Volume 5 — NOTES ON REQUIRED READINGS IN “THE CHAUTAUQUAN.”

WHY WE SPEAK ENGLISH.

P. 2, c. 2.—“Erse,” erish. A Celtic language, properly called the Gælic, but by the Scotch Highlanders called Erse.

“Bengali,” ben-galˈee. The dialect spoken in Bengal.

“Brahmans,” brähˈmans. The priests who officiated in the Hindoo ceremonials. The devotees and worshipers sometimes received this name.

“Vedas,” vēˈdas. “Punctilio,” punc-tĭlˈyo. Exactness in forms, conduct or ceremony.

P. 3, c. 1.—“De Chésy,” deh shaˈzeˈ. (1773-1832.) He was an orientalist of some renown.

“Bopp.” (1791-1867.) A German professor of oriental languages in the University of Berlin during most of his life.

“Grimm.” (1785-1863.) A German philologist and voluminous writer.

“Joorkistan,” joor-kis-tanˈ.

“Hindoo Kosh.” Also spelled Kush, Koosh, or Kusch. A range of mountains in Central Asia.

“Oxus,” oxˈus. Called also the Amoo, the Gihon, or Jehoon.

P. 3, c. 2.—“Lithuanian,” lithˈu-āˌni-an.

P. 4, c. 2.—“Mæso-Goths.” Mœsia, or Mysia, was a country of Europe occupying about the same territory as do Servia and Bulgaria to-day. It was occupied by the Goths in the fourth century. They were called Mæso or Mœso-Goths.

“Ulphilas,” or Ulfilas, ŭlˈfi-las. (310-381.) The family of Ulfilas were Christians supposed to have been carried away by the Goths. In 341 he became the bishop of these people and soon induced a number of them to leave their warlike life to settle a colony in Mœsia. Here he cultivated the arts of peace, doing much to civilize the people. He introduced an alphabet of twenty-four letters, and translated all of the Bible except the book of Kings.

HOME STUDIES IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

P. 5, c. 1.—“Cabalistic,” căbˈa-lisˈtĭc. Anything consisting of symbols which have a hidden meaning is called cabalistic.

“Berzelius,” ber-zeeˈlĭ-us. (1779-1848.) A Swedish chemist.

P. 5, c. 2.—“Faraday,” fărˈa-da. (1791-1867.) An English chemist and natural philosopher.

“Cracow.” The former capital of Poland. The “beds” referred to are the Wieliczha (we-litchˈka) salt mines a few miles from the city.

“Davy,” dāˈvĭ. Sir Humphrey. (1778-1829.) An English chemist of whom it has been said that “since the days of Sir Isaac Newton the history of British science has recorded no discoveries of equal importance with those of Sir Humphrey Davy.”

P. 6, c. 1.—“Cavendish.” (1730-1810.) An English chemist and mathematician. The discoverer of hydrogen, of the composition of water, and the founder of pneumatic chemistry.

“Priestly,” preestˈle, Joseph. (1783-1804.) An English chemist and theologian.

“Black.” (1728-1799.) A chemist and physician of Edinburgh. His chief researches were set forth in his experiments on “Magnesia, Quicklime and other Alkaline Substances.” He also originated the theory of latent heat.

“Rutherford,” rŭthˈer-ford. (1749-1819.) A Scottish physician and botanist.

“Eudiometer,” eūˈdi-omˌe-ter. An instrument for measuring the amount of oxygen contained in a given bulk of elastic fluid.

“Drummond Light.” So called from Thomas Drummond. (1797-1840.) A British naval officer, the inventor of the light.

P. 6, c. 2.—“Iridium,” ĭ-rĭdˈi-ŭm. One of the metallic elements.

P. 7, c. 1.—“Fluorine,” flūˈor-ĭne.

“Monsieur Goffart,” mo-seerˈ gofˈfärˌ.

“Silos,” sīˈlos. A subterranean pit for keeping grain.

“Carbonic Anhydride,” car-bŏnˈic an-hyˈdride. The term anhydride means that the substance to which it is applied is derived from an acid by the removal of the water. That is, in this case carbonic anhydride is carbonic acid minus the water.

P. 7, c. 2.—“Terra-firma.” The Latin for firm land. “Manganese,” mănˌga-nēseˈ. “Catalysis,” ca-tălˈy-sis. A dissolution into parts.

P. 8, c. 2.—“Pneumatic trough,” pneū-matˈic. A trough used for experiments with gases.

STUDIES IN KITCHEN SCIENCE AND ART.

P. 8, c. 1.—“Solanum Tuberosum,” sō-lāˈnum tū-be-roˈsum. A night-shade bearing tubers.

“Solanaceæ,” sōˈla-nāˈce-æ. The family of night-shades.

“Belladonna,” bĕlˌla-dŏnˈna. Deadly night-shade. The name means “fine lady.” So called because formerly used as a cosmetic.

“Hyoscyamus,” hīˈos-ciˌa-mus. Henbane.

“Stramonium,” stra-mōˈni-um. Commonly called Jamestown weed, or thorn apple.

P. 8, c. 2.—“Protein,” prōˈteĭn.

“Carb-hydrates.” Compounds of carbon and water.

P. 10, c. 1—“A la crème,” ä lä crām. With cream.

“Julienne,” zhüˈle-en; “Parisienne,” pä-rēˈze-ĕnˈ. Parisian.

“A la Français,” ä lä fränˈsāˈ. In the French fashion.

“A la Provençale,” ä lä prōˌvānˈsälˌ. In the provincial style.

“A la Barigoule,” bäˈre-goolˈ.

P. 10, c. 2.—“Maitre d’hotel,” matrˌdō-telˈ. Literally the head master of the hotel.

“Polonaise,” pōˌlo-nazˈ. Polish.

P. 11, c. 1.—“Purée,” puˈrāˌ. Soup.

“Potage Parmentier,” pōˈtäg pär-monˈte-ā. Parmentier’s soup.

GLIMPSES OF ANCIENT GREEK LIFE.

P. 13, c. 1.—“Daphnis and Chloe,” daphˈnis, klō.

P. 13, c. 2.—“Tiryns,” tiˈryns; “Acrocorinthus,” acˌro-co-rinˈthus.

TEMPERANCE TEACHINGS OF SCIENCE.

P. 17, c. 2.—“Condorcet,” konˌdorˈsaˌ. (1743-1794.) French metaphysician.

P. 18, c. 2.—“Rousseau,” rooˈsōˌ. (1670-1741.) A French lyric poet.

“Hasheesh,” hăshˈeesh. A gum-resin in hemp. It is produced by boiling the leaves and flowers of the common hemp with a little butter.

“Absinthe,” ab-sĭntheˈ. Made from brandy flavored with wormwood.

P. 19, c. 1.—“Brisse,” brēs; “soma,” sōˈma; “koumiss,” kouˈmiss.

“Aloe,” ălˈo. A genus of trees belonging to warm climates.

“Cinnabar,” cĭnˈnā-bar. A compound of sulphur and mercury.

“Acetate,” ăçˈe-tāte. A compound formed of acetic acid (the acid which we find diluted in vinegar) and copper.

“Ashantee,” a-shanˈtee. A savage tribe on the west coast of Africa.

“Oaxaca,” wä-häˈkä.

“Chamisso,” shä-misˈo. (1781-1838.) A German naturalist, poet and traveler. His Travels (Reisen) are among his important works.

“Dhurra,” durˈra. Indian millet or Guinea corn, cultivated in Asia and southern Europe.

“Belzoni,” bel-zōˈnee. (1778?-1823.) An Italian traveler and explorer.

“Druses.” A people living on Mount Lebanon. They have a religion peculiar to themselves and of which little is known.

P. 19, c. 2.—“Armida,” ar-meeˈdä. Armida is one of the most prominent female characters in Tasso’s “Jerusalem Delivered.” The poet tells us that when the crusaders reached the holy city, Satan held a council to devise some means of distracting the plans of the Christian warriors, and Armida, a very beautiful sorceress, was employed to seduce Rinaldo and other crusaders. Rinaldo was conducted by the sorceress to a remote island, where in her splendid castle, surrounded by delightful gardens and pleasure grounds he quite forgot his vows and the great object to which he had devoted his life.

P. 20, c. 1.—“Bernard,” bĕrˌnärˈ. (1813-1870.)

“Kirschwasser,” keershˈwäs-ser. Cherry water. Made by fermenting the small black cherry.

“Diathesis,” di-ăthˈe-sĭs. The peculiar constitution of a man which predisposes him to a particular disease.