INDEX

Accounting, (uniform) in Ohio, 122;

significance of better, 181, 184-185;

unit cost, 185

Administration, scientific, 181-192

Advertising (political), as a source of patronage, 53;

see also County press

Agricultural associations, importance in rural life, 203

Alabama, origin of county system in, 21;

county officers elective in, 29;

report of prison inspector quoted, 92;

lack of accounting law in, 122;

county local option in, 150

Alameda County, Cal., work of Tax Association in, 7;

home rule charter proposed in, 81-149;

classification as an urban county, 154;

map of, diagram of proposed federation of, 161-162;

savings effected through better purchasing methods in, 189;

recommendations as to purchasing methods in, 190

Almshouse, description of early, 82, 83;

insane in, 87, 137-138;

in Westchester County, 200-201;

a Texas, 266-273;

see South

American Judicature Society, proposals for county judiciary of, 131

American Revolution, influence of its philosophy on local government institutions, 25

Appointive power, lack of, in county, 30

Appointive system, workings of, in eastern states, 30

Appointments, new method employed in Westchester County, N. Y., 201

Arizona, uniform accounting law in, 122

Arkansas, lack of accounting law in, 122

Assessment and taxation, county as a unit of, 125;

state control over, 126

Assessors, functions of, in New Jersey, 27;

elective officers since 1693, 28;

local selection of, 108-109

Auditing, significance of better, 181; 187 et seq.

Auditor, importance of independence of, 188

Automobile, effect on rural life and government, 23

Ballot, insignificance of county officers on, in many cases, 44

Baltimore, abolition of county government in, 153;

classification as an urban county, 154

Board of Chosen Freeholders, powers reduced in Hudson County, N. J., 38

Board of Supervisors, clerks of, in New York, appear before constitutional convention, 3;

function in fiscal administration of, 14;

duty of, in law enforcement, 132-133;

how constituted in ideal county, 171;

text of provisions in Los Angeles County charter concerning, 220-223;

see also Governing body

Boroughs, proposed division of Alameda County, Cal., into, 160

Boston, city-county consolidation in, 158;

metropolitan district compared to London, 164

Boundaries (county), made obsolete by conditions of modern life, 23;

power to change county, 113;

necessity for relocation of, 153

Boyle, Prof. John A., on reporting and accounting laws, 122

Bramhall, F. D, on obscurity of urban counties, 65

Bridges, frauds in building of, 77;

awarding of contracts for, 98-99;

awarding of contracts for, in Polk County, Iowa, 100;

see Roads and bridges

Bronx County, N. Y., formation of, 24

Budget, importance of adequate county executive in making of, 176;

nature of, 177;

significance of better, 181;

accounting basis for, 185-187

Buffalo, N. Y., relation to county, 154;

see Erie County

Bureau of Inspection, etc., in Ohio, 121

Bureau of Public Efficiency, (Chicago), on special county legislation, 116

Butte County (Cal.), charter of, 149

California, extent of merit system in counties of, 52;

county legislation in, 115;

uniform accounting law in, 122;

salary of county judges in, 130;

highway progress and plans in, 142;

success of municipal home rule in, 146;

county home rule in, 145-147;

county libraries in, 199, 207-219;

see also Alameda County, Los Angeles County, San Francisco County, Assessors

Cartwright, Otho G., quoted, 176

Charities, State Board of, in New York, 128;

modern methods in administration of, 136;

gradual abandonment of county as unit for administration of, 138

Chicago, candidates for county offices voted for in, 62;

law enforcement in, 106;

county government in, 114;

see also Cook County, Ill.

Chief medical examiner (in New York City), 134;

text of law, 257-265

Children, prohibition against commitment to almshouses, 83;

injustice done to destitute, under New York poor laws, 85;

treatment of, in Westchester County, 202

Cincinnati, Ohio, proposals for city-county consolidation in, 152

Cities, reconstructive forces in American, 1;

greater need for government in, 151;

consolidation with counties, 151-167;

importance solving the county problem of, 167;

commission government in, 169

Citizenship (rural), 194

Civil Service, slow growth of reform in counties, 52;

state control over, 126-127;

in Los Angeles County, Cal., 172-173, 231-239

Clerk of Court, duties of, 13;

relation to the bench, 135;

see County Clerk

Cleveland, Ohio, county government in, 114;

proposal for city-county consolidation in, 152;

relation to county, 154

Clinton County, N. Y., (County “B”), irregularities in county offices of, 72-73

Colorado, establishment of counties in, 22;

extent of merit system in, 52;

uniform accounting law in, 122;

provisions in constitution of, affecting Denver, 155

Commission plan of city government, 169

Commissioner of Charities and Correction, 202

Commissioners (county) in Pennsylvania, 28

Commitments to almshouses,—abuses of, in New York, 85, 200

Comptroller (state), ineffective as check upon county officers without adequate examining staff, 36

Connecticut, origin of county in, 9;

local system of courts in, 12;

public prosecutor in, 12;

influence of Massachusetts precedents in, 19;

convention in, 38;

appointive judiciary in, 131

Consolidation (city and county), under California constitution, 149;

in general, 151-167

Constables, law enforcement by, in New York State, 107, 138

Constabulary, Pennsylvania, 140;

in Los Angeles County charter, 231

Constitution (state), provisions concerning counties, 112, 115

Cook County, Ill., President of Board of Commissioners elected by people, 40;

large fees of treasurer in, 51;

county commissioners prevent accounting for county treasurer’s fees, 52;

duplication of local governments in, 63;

humanitarian functions of, 80, 81;

prisoners in county jail of, 80;

insane cared for by, 81;

dependent children cared for by, 81;

appropriations for, in 1913, 81

Coroner, origin of, 13;

falsity of theory underlying his election, 32;

fees of, 50;

failures in urban counties, 59;

abolition of, proposed, 133;

appointive, 172;

see Massachusetts, New York (city).

Corruption and form of government, 102

Council, powers of, in Indiana counties, 37

Council of appointment in New York State, 28

County, the, treatment of problem in New York constitutional convention, 2, 3;

popular apathy concerning, 5;

neglect of, in college courses, and by journalists, 6;

general statistics concerning, in U. S., 7-8;

colonial origin of, 9 et seq.;

legal relation to state government, 10, 11;

general manner of its development, 22-23;

decline of, in England, 23;

unadapted to urban conditions, 24;

its failure as a humanitarian agency, 92;

relation to state government, 113, 127, 128;

power to erect new, 113;

limitation on powers of, 113;

misuse of funds by, 120;

as unit for tax assessment, 125;

growing importance of, in certain directions, 143;

superiority over town as tax assessment and collection unit, 144;

abolishment of, proposed in New York City, 157;

the ideal, 168

—— chambers of commerce, 203

—— clerk, duties of, 13;

independence of county judge, 130;

relation to the bench, 135;

appointment of advocated, 135;

appointive method of selection of, 171, 172

——committee, actual power in selecting county officers, 48;

basis of party organization, 55

—— court, consisted of justices of the peace in Virginia, 17;

its administrative functions in some states, 17;

jurisdiction of, 129-132;

see also County Judge, Cook County

—— custodian, office of, created in a New York county, 5

—— governments, lack of control over local policies, 15;

ineffectual in operation owing to lack of unity, 43;

lack of popular interest in and its effects, 43-44;

their stereotyped condition in face of new responsibilities, 60;

at work, 66-79;

defects in, as affecting highway matters, 95;

general criticism of, 170

—— health officers in North Carolina, 195-196

—— hospital in Westchester County (N. Y.), 202

—— jail, separate jurisdiction of, in Milwaukee, 62;

overcrowding of, 91;

buildings faultily constructed and unsanitary, 91;

need of publicity concerning, 92;

in Westchester County (N. Y.), 202;

insane in, 271-273;

see also Cook County, Ill.

—— judge formerly appointed county officers in Tennessee, 28;

see also New York (state), County Court

—— libraries, 198-199

—— lieutenant, militia officer in colonies, 17

—— manager, proposed, 175;

probable influence of, 176-177;

proposed in Oregon, 178;

in New York, 178-179;

in Alameda County, Cal., 180;

text of proposed law providing for, 251-256

—— officers, duties of, in colonial New England, 18;

effect of obscurity on, 44;

effect of divided allegiance upon efficiency of, 68;

in Los Angeles County, 223-225;

under Los Angeles County charter, 227-229

—— physician, in New Jersey functions of, 134;

in North Carolina, 195

—— planning in Westchester County, N. Y., 197-198

—— poor farm in Westchester County, N. Y., 201

—— prisons, administration of, by counties, 89-92;

see also County jail

—— superintendent of schools appointive, 172

—— surveyor as road master, 96

—— treasurer, created in Massachusetts, 18;

see Cook County, Ill.

Court houses, scandals characteristic of building of, 76;

in Hudson County, N. J., 74-75

Courts, differentiation of functions necessary in urban communities, 59;

see also County Court, local system of, in colonial Connecticut, 12

Cox, Governor James J., efforts to improve tax assessment system in Ohio, 111

Cuyahoga County, O., see Cleveland

Dakota, alternative plans of county government in territory of, 22

Darke County, O., management of road affairs by board of commissioners, 98

Dayton, O., city manager plan in, 175

Defectives, treatment of, in Westchester County, N. Y., 201

Delaware, lack of accounting law in, 122

Democracy, spirit of, in early nineteenth century, 25-26

Denver, selection of sheriff by mayor in, 133;

classification as an urban county, 154;

constitutional provisions affecting government of, 155-156;

commission form of government in, 156;

power of mayor in, 156;

unified control in, 174

Deputy (chief) county officers, importance of, and relation to elective superiors, 50

Direct primary, doubtful value of, in county government, 48

District attorney (state), origin of, in colonial Connecticut, 12-13;

popular interest in, 46;

elected on false issue of law enforcement, 107-108;

functions of, 134;

essentially a local officer, 155;

see New York (state);

see also Prosecutor

District attorney (federal), method of selection contrasted with that of local prosecutors, 33

Efficiency, Bureau of (in Los Angeles County), 191

Elective road officials, 96

Electric railways, effect on rural life and government, 23

Engineering services, duplication of in Milwaukee, 62

England, importance of its precedents in colonies, 17

Erie County, N. Y., form of county government in, 114

Essex County, N. J., classification as urban county, 154;

county park system in, 163;

office of supervisor in, 173-174

Examiners (state), character of service rendered to local officials, 123

Executive, how absence of, militates against proper law enforcement, 34-35, 74

Federation, proposed in Alameda County, Cal., 159-160

Feeble-minded, removed from county control, 83

Fees, attraction of, to politician and disposition of, 50-51;

of coroner, 50;

theory of system, 51;

failure of system, 51, 202;

abolishment of, in Los Angeles County, 173

Finance, laxity in methods of, 70;

in bridge construction, 183

Fire protection, proposed as county function in Alameda County, Cal., 160

Flaherty v. Milliken, decision in, involving sheriff’s liability, 53

Florida, uniform accounting law in, 122

Freeholders, Board of Chosen, (N. J.), 173

Georgia, uniform accounting law in, 122

“Good roads” movement, effect on highway administration, 95, 140

Governing body, ill-adapted for executive functions, 41;

insufficient control over elective county officers, 41;

see also Boards of supervisors, Freeholders, Commissioners

Governor, formerly appointed county officers in Kentucky, 28;

ineffective control over county officers, 36;

suggestion that sheriffs be appointed by, 133;

county officers appointed by, in Massachusetts, 158

Hamilton County (O.), see Cincinnati

Haviland, Dr. C. Floyd, on treatment of insane in Pennsylvania, 88

Health (public), neglected in rural communities, 60;

beginnings and basic idea of movement for, 83;

county as a unit for administration of, 143;

program of, needed in rural sections, under county control, 195

Highways, as a unifying factor in modern life, 94;

amount spent in U. S. in 1913, 94;

growing state control over, 95;

diminution of county control over, 140 et seq.;

state aid for, 141;

see also Roads and bridges

Home office, relations to county of London, 166

Home rule (county), 145-150;

text of provisions in California constitution, 207-218;

proposed constitutional amendment in New York, 247-250

Hospital service, duplication of agencies for, in Milwaukee 61;

see also County hospital

Hudson County, N. J., court house scandal in, 7;

boulevard commission in, 38;

separate powers of commission, 38;

park system, 39;

building of court house in, 75;

classification as urban county, 154;

supervisor in, 173-174

Humanitarian functions of county, 80-93

Idaho, establishment of counties in, 22;

county local option in, 150

Illinois, Southern and New England influence on county system of, 21;

county officers under first constitution of, elective, 28;

system in, 52;

insane in penal institutions of, 87;

report of State Charities Commission on county jails, 91-92;

Sabbath law enforcement in, 106;

special county legislation in, 116;

optional county government forms in, 147;

see Cook County

Indiana, origin of county in, 20;

county officers under first constitution elective, 28;

county government scandal in 1898, 37;

powers of county commissioners reduced by establishment of council, 37;

illegal payments by county officers in, 78;

law enforcement in, 107;

uniform reporting in, 122

Industrial revolution, indirect influence on county government, 23

Insane, removed from county control, 83;

care of, by counties, 87-89;

first hospital for, at Utica, N. Y., 137;

see Cook County, Ill., New Jersey, Illinois, Louisiana, Pennsylvania

Institutions (state), see Insane, Penitentiaries, Reformatories, etc.

Iowa, county township system in, 20;

methods employed by supervisors in Woodbury County, 76-77;

bridge lobby in legislature of, 101;

state control of highways in, 142;

see Polk County

Jail, see County jail

Jersey City (N. J.), see Hudson County, N. J.

Judiciary (state), relation of county officers to, 129-132;

importance of reorganization, 131;

(federal) cited as instance of appointive method of selection, 131

“Jungle,” the, 34-42

Justices of the peace, duties of, in colonial Virginia, 17;

functions in Virginia, 27;

power to commit children to almshouses in New York State, 85;

reorganization of, 131;

jurisdiction of, 132

Kansas, county-township system in, 20;

report of roads and highways committee, 101;

uniform accounting law in, 122

Kentucky, influence of Virginia upon county organization of, 20;

county officers made appointive in eighteenth century, 28;

reaction against appointive system in, 29;

lack of accounting law in, 122;

county local option in, 150

Kings County, N. Y., former office of supervisor-at-large in, 40

Koochiching County ( Wis.), county health organization in, 196

Labor, provisions in Los Angeles County charter concerning, 239

Law enforcement, lax under county officers, 70, 74;

made a political issue, 107;

unification of local agencies for, suggested, 133;

see Nullification

Leadership, importance of, in county affairs, 176

Legislation (county), uniformity in, 112

Legislative representation, often based upon county, 56

Lewis, O. F., on county jails in New York, 91

Libraries, see County libraries

Local government, restricted functions of, in early nineteenth century, 27;

new burdens placed upon, as result of congestion of population, 58

London, functions of county of, 165;

County Council an example of county government unification, 164-166

Long ballot, its effect on organization of county government, 34;

contributions of county to, 62

Los Angeles County, Cal., charter of, 61, 149, 172, 219, et seq.;

county candidates on ballot of, 62;

civil service in, 191;

public defender in, 200

Louisiana, police jury in, 21;

insane in parish jails, 87;

uniform accounting law in, 122;

county local option in, 150

Macy, V. Everit, on operation of poor law in New York State, 84-85;

superintendent of the poor, 200-203

Madison, James, influence in favor of retaining original county system in Virginia, 29

Mail facilities, effect on rural life and government, 24

Maine, influence of Massachusetts precedents in, 19;

lack of accounting law in, 122

Marshall, John, influence in favor of retaining original Virginia county system, 29

Marshals, U. S., method of selection contrasted with that of sheriff, 33, 133

Maryland, county government, 19;

lack of accounting law in, 122;

highway progress in, 142;

county libraries in, 199

Massachusetts, origin and early history of county in, 9;

spoils system in, 52;

county prisons in, 90;

uniform accounting law in, 122;

abolition of coroner’s office in, 133;

leader in establishing state penal institutions, 137;

reform institutions in, 137;

state aid in highway construction in, 142;

metropolitan district of, 154

Medical examiner, suggested as a substitute for coroner, 60;

in Massachusetts, 133;

see also Chief medical examiner

Medical referee (in New Hampshire), 134

Michigan, township-supervisor system in, 20;

uniform accounting law in, 122;

state penitentiary in, 137;

county local option in, 150

Middle West, insane in almshouses, 87-88;

New England influences in, 104

Milwaukee, Wis., report of City Club of, regarding city and county offices, 61;

county government in, 114;

proposals for city-county consolidation in, 152;

relations to county, 154

Minnesota, alternative plans of county government in, 22;

uniform accounting law in, 122;

county local option in, 150;

county libraries in, 199

Mississippi, origin of county system in, 21;

county officers elective in, 29;

lack of accounting law in, 122

Missouri, county-township system in, 20;

alternative plans of, county organization in, 21;

county officers elective in, 29;

poor law and almshouse administration in, 86;

equalization of taxes in, 110;

lack of accounting law in, 122;

county libraries in, 199

Monroe County, N. Y., absence of road records in, 98

Montana, establishment of counties in, 22;

county local option in, 150

Mosquito Commission, in Hudson County, N. J., 39

Nassau County, N. Y., work of County Association in, 7;

recommendations of official commission in, for county home rule, 148

National Municipal League, its report on city-county consolidation, 153, 154

Nebraska, alternative plans of county organization in, 21;

activity of bridge builders in legislature of, 102;

county libraries in, 199

Nevada, uniform accounting law in, 122

New England, influences operating on local government in, 17;

formation of first counties in, 18;

county-town relations in, 143

New Hampshire, limited powers of commissioners in, 37-38;

convention, powers and duties of, 38;

lack of accounting law in, 122;

appointive judiciary in, 131

New Jersey, local assessors in, 19;

office of supervisor in, 39-40;

law affecting sheriff’s appointments, 52;

extent of merit system in counties of, 52;

insane in penal institutions of, 87;

county legislation in, 115-116;

state civil service regulation in, 127;

the surrogate in, 130;

appointive judiciary in, 131;

optional county government forms in, 147;

see Essex County, Hudson County

New Mexico, establishment of county system in, 22;

uniform accounting law in, 122

New York (city), special legislation for counties of, 117;

abolition of coroners in, 134;

city-county consolidation proposals in, 152;

extent of city-county consolidation in, 156-157;

metropolitan district compared to London, 164

New York (county), large fees of sheriff in, 51

New York (state), counties of, discussed in constitutional convention, 2-3;

supervisors in towns of, 19;

elective method applied to sheriffs and county clerks in, 29;

district attorneys and county judges made elective in, 29;

extent of merit system in counties of, 52;

legal relation of sheriff to his deputies in, 52-53;

requirements as to county advertising, 53;

almshouses in, 82;

improvement of condition of poor in, 84;

New England influences in, 104;

enforcement of anti-racing laws in, 106;

under-assessment of taxes by local officers, 109;

equalization of taxes in, 110;

county law in, 114;

uniform reporting law in, 121;

civil service regulation in, 127;

State Board of Charities, its jurisdiction, 128;

comptroller, his powers over county officers in, 128;

the surrogate in, 130;

state prisons in, 137;

first state reformatory in, 137;

“state” poor in, 138;

committee on State Police, 139;

highway control in, 142;

County Government Association, its recommendations concerning county home rule, 148;

metropolitan district of, 154;

proposal for county manager in, 178;

classification of county accounts in, 184;

public health movement in, 195;

county libraries in, 199;

see also Erie County, Kings County, Monroe County, Orange County, Nassau County, Prison Assn., Westchester County

New York Times, its proposals for abolishment of counties in New York State, 152

Niagara County, N. Y., district attorney quoted concerning rural post office robberies, 138

Niagara Falls, N. Y., city manager plan in, 175

North Carolina, influence of Virginia precedents on, 19;

lack of accounting law in, 123;

public health movement in, 195;

county physicians in, 195;

home-study clubs in, 204-205

North Dakota, accounting and reporting legislation in, 122

Northwest, importance of county as unit of government in, 22;

New England influences in, 104

Nullification, 104-111

Ohio, county-township system in, 20;

county officers in first constitution elective, 28;

extent of merit system in counties of, 52;

pioneer in county reporting, 121-122;

state penitentiary in, 137;

highway progress in, 142;

county libraries in, 198-199;

see Cleveland, Cincinnati, Darke County

Oklahoma, uniform accounting law in, 122;

public defender in, 199

Omaha, long ballot in, owing to elective county officers, 63

Orange County, N. Y., (County “A”), irregularities of officers of, 70-71

Ordinance of 1787, county officers under, appointive, 28

Oregon, establishment of counties in, 22;

county local option in, 150;

proposal for county manager in, 178;

county libraries in, 199

Parks, county system in Essex County, N. J., 163

Party, organization, importance of county as unit of, 55;

baneful effects upon county administration, 191

Payments, frequency of illegal, 188

Pennsylvania, commissioners in, 19;

party organization in, 55;

care of dependent children in, 86-87;

treatment of insane in, 88-89;

state constabulary in, 140

Pennybacker, J. E., on highways, 140 et seq.

Philadelphia, classification as an urban county, 154

Personnel, importance and limitations of, as factor in good government, 67;

administrative, 191;

see Civil service

Police, proposed as county function in Alameda County, Cal., 160;

see Constabulary

Police functions, county officers unable to perform, in complex communities, 58

Political boss, origin of, in county government, 47-48

Polk County, Iowa, awarding of bridge contracts in, 100

Poor, care of, entrusted to county governments, 14-15;

former treatment and present scientific handling of, 82;

superintendents of, in N. Y. State, powers of, 85;

overseers of, in N. Y. State, commitments by, 85;

importance of records concerning, 190;

administration of laws dealing with, 200;

see Missouri, N. Y. State, Pennsylvania

Poverty, prevention of, 201

Press (county), small circulation, lack of independence, 54;

need for improving, 194

Prison Association, in New York State, secretary of, quoted, 91

Prisoners, classification of, 83, 84;

jurisdiction of county over, 90;

classification of, systematically violated, 91;

transfer of certain classes of, to state institutions advocated, 136-137

Probation, importance of records concerning, 190

Professional politicians, great opportunity of, in obscurity of county government, 47

Prosecutor, appointment of, advocated, 135;

see District attorney

Public defender, the, 199-200

Public Efficiency Society, work of, in Cook County, Ill., 7

Publicity, importance in county affairs of, 182

Purchasing, duplication of systems in Milwaukee, 62;

significance of better methods of, 181;

agent, 189;

consolidation of local agencies for, 190, 200, 201

Qualifications (legal) of county officers, lack of, 50

Quick, Herbert, on county government in Iowa, 76-77;

characterization of county government by, 194

Race track legislation, enforcement of, by local county officers, 106-107

Readjustments of county system, 129-144

Recall, provisions in Los Angeles County charter concerning, 240-244

Reconstruction, of county government, 168-180;

formula for, 169

Recorder, appointive, 172

Records, usual lack of, in road management by counties, 98;

in Westchester County almshouse, 200-201

Reporting, importance of uniform, 121

Responsibility, lack of in organization of judiciary, 131;

necessity for fixing in counties, 170-171

Rhode Island, origin of county in, 9;

influence of Massachusetts institutions in, 19;

sheriffs appointed by legislature in, 29;

lack of accounting law in, 123

Roads and bridges, 94-103;

under Los Angeles County charter, 229-231

Rochester, N. Y., proposals for city-county consolidations in, 152

Rural politics, influence of county press on, 55

Rural voter, civic capacity of, 44, 170

St. Louis County (Mo.), city-county consolidation in, 153

Salmon, Dr. Thomas W., on county almshouse care of insane, 89

San Bernardino County, Cal., adoption and amendment of county charter in, 30, 31, 149

San Francisco, classification as an urban county, 154;

city-county consolidation in, 158-159

Saxon kingdoms, the original of English counties, 23

Secor, Alson, on bridge lobby at Des Moines, 101-102

Sectionalism, stimulated by governmental organization in some states, 97

Selectmen, functions in colonial Virginia, 16;

functions of, in New England, 27

Sheriff, maladministration of, in a central N. Y. county, 4;

historical origin of, 11;

court duties of, 12;

duties of, in Virginia, 17;

elective officer in Pennsylvania since 1726, 28;

in New Jersey after Revolution, 28;

falsity of theory underlying his election, 32;

large fees of, in New York County, 51;

appointing power restricted in New Jersey, 52;

relation to deputies according to N. Y. courts, 52-53;

principal police agency in early local governments, 58;

conflict with other police agencies, 60, 61;

limitations as jail keeper, 90;

as enforcer of state laws in N. Y. State, 107;

imperfectly controlled by county judge, 130;

functions as court officer discussed, 132;

suggestion that governor appoint, 133;

inability of, in dealing with crime, 139;

encroachment upon functions of, by Department of Correction in N. Y. City, 157;

appointive method of selection of, proposed, 171;

importance of records of, 190;

see Rhode Island

Short ballot, the basic principle of county reconstruction, 169-170;

meaning of, 181

Solicitor, see District Attorney

South, development of county in, 9;

the insane in county almshouses of, 87

South Carolina, influence of Virginia precedents on, 19;

lack of accounting law in, 123;

appointive judiciary in, 131

Southwest, importance of county as unit of local government in, 22

Special legislation, testimony of county officer concerning, in N. Y. constitutional convention, 4

State constitutions, provisions of, concerning counties, 112

—— control in taxation, 126

—— examiners in Ohio, 121

—— government, stiffening hold on highway matters, 95;

influence in county affairs, 112-119

—— legislatures, power over counties, 112

—— party organization, built upon county units, 55

—— supervision of accounts recommended, 185

State’s attorney, see District Attorney

Suffolk County, Mass., see Boston

Suffolk County, N. Y., work of Taxpayers Assn. in, 7

Superintendent of the poor, appointive method of selection proposed, 171

Supervisor (town), functions of, in N. Y., 27;

elective officers in N. Y. since 1691, 28;

in Hudson County, N. J., 40;

influence in road affairs, 97;

see Board of supervisors, Essex County and Hudson County, N. J.

Surrogate, jurisdiction of, in probate matters, 130

Surveyor, appointive, 172;

see County surveyor

System (of government), importance of, as contrasted with personnel, 66, 74, 78

Tammany Hall, its influence exercised through control of county offices, 55

Tax administration, inappropriateness of town as unit for, 144;

dual system of, in California, 160

—— collector, appointive, 172

—— laws, nullification of, by local officers, 108

Taylor, Graham, on humanitarian functions of county, 80-81

Tehama County (Cal.), charter of, 149

Telephone, effect on rural life and government, 24

Tennessee, influence of early Virginia precedents on county government, 20;

county officers of, made appointive, 28;

uniform accounting law in, 122

Texas, American county system established in, 22;

lack of accounting law in, 123;

county local option in, 150

Town, dominant idea in local government of New England, 17;

relation of county to, in New England, 143;

inappropriateness of, for performance of certain functions, 143-144

Township officers in Los Angeles County charter, 225-227

Treasurer, elective in Massachusetts, 27;

appointive, 172;

see county treasurer

Tuberculosis, effect upon general public health movement of fight against, 195

Turnpike companies, as road builders and operators, 94

Uniformity in county legislation, 112 et seq.

Urban communities, growth of, 57

Urban counties, 57-65

Utah, establishment of counties in, 22;

lack of accounting law in, 123

Vermont, lack of accounting law in, 123

Virginia, origin of counties of, 16;

constitutional convention, discussion concerning local government in, 29;

reaction against appointive system of, 29;

lack of accounting law in, 123;

highway progress in, 142;

independent cities of, 153

Westchester County, work of Research Bureau, 7;

patronage in political advertising, 53-54;

recommendations of official commission in, for county home rule, 148;

auditing practices in, 184;

discrepancies between estimates, etc., for poor relief in, 184;

see County planning, V. Everit Macy

Westchester County Chamber of Commerce, its activities in county planning, 197;

in activities for better county government, 204

Westchester County Research Bureau, statement concerning budget making, 186-187

Western Reserve, New England influences in, 20, 104

West Virginia, uniform accounting law in, 122

Wisconsin, compromise plan of county government, township system in, 21;

spoils system in, 52;

provisions for county graduate nurse in, 196;

county libraries in, 199

Wyoming, auditing system in, 122;

county libraries in, 199