Chapter XVII

THE END OF THE DARK AGE

[Sidenote: The end of the age.]

As we draw to the close of the long period which, through the conversion of the barbarian races and the growth of a central power in the Church at Rome, so profoundly influenced the future of the world, we are met by some outstanding facts which mark an epoch of crisis and of reformation. They are—the widening breach in matters religious, as earlier in matters political, between East and West; the influences which served to strengthen the theory of the papal monarchy even at the time of its greatest practical weakness; and the strength of the Empire under the Saxon Ottos as a power to unite Western Europe and to reform the Western Church.

[Sidenote: The papacy of Nicolas I., 858-67.]

Nicolas, who was elected in 858, was a great pope. He asserted the moral force of Christianity in a way in which his predecessors very frequently followed him, by vindicating the indissolubility of the marriage tie. Chlothochar, King of Lotharingia, separated from his wife Theudberga, bringing against her foul charges, which a council of clergy at Aachen accepted. Nicolas intervened: again and again he endeavoured to control the Frankish clergy and rescind the divorce; but it was {192} only in 863 by a council at Rome, where the archbishops of Cologne and Trier were present, that he was able to proceed to extremities. He excommunicated those two prelates, and deposed them with all those who had assisted them: he warned Hincmar of Rheims of what he had done. The emperor Louis, Chlothochar's brother, marched on Rome and captured the city; but there, through illness it appears, he completely submitted to the pope. Nicolas enforced his decision on the Frankish king, the Frankish bishops, on Hincmar, the great archbishop of Rheims himself. In a letter he developed the theory that the Empire owed its confirmation to the authority of the Apostolic See, and that the sword was conferred on the emperor by the pope, the vicar of S. Peter. Truly it was said of this pope by one who wrote a century after his death, "Since the days of Gregory to our own sat no prelate on the throne of S. Peter to be compared to Nicolas. He tamed kings and tyrants and ruled the world like a monarch: to holy bishops he was mild and gentle: to the wicked and unconverted a terror; so that truly may we say that in him arose a new Elijah."

Of equal though different importance was the action of the papacy in regard to the East. What is known as the Photian schism is the divergence between the churches of Constantinople and Rome, which became critical during the pontificate of Nicolas I.

[Sidenote: The Photian schism.]

Photius, a man of great learning and experience, a scholar and theologian of the familiar Greek type, was elected Patriarch of Constantinople on Christmas Day, 857. At the time when Michael III. determined on his appointment he was not even ordained: in six days he {193} received the different orders and was made patriarch. But his election was uncanonical. Ignatius the patriarch, who was still living, was deposed because of his censures of the emperor's evil life. Photius announced his election to Pope Nicolas, but Ignatius refused to surrender his rights; both parties excommunicated each other; and the emperor mocked at both. But he also asked the pope to send legates to a council which should restore order to the Church. The Council met in 861. It confirmed Photius in his office, and the papal legates assented. Nicolas refused to accept the decision and took upon him to annul it, to depose Photius, to declare the orders conferred by him invalid, and to announce his decision to the other patriarchs and to the metropolitans and bishops who owed obedience to Constantinople. Neither the emperor nor Photius would submit; and in 867 Photius issued, in a council at Constantinople, an encyclical letter, in which he repudiated the papal claim of jurisdiction (which was complicated by assertions of supremacy over the Bulgarian Church), and denounced a number of tenets held by Westerns, [Sidenote: The Philioque controversy.] and most notably the addition of the word Filioque to the Nicene Creed, as asserting the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son. He ended by excommunicating the pope.

In the year 867 Nicolas died, Michael was deposed, Photius followed him into retirement, Basil the Macedonian ascended the throne, and Ignatius was restored to the patriarchate. A council was held in 869 at which papal legates attended, which approved these acts, and which is counted by the Roman Church as {194} the Eighth Oecumenical Council. This Council confirmed the Church's decision as to image-worship. Ignatius held his throne till his death in 877, when Photius was reinstated. His return was signalised by a new agreement with Rome, in which Pope John VIII. repudiated the insertion of the Filioque, and declared that it was inserted by men whose daring was due to madness, and who were transgressors against the Divine Word. Another council at Constantinople (879-80) confirmed the reinstatement, declared Photius to be lawful patriarch, and anathematised the Council of 869. This is reckoned by the Greeks as the Eighth Oecumenical Council. [Sidenote: End of the schism.] Then the schism was for the time healed. It made no difference that a new emperor, Leo VI., the Wise, deposed Photius again and appointed his own brother. The union remained formally throughout the tenth century. But though the eleventh century opened with a nominal agreement, it was not destined to endure. The points of severance must be dealt with in a later volume. It may here suffice to say that the position of the Greeks was rigidly conservative, of the popes aggressively authoritative.

It was an age of growing papal claims; and the claims had now found a new basis.

[Sidenote: The forged decretals.]

The promises, true and legendary, of Pippin, and the spurious donation of Constantine, had still further extension in the False Decretals. These were first used by Nicolas I., who was pope from 858 to 867. During his pontificate the collection of Church laws, with the canons of the Oecumenical Councils, the letters of the most important bishops and the like, with the ecclesiastical laws of the {195} emperors, which were practically becoming a corpus juris canonici, received a notable addition. The genuine decretals of the popes begin with Siricius (384-98); but there now (between 840 and 860) appeared fifty-nine more, professing to date from the second and third centuries, and also thirty-nine became interpolated among the genuine documents, which ranged from 386 to 731. These were put forth by a skilful forger as the collection of Isidore of Seville, and they were incorporated in the authentic collection made by him. A most remarkable series of documents was this, in every point supporting the claims now put forth by the Roman See to political as well as ecclesiastical supremacy, deciding questions of discipline and right such as were then vexed, and supplying a veritable armoury for the advocates of papal claims to rule everywhere, over all persons, and in all causes. The forged decretals, now known as the pseudo-Isidorian, had their origin among the Franks, and showed the aims and the needs of the Frankish reformers. They set forth three great objects—"freedom from the secular power, establishment of the ecclesiastical hierarchy with a firm discipline, and centralisation of organisation upon which all could depend." [1] They represented, in fact, a scheme of reform and the way in which a somewhat unscrupulous reformer imagined it could best be carried out. Probably the forged decretals were concocted at Rheims, or possibly at Mainz, and they were first used in a critical case in 866, when a bishop of Soissons, deposed by Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims, appealed to the pope on the ground that the power of deposition by the decretals belonged to him alone. It is difficult {196} to believe that when Nicolas I. accepted them he was not aware that they were not the genuine writings of the popes whose work they professed to be: he can hardly have thought that Spain (where it was said that they had been discovered) was more likely to have kept papal documents safely than the Roman Chancery itself. Their importance was, however, not evident at first. In the ninth and tenth centuries comparatively little was made of them. It was in the eleventh and the centuries which followed that a gigantic edifice of papal assumption was to be built upon them by popes who were fired with a true zeal to reform the world, and who, not doubting their authenticity, found in them an instrument ready to their hands.

[Sidenote: The decay of the papacy.]

The weakness of the papacy in the tenth century was indeed such that no theory could give it respect in Europe. The weakness of the Church was heralded by that of the Empire. The Carling house expired in contempt almost as great as that which had fallen on the Merwings. In Gaul the Norman had won fair provinces on the coast; and the house of the Counts of Paris came in the tenth century to rule over the Franks. There the Church remained strong as the State decayed, and it was the great archbishopric of Rheims which gave the crown to the line of Hugh the Great. In Germany the dynasty of the Carlings became extinct. In Rome the power over the city fell into the hands of the local nobility; and the period was made infamous by the lives of Theodora and Marozia, who were the paramours of popes. The tale of the age of disgrace which marks the greater part of the tenth century is of no importance in the history of the Church. A succession of {197} popes, whom their contemporaries certainly did not believe to be infallible, followed each other in rapid procession. John X. alone (914-28) has any claim to greatness; but he, like the others, was deeply stained with the vices, political if not moral, of his age. It was not until the Saxon Otto came to Italy like a knight-errant to redress the wrongs of the Northern princes, and was crowned at Rome in 962, that the Church in Italy began to revive from its ashes. He deposed and set up popes; and he gave to the papacy something of the bracing ideals which the new life of Gaul and Germany inspired.

The moral weakness of the papacy, the political weakness of Italy, had founded the Empire anew, as it had been founded anew in 800. The revival of the Empire under Charles the Great, and again under Otto, was not due to political considerations only; it was due also to the force of religious ideas.

[Sidenote: The religious revival of the Empire under the Saxons.]

One great characteristic of the revived Empire in German hands was the important part played in its policy by missions, and, it must be added, missionary wars. It was said of Charles the Great by his eulogists that he converted Saxons and Vandals and Frisians by the Word and the sword: and this thought was embodied in a series of wars which have been somewhat fancifully compared to the Crusades of later days. Otto I. thrice invaded the land of the Slavs and made all the barbarians from the Oder to the Elbe admit his lordship. Six new bishoprics were founded as his sway spread, and the bishop of Magdeburg was raised to be "archbishop and metropolitan of the whole race of the Slavs beyond the Elbe which has {198} been, or still remains to be, converted to God." But though it was a real work of civilisation, a work which made for peace, that the German Caesars undertook, it was not a Crusade. A Crusade was a war to win back from the infidel what had once been the patrimony of the Crucified: the wars of the Ottos were directed to extend their own sway, and, as ever, the true work of the converting Church was not helped but hindered by the arms and enterprises of soldiers and statesmen. When the tribes revolted against the government of the Germans, they often disowned their Christianity and destroyed their churches. Under Otto III. the Empire did not recover what she had lost, and the province of Magdeburg remained for nearly half its extent in heathen hands. [Sidenote: Otto the Great's endowment in Germany.] The Church suffered from this association. Where the mission of S. Boniface had been purely spiritual, the work of his successors was often hampered by the ambition of the emperors. In the lands alike of Eastern and Western Franks the Church was often led to lean on the State, and the results, of slackness, corruption, weakness, were inevitable. The rich endowments which were poured upon the Church were not always wisely given or wisely used. The Caesars themselves showered gifts: Otto the Great surpassed all his predecessors in lavishness,[2] and his dynasty followed in his steps. But the honours and riches were given quite as much for political as for religious objects. In the bishops and abbats the sovereigns found the wisest servants, the most capable administrators. As among the West Franks under the {199} Merwings, so now among the East Franks, the great ecclesiastics were the supports of the monarchy, the real governors of the country. It was thus that they came to owe their position—if not their election always yet certainly their confirmation—to the imperial will. As in Rome the emperors were stretching forth a hand to control the elections to the papacy, so in Germany there was growing up at the end of the tenth century the practice of imperial control over the things of the Church. The policy of the Ottos and the reformation of the papacy were certain ultimately to lead to the contest concerning investitures. High clerical office had come too often to be bought and sold, and the churches were becoming mere appanages of the great principalities. It was wise of Otto I. to try to win from the dukes the power they had obtained: but it was not for the good of the Church that the power should be even in the imperial hands.

[Sidenote: Otto III. and the popes.]

Otto I. died in 973. He had begun the reformation of the papacy. His son and grandson succeeded him, Otto II. in 973, Otto III. in 983. In 996 died Pope John XV., a Roman whom the Frankish chronicler, Abbo of Fleury, declares to have been lustful of filthy lucre and venal in all his acts. To Otto the clergy, senate, and people of Rome submitted the election of his successor. He chose his own cousin Bruno, "a man of holiness, of wisdom, and of virtue,"—news, to quote the same saintly writer, more precious than gold and precious stones. His throne was insecure: the Roman noble Crescentius drove him from it, but he won his way back and overcame one who had been set up as an anti-pope. He died in 999.

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At the close of the tenth century a pope and an emperor of great ideas stand forth from the blackness of an age when, according to the evidence of councils and of monastic chronicles alike, vice was rampant—"the more powerful oppress the weaker, and men are like fishes in the sea, which everywhere in turn devour one another"—and the bishops and clergy alike neglected their duties. Otto III. (983-1002), the offspring of the German who sat on the imperial throne and the daughter of the Caesars of the East, made himself a real ruler of the Empire in Church as well as in State, and after the disputed succession of his cousin Bruno (Gregory V., 996-99) placed on the papal throne the first of the great line of later medieval popes. Gregory V. was the first pope of transalpine birth imposed by the Germans; Gerbert was the first of the French popes. It needed the imperial army to keep Gregory on the throne, and to crush the last of the Roman princelets who had made the papacy infamous; Gerbert (Silvester II., 999-1003) was only able to remain in the eternal city so long as Otto was there to protect him. [Sidenote: Gerbert.] But Gerbert's greatness belonged to a sphere far wider than that of the local papacy. He was a scholar in the ancient classics, a logician, mathematician, astronomer and musician, a great collector of books and a great teacher of men. An Aquitanian by birth, he was brought up at Aurillac, and then passed from one place of study to another, till, by the influence of the Emperor Otto I., he settled at Rheims in 972. His school was a famous one: among those whom he taught were many bishops, Robert the future king of the Franks and Otto the future emperor. From Rheims he went as abbat to {201} Bobbio, where the necessary severity of his rule provoked such opposition that he was obliged to return to Gaul. [Sidenote: In Gaul] He returned in time to win the influence of the great see of Rheims on behalf of the child heir of Otto II., who died at the end of 983, and to take part in the diplomacy which ended in the transfer of the West Frankish crown to Hugh the duke of the Franks. When Arnulf, of the very Karling house which had been dispossessed, became archbishop, and tried to hand over Rheims to his kindred, Gerbert, the steadfast supporter of the "Capetians," was made his successor. The election was of more than doubtful legality, and the politics, papal and imperial, of the time still further complicated the question: it was only settled by the transference of Gerbert, on the nomination of his old pupil, Otto III., to the see of Ravenna, From 998 he remained in Italy till his death. [Sidenote: and in Italy.] In 999 he became pope, and then he gave himself, heart and soul, to forward the great schemes, missionary, reforming, imperial, which were indeed as much his own as those of the enthusiastic genius of the young emperor. The old offices of the "republic" were revived and harmonised, as in the East, with the Christian character of the imperial power. Pope and emperor worked hand in hand for the conversion of the barbarians: it is said that it was Silvester who gave the kingship to the Hungarian Duke Stephen, as a son of the Christian Empire and the holy see of the imperial city. In the unquiet days of his papacy he was yet able to set an example of wisdom, counsel, godliness, charity, which formed an epoch in the regeneration of the Roman episcopate. Zealous, loyal, inspired by an overpowering sense of duty, {202} Silvester II. in a short time fulfilled a long time and left a mark on the history of the Middle Ages such as was made by but few even of its greatest men. [Sidenote: Pope Silvester II.] At his death in 1003 the age of reform had started on its way; and his was the light which had directed its beginnings. Thus in the West the end of the period shows the Empire and the papacy of one mind, eager for a spiritual reform in the Church, for Christian and missionary ideals in the State, not careful to delimit the provinces of Church and State, but eager rather for unity of action as well as sentiment in the cause of Christian extension and endeavour.

[Sidenote: The end of the Dark Age.]

Though the contest was not yet over, it might be said with confidence that the Church of Christ had won over the barbarians. Missionaries and martyrs had changed the face of Europe, and the fierce tribes which were pouring over the Continent in the fifth century, barbarous and heathen, were now for the most part tamed and converted to the love of Christ. Out of a land which had been wild and barbarous, and where one of the greatest of saints and missionaries had met his death, had come a revival in Christian form of the old imperial idea, and the great men who had been nourished by it had given new health to the central Church of Europe. For the moment, the Empire and the Papacy, Germany and the new temporal State in the hands of the Roman bishop, were united to lead the Christian nations and to convert the heathen on their borders. In the East remained the magnificent fabric of the immemorial Empire, active still in missionary labour and setting an example of the union of Church and State in {203} agreement to which the West could never attain. The eleventh century was to bring to East and West alike, with new responsibilities, new difficulties in action and new problems in thought. Everywhere it was for unity men strove, the unity which if in its main aspect it was political, was on its spiritual and ideal side embodied in the visible Church of Christ.

[1] Dr. O. L. Wells, The Age of Charlemayne, p. 434.

[2] See H. A. L. Fisher, The Medieval Empire, ii. p. 65; Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, iii. 57-9.

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APPENDIX I

LIST OF EMPERORS AND POPES, 461-1003

POPES. EMPERORS WEST EAST

457 Leo I. 461 Hilarus 461 Severus ————- 467 Anthemius 468 Simplicius 472 Olybrius 473 Glycerius 474 Julius Nepos 474 Zeno 475 Romulus Augustulus 483 Felix III. ————- 491 Anastasius I. 492 Gelasius I. 496 Anastasius II. 498 Symmachus 514 Hormisdas 518 Justin I. 523 John I. 526 Felix IV. 527 Justinian I. 530 Boniface II. 532 John II. 535 Agapetus I. 536 Silverius 537 Vigilius 555 Pelagius I. 560 John III. 565 Justin II. 574 Benedict I. 578 Pelagius II. 578 Tiberius II. 582 Maurice {206}

590 Gregory I. 602 Phocas 604 Sabinianus 607 Boniface III. 607 Boniface IV. 610 Heraclius 615 Deusdedit 618 Boniface V. 625 Honorius I. 638 Severinus. 640 John IV. 641 ( Heracleonas ( Constantine III. 642 Theodorus I. 642 Constans II. 649 Martin I. 654 Eugenius I. 657 Vitalianus. 668 Constantine IV. 672 Adeodatus 676 Domnus I. 678 Agatho 682 Leo II. 683 Benedict II. 685 John V. 685 Justinian II. 687 Sergius I. 694 Leontius 697 Tiberius III. 701 John VI. 705 John VII. 705 Justinian II. (restored) 708 Sisinnius 708 Constantine 711 Philippicus 713 Anastasius II. 715 Gregory II. 715 Theodosius III. 717 Leo III. 731 Gregory III. 741 Zacharias 741 Constantine V. 752 Stephen II. 752 Stephen III. 757 Paul I. 768 Stephen III. (or IV.) 772 Hadrian I. 775 Leo IV. 779 Constantine VI 795 Leo III. 797 Irene {207}

800 Charles I. 802 Nicephorus I. 811 Stauracius 811 Michael I. 813 Leo V. 814 Louis I. 816 Stephen IV. 817 Paschal I. 820 Michael II. 824 Eugenius II. 827 Valentinus 827 Gregory IV. 829 Theophilus 840 Lothar I. 842 Michael III. 844 Sergius II. 847 Leo IV. 855 Benedict III. 855 Louis II. (in Italy) 858 Nicolas I. 867 Hadrian II. 867 Basil I. 872 John VIII. 875 Charles II. (West Franks) 882 Marinus I. 882 Charles III. (East Franks) 884 Hadrian III. 885 Stephen V. 886 Leo VI. 891 Formosus 891 Guido (in Italy) 894 Lambert (in Italy) 896 Boniface VI. 896 Arnulf 896 Stephen VI. (East Franks) 897 Romanus 897 Theodorus II. 898 John IX. 900 Benedict IV. 901 Louis III. (in Italy) 903 Leo V. ————— 903 Christopher 904 Sergius III. 911 Anastasius III. 912 Constantine VII. (till 958) {208}

913 Lando 912 Alexander ) 914 John X. 919 Romanus I. ) co- ( Constantine ) emperors 915 Berengar 944 ( VIII ) 928 Leo VI. (in Italy) ( Stephanus ) 929 Stephen VII.

931 John XI. ———— 936 Leo VII. 939 Stephen VIII. 942 Marinus II. 946 Agapetus II.

955 John XII. 958 Romanus II. 962 Otto I. 963 Leo VIII. 963 Basil II. ) [964 Benedict V.] 963 Nicephorus ) 965 John XIII. II. ) co- 973 Benedict VI. 973 Otto II. 969 John I. ) emperors 974 Domnus II. 976 Constantine ) 974 Benedict VII. IX. ) 983 John XIV. 983 Otto III. 985 John XV. 996 Gregory V. 999 Silvester II. 1002 Henry (II.) 1003 John XVII.

NOTE.—This list is for the most part that adopted by Dr. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire; but the dates might be slightly varied by reference to Duchesne, K. Mueller, and Funk (Weltzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon). It may also be noted that the popes were frequently not elected till the year after the death of their predecessors.

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APPENDIX II

A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. A list of original authorities for the whole of the period 461-1003 would be too long in proportion to the text of this book, but a few of the most important may be mentioned for the sake of those who wish to begin to study the period at first hand. Any such study should include:—

Evagrius, ed. Bidez and Parmentier, 1898. Zachariah of Mitylene [translation], ed. Hamilton and Brooks, 1899. Bede, ed. Ch. Plummer, 1895. Procopius, ed. Haury (in course of publication). Joannes Diaconus, Vita S. Gregorii, ed. Migne, and Zeitschrift fuer Katholische Theologie, XI., 158-73. Gregory the Great, Letters, ed. Ewald and Hartmann, 1887, etc. Paulus Diaconus, ed. Waitz, 1878. Monumenta Moguntina, ed. Jaffe, 1866. Gregory of Tours, ed. Arndt and Krusch, 1884-5. Liber Pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, 1886-92. Liudprand, ed. Duemmler, 1877. Letters of Gerbert, ed. Havet, 1889. Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ed. Jaffe, 1851, 2nd ed. 1885. Mansi, Concilia, 1759-98. Einhard, Vita Caroli Magni, ed. Pertz and Waitz, 1880.

II. Reference to the other authorities can be most easily found through modern works, from which the following is a selection:—

Milman, History of Latin Christianity. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (ed. Bury). {210} Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire. Oman, The Dark Ages. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders. Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands. Harnack, Dogmengeschichte. Duchesne, Les Eglises Separees. " Les Premiers Temps de L'Etat Pontifical. H. Leclercq, L'Afrique chretienne. " L'Espagne chretienne. M. J. Labourt, Le Christianisme dans l'Empire perse. P. J. Pargoire, L'Eglise byzantine, de 527 a 847. A. J. Butler, The Arab Conquest of Egypt. Diehl, L'Afrique byzantine. " Justinien. " Etudes sur l'administration byzantine dans l'Exarchat de Ravenne. F. H. Dudden, Gregory the Great. Hefele, History of the Councils. Gasquet, L'Empire byzantin et la Monarchie franque. Hutton, The Church of the Sixth Century. Besse, S. Wandrille. Du Bourg, S. Odon. Martin, S. Colomban. Hodgkin, Charles the Great. Davis, Charlemagne. Fisher, The Medieval Empire. Hunt, The English Church, 597-1066. Margoliouth, Mohammed. Gardner, Theodore of Studium. Marin, De Studio Constantinopolitano. Lavisse (ed.), Histoire de France. Marignan, Etudes sur la civilisation francaise (la societe merovingienne). Luetzow, Bohemia. Morfill, Poland. Rambaud, Histoire de la Russie. Poole, Illustrations of Medieval Thought. Kraus, Geschichte der Christlichen Kunst, I. Potthast, Bibliotheca Medii Aevi.

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INDEX

Aachen, 167; councils at(809), 81; (860), 190 Abasgi, a Caucasian people, converted, 95 Abbassides, dynasty of Khalifs, descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas, 156 Abbats, lay, 168-9, 172; in the Rule of S. Columban, 171; Cluniac, 174-5 Abbo of Fleury, Frankish chronicler, 199 Abder Rahman I., Ommeyad Khalif of Cordova (755), 146 Abyssinian Church, Monophysite, 9, 23, 111 Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, 7, 8, 10 Acca, bishop of Hexham (709-32), 169 Adalbert, S. (Voytech), bishop of Prague, 125-6, 129 Adalwald, Lombard king, 63 Adam of Bremen, 130 Adamuan's Life of Columba, 115-16 Adiaphorites, 86 Adoptianist heresy, 72; in the West, 78-9, 81, 168; in the East, 79, 80, 156 Aelfeah (Alphege), bishop, 121 Aelfric, abbat of Eynsham, 121 Aethelbert, king of Kent, 183-5 Aethelred, king of England, 121 Aethelstan, king of England, 131 Aethelwold, bishop of Winchester, 119 Africa, the Church in North, 5, 17, 20, 103-10; increase of papal power, 65, 67, 69, 107-8; Eucharist, 179; survival of Christian customs to modern times, 23, 110; Vandals in, 103; reconquered by Belisarius, 105; Muhammadan conquest, 5, 108, 109 Agapetus (Agapitus), Pope, 15, 38 Agatho, Pope, 88 Agde, 146 Agilulf, Lombard king, 62, 134 Agnellus, archbishop of Ravenna, 33 Agriculture, cared for by the Benedictines, 36; by Gregory the Great, 65 Aidan, S., 116 Airulf, Lombard king, 68 Aistulf, Lombard king, 148, 149 Akoimetai, 8, 14, 161 Aktistetes, 86 Alamanni, 42, 135 Alans, Mongol barbarians, in Gaul, 41 Albagrians of the Caucasus, converted, 95 Albinus, abbat of Canterbury (d. 732), 169 Alcuin, 81, 116, 141, 152, 167-70 Aldhelm, S., of Malmesbury, 115, 171 Alexandria, Church and Patriarchate of, 8, 10, 16, 17, 24, 64, 65, 84, 87, 110; Eucharist, 179; conquered by the Arabs, 109 Alfred the Great, king of England, 32, 118 Alodaei, Soudanese people, converted, 111 Althing, Icelandic assembly, 132 Amalric, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74 Ambo (pulpit), 188 Ambrosian Rite (so called from S. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 374-97), 183 Amoeneburg (Hessen), monastery, 136 Anastasius, emperor, 7, 9, 47 Anastasius, patriarch of Antioch, 63 Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople, (703-53), 155, 157 Anastasius of Sinai, S., 180. Andover, 121 Angarii, tribe allied with the Saxons, 140 Annegray, S. Columban's settlement at, 55 Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury (died 1109), 160, 171 Ansgar, S., archbishop of Hamburg, 129-30 Anthimus, patriarch of Constantinople, 15 Antioch, Church and Patriarchate of, 8, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24, 84, 87, 156; Eucharist, 179; synod at (541 or 542), 16 Antirrhetici of S. Theodore the Studite, 164 Antistes (bishop), 66 Antony, archbishop of Novgorod (c. 1200), 161 Aphthartodocetes, 21, 85 Apocrisiarius, papal envoy at Constantinople, 63 Aquilea, patriarch of, 21, 39 Aquitaine, 49 Arabia, conquered by Muhammad, 101; Arabian Christians in Persia, 110; Christianity in S. Arabia, 111 Arabs. See Muhammadans. Architecture, Byzantine, 25-8, 100, 106 Arcona (Isle of Ruegen), heathen temple at, 127 Arianism, extinct in the East, 9; of the Goths in Italy, 29, 30, 60; its suppression a political necessity, 33; the Frankish struggle against, 47-8; of the Vandals in Africa, 103-5; of the Lombards, 56, 61; in Spain, 73, 74, 75 Arles, 46, 49, 50, 146 Armagh, monastery, 53 Armenia, 3; Church of, 13, 84, 85, 95, 156; Monophysite, 23, 110; Adoptianiats in, 79; Paulicians in, 80 Arnulf, S., bishop of Metz, 58, 135, 139, 144, 145 Arnulf, archbishop of Rheims, 201 Asser, bishop of Sherborne, 118 Assyria, Christians in, 93, 96 n. Athanagild, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74 Athanasian Creed, 81-2 Athens, 99 Augustine of Canterbury, S., 62, 69, 113, 117, 182-90 Augustine of Hippo, S., 3, 72, 103, 106, 170; De Civitate Dei, 154 Aurillac, 200 Austrasia, Eastern Frankish kingdom, 43, 49, 135, 145-6; Synod in (742), 138 Autun, Council of (670), 59 Avars, Mongol race, 135, 141 Avignon, 146 Avitus, bishop of Vienne, 81 Axum, Ethiopic kingdom, 111-12

Baghdad, 96, 97 Bangor (Ireland), monastery, 54-5; Antiphonary of, 115 Baptism, 176-8; of Chlodowech, 42; of Borivoj, 128; of the people of Kiev, 127; of Olaf Trigvason, 132 Basil the Great, S. (329-79), his Rule, 163 Basil I. the Macedonian, emperor, 80, 193 Basil II., emperor, 126 Baume, monastery at, 173 Bavarians, 135, 138 Bede (Baeda), 68 n., 115-16, 118, 167, 169, 170, 179, 180, 183-5 Belisarius, 30, 61, 105 Benedict Biscop, 115, 169 Benedict of Nursia, S., 34-9, 53, 58, 163; his Rule, 35-7, 58-9, 69, 119, 121, 171, 173, 175; the Benedictines, 35-8, 60, 62, 137 Bercta, Kentish queen, 186 Berno, abbat of Cluny, 173-4 Besancon, 56, 173 Beziers, 146 Bishops, their position under Justinian, 24-5; share in the civil government of Italy, 33-4; without dioceses in the Celtic Church, 114; "Universal Bishop," 66, 175; bless the people at the Eucharist, 190 Blemmyes, Ethiopic tribe, converted, 111 Bobbio, 53, 56, 201 Boethius, 32 Bohemia, Christianity in, 127-9; Bohemian princess brings about the conversion of Poland, 125 Boiar, title of Bulgarian magnates, 124 Boleslav I., duke of Bohemia, brother of S. Wenceslas (died 967), 128 Boleslav II., "the Pious," duke of Bohemia (967-99), 128, 129 Boniface, S. (Winfrith), 130, 136-40, 142, 147, 198 Boris, Bulgarian king, 124 Borivoj, Bohemian duke, baptized, 128 Boso, bishop of Merseburg, 126 Braga, councils at (563, 572), 74 Bremen, archbishopric, 130, 142 Bretislav II., king of Bohemia (1092-1100), 127 Britain, 83, 88; Christianity in, 113 ff; early British Church, 183; ritual in the British Church, 183. See England Brittany, 115 Brunichild, 13, 48-9, 56, 74-5, 171 Bruno (Pope Gregory V.), cousin of Otto III., 199, 200 Bruno, missionary to the Prussians, 125 Brythons, Celts of Britain, their Church, 113, 183 Bulgarians, a Finnish race, conversion of, 124; they and their Church, 13, 23, 44, 84, 128, 193 Burgundians, 41; Frankish kings of, 49, 55-6, 135 Bury, Dr. J. B., quoted, 21 n., 46-7, 113 Byzacene, African see, 106 Byzantine architecture, 25-8, 100, 106; Church and Patriarchate, 91, and see Constantinople; Empire, see Umpire, Eastern

Caelian Hill at Rome, 60, 64 Caesarius, bishop of Arles, 72, 81 Calabria, 157, 162 Candace, title of the queens of Abyssinia, 111 Canons, collection of, 85; canon law, 194-5; canon of the Mass, 181-2, 190 Canterbury, 115, 185-6 Capetians, House of Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks, 201 Carisiacum (Quierzy), 151 Carling House. See Karlings Carloman, son of Charles Martel, brother of Pippin the Short, 114-5, 147, 149 Carloman, son of Pippin the Short, brother of Charles the Great, 148, 150-1 Carthage, taken by the Vandals, 103; by the Muhammadans, 77, 109; Church of, survival, 110; bishop of, 67, 103-6, 108 Cassiodorus, 30, 38 Catholicos, primate of the Monophysite Armenian Church, 84, 95; of the "Church of the East," 96; of the Persian Church, 93-4, 99 Celibacy of the clergy. See Marriage Celtic Church, 113-17, and see Ireland; Celtic Easter, 55, 114; Celtic influence on the English liturgy, 187, 190; Celtic missionaries and Boniface, 138 Ceremonial, 181-90 Ceylon, 96 Chad, S., 116, 169 Chalcedon, Council of (451), 2, 7, 9, 10, 18, 24, 65-6, 79, 85-6, 89, 95 Chaldeaecan Church, 23, 93 Chalons, Battle of, 41 Charles Martel, Frankish mayor of the palace, 135, 137, 141, 146 Charles I., the Great, 50, 136, 182, 197; anointed king, 148; revives the Empire, 152-4; destroys the Lombard kingdom, 150, 152; supposed donation of, 151-2; theocratic ideas of, 139; religious wars, 127, 140-2; his share in the Adoptianist controversy, 80; his learning and piety, 166-70; aspirations, 172 Charles II., the Bald, emperor, son of Louis I., the Pious, 170 Charles the Simple, sole king of the West Franks (898-922), 174 Cherson, near the mouth of the Dnyepr, 126 Childebert I., Frankish king, 39 Childebert II., Frankish king, son of Sigebert and Brunichild, 49 Childerich III., last of the Merwings, 147 Chilperich I., Frankish king of Neustria, son of Chlothochar I., 43, 51, 54, 75 China, Nestorian missions in, 96, 98 Chlodowech, king of the Franks, baptized, 42, 177; dies, 43; his aim, 46; receives the consulate, 47; his daughter, 74 Chlothochar I., Frankish king, son of Chlodowech, 43, 47, 54, 74 Chlothochar II., Frankish king, son of Chilperich I. and Fredegund, 56, 58, 145 Chlothochar (Lothar), king of Lotharingia, son of the emperor Lothar I. (855-69), 191-2 Chora, Church of the, at Constantinople, 26 Chosroes II., Persian king (590-628), 101 Chosroes, Persian king (800-50), 80 Christmas baptisms, 177; communion, 179 Christology, 98. See Heresies Chrotechild (Clotilda), wife of Chlodowech, 42 Church, The, her task in fifth century, 1; organisation, 2, 24; tendency to separation in East and West, 3, and see Schism; Churches of Rome and Constantinople held to be one, 10; East and West differ in use of Quicunque, 81-2 Church, the Eastern, strengthens the Empire, 4; her firm position in 527, 11; united with the State, 12; history, 6-28, 83-92, 155-65; conservative character, 165, 194. See Constantinople, Schism Church, the Western: Church property and jurisdiction under the Gothic kings in Italy, 30-1; determines the development of the Frankish nation, 45; maintains imperial tradition, 45-6; her aggressive claims, 194; subject in Germany and Italy to the control of the Saxon emperors, 191, 197-201. See Papacy, Rome, Schism "Church of the East," Nestorian, 96-7 Clonard, monastery, 53, 55 Clonfert, monastery, 53 Clonmacnoise, monastery, 53 Clotilda, Clotilde. See Chrotechild, Hlothild Clovesho, Synod of (747), 138, 187 Cluniacs, monks of Cluny, 174-5 Cluny, monastic reform of, 169, 171-5; abbey of, 173-4; Rule of, 174-5; congregation of, 174 Cologne, archbishop of, 192 Columba, S., 114-16 Columban, S., 53-8, 116; his Rule, 55, 171; monastery at Baume, 173 Communion, Holy, 178-90; received by the Stylites, 25. See Eucharist Confirmation, 178; of Olaf Trigvason, 121 Consolation of Philosophy, The, by Boethius, 32 Constans II., emperor, 109 Constantine I., emperor, 12, 40; donation of, 154 [Constantine IV.], emperor, 89 Constantine V., Copronymus, 80, 155, 158, 162, 165 Constantine, pope, 91 Constantine of Thessalonica (S. Cyril), 123 Constantine, founder or reviver of Eastern Adoptianism, 79-80 Constantinople, theological bent of its people, 8; buildings at, 25-7; captured by the Turks (1453), 163; modern, 158, 161 Constantinople, Church of, its growing isolation, 13; a witness for religious liberty, 14; valuable services to the Church Universal, 20; quarrel with Rome over the Ecthesis and Type, 88; missions to Bulgarians, 124; to Russians, 126-7; to Moravians and Czechs, 128; theology in, 156. See Church, Eastern; Schism Constantinople, councils at: Fifth General (553), 15, 17, 18, 20-2, 39, 63-4, 86, 106-7, 161; synod of 588, 66; Sixth General (680-1), 21, 84-5, 88; Council of 681, 67; in Trullo (691), 85, 89-92; Council of 692, 67; iconoclastic synod of 754, 165; Councils of 861 and 867, 193; Eighth General (869), 193-4; Council (879-80), 194 Constantinople, Patriarchate of, 24, 67, 85, 90, 124, 192-4 Constantinople, patriarchs of, 87-8; claim the title of Oecumenical, 65. See Acacius, Germanus, Ignatius, John the Cappadocian, Mennas, Methodius, Nicephorus, Paul, Photius, Sergius, Tarasius Coptic Church, 9, 23, 84, 101, 110, 112; Copts resist Saracens, 109 Corbie (New Korvey), monastery, on the Weser, 130, 170 Corbinian, S., 135 Corinth, bishops of, 67 Cornwall, early British Church of, 113, 117 Corsica, 151 Cosmas, sixth-century traveller, 97 Councils, valuable work of the, 19. See Aachen, Antioch, Austrasia, Autun, Braga, Chalcedon, Clovesho, Constantinople, Frankfort, General, Gentilly, Hatfield, Macon, Orange, Regensburg, Rome, Toledo, Whitby Cracow, relics at, 125 Creed, at the Council of Chalcedon, 2; proposal to reform, 14; importance of a logically tenable, 19; Pope Leo III. discourages additions to, 81; Athanasian, 81-2; Nicene, 193 Crescentius, John, patrician of Rome, 199 Crete, bishops of, 67 Croatia, Croats, 84, 124 Cross, the Holy, 100-2; tolerated by the iconoclast emperor Leo III., 159; sign of the, in baptism, 177; used by S. Augustine in his mission, 184-5 Crusades, true and false, 197-8 "Culdees," Celtic monks, 119 Cumbria (or Strathclyde), early British Church of, 113 Cuthbert, M., 116, 121, 169 Cuthbert, archbishop of Canterbury, 187 Cyprus, Church of, 21 Cyril, S., patriarch of Alexandria (412-44), opponent of Nestorius, 10, 18, 22 Cyril, S. (Constantine), apostle of the Slavs, 123-4, 126, 128 Czechs, Slav race of Bohemia, 127

Dagobert I., Frankish king, son of Chlothochar II., 44, 58, 145 Danes ravage England and Scotland, 117-19, 121; settle, and are converted, 118; Danish invasions, 122; conversion of Denmark, 129, 131 David, S., 118 Decretals, false, 194-6 Deira, northern kingdom of England, 63 Denmark, conversion of, 129, 131 Desiderius (Didier) of Cahors, S., 58 Dionysius the Areopagite, Platonist so called, 89 Dnyepr (Dnieper), Russian river, baptisms in, 127 Dokkum, S. Boniface martyred at, 139 Donation of Constantine, 154; of Pippin, at Quierzy, 149, 151; of Charles the Great, 151-2 Donatists, 103, 107 Double procession of the Holy Ghost, 76, 80-1, 193-4 Druidism favoured the growth of Christian monasticism, 53 Dublin, conversion of Danes at, 122; Norse king of, 132 Duchesne, Mgr., quoted, 40, 208 Dudden, F. H., quoted, 50, 75 n. Dunstan, S., 115, 119-21 Durham, see of, 121

Eadgar, king of England, 119 East, the, large number of ecclesiastics in, 25 East and West, reunion of, after the quarrel of pope and emperor, in 519, 10; political severance completed, 149; breach widens, 191; divergence, Photian schism, 192-4; nominal reunion throughout tenth century, 194. See Schism Easter baptisms, 177; communion, 179; use of the alleluia, 182; Celtic Easter, 55, 114 Eastern Church, orthodox, securer than the West in its Christianity, 7; its intense conservatism, 27; dictates to the papacy under Vigilius and Pelagius, 40. See Church, Constantinople, Schism Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims, 129, 141 Ebroin, mayor of the palace in Neustria, 146 Ecthesis, issued by Heraclius, 87, 89 Edessa, 93, 96, 110 Education, 166-7, 175. See Learning Egbert, archbishop of York, 167, 179 Egypt, 9; National Church, 13; Monophysite Church, 23; sects, 110; Church, 112; Holy Communion, 180; Muhammadan invasion, 84, 108. See Alexandria, Coptic Einhard, biographer of Charles the Great, 142, 153, 167 Eligius, S., 58 Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, 78-9, 168 Ellesthaeos, Ethiopian king, 112 Eloi (Eligius), S., 58 Emly, monastery, 53 Emmeran, Emmeram, S., missionary in Bavaria, 135 Empire, the, becomes a Christian power, 1; obsolescent, 2; representative of Christian unity, 3; invaded by barbarians, 1, 3; its vitality, 3 Empire, Eastern, relations with the Franks, 46-7; its strength renders the Nestorian missions possible, 98; becomes more purely Oriental, 113; end of the imperial power in Italy, 147-8; its recognition of the Western Umpire of Charles the Great, 153. See Constantinople Empire, Western, ends with Romulus Augustulus (476), 28; tradition preserved by the Church, 45-6; revival of the imperial idea, 172; Charles the Great restores the Empire, 139, 144, 152; origin of the "Holy Roman Empire," 153; papal theory of the Empire, 192; weakness of the Empire in ninth and tenth centuries, 196; revival under the Saxon Ottos, 191, 197-202 England, conversion of, 62-3, 69, 117, 183-7; Church of, 117-21; its independent attitude towards Rome, 117, 120, 121; kings the nursing fathers of the Church, 27; English missionaries to Germany, 136-9, 141-2; ritual in, 183-90 Ennismore, monastery, 53 Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia, 29 Epiphany baptisms, 177; communion, 179 Etherius, chaplain and notary to Charles the Great, 151 Ethiopian Church, 110-12 Eucharist, celebration of, in sixth century, 188; doctrine of, controversy concerning, 170-1; Aelfric's doctrine of, 120; reservation of, 180-1. See Communion, Mass Eugenius, S., bishop of Carthage, 104-5 Eutychian heresy, 7 Evagrius, ecclesiastical historian (period 431-594), 21 n. Exarch of Ravenna, 34, 40, 91; the Exarchate, 61-2, 69, 147-9, 151, 157

Facundus, bishop of Hermione, 106 Fasting Communion, 180; Saturday fast in tenth century, 131 Faustus, bishop of Riez, a semi-Pelagian, 72 Felix II., pope, 8 Felix, bishop of Urgel, 78-9, 168 Ferrand, African deacon, writer in the "Three Chapters" controversy, 106 Feudalism, rise of, 44-5, 172-3 Filioque ("and [from] the Son"), word added to the Nicene Creed in the West, leads to controversy with the East, 193-4 Fontaine, monastery, 55 Fontenelle, abbey, 57 Fortunatus, bishop of Carthage, 108 Frankfort, Council of (794), 79, 168 Franks in Gaul, 42; conversion of, 4, 43, 177; their imperfect Christianity, 43-4, 54; staunch Catholicism, 42, 47-8, 177; break up of their kingdom, 44; formative influence of the Church, 45; relations with the Eastern Empire, 46-7; alliance with the papacy, 49; their Church's relations with Rome, 50; greatly influenced by monasticism, 58; they invade Spain, 74; laxity and corruption of their Church, 138, 144; Karling reformation, 144; Frankish missal, 183; relations with England, 186; Frankish clergy concoct the forged decretals, 195 Fredegund, wife of Chilperich I., 43 Frederic, Saxon bishop in Iceland, 132 Freeman, Edward Augustus, quoted, 3 Freising, see of, 138 Frisians, 197; English missionaries to, 136, 139 Fritzlar, abbey, 140 Fuero Jusgo, the Wisigothic code, 74, 76 Fulda, monastery, 81, 140 Fulgentius, S., African bishop, 105

Gaiseric (Genseric), king of the Vandals, 103-4 Gall, S., 56, 116 Gallican Church, 39, 41-59, see Franks, Gaul; Gallican liturgy and ritual, 47, 181-3, 186, 188-90; influence on the English liturgy, 186-7 Galswintha, wife of Chilperich I. of Neustria, 48 Gaul, Roman, 41; Christianity in, 41-59, 83, 176; Gregory the Great in, 48-51, 65, 69; monasticism in, 171; feudalism, 172; Normans in, 196 Gelasian Sacramentary (so named from pope Gelasius I., 492-6), 182-3 Gelimer, Vandal king, 105 General Councils, first four, 76; Third (of Ephesus, 431), 96; Fourth (of Chalcedon, 451), 2, 7, 9-10, 18, 24, 65-6, 79, 85-6, 89, 95; Fifth (of Constantinople, 553), 15, 17, 18, 20-2, 39, 63-4, 86, 106-7, 161; Sixth (of Constantinople, 680-1), 21, 84-5, 88; Seventh (of Nicaea, 787), 155, 165; Eighth (of Constantinople, 869), 193-4; Eighth, according to the Greeks (of Constantinople, 879-80), 194 Gentilly, Council of (767), 81 Georgia, Church of, 23, 95 Gerbert of Aurillac (Silvester II.), 200-2 Germanus, S., patriarch of Constantinople, 155 Gildas, British historian, 183 Glastonbury, monastery, 115, 119 Gnesen, archbishopric of, 125 Goidels, Celtic stock in Ireland, 53; Goidelic language, 119 Goths, Eastern (Ostrogoths), in Italy, 4, 29-32; Western, see Wisigoths Grado, archbishop of, 157 Gradual, 188 Greece, iconoclasm causes a rising in, 157; Greek Church, its character, 6: the Eastern Empire in its religious aspect, 13. See also Church, Constantinople, Eastern, Schism Greenland, mission to, 132 Gregorian Sacramentary, 182 Gregory I., the Great, S., pope, 21, 25, 34, 40, 55, 76, 113, 134, 171, 180-2, 184, 186, 190, 192; his life and work, 60-71; his relations to Gaul, 48-51, 65, 69; to Africa, 107; to missions, 69; to monasticism, 69; to classical learning, 52, 70; his claim to jurisdiction, 68; claimed no special authority for the use of Rome, 187; his theology, 70-1; his writings, 35, 60, 63-5 Gregory II., pope, 136-7, 157 Gregory III., pope, 137, 147, 157 Gregory IV., pope, 130 Gregory V. (Bruno), pope, 199, 200 Gregory of Tours, bishop and historian, 43-5, 51-2, 58, 66 n., 145, 171 Gregory, abbat of Utrecht, 136 Gregory, patrician, upstart emperor, 109 Guntchramn (Guntram), king of the Burgundian Franks, 55

Haakon (Hacon) the Good, king of Norway, 131 Hadrian I., pope, 151, 154, 182 Hadrian II., pope, 123-4 Hamburg, archbishopric, 129-30 Harnack, A., referred to, 22 Harold Bluetooth, king of Denmark (died 978), 131 Harold, Danish king in 822, 129 Harold Haarfager (Fairhair), king of Norway, 131 Hatfield, Council of (680), 88 Helena, empress, 100 Henotikon, the, 7, 8, 10 Henry I., "the Fowler," first German king of the Saxon House(919-36), 126 Heraclius, emperor, 22-3, 83-4, 100-1, 109, 158; as a theologian, 87 Herat, Nestorian bishopric of, 98 Heresy, not a unifying power, 134; real danger of sixth and seventh century heresies, 19; heresy akin to patriotism in the East, 13; an expression of national independence, 23; baptism of heretics, 178. See Adoptianist, Aphthartodocetes, Arianism, Donatists, Eutychian, Jacobite, Monophysites, Monothelites, Nestorians Hermenigild (Hermenegild), Wisigothic king in Spain, 75 Heruls, a Teutonic tribe, 29, 94 Hessen, 136-8 Hieria, iconoclastic synod at, 155 Hieroclea, author of the Synekdemos, 24 Hilarus, papal official under Gregory the Great, 107 Hilda, S., 116 Hilderic, Vandal king, 105 Himyarites, Christians in South Arabia, 111-12 Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, 170, 192, 195 Hira (in Persia), Monophysite bishop of, 110 Hlothild (Chlothildis), daughter of Chlodowech, 74 Hodgkin, Dr. Thomas, quoted, 32-3, 48, 75 n, 135, 144 Homerites (Himyarites) in South Arabia, Christian, 111-12 Honorius I., pope, 87-8; condemned by the Sixth General Council, 85 Hormisdas, pope, 9-10, 90 Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks (923-56), 196 Hugh Capet, duke (956), and king (987-96) of the Franks, 201 Hugh, S., abbat of Cluny, 174 Hungary, 141; received a Christian king, 201 Hunneric, Vandal king, 104 Huns, 41, 94 Hymns, 15 n, 81, 156, 162, 168, 190

Ibas of Edessa, 16-18 Iberians of Georgia, 95 Iceland, 115; conversion of, 132-3 Iconoclastic controversy, 12, 143, 147, 155-65, 194 Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, 193-4 Illyria, Illyricum, 65-7, 157 Image-worship. See Iconoclastic Incarnation, doctrine of the, the Church's tenacity of, 19; endangered by iconoclasm, 160, 164. See Heresies India, 9, 23, 96-8 Ingunthis, Frankish princess, daughter of Sigebert and Brunichild, wife of Hermenigild of Spain, 48, 75 Iona, 116-17 Ireland, Christian and outside the Empire, 3; the Church in, 53, 113-16, 121-2, 183; Irish learning, 169-71; missionaries in Thuringia, 136; monks in Iceland, 132; priests at Glastonbury, 115, 119 Irene, Empress, 154, 164 Irminsul, the, a column worshipped by the Saxons, 140 Isidore of Seville, 76, 195 Isis, worship of, 111 Islam, 98. See Muhammadanism Istria, 63-4, 68, 151 Italy, conquered by Goths, 4, 29; reconquered by Belisarius and Narses, 32; Imperial restoration, 33; Church in, 29-40; S. Columban in, 56; saved from Arianism, 60; liturgy, 183; end of the Eastern Imperial power, 143, 147-8; Charles the Great, 150-4; the Saxon Ottos, 197-201 Italy, Northern, long refuses to accept the Fifth General Council, 21; Gregory the Great's activity, 65, 69; Bavarian kings in, 135 Italy, Southern, Benedictines in, 62; effect of iconoclasm on, 157, 162

Jacobite sect, 109-10; in Syria, 23, 84 James, Studite monk, 162 Jarrow, monastery, 116 Jerusalem, Church and patriarchate of, 8, 16-17, 84, 87, 100-1, 156; councils at (553), 20; (628), 101 Jews, Gregory the Great tries to convert, 69; persecuted in Spain, 77; Jews in Syria, 100; influence Muhammad, 101; Jews in Arabia, 111-12 Joannicius, S., Bulgarian recluse, 124 John I., pope, martyred, 31 John II., pope, 15 John VIII., pope, 194 John X., pope, 197 John XI., pope, 174 John XV., pope, 199 John XVI., anti-pope set up by Crescentius (997-8), 199 John of Biclaro (Joannes Biclarensis), bishop of Gerona, 62 n., 95 n., 75 John the Cappadocian, patriarch of Constantinople, 10, 90 John of Damascus (John Damascene), S., 87, 159-60 John the Deacon, biographer of Gregory the Great, 64, 182 John of Ephesus, Monophysite bishop and Syriac writer of sixth century, 24, 111 John Maro, 89 John of Nikiu, Jacobite bishop, 86, 109 John the Patrician, recaptures Carthage from the Arabs, 109 John the Scot (Johannes Scotus "Erigena"), 170-1 Julian of Halicarnassus, 86 Justin I., emperor, 10, 32, 112 Justin II., emperor, 21-2 Justinian I., emperor, 86, 89, 90, 94, 99-100, 107, 110-12, 143, 153, 177; his birthplace, 24, 67-8, 91; building, 26, 27, 100, 106; Christian legislation of, 28; controversies of his reign, 14-22; corresponds with the pope, 10, 14; deals with the Monophysites, 15; his alleged heresy, 15, 21, 22; summons Fifth General Council, 17; intervenes in Africa, 105-6; his relations with the Franks, 47; restores the imperial rule in Italy, 33; Spanish war, 74; hymn-writer, 15 n. Justinian II., 90-1 Justiniana Prima, 67, 91 Jutes in Britain, 117; of Jutland, converted, 130

Karlings, Frankish royal house, 57, 139, 144, 147, 196, 201 Kerait, Tartar kingdom of, 96-7 Key of Truth, The, book of the Armenian Paulicians, 80 Khalifs of Baghdad, 97, 99; Khalif Omar, 101 Khartoum, Christian remains near, 111 Khorassan, 93 Kiev, town on the Dnyepr, becomes Christian, 127 Kothransson, Thorwald, Icelander, 132 Kristian, tenth-century Bohemian historian, 128

Lateran synod (649), 88 Leander, archbishop of Seville, 63, 75-6 Learning, 5, 38, 123; survival of, 5; at the court of the Merwings, 51; classical, taught to Gregory the Great, 60; yet he opposed classical learning in bishops, 52; classical, of the Irish Church, 115; in England, 115; of the Irish monks, 121-2; of the Studite monks, 163; revival of, under Charles the Great, 154, 166-70. See Aelfric, Bede, Gerbert, Education, Literature Lebanon, 84; Monothelites in, 22 Leger (Leodegar), S., 81, 146 Lent, 36, 140 Leo I., the Great, S., pope, 6, 7, 10, 29, 63, 89 Leo III., pope, 81, 152 Leo III., the Isaurian, emperor, 109, 155, 157-8 Leo IV., the Chazar, emperor, 155 Leo V., the Armenian, emperor, 165 Leo VI., the Wise, emperor, 194 Leodegar, Leodgar, (S. Leger), bishop of Autun, 81, 146 Leontius of Byzantium, 86 Leovigild, Wisigothic king in Spain, 48, 75 Lerins, abbey, 81 Liber Pontificalis, 39 n., 151 Liberatus, sixth-century theological writer in Africa, 106 Limoges, 150, 174 Lindisfarne, 117 Litanies, 184-6 Literature in North Africa, 106; literary renaissance under Charles the Great, 166. See Boethius, Cassiodorus, Gregory the Great, Gregory of Tours, John of Damascus, Learning, Paul the Silentiary, Procopius, Venantius Fortunatus, Theodore of the Studium Liturgies, 181-90 Liudhard, Frankish bishop in Kent, 186 Lombards, 40, 147-50, 152; invade Italy, 34, 61; pope negotiates with, 62; conversion from Arianism to Catholicism, 4, 56, 63, 134 Lothar (Chlothochar) II., king of Lotharingia, 191-2 Louis I., the Pious, emperor, son of Charles I., 129 Louis II., emperor, son of the Emperor Lothar I., 192 Louis the German, king of Bavaria (840-76), son of Louis the Pious, 128 Louis d'Outremer, king of the West Franks (936-54), son of Charles the Simple, 174 Ludmilla, S., of Bohemia, 128 Luxeuil, S. Columban's monastery at, 55-6

Macon, Second Council of (585), 180 Magdeburg, archbishopric, 126, 197-8 Maieul (Majolus), abbat of Cluny, 174 Mainz, 195; S. Boniface, archbishop of, 137-8 Malmesbury, abbey, 115, 171 Manichaeans, 104, 178 Mansi, G. D., Italian theologian (1692-1769); his Concilia referred to, 15 n., 17 n., 21 n., 76 Maraba, catholicos of Persia, 99 Mark, S., evangelist, 64 Maron, John, founder of the Maronites, 84 Maronite Church, 23, 89 Marozia, paramour of Pope Sergius III., mother of Pope John XI., 196 Marriage of the clergy, 25, 91, 119-20; in the Greek Church, 85; marriage of spiritual relations forbidden, 177 Martel, Charles, Frankish mayor of the palace, 135, 137, 144, 146 Martial, S., monastery at Limoges, 174 Martin, S., monastery at Tours, 168, 173 Martin I., pope, 88 Martin, S., bishop of Braga, 74 Martyrdom of S. Adalbert, 125, 129; S. Boniface, 139, 202; Pope John, 31; S. Theodosia, 158; S. Wenceslas, 128-9 Mary, the Blessed Virgin, 18, 80; images of, 156-7 Mass, the, 15 n.; Mass of the presanctified, 179; the Roman Mass, fifth to eighth century, 180-2: sixth century, 188-90; "ite, missa est," 190 Maurice, emperor, 22, 62, 66 Maurice, S., 125 Maximus, orthodox African abbat and controversialist, 89, 108 Meccah, 101 Media, 93 Medinah, 101 Melkites, orthodox, in Egypt, 84, 110 Mellitus, bishop, 176 Melrose, monastery, 116 Mennas, patriarch of Constantinople, 15, 17 Merovech, son of Chilperich I., 43 Merovingians. See Merwings Merv, Nestorian Church of, 98 Merwings, Frankish royal house, 43-7, 138, 144, 147, 196, 199; encourage literature, 51; their sins, 52-4: their age called golden by Mabillon, 57; decay of their kingdoms, 135 Mesopotamia, national Church of, 13 Methodius, S., patriarch of Constantinople (843-7), 12, 156 Methodius, S., archbishop of Moravia, 123-4, 128-9 Metz, capital of Austrasia, 135; bishop of, 144 Michael III., "the Drunkard," emperor, 192-3 Mieczyslaw, king of Poland, 125 Milan, archbishop of, 39; church of, 183 Mir (Theodemir), king of the Suevi in Spain, 74 Missale Francorum, 183 Missions, important in this period, 2, 3; Byzantine, 6, 84; supported by the emperors, 23; missions from Rome, 62, 117, 183-90; Nestorian, 6, 96-8; Monophysite, 24, 111; missionary zeal of the Irish Church, 116, 121-2; missions of the ninth century, 123; to the Bulgarians, 124; to the Slavs, 124-9; to Northmen, 129-32; to Frisians, 136, 139; missions checked by the iconoclastic controversy, 156; mission of S. Augustine, 183-90; missionary wars of Charles the Great, 139-42, and of the Saxon emperors, 197; zeal of Otto III. and Silvester II. for missions, 201-2 Monasticism, in the East, 25, 161-3; its debt to S. Benedict, 37; to S. Columban, 53; Irish, 53, 114; monasticism in Gaul, 54, 171; a defence against the secularisation of the Frankish Church, 57; in Persia, 99; in Scotland, 119; missionary fruits of, 130; close connection with learning, 167; Alcuin's attitude to, 168; decay in ninth century, 172; revival at Cluny, 173-5; the Studium at Constantinople, 161-3; kings become monks, 77, 145 Mongols, 100 Monophysites, Monophysitism, 23, 83, 85, 110, 156, 159; Eastern attempts at compromise rejected by Rome, 7-8; Justinian studies the question, 10-11, and condemns it, 15; its condemnation necessary to the acceptance of a logically tenable creed, 19; Monophysite missions, 24, 111; Monophysitism in Abyssinia, 112; Arabia, 101; Armenia, 95; India, 97; Persia, 98-9; Syria, 101 Monothelites, Monothelitism, 22-3, 84-9, 159; its condemnation necessary, 19; favoured the progress of Islam, 102; weakened African Christianity, 108 Montanists, heretical followers of the second-century fanatic Montanus, 178 Monte Cassino, monastery, 35, 39, 61, 145 Monza, Lombard relics at, 69 Moors, heathen, of fifth century, 103; Muhammadan, in Spain and Gaul, 73, 146 Moralia of Gregory the Great, 63 Moravia, 124, 127-9 Mosaics at Constantinople and Ravenna, 26 Mozarabic rite, Christian liturgy which survived the Moorish occupation and is still in use in Spain, 189 Mugurrah (Nubia), visited by missionaries, 111 Muhammad (Mohammed), the prophet, 101 Muhammad II., conqueror of Constantinople in 1453, 27 Muhammadans, Muhammadanism, theocratic ideal of, 139-40; absorb the attention of the Eastern emperors, 143; contributes to the iconoclastic movement, 158; conquests, 84; conquest of Arabia, etc., 112; Merv, 98; Persia, 99; Syria, 101; Egypt, 102; Africa, 5, 108-9; Soudan, 111; Spain, 72-3, 77-8, 146; defeated in Gaul by Charles Martel, 146

Naples, 143 Narses, general of Justinian, 32, 34, 61 Nationalism, a complicating factor in theological controversy, 9; nationalism of the Spanish Church, 73; nationalism and heresy, 110 Negus, title of the ruler of Abyssinia, 111 Nerses III., Armenian "Catholicos," 84-5 Nestorians, Nestorianism, 9, 23, 83; missions, 6, 96-8; in Armenia, 95; in Persia, 93-6, 98-9; Nestorianism and Muhammad, 101; Nestorian "Church of the East" 96 Neustria, Western Frankish kingdom, 43, 135-6, 146 Neutra (in modern Hungary), Christian Church at, 127 Nevers, S. Columban at, 56 Nicaea, First General Council (325), 89; Seventh General Council (787), 165 Nicene Creed, 193 Nicephorus I., emperor, 80 Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, 160 Nicetius, bishop of Trier, 47, 86 Nicolas I., pope, 124, 191-6 Nimes, 75, 77, 146 Nisibis, Nestorian school of theology at, 95-6 Nobadae, a people of the Soudan, converted, 111 Nona, bishop of, 125 Normans, 150, 172, 196 Northmen, ravages of, 169; pillage Hamburg, 130; converted, 129-33. See Danes Northumbria, 116-17; schools of, 116, 167. See Deira Norway, conversion of, 121, 131-2 Nubia, missionaries in, 111

Odilo, abbat of Cluny, 174 Odo, S., abbat of Cluny, 163, 171-5 Oecumenical Councils, canons collected, 194; the Eighth disputed, 193-4. See General Councils Oecumenical patriarch, 65-6 Olaf, king of Sweden (in 853), 130 Olaf Trigvason, king of Norway (995-1000), 121, 132-3. Olaf, S., king of Norway (1017-29), 132 Olaf, Norse king of Dublin, 132 Olga, S., a "ruler of Russia," baptized, 126 Omar, Khalif, 101 Ommeyads, dynasty of Khalifs, descended from Omeyya, 156 Orange, synod at (529), 72 Ordination, anointing the hands at, 183 Origen, his doctrines condemned, 16; Origenists, 15-16 Oswald, king of Northumberland, 116 Oswald, bishop of Worcester, 119 Oswiu, king of Northumbria, 117 Otto I., emperor, revives the Empire and reforms the papacy, 197; ecclesiastical policy in Germany and Italy, 198-9; patron of Gerbert, 200; overlord of Poland, 125; Slav missions, 126; intervenes in Bohemia, 129; and Denmark, 131 Otto II., emperor, 199, 201 Otto III., emperor, 125, 198-202 Ouen, S., bishop of Rouen, 58

Paderborn, 152 Palestine, Church in, 15-16, 100. See Jerusalem, Syria Pallium, its significance, 67-8; sent to S. Boniface, 137; to S. Ansgar, 130 Pannonia, 124 Papacy and the popes: Papacy rises as the Empire decays, 4; wins political power, 5, 61, 149; acquires rights of jurisdiction, 31; popes act as envoys of Arian Gothic kings, 15, 31; papal elections confirmed by the emperor or the exarch, 34, and controlled by the Saxon emperors, 199; papacy supported by the Benedictines, 37, as afterwards by the Cluniacs, 173-5; degradation of the papacy in sixth century, 39; papal infallibility not dreamt of in sixth century, 39-40, nor in the early tenth, 197; growth of new ideals, popes begin to intervene in politics, 61; pope styled "oecumenical archbishop and patriarch," 65; papal power increases in Africa, 107-8; papacy preserves the traditions of the Empire, 143; alliance of the papacy with the Karlings, 147; growth of the temporal power, 143, 149; beginning of the Papal States, 149; loss of the Bulgarian Church, 134; papacy foments strife between the Slavs and Constantinople, 125; popes oppose iconoclastic emperors, 157; pope crowns Charles the Great emperor, 152-3; Nicolas I. claims to be the source of the Empire, 192; degeneracy of the popes in ninth and tenth centuries, 172, 196-7, 199; papal monarchy grows in theory at the time of its practical weakness, 191; papacy supports its claims by the forged decretals, 194-6; papacy reformed by the Saxon emperors, 197, 199-202; list of popes, 205-8. See Rome Paschasius Radbertus, abbat of Corbie (died about. 865), 170 Passau, see of, 138 Patriarchates, the five, 24; question of supremacy, 90; their jurisdictions not considered unalterable, 91; patriarchal rights over the Bulgarian Church, 124; Illyria lost to Rome, 157. See Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Rome "Patrician of the Romans," title conferred on Pippin the Short, 148; borne by Charles the Great, 152 Patrick, S., 57, 113-14, 183 "Patrimony of S. Peter," 65, 148 Paul the Deacon, 62 n., 65, 134, 167 Paul, patriarch of Constantinople, 164 Paul of Samosata, 80 Paul the Silentiary, 25-6 Paulicians, 80, 156 Pelagius, founder of the Pelagian heresy in fifth century, 72 Pelagius, I., pope, 16, 21, 34, 39-40, 107 Pelagius II., pope, 62, 64-6 Persecution of Catholics by Arians, 32, 74-5, 103-5; of Catholics by Moslems, 78; in the iconoclastic controversy, 155, 158, 165; of Jews, 77; of Nestorians by Muhammadans, 99 Persia, 12, 22-3, 80, 83, 110; the Church in, 93-5, 98-9; kings of, 93-5, 100, 102 Peter, S., 117, 120; Confessio of, 152; patrimony of, 65, 148; Charles the Great's gift of lands to, 151; popes act in the name of, 148-50 Peter the Stammerer, bishop of Alexandria, 8 Phantasiasts, 86 Philae, temple of, 111 Phocas the Cappadocian, emperor, 22 Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, 124, 192-4 Picts, heathens in Scotland, 114, 116 Pippin the Short, Frankish king, 150; anointed by S. Boniface (751), 139, 147; by Pope Stephen II. (754), 148; relations with the papacy, 144, 147-9; donation of, 149, 151, 194 Poictiers, Battle of, 146 Poland, conversion of, 125 Pomerania, 125 Poppo, bishop, missionary to the Danes, 131 Posen, bishopric of, 125 Pragmatic Sanction of Justinian for the government of Italy, 33-4 Prague, see of (bishopric, 973; archbishopric, 1343), 125, 129 Primasius, sixth-century theological writer in Africa, 106 Privilegia to monasteries granted by Gregory the Great, 69; to the Cluniacs, 173-4 Procession of the Holy Ghost, Double (i.e. from the Father and the Son), 76, 80-1, 193-4 Proconsularis (i.e. Africa Proconsularis, the modern Tunis and Tripoli), 104 Procopius, 11, 26, 91 n., 94, 100, 112 Prussians, missions to, 125, 129 Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 195 Pyrrhus, Monothelite heresiarch, 89, 108

Quicunque vult, 81-2 Quierzy (on the Oise), donation of, 151 Quini-sextan Council at Constantinople (in Trullo), 85, 89-92

Rabanus Maurus, 81 Radegund, S., Frankish princess, 51; monastery of, 171 Ratramnus of Corbie (died 868), 170 Ravenna, 85, 147, 149, 151, 201; Odowakar's capital, captured by Goths, 29; recaptured by Belisarius, 30; mosaics at, 26; archbishopric, 68, 157 Reccared, Wisigothic king in Spain, 73, 75-6, 80 Recceswinth, Wisigothic king in Spain, 76 Regensburg (Ratisbon), Bohemians baptized at, 128; see of, 129, 138; Council of (792), 79 Remigius, S., baptizes Chlodowech, 43 Remismond, Suevic king in Spain, 73 Reparatus, bishop of Carthage, 106 Reunion of Eastern and Western Church (in 519), 10; sought by Justinian, 11; nominal, after the Photian Schism, 194 Rheims, 195-6, 200-1 Rimbert, S., archbishop of Bremen, 130-1 Rome, Church and patriarchate of, 24, 65-6, 157; insists on obsolete claims, 14; its supremacy repudiated at Constantinople, 85, 90; quarrel with Constantinople over the Ecthesis and Type, 98; authorises the missions of S. Augustine, 117, and S. Boniface, 136-9; attitude of S. Boniface to, 139; connection with Ireland, 113-15, 122; with the East, 123; with England, 117, 120-1; assumes the political rights of the exarchate, 148-9; Eucharist, 179; councils at (680), 88; (731), 157; (863), 192. See Church (Western), Papacy Rome, city of, its peculiar history, 143; dominated by the local nobles, 196 Romulus Augustulus, 29 Ruegen, isle of, 127 Rule of Bangor, 54-5; of Basil, reformed by Theodore the Studite, 163; of S. Benedict, 35, 58-9, 69, 119, 121, 171, 173, 175; of Cluny, 174-5; of S. Columban, 55, 171 Rupert, S., missionary in Bavaria, 135 Russia, conversion of, 6, 126-7; modern Russian Church, 95

Sabas, S., 15 Sabbas, archimandrite of the Studium, 162 Sabellians, followers of the heretic Sabellius (third century), 178 Sacramentary of Pope Gelasius I. (492-6), 182-3; of Gregory the Great, 182 Sacraments, 176-181 Saints, Celtic "age of saints," 53; Merwing, 51; images of the, 156-7 Salzburg, archbishopric, 127, 135, 138 Samaritans, 100 Samarkand, Nestorian bishopric of, 98 Sancho the Great, king of Navarre (970-1035), 78 Sapor II., king of Persia, 93 Saracens, 77, 158, 172; in Africa, 109; in Spain and Gaul, 146. See Muhammadans. Saxons, 135; forcible conversion by Charles the Great, 140-2, 197; the Saxons in Britain, 113, 117-18, 176; "Old" Saxons of the Continent, 180 Schism between East and West, formal beginning due to Monophysitism, 8; schism of 484-519, 68; schism of 649-81 caused by the Ecthesis and Type, 88; steps towards, 149; the Photian, 192-4 Schleswig, converted, 130 Scholarship, 5, 38, 55. See Learning Scholastica, S., sister of S. Benedict, 37 Scilly Isles, 132 Scotland, Church in, 114, 116-17, 119 Scotus, Johannes. See John the Scot Sebert, king of the East Saxons, 176 Seleucia, see of, 93 Semi-Pelagianism, 72, 81 Septimania, 77, 146 Serbia, Church of, 124 Serbian Church, 23, 84 Sergius I., pope, 91 Sergius I., patriarch of Constantinople, 83, 87 Sermons, 64-5, 120, 163, 185, 188 Severus, Monophysite patriarch of Antioch, 10, 15, 86 Severus, patriarch of Aquileia, 62 Sigambrians, a Teutonic tribe, allied to the Franks, 43 Sigebert (Sigibert), Frankish king of Austrasia, 43, 54, 75 Silvester II., pope, 7, 125, 200-2 Simplicius, pope, 8 Siricius, pope, 195 Slaves, slavery, 130; freed by Gregory the Great, 65; Jews enslaved in Spain, 77 Slavs, 44, 84; Charles the Great allied with heathen, 141; conversion of, 123-9; attacked by Otto I., 197 Smbat, supposed author of the Paulician Key of Truth, 80 Soissons, 139, 195 Sophia, S., the Church of the Divine Wisdom, at Constantinople, 25-7; Church of, at Kiev, 127 Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 87 Soracte, monastery, 145 Spain, 172, 196; Gregory the Great active in, 65; invaded by the Franks, 74; Dagobert I. influential in, 44; Charles the Great in, 140; conflict of Arianism and Catholicism in, 48; Catholicism wins, 62-3, 73, 75; conquered by the Muhammadans, 77-8; Church has to contend with Islam, 72; Catholicism survives in the North, 78; Eucharist, 179; Spanish rite, 183; literature, 73 Squillace, monastery, 38-9 Stephen II. (or III.), pope, 148-9 Stephen III. (or IV.), pope, 151 Stephen, king of Hungary, 201 Strathclyde, early British Church of, 113 Studium, the, monastery at Constantinople, 161-3 Stylites, 25 Subiaco, S. Benedict at, 35 Suevi (a Teutonic confederate people) in Gaul, 41. See Mir, Remismond Sweden, missions to, 129-30 Syagrius, bishop of Autun, 49, 67 n. Symmachus, Senator, father-in-law of Boethius, executed, 32 Syntagma, a collection of canons, compiled, 85, 178 Syria, 100-1, 156; Syrian Church, Monophysite and Nestorian, 9; National Church, 13; monks disregard the Fifth General Council, 20; Jacobites in, 23, 84; Adoptianism in, 79; Monophysitism, 110; Monothelitism, 89; Muhammadan invasion, 108

Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople, 164 Tartars, 96-7 Tauresium, 91. See Justiniana Prima Tebessa (in modern Algeria), monastery, 106 Thaddeus, Studite monk, 162 Theandric energy, 87, 89 Theodebert I., Frankish king, 47 Theodelind, Lombard queen, 56, 69, 134-5 Theoderic III., king of Neustria, 146 Theodora, empress (842), wife of Theophilus, 165 Theodora, paramour of Pope John X., mother of Marozia, 196 Theodore of Mopsuestia, 16-18 Theodore of the Studium (or the Studite), S., 124, 156, 160-4 Theodore of Tarsus, 115, 117, 169 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 16-18 Theodoric the Ostrogoth, king of Italy, 29; his tolerant ecclesiastical policy, 30; executes Symmachus and Boethius, 32; aims at a united Italy, 60 Theodoric II., Frankish king of Burgundy, son of Childebert II., 56 Theodosia, S., 158 Theodosius II., emperor, 67 Theology, important in this period, 1; the predominant interest in the literature, 5; the theology of statesmen and military men, 9, 87; theology at Constantinople, 8, 156; iconoclastic, 158-9; theology of S. John Damascene, 159-60 Theophanes, Greek chronicler (758-817), 111 Theophilus, emperor, 165 Thessalonica, 67-8, 123 Theudberga, wife of Chlothochar, king of Lotharingia, 191 Theudis, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74 Thomas of Edessa, 99 Thormod, missionary priest in Iceland, 132 Thorwald Kothransson, Icelander, 132 Thrace, Paulicianism in, 80 "Three Chapters," controversy of the, 16-20, 22, 62-3, 72, 99, 106-7 Thuringia(ns), 135-8 Tiberius II., emperor, 22 Tithes, 140 Toledo, cathedral of, 76; councils, 72; Third Synod (of 589), 76, 80; Fourth (of 633), 81; Sixteenth (of 695), 77 Tome of S. Leo, 63 Tomi, monks of, 14 Tonnenna, Victor of, 106-7 Totila, Gothic king, 37 Tours, 168; battle of, see Poictiers. See also Gregory of Tours Transubstantiation, 171 Trier (Treves), archbishop of, 192 Trullian Council (691) at Constantinople, 85, 89-92 Tunis, survival of the Church of, 110 Type, issued by Constans II., 88 Tzani, Asiatic people, converted, 94

Unity, the central idea of the period, 2, 154, 203; need of unity in the Church, 70 "Universal bishop," title declined by Gregory the Great, 66; Cluniac ideal, 175 Urban II., pope (1088-99), 174

Vandals, 197; in Gaul, 41; in Africa, 103-5 Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poictiers, 51, 75 Veni Creator Spiritus, 81 Venice, 143, 151, 157 Victor, bishop of Carthage, 108 Victor of Tonnenna (Victor Tununensis), 106-7 Victor Vitensis, 104-5 Vienne, 186 Vigilists, 15. See Akoimetai. Vigilius, pope, 17, 20, 39-40, 106 Vivarium, monastery of, 38 Vladimir, S., of Russia, 126-7

Wales, Church of, 113, 118, 122; West Wales (i.e. Cornwall), 113 Wallachian Church, 23 Wamba, Wisigothic king in Spain, 76 Wandrille, S., 57 Wenceslas of Bohemia, S., 128-9 Wends, missions to the, 126 Whitby, Synod of (664), 116 Wilfrith (Wilfrid) of Ripon, S., 88, 117-18, 121, 169 Willehad, archbishop of Bremen, 142 William of Aquitaine, founder of the abbey of Cluny, 173 Willibald, biographer of S. Boniface, 138 Willibrord, S., Northumbrian missionary in Frisia, 136 Winfrith of Crediton (S. Boniface), 121, 136-40, 142 Wisigoths in Spain, 73-8; corruption of society, 73-4; accept Catholicism, 5, 62-3, 73, 75; their monarchy falls before the Moors, 146 Wuerzburg, 138, 147

York, school of, 116, 167

Zacharias, pope, 147 Zacharias, patriarch of Jerusalem, 101 Zeno, emperor, 7