 54, 59-66; Prince Charles arrives at, 67; his state entry, 87; social condition, 131-136, 146, 147, 188-194; as an artistic centre, 194-196; corruption of, 209, 227, 265; scandals in, 268-271; artists in, 282, 296; turbulence in, 299-310; prices in, 321; lawlessness, 328-331, 356, 385, 441-446, 456, 469. Malpica, Marquis of, 38, 498, 499, 511. Mantua, Duchess of (Margaret of Savoy), 287, 333, 346, 367, 386, 387. Maqueda, Duke of, 91, 233, 490. Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain, 7, 14, 26, 27. Margaret Maria, Infanta, 419, 453, 501. Maria, Infanta, 36, 50, 51, 52, 65, 68, 77, 84, 85, 91, 97, 99, 100, 103, 118, 120, 121; betrothed to the Emperor's heir, 172, 209, 219, 240, 403. Maria Teresa, Infanta, 353, 393, 403, 414, 415, 419, 453, 459; her marriage with Louis XIV., 466-485. Mariana of Austria, betrothed to Baltasar Carlos, 399; betrothed to Philip, 403, 413-416; married, 417-419, 449, 465, 472, 475, 487, 489, 501, 511. Marie de Medici, 29, 55, 254, 266, 288, 317. Marston, English resident in Madrid, 432, 433. Mary Stuart (Princess of Orange), 276, 399. Masaniello's revolt, 405. Matthew, David, 294. Maurice of Nassau, 21. Mawe, English chaplain, 84. Mazarin, Cardinal, 404, 418, 438, 462, 465, 467, 470. Medina Celi, Duke of, 288, 430. Medina de las Torres, Duke of, 229, 460, 475, 488, 489, 497, 510, 513. Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 253, 286, 333, 334, 357. Melo, General, 378. Mendoza, Antonio de, 231, 233. Meninas, the, 455. Millan, Don Francisco, 165. Montalvo, Count, Corregidor of Madrid, 307. Monterey, Count of, 194, 195, 229, 230, 231, 281. Monzon, Cortes at, 165. Moreto, 147. Moriscos, the expulsion of, 23-27. Moscoso, Antonio de, 254, 255, 258, 259. Motte, Marshall de la, 357, 353. Moura, Don Cristobal, 286. Münster, Treaty of, 404, 405 n. N Navarre, 398. Nicolalde, Spanish agent in London, 275, 276, 288, 290, 292, 293, 295. Nithard, Father, Mariana's confessor, 495, 505. Nocera, Duke of, 334. Nördlingen, battle of, 260, 288, 289. O Olivares, the Count-Duke, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 46, 49, 60, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 85, 104-114, 121, 128; his policy, 141, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160-162; in Aragon, 163-170; opposition to him, 173-177, 183-186; urges Philip to work, 179; patron of Velazquez, 197; negotiations with England, 216-225; his entertainment to the King, 230-235; builds the Buen Retiro, 238-241; his negotiations with Hopton, 242 et seq.; and the Catalan Cortes, 254-259; fresh negotiations with England, 262; his unpopularity, 265; secret negotiation with Charles I., 266, 275, 276, 288, 289-295; opposes Philip's journey, 297; again approaches England, 312, 313; negotiations dropped, 324, 325; his policy in Portugal, etc., 332, 333; his decline, 352; goes to Aragon, 362; his fall, 366-374; his death, 375. Olivares, Countess of, 210, 220, 230, 273, 367-375, 386, 387. Oñate, Count, 295, 313, 460. Oquendo, Admiral, his quarrel with Spinola, 304. Orange, Prince of, 287. Orleans, Gaston, Duke of, 254, 266, 288, 315. O'Sullivan, Beare, Count of Bearhaven, 216. Osuña, Duke of, 45. P Pacheco, Don Juan, 329. Padilla, Carlos de, execution of, 408. Palatinate, the, 37, 70, 116, 120, 216, 217-225, 242, 251, 266, 274, 296, 313, 314, 423. Peace of the Pyrenees, 465-474. Pennington, Admiral, 324. Philip II., 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 23, 40. Philip III., 1, 6, 7, 11, 19, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32; his death, 36-40, 51, 68, 69. Philip IV., christening of, at Valladolid, 1-10; his childhood, 26-30; his marriage, 31; under the influence of Olivares, 35; his accession, 42; his reforms, 46; his own account of affairs, 50; early profligacy, 54; his character, 60; his attitude towards the English match, 51, 52, 74, 81; his reception of Charles, 86-92, 97-99; his reforms, 135; his mode of life, 143; his garb, 144; goes to Aragon, 162; quarrels with the Aragonese, 163-170; his pity for Castile, 170, 171; and his brothers, 174-186; promises to work, 180, 181; his serious illness, 183; scruples of conscience, 187; his liking for Velazquez, 189-200; his literary and dramatic tastes, 200-202; his amours, 206; the Calderona, 207; his field sports, 211-213; receives Cottington, 221, 224; at an entertainment, 230-235; goes to Barcelona, 254-259; his domestic life in Madrid, 283; negotiations with England, 290-295, 296; insists upon going to Aragon, 297; at a grand entertainment, 318; scandal of the Nun of St. Placido, 348; goes to Aragon, 359; his good resolves after dismissing Olivares, 377; returns to Aragon, 379, 381, 389, 395, 398, 401; betrothed to Mariana, 403; his marriage, 413; his mode of life, 420; his attitude towards the English Commonwealth, 423-440; his garb, 447; his poverty, 449, 455; his despondency, 452, 470; he visits the frontier for his daughter's marriage, 475; splendid ceremonies, 478-485; said to be bewitched, 490; intrigues around him, 505; his last illness, 509; his death, 511; his burial, 513; his character, 515 Philip IV., his letters to Sor Maria, 381, 389, 395, 399, 400; 402, 406, 417, 457, 468, 491, 492, 505. Philip Prosper, Infante, 456-462, 463, 465, 470, 486; dies, 491. Poëtting, Count, Austrian ambassador, 505. Polanco, Dr., 184. Porter, Endymion, 70, 77, 81, 100. Portugal, Dom Duarte de, 88. Portugal, Queen of, 334, 464. Portugal, revolt of, 268, 333, 344-346, 405, 423, 464, 487, 494, 495. Pozo, Count, 329. Priego, Duke of, 342. Priego, Marquis of, 460. Prodgers, Captain, murderer of Ascham, 433 et seq. Punoñrostro, Count of, 461. Q Quevedo, 147, 200, 231, 233, 355. Quiñones, Suero, his promise of pictures to Charles I., 296 n. R Rahosa, the Infanta's confessor, 95. Rentin, Marquis of, 63. Ribera, Archbishop of Valencia, 3. Richelieu, his rivalry with Olivares, 154, 155, 214 et seq., 226, 260, 261, 288, 289, 303, 315, 325, 334, 335, 364, 376. Roche, Valentine, murderer of Ascham, 433. Rocroy, battle of, 378. Rojas, Francisco de, 197, 262, 312, 373. Rubens, Peter Paul, 217, 218, 224. S St. Isidore, the Husbandman, 61, 335, 392. St. Placido, the scandals of, 272, 347-350. St. Teresa, 61. Salazar, Count, 329. Salazar, Father, invents stamped paper, 320. Salinas, Count of, Howard lodges in his house, 5. Salvatierra, Countess of, 459. Sandoval, house of. See Lerma. Sandoval de Rojas, Cardinal, 26. San Lucar, Duke of, 49. See also Olivares. Santa Coloma, Viceroy of Catalonia, 340; killed, 343. Santa Cruz, Marquis of, 361. Saragossa, Philip at, 164, 363, 381, 391, 399. Sastago, Count, 301. Savoy, Duke of, 24, 154, 215, 315. Scaglia, Abbé, an English agent in Madrid, 216, 217. Schomberg, Marshal, 357, 487. Seven Chimneys, the house with the, 67, 81, 498. Silva, General, 397. Silva, Pedro de, execution of, 408. Simancas, English embassy lodged at, 4. Soissons, Count of, 315. Sor Maria of Agreda, 379-384, 395, 398-401, 407, 417, 462 et seq.; her death, 506. Sotomayor, Philip's confessor, 42, 229, 349. Spain, condition of (in 1600), 17 et seq.; (1621), 45 et seq.; 50, 51, 130-135, 242, 243, 263, 277, 279, 299, 309, (1637), 320, 327, 338, (1654-1660), 441-447. Spanish match. See Charles, Prince of Wales. Sparkes, murderer of Ascham, 433. Spinola, Marquis, 155. Spinola, Nicholas, quarrels with Oquendo, 304, 328, 329. Strada, Carlos, 318. Suarez Diego, Portuguese minister, 333. Sumptuary laws, 131, 137, 309, 319, 320, 445, 447, 476. T Tavara, Margaret, 79. Taxation in Spain, 17, 18, 19, 20, 162, 170, 243, 252, 253, 263, 277, 279, 296, 309, 319, 325, 338, 352, 366, 406 n., 444, 448, 468, 492, 493, 504. Taylor, English agent in Spain, 288. Tejada, Auditor, 281. Theatres (Corrales) of Madrid, 147, 201; description of a performance, 202-206, 444. Theatrical craze, 57, 60, 61, 147, 201-206, 233, 444. Thirty Years' War and Spain, 245-249, 260, 267, 289, 300-303, 315. Tilly, Imperial general, 156, 249. Tirlemont, battle of, 293. Toledo, Pedro de, Marquis of Villafranca, 64, 65. Torrecusa, Marquis, 365. Turenne, Marshal, 462. Tyrone, Earl of, 223, 312, 344. U Uceda, Duke of, 30, 32, 33, 37, 40; his fall, 43, 45. V Valette, Duke de la, 335, 336, 344. Valladolid, Philip's christening at, 1-10, 19. Vallejo, an actor, 231. Vasconcellos, Miguel, Portuguese minister, 333, 346. Velazquez, Diego, 197-200, 212, 282, 284, 350, 373, 385, 454-456, 477, 481. Verdugo Fernando, 63, 65. Verney, Sir Edmund, 102. Villa Mediana, Count of, murder of, 56-59, 196. Villamor, Count, 88. Villanueva, Geronimo de, State Secretary, 238, 319 n., 348-351. W War with France, 154-158, 214 et seq., 226, 274, 303, 315, 325, 334, 340-343, 357 et seq., 378, 391, 397, 422, 448, 452, 465-467. Washington, page to Charles in Madrid, 102. Williams, Captain, murderer of Ascham, 433. Wimbledon, Lord (Sir E. Cecil), his attack on Cadiz, 126, 154, 157. Windebank, Secretary, 275, 276, 278, 288, 291, 323. Windebank, Kit, his escapade in Madrid, 323. Wren, English chaplain, 84. Wright, Sir Benjamin, 501. Z Zapata, Cardinal, Inquisitor, 152, 229, 268. Zapata, Lieutenant of the Guard, 301, 329. Zuñiga, Baltasar de, 38, 43, 49, 52.
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