Chapter IV · INFANT MORTALITY (continued 2)
Reading edition
Seventh and eighth born children. 181.5
Ninth-born child 128.2
Tenth or later born child 252.3
Ninth and later born children 201.1
135The next table gives a further elaboration of the same data; that is, it shows the infant mortality rate where such rates are lowest and highest, respectively, according to the age of the mother at the child’s birth and the order in which the child was born. Attention is again directed to the fact that the statistics presented in this section on “Reproductive histories” are based upon the total number of reportable pregnancies; that is, in addition to the pregnancies resulting in births in 1911, all prior pregnancies of the women considered in the investigation have been included.
Table 39.—Lowest and Highest Infant Mortality Rates, According to Age of Mother at Birth of Child and the Order in which Child was Born.
ORDER OF BIRTH. INFANT MORTALITY RATES, ACCORDING TO MOTHER’S AGE.
Lowest mortality. Highest mortality.
Mother’s age. Mortality rate. Mother’s age. Mortality rate.
All children 20–24 140.0 Under 17 367.3
First child 25–29 92.1 17–19 190.4
Second child 25–29 100.3 17–19 178.6
Third child 30–39 106.4 25–29 160.8
Fourth child 30–39 122.4 20–24 155.0
Fifth child 30–39 105.8 25–29 236.6
Sixth child 30–39 164.8 25–29 171.4
The difference in size of family for native and foreign mothers of different ages are indicated in the next table. The total and average number of live-born children, not reportable pregnancies, are given.
Table 40.—Total and Average Number of Live-Born Children Borne by Married Mothers Having Either a Live Birth or a Stillbirth in 1911, Classified by Nativity and Age of Mother.
AGE OF MOTHER AT BIRTH OF CHILD IN 1911. ALL MARRIED MOTHERS. NATIVE MARRIED MOTHERS. FOREIGN MARRIED MOTHERS.
Total. Live-born children. Total. Live-born children. Total. Live-born children.
Number. Average. Number. Average. Number. Average.
All ages 1,465 5,363 3.7 801 2,600 3.2 664 2,763 4.2
Under 20 years 81 96 1.2 62 70 1.1 19 26 1.4
20 to 24 years 456 908 2.0 258 483 1.9 198 425 2.1
25 to 29 years 389 1,261 3.2 196 536 2.7 193 725 3.8
30 to 39 years 459 2,480 5.4 240 1,188 5.0 219 1,292 5.9
40 years and over. 80 618 7.7 45 323 7.2 35 295 8.4
The next table shows all losses of pregnancy sustained by 628 mothers and the rate of loss per 1,000 births for mothers having different numbers of births or reportable pregnancies. For all mothers it was 188.4. “Loss,” 136as here used, means the sum of infant deaths (or deaths in first year) and stillbirths.
Table 41.—Aggregate Number of Births, Losses, and Rate of Loss Per 1,000 Births, According to Number of Births per Mother.
NUMBER OF BIRTHS PER MOTHER. Aggregate number of births. Aggregate number of losses. Rate of loss per 1,000 births.
Total 5,617 1,058 188.4
1 335 53 158.6
2 554 87 157.0
3 648 113 174.4
4 748 109 145.7
5 740 133 179.7
6 576 119 206.6
7 574 104 181.2
8 432 102 236.1
9 324 65 200.6
10 or more 686 173 252.2
The influence of the economic factor on infant mortality among the babies born prior to 1911 can not be determined with exactness, as no inquiry was made concerning earnings of the father when the other children were born. But it is believed that his earnings during the year following the birth of the 1911 baby can be regarded as an index of the economic standing of the family for some time past. In individual cases, of course, revolutionary changes in the family’s income may have occurred, but for the great mass of people in the group considered it is not likely that within such a short space of time as that covered by the child-bearing period of the women considered—most of whom had not had numerous pregnancies—marked changes had taken place. If these known earnings are accepted as an index, the following variations are found to occur in the infant mortality rate for all the babies of whom a record was secured:
Table 42.—Infant Mortality Rate for all Children of Married Mothers Included in this Investigation, Distributed According to the Father’s Earnings.
FATHER’S ANNUAL EARNINGS. Infant mortality rate.
Under $521 197.3
$521 to $624 193.1
$625 to $779 163.1
$780 to $899 168.4
$900 to $1,199 142.2
$1,200 and over 102.2
The infant mortality rate for the babies whose fathers earn under $521 is almost twice as great as for those born into families in the most prosperous group. These figures strengthen the conclusion reached in the study of the 137babies born in 1911, namely that the economic factor is of far-reaching importance in determining the baby’s chance of life.
Table V.—Distribution of Live Births and of Deaths During First Year, According to Number of Persons and Number of Rooms per Family.
PERSONS PER FAMILY (NOT INCLUDING BABY). All live born babies. NUMBER OF BABIES WHO WERE BORN ALIVE AND NUMBER OF SUCH BABIES WHO DIED DURING FIRST YEAR IN HOMES HAVING—
1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms 6 rooms 7 rooms 8 rooms 9 rooms 10 rooms and over. Unknown number of rooms.
{Births 1,463 33 165 147 526 222 233 38 43 22 12 22
Total {Deaths 196 3 29 24 79 20 20 6 6 4 2 3
{Births 24 3 7 4 6 2 2
2 {Deaths 19 1 5 4 6 1 2
{Births 275 14 46 35 96 29 37 4 6 1 7
3 {Deaths 31 5 4 12 2 3 3 2
{Births 234 7 44 20 83 40 23 4 5 2 2 4
4 {Deaths 30 1 12 5 9 2 1
{Births 229 27 24 88 31 43 4 5 1 1 5
5 {Deaths 22 1 6 9 1 4 1
{Births 182 2 21 17 56 37 34 5 7 2 1
6 {Deaths 18 4 8 2 3 1
{Births 164 2 10 20 50 32 30 9 6 3 1 1
7 {Deaths 15 1 2 6 1 3 1 1
{Births 107 2 5 14 37 16 18 4 6 2 3
8 {Deaths 17 2 6 3 1 2 1 1 1
{Births 79 2 2 6 27 13 13 6 2 4 4
9 {Deaths 8 1 2 2 1 2
{Births 58 1 1 2 26 7 15 1 1 3 1
10 {Deaths 15 1 11 2 1
{Births 36 1 1 16 3 10 3 2
11 {Deaths 4 1 1 1 1
{Births 21 1 1 10 2 6 1
12 {Deaths 5 2 1 1 1
{Births 20 1 13 4 1 1
13 {Deaths 4 3 1
{Births 8 1 5 2
14 {Deaths 2 1 1
{Births 6 3 2 1
15 {Deaths 1 1
{Births 4 4
16 {Deaths 2 2
{Births 3 1 1 1
17 {Deaths
{Births 5 1 1 1 1 1
18 {Deaths 1 1
{Births 2 2
19 {Deaths
{Births 3 1 1 1
20 {Deaths 1 1
{Births 1 1
22 {Deaths 1 1
{Births 1 1
23 {Deaths
Not {Births 1 1
reported. {Deaths
138
Table VIII.—Distribution of Deaths of Infants at Specified Age, According to Cause of Death of Infant and Nativity of Mother.
CAUSE OF DEATH OF INFANT AND NATIVITY OF MOTHER. Total deaths under 1 year of age. AGE AT DEATH.
Less than 1 week. 1 week but less than 1 month. 1 month but less than 1 year.
Total. 1 day or less. 2 days. 3 to 6 days. Total. 1 week but less than 2. 2 weeks but less than 3. 3 weeks but less than 1 month. Total. 1 month but less than 2. 2 months but less than 3. 3 months but less than 6. 6 months but less than 9. 9 months and over.
All causes 196 45 30 4 11 29 14 7 8 122 18 16 42 31 15
Native mothers 85 25 18 3 4 9 2 1 6 51 9 7 18 12 5
Foreign mothers 111 20 12 1 7 20 12 6 2 71 9 9 24 19 10
Diarrhea and enteritis 52 1 1 5 3 2 46 5 4 17 15 5
Native mothers 17 1 1 16 3 1 5 5 2
Foreign mothers 35 5 3 2 30 2 3 12 10 3
Respiratory diseases 50 3 3 47 7 4 15 13 8
Native mothers 19 19 2 2 8 5 2
Foreign mothers 31 3 3 28 5 2 7 8 6
Premature births 24 21 19 2 3 3
Native mothers 11 11 11
Foreign mothers 13 10 8 2 3 3
Congenital debility or malformation 19 10 7 1 2 6 2 3 1 3 1 2
Native mothers 5 4 3 1 1 1
Foreign mothers 14 6 4 1 1 5 2 3 3 1 2
Injuries at birth 7 7 3 2 2
Native mothers 6 6 3 2 1
Foreign mothers 1 1 1
Other or not reported 44 6 1 1 4 12 6 1 5 26 5 6 10 3 2
Native mothers 27 3 1 1 1 8 2 1 5 16 4 4 5 2 1
Foreign mothers 17 3 3 4 4 10 1 2 5 1 1
139
Table X.—Distribution of Births to Married Wage-earning Mothers, According to Husband’s Annual Earnings and Nativity and Earnings of Mother.
NATIVITY AND ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MARRIED MOTHER. Total births. BIRTHS TO MARRIED WAGE-EARNING MOTHER WITH HUSBAND EARNING ANNUALLY—
Under $521. $521 to $624. $625 to $779. $780 to $899. $900 to $1,199. $1,200 and over. Ample.[37]
All wage-earning mothers 281 112 57 51 25 14 1 21
Under $53 20 6 5 1 4 1 — 3
$53 to $103 57 23 12 11 7 3 — 1
$104 to $207 89 46 16 19 3 3 — 2
$208 to $311 60 23 16 12 4 3 1 1
$312 and over 46 14 8 8 7 2 — 7
Not reported 9 — — — — — 2 7
Native wage-earning mothers 26 9 3 4 6 1 — 3
Under $53 6 2 1 — 2 1 — —
$53 to $103 5 2 1 2 — — — —
$104 to $207 5 1 1 2 1 — — —
$208 to $311 4 3 — — 1 — — —
$312 and over 3 1 — — 2 — — —
Not reported 3 — — — — — — 3
Foreign wage-earning mothers 255 103 54 47 19 13 1 18
Under $53 14 4 4 1 2 — — 3
$53 to $103 52 21 11 9 7 3 — 1
$104 to $207 84 45 15 17 2 3 — 2
$208 to $311 56 20 16 12 3 3 1 1
$312 and over 43 13 8 8 5 2 — 7
Not reported 6 — — — — 2 — 4
140
Table XI.—Distribution of Results of Reportable Pregnancies (Live Births and Stillbirths) and Miscarriages, According to Number per Mother and Nativity of Mother.
NUMBER OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES PER MOTHER AND NATIVITY OF MOTHER. REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES AND RESULTS THEREOF. MISCARRIAGES IN ADDITION TO REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES.
Total pregnancies. Total births. Excess due to plural births. Number of mothers. Live births. Stillbirths. Number of miscarriages reported. Number of mothers reporting miscarriages.
Number. Number of mothers having live births. Deaths in first year. Number of still-births. Number of mothers having still-births. Per cent. of all births. Total mothers. Per cent. of all mothers.
Number. Number of mothers having babies die. Infant mortality rate.
All married mothers 5,554 5,617 63 1,491 5,363 1,465 804 509 149.9 254 194 4.5 191 130 8.7
1 339 343 4 339 322 318 35 34 108.7 21 21 6.1 8 8 2.4
2 566 576 10 283 544 279 59 54 108.5 32 28 5.6 23 16 5.7
3 642 650 8 214 626 214 92 75 147.0 24 23 3.7 26 18 8.4
4 744 752 8 186 723 180 78 64 107.9 29 21 3.9 22 18 9.7
5 735 740 5 147 704 147 103 67 146.3 36 31 4.9 20 14 9.5
6 564 568 4 94 546 93 88 60 161.2 22 13 3.9 23 14 14.9
7 581 586 5 83 555 83 78 48 140.5 31 22 5.3 27 15 18.1
8 432 437 5 54 426 54 95 42 223.0 11 7 2.5 15 9 16.7
9 297 299 2 33 283 33 41 20 144.9 16 11 5.4 13 8 ([38])
10 or more 654 666 12 58 634 58 135 45 212.9 32 17 4.8 14 10 17.2
Native 2,717 2,744 27 816 2,600 801 294 206 113.1 144 115 5.2 136 92 11.3
1 234 236 2 234 224 222 17 17 75.9 12 12 5.1 7 7 3.0
2 346 351 5 173 327 170 25 23 76.5 24 21 6.8 18 13 7.5
3 333 338 5 111 322 111 38 31 118.0 16 16 4.7 21 15 13.5
4 376 377 1 94 362 94 36 31 99.4 15 13 4.0 13 10 10.6
5 325 326 1 65 302 65 26 21 86.1 24 19 7.4 13 10 15.4
6 222 222 37 216 37 34 22 157.4 6 5 2.7 17 9 ([38])
7 266 267 1 38 250 38 25 18 100.0 17 11 6.4 25 13 ([38])
8 184 187 3 23 184 23 29 17 157.6 3 2 1.6 8 5 ([38])
9 117 118 1 13 109 13 14 7 128.4 9 6 7.6 4 3 ([38])
10 or more 314 322 8 28 304 28 50 19 164.5 18 10 5.6 10 7 ([38])
141
Foreign 2,837 2,873 36 675 2,763 664 510 303 184.6 110 79 3.8 55 38 5.6
1 105 107 2 105 98 96 18 17 183.7 9 9 8.4 1 1 1.0
2 220 225 5 110 217 109 34 31 156.7 8 7 3.6 5 3 2.7
3 309 312 3 103 304 103 54 44 177.6 8 7 2.6 5 3 2.9
4 368 375 7 92 361 92 42 33 116.3 14 8 3.7 9 8 8.7
5 410 414 4 82 402 82 77 46 191.5 12 12 2.9 7 4 4.9
6 342 346 4 57 330 56 54 38 163.6 16 8 4.6 6 5 8.3
7 315 319 4 45 305 45 53 30 173.8 14 11 4.4 2 2 ([38])
8 248 250 2 31 242 31 66 25 272.7 8 5 3.2 7 4 ([38])
9 180 181 1 20 174 20 27 13 155.2 7 5 3.9 9 5 ([38])
10 or more 340 344 4 30 330 30 85 26 257.6 14 7 4.1 4 3 ([38])
142
Table XII.—Distribution of Results of Reportable Pregnancies (Live Births and Stillbirths) and Miscarriages, According to Number per Mother and Age of Mother at Each Pregnancy.
NUMBER OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES AND AGE OF MOTHER AT BIRTH OF BABY BORN IN 1911. REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES. LIVE BIRTHS. BABIES DYING IN FIRST YEAR. STILLBIRTHS. MISCARRIAGES.
Total. Resulting births. Number of mothers. Number. Number of mothers. Number. Number of mothers. Infant mortality rate. Number. Number of mothers. Per cent. of all births Number reported. Mothers reporting.
Number. Excess over pregnancies.[39] Number. Per cent. of all mothers.
All married mothers 5,554 5,617 63 1,491 5,363 1,465 804 509 149.9 254 194 4.5 191 130 8.7
Under 20 years 107 108 1 89 96 81 12 11 125.0 12 12 11.1
20 to 24 years 933 946 13 461 908 456 140 115 154.2 38 29 4.0 19 18 3.9
25 to 29 years 1,316 1,329 13 395 1,261 389 185 132 146.7 68 55 5.1 46 27 6.8
30 to 39 years 2,570 2,595 25 466 2,480 459 382 207 154.0 115 84 4.4 95 66 14.2
40 years and over 628 639 11 80 618 80 85 44 137.5 21 14 3.3 31 19 23.8
Average age: 28 years.
1 reportable pregnancy 339 343 4 339 322 318 35 34 108.7 21 21 6.1 8 8 2.4
Under 20 years 74 75 1 74 67 66 8 7 119.4 8 8 10.7
20 to 24 years 178 179 1 178 176 175 18 18 102.3 3 3 1.7 3 3 1.7
25 to 29 years 57 58 1 57 54 53 4 4 74.1 4 4 6.9 3 3 5.3
Average age: 23 years.
2 reportable pregnancies 566 576 10 283 544 279 59 54 108.5 3 28 5.6 23 16 5.7
20 to 24 years 312 317 5 156 302 154 42 37 139.1 15 13 4.7 6 6 3.8
25 to 29 years 148 151 3 74 141 73 9 9 63.8 10 9 6.6 5 3 4.1
30 to 39 years 78 80 2 39 76 38 5 5 65.8 4 3 5.0 12 7 ([40])
40 years and over 4 4 2 4 2
Average age: 25 years.
3 reportable pregnancies 642 650 8 214 626 214 92 75 147.0 24 23 3.7 26 18 8.4
20 to 24 years 231 234 3 77 227 77 40 31 176.2 7 6 3.0 7 6 7.8
25 to 29 years 285 288 3 95 277 95 41 33 148.0 11 11 3.8 14 7 7.4
30 to 39 years 108 110 2 36 105 36 8 8 76.2 5 5 4.5 4 4 ([40])
Average age: 26 years.
4 reportable pregnancies 744 752 8 186 723 186 78 64 107.9 29 21 3.9 22 18 9.7
20 to 24 years 156 160 4 39 148 39 28 21 189.2 12 6 7.5 3 3 ([40])
25 to 29 years 300 301 1 75 290 75 26 23 89.7 11 10 3.7 10 6 8.0
30 to 39 years 252 255 3 63 249 63 21 17 84.3 6 5 2.4 6 6 9.5
Average age: 29 years.
5 reportable pregnancies 735 740 5 147 704 147 103 67 146.3 36 31 4.9 20 14 9.5
20 to 24 years 50 50 10 49 10 9 7 183.7 1 1 2.0
25 to 29 years 280 283 3 56 266 56 51 31 191.7 17 15 6.0 6 4 7.1
30 to 39 years 375 377 2 75 361 75 40 27 110.8 16 14 4.2 12 8 10.7
Average age: 30 years.
6 reportable pregnancies 564 568 4 94 546 93 88 60 161.2 22 13 3.9 23 14 14.9
20 to 24 years 6 6 1 6 1 3 1 ([40])
25 to 29 years 132 133 1 22 127 21 23 17 181.1 6 1 4.5 6 3 ([40])
30 to 39 years 360 362 2 60 347 60 54 36 155.6 15 11 4.1 13 9 15.0
40 years and over 66 67 1 11 66 11 8 6 121.2 1 1 1.5 4 2 ([40])
Average age: 33 years.
7 reportable pregnancies 581 586 5 83 555 83 78 48 140.5 31 22 5.3 27 15 18.1
25 to 29 years 98 99 1 14 90 14 23 13 255.6 9 5 10.0 2 1 ([40])
30 to 39 years 392 395 3 56 377 56 45 28 119.4 18 15 4.6 19 11 19.6
40 years and over 91 92 1 13 88 13 10 7 113.6 4 2 4.3 6 3 ([40])
Average age: 34 years.
8 reportable pregnancies 432 437 5 54 426 54 95 42 223.0 11 7 2.5 15 9 16.7
25 to 29 years 16 16 2 16 2 8 2 ([40])
30 to 39 years 408 413 5 51 403 51 87 40 215.9 10 6 2.4 15 9 17.6
40 years and over 8 8 1 7 1 1 1 ([40])
Average age: 35 years.
9 reportable pregnancies 297 299 2 33 283 33 41 20 144.9 16 11 5.4 13 8 24.2
30 to 39 years 207 208 1 23 195 23 32 15 164.1 13 8 6.3 5 4 ([40])
40 years and over 90 91 1 10 88 10 9 5 102.3 3 3 3.3 8 4 ([40])
Average age: 37 years.
10 or more reportable pregnancies 654 666 12 ([41])58 634 58 135 45 212.9 32 17 4.8 14 10 17.2
30 to 39 years 360 364 4 33 342 33 85 26 248.5 22 11 6.0 7 6 ([40])
40 years and over 294 302 8 25 292 25 50 19 171.2 10 6 3.3 7 4 ([40])
Average age: 39 years.
144
Table XIII.—Distribution of Results of Reportable Pregnancies (Live Births and Stillbirths) and Miscarriages, According to Number per Mother and Husband’s Earnings.
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF PREGNANCIES FOR ALL MARRIED MOTHERS AND ANNUAL EARNINGS OF HUSBAND. REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES. LIVE BIRTHS. BABIES DYING IN FIRST YEAR. STILLBIRTHS. MISCARRIAGES.
Total. Resulting births. Number of mothers. Number. Number of mothers. Number. Number of mothers. Infant mortality rate. Number. Number of mothers. Per cent. of all births Number reported. Mothers reporting.
Number. Excess over pregnancies.[42] Number. Per cent. of all mothers.
All reportable pregnancies 5,554 5,617 63 1,491 5,363 1,465 804 149.9 509 254 194 4.5 191 130 8.7
Husband earns:
Under $521 938 946 8 233 902 227 178 197.3 110 44 31 4.7 27 17 7.31
$521 to $624 691 700 9 174 668 173 129 193.1 75 32 25 4.6 22 14 8.0
$625 to $779 816 826 10 229 797 227 130 163.1 88 29 21 3.5 21 15 6.6
$780 to $899 611 616 5 166 588 163 99 168.4 61 28 23 4.5 30 19 11.4
$900 to $1,199 574 581 7 146 548 143 78 142.3 48 33 24 5.7 25 18 12.3
$1,200 and over 196 199 3 50 186 49 30 161.3 18 13 9 6.5 8 6 12.0
Ample[43] 1,728 1,749 21 493 1,674 483 160 95.6 109 75 61 4.3 58 41 8.3
1 reportable pregnancy 339 343 4 339 322 318 35 108.7 34 21 21 6.1 8 8 2.4
Husband earns:
Under $521 48 48 48 43 43 11 11 5 5
$521 to $624 23 23 23 22 22 2 2 1 1 1 1
$625 to $779 46 48 2 46 46 44 6 5 2 2 2 2
$780 to $899 35 35 35 32 32 3 3 3 3
$900 to $1,199 38 39 1 38 36 35 4 4 3 3
$1,200 and over 13 13 13 13 13 1 1
Ample[43] 136 137 1 136 130 129 8 61.5 8 7 7 5.1 5 5
2 reportable pregnancies 566 576 10 283 544 279 59 108.5 54 32 28 5.6 23 16 5.7
Husband earns:
Under $521 62 64 2 31 62 31 11 176.4 11 2 2 3.1
$521 to $624 72 74 2 36 68 36 8 177.6 6 6 6 8.1 3 1
$625 to $779 110 111 1 55 108 55 17 157.4 16 3 3 2.7 2 2 4.4
$780 to $899 56 56 28 53 28 9 169.8 7 3 3 5.4 4 2
$900 to $1,199 46 46 23 41 23 2 2 5 5 4 4
$1,200 and over 16 16 8 14 7 1 1 2 1 1 1
Ample[43] 204 209 5 102 198 99 11 55.6 11 11 8 5.3 9 6 5.9
145
3 reportable pregnancies 642 650 8 214 626 214 92 147.0 75 24 23 3.7 26 18 8.4
Husband earns:
Under $521 114 115 1 38 110 38 27 245.5 23 5 4 4.3 5 3
$521 to $624 102 104 2 34 101 34 16 158.4 13 3 3 1.9 1 1
$625 to $779 84 84 28 82 28 13 158.5 11 2 2 2.4 3 2
$780 to $899 87 87 29 83 29 6 72.3 6 4 4 4.6 5 4
$900 to $1,199 57 58 1 19 55 19 11 200.0 8 3 3 5.2 7 3
$1,200 and over 6 7 1 2 7 2 1 1
Ample[43] 192 195 3 64 188 64 18 95.7 13 7 7 3.6 5 5 7.8
4 reportable pregnancies 744 752 8 186 723 186 78 107.9 64 29 21 3.9 22 18 9.7
Husband earns:
Under $521 104 104 26 101 26 13 128.7 9 3 2 1.9 4 2
$521 to $624 88 89 1 22 86 22 10 116.3 9 3 1 3.4 2 2
$625 to $779 136 137 1 34 129 34 19 147.3 15 8 6 5.8 3 2
$780 to $899 96 97 1 24 95 24 13 136.8 12 2 1 2.1 3 3
$900 to $1,199 56 58 2 14 55 14 4 72.7 2 3 1 5.2 2 2
$1,200 and over 40 41 1 10 39 10 5 4 2 2 2 2
Ample[43] 224 226 2 56 218 56 14 64.2 13 8 8 3.5 6 5 8.9
5 reportable pregnancies 735 740 5 147 704 147 103 146.3 67 36 31 4.9 20 14 9.5
Husband earns:
Under $521 130 131 1 26 125 26 21 168.0 12 6 6 4.6 3 3
$521 to $624 90 91 1 18 85 18 20 235.3 12 6 5 6.6 3 1
$625 to $779 100 100 20 99 20 18 181.8 13 1 1 1.0 3 2
$780 to $899 110 110 22 106 22 13 122.6 8 4 4 3.6 3 2
$900 to $1,199 65 66 1 13 60 13 6 100.0 5 6 4 10.0
$1,200 and over 30 30 6 26 6 10 6 4 3 2 1
Ample[43] 210 212 2 42 203 42 15 73.9 11 9 8 4.2 6 5
6 reportable pregnancies 564 568 4 94 546 93 88 161.2 60 22 13 3.9 23 14 14.9
Husband earns:
Under $521 132 132 22 124 21 26 209.7 14 8 3 6.1 2 2
$521 to $624 60 60 10 59 10 9 152.5 8 1 1 1.7 6 2
$625 to $779 114 115 1 19 110 19 14 127.3 11 5 2 4.3 3 2
$780 to $899 48 48 8 48 8 7 6 4 2
$900 to $1,199 72 74 2 12 70 12 12 171.4 9 4 3 5.4 4 3
$1,200 and over 12 12 2 11 2 3 1 1 1
Ample[43] 126 127 1 21 124 21 17 137.1 11 3 3 2.4 4 3
146
7 reportable pregnancies 581 586 5 83 555 83 78 140.5 48 31 22 5.3 27 15 78.1
Husband earns:
Under $521 91 92 1 13 88 13 13 147.7 8 4 4 4.3 4 2
$521 to $624 56 56 8 51 8 15 294.1 6 5 4 8.9 1 1
$625 to $779 98 101 3 14 97 14 16 164.9 9 4 3 4.0
$780 to $899 35 35 5 32 5 6 5 3 2 3 1
$900 to $1,199 84 84 12 79 12 7 88.6 5 5 2 6.0 5 3
$1,200 and over 21 22 1 3 22 3 1 1 2 1
Ample[43] 196 196 8 186 28 20 107.5 14 10 7 5.1 12 7
8 reportable pregnancies 432 437 5 54 426 54 95 223.0 42 11 7 2.5 15 9 16.7
Husband earns:
Under $521 120 120 15 117 15 31 265.0 12 3 2 2.5 5 2
$521 to $624 96 98 2 12 94 12 22 234.0 10 4 2 4.1 1 1
$625 to $779 40 41 1 5 41 5 11 4 2 1
$780 to $899 48 49 1 6 46 6 11 5 3 2 5 3
$900 to $1,199 24 24 3 24 3 6 3 1 1
$1,200 and over 16 16 2 16 2 3 2 1 1
Ample[43] 88 89 1 11 88 11 11 125.0 6 1 1 1.1
9 reportable pregnancies 297 299 2 33 283 33 41 144.9 20 16 11 5.4 13 8
Husband earns:
Under $521 81 82 1 9 80 9 15 187.5 6 2 2 2.4 3 2
$521 to $624 72 72 8 70 8 10 142.9 6 2 1 2.8 3 3
$625 to $779 18 18 2 15 2 3 1 1 1
$780 to $899 18 19 1 2 17 2 5 2 2 2
$900 to $1,199 18 18 2 18 2 2 2
$1,200 and over 18 18 2 16 2 2 1
Ample[43] 72 72 8 67 8 9 134.3 4 5 4 6.9 6 2
147
10 or more reportable pregnancies 654 666 12 58 634 58 135 212.9 45 32 17 4.8 14 10 17.2
Husband earns:
Under $521 56 58 2 5 52 5 10 192.3 4 6 1 10.3 1 1
$521 to $624 32 33 1 3 32 3 17 3 1 1 1 1
$625 to $779 70 71 1 6 70 6 16 228.6 4 1 1 1.4 2 1
$780 to $899 78 80 2 7 76 7 26 342.1 7 4 2 5.0 3 2
$900 to $1,199 114 114 10 110 10 24 218.2 8 4 3 3.5 2 2
$1,200 and over 24 24 2 22 2 5 1 2 1 8.3
Ample[43] 280 286 6 25 272 25 37 136.0 18 14 8 4.9 5 3
148
Table XIV.—Distribution According to Number of Pregnancies and Age Groups of Married Mothers Classified by Nativity.
MOTHER’S AGE AND NUMBER OF REPORTABLE PREGNANCIES. ALL MOTHERS. NATIVE MOTHERS. FOREIGN MOTHERS.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Total pregnancies 1,491 100.0 816 100.0 675 100.0
1 339 22.7 234 28.7 105 15.6
2 283 19.0 173 21.2 110 16.3
3 214 14.4 111 13.6 103 15.3
4 186 12.5 94 11.5 92 13.6
5 147 9.8 65 8.0 82 12.1
6 94 6.3 37 4.5 57 8.4
7 83 5.6 38 4.7 45 6.7
8 54 3.6 23 2.8 31 4.6
9 33 2.2 13 1.6 20 3.0
10 and over 58 3.9 28 3.4 30 4.4
Under 20 years, total pregnancies 89 100.0 66 100.0 23 100.0
1 74 83.1 55 83.3 19 82.6
2 12 13.5 10 15.2 2 8.7
3 3 3.4 1 1.5 2 8.7
20 to 24 years, total pregnancies 461 100.0 261 100.0 200 100.0
1 178 38.6 114 43.7 64 32.0
2 156 33.8 86 33.0 70 35.0
3 77 16.7 42 16.1 35 17.5
4 39 8.5 14 5.4 25 12.5
5 10 2.2 4 1.5 6 3.0
6 1 .2 1 0.4
25 to 29 years, total pregnancies 395 100.0 199 100.0 196 100.0
1 57 14.5 45 22.6 12 6.1
2 74 18.7 46 23.1 28 14.3
3 95 24.1 40 20.1 55 28.1
4 75 19.0 40 20.1 35 17.9
5 56 14.2 17 8.5 39 19.9
6 22 5.6 7 3.6 15 7.7
7 14 3.5 4 2.0 10 5.1
8 2 .4 2 1.0
30 to 39 years, total pregnancies 466 100.0 245 100.0 221 100.0
1 30 6.4 20 8.2 10 4.5
2 39 8.4 29 11.8 10 4.5
3 36 7.7 25 10.2 11 5.0
4 63 13.5 33 13.5 30 13.6
5 75 16.1 40 16.3 35 15.8
6 60 12.9 24 9.8 36 16.3
7 56 12.0 28 11.4 28 12.7
8 51 10.9 23 9.4 28 12.7
9 23 4.9 8 3.3 15 6.8
10 and over 33 7.1 15 6.1 18 8.1
40 years and over, total pregnancies 80 100.0 45 100.0 35 100.0
2 2 2.5 2 4.4
3 3 3.8 3 6.7
4 9 11.3 7 15.6 2 5.7
5 6 7.5 4 8.9 2 5.7
6 11 13.8 5 11.1 6 17.1
7 13 16.3 6 13.3 7 20.0
8 1 1.3 1 2.9
9 10 12.5 5 11.1 5 14.3
10 and over 25 31.3 13 28.9 12 34.3
149
Table XV.—Distribution of Married Mothers by Losses Sustained, According to Nativity of Mother and Number of Possible Losses.
NUMBER OF BIRTHS OR POSSIBLE LOSSES AND NATIVITY OF MOTHER. DISTRIBUTION OF MOTHERS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF LOSSES.
Number of mothers. 1 loss. 2 losses. 3 losses. 4 losses. 5 losses. 6 losses. 8 losses. 10 or more losses.
All mothers 1,491 399 121 60 24 13 8 1 2
1 birth 335 53
2 births 277 67 10
3 births 216 73 14 4
4 births 187 55 13 8 1
5 births 148 48 19 11 1 2
6 births 96 44 13 8 2 1 2
7 births 82 22 19 10 2 1
8 births 54 18 8 10 4 2 2
9 births 36 9 10 5 1 1 2
10 or more births 60 10 15 4 13 7 1 1 2
Native mothers 816 199 59 19 5 6 1 1
1 birth 232 29
2 births 170 36 5
3 births 111 35 7 1
4 births 98 33 6 3
5 births 65 19 10 4
6 births 38 19 7 1 1
7 births 37 10 8 3 1
8 births 21 8 5 3
9 births 15 4 4 3 1
10 or more births 29 6 7 1 4 5 1
Foreign mothers 675 200 62 41 19 7 7 2
1 birth 103 24
2 births 107 31 5
3 births 105 38 7 3
4 births 89 22 7 5 1
5 births 83 29 9 7 1 2
6 births 58 25 6 7 2 2
7 births 45 12 11 7 2
8 births 33 10 3 7 4 2 2
9 births 21 5 6 2 1 2
10 or more births 31 4 8 3 9 2 1 2
150
Population, Registered Births, Deaths of Infants under 1 Year of Age, and Infant Mortality Rates for Registration States and Registration Cities having a Population of at Least 50,000 in 1910.
AREA. DEATHS[44] OF INFANTS UNDER 1 YEAR OF AGE.
REGISTRATION STATES.
Connecticut 1,114,756 27,291 3,476 127
Maine 742,371 15,578 2,108 135
Massachusetts 3,366,416 86,765 11,377 131
Michigan 2,810,173 63,566 7,912 124
New Hampshire 430,572 9,385 1,373 146
Pennsylvania 7,665,111 202,631 28,377 140
Vermont 355,956 7,343 791 168
REGISTRATION CITIES OF 50,000 POPULATION OR OVER IN 1910.
Connecticut:
Bridgeport 102,054 2,976 367 123
Hartford 98,915 2,411 286 119
New Haven 133,605 3,772 406 108
Waterbury 73,141 2,150 320 149
Washington, D. C. 331,069 7,016 1,068 152
Portland, Me. 58,571 1,163 167 144
Massachusetts:
Boston 670,585 17,760 2,246 126
Brockton 56,878 1,359 134 99
Cambridge 104,839 2,462 293 119
Fall River 119,295 4,591 854 186
Holyoke 57,730 1,702 362 213
Lawrence 85,892 3,165 529 167
Lowell 106,294 2,630 607 231
Lynn 89,336 2,218 216 97
New Bedford 96,652 3,873 685 177
Somerville 77,236 1,728 174 101
Springfield 88,926 2,438 302 124
Worcester 145,986 3,918 536 137
Michigan:
Detroit 465,766 11,960 2,138 179
Grand Rapids 112,571 2,693 329 122
Saginaw 50,510 897 130 145
Manchester, N. H. 70,063 1,939 375 193
New York, N. Y. 4,766,883 129,316 6,159 125
Bronx Borough 430,980 10,926 11,047 96
Brooklyn Borough 1,634,351 43,128 5,063 117
Manhattan Borough 2,331,542 66,112 8,900 135
Queens Borough 284,041 7,095 865 122
Richmond Borough 85,969 2,055 284 138
Pennsylvania:
Allentown 51,913 1,406 202 144
Altoona 52,127 1,392 166 119
Erie 66,525 1,713 197 116
Harrisburg 64,186 1,308 169 129
Johnstown 55,482 1,628 268 165
Philadelphia 1,549,008 38,666 5,334 138
Pittsburgh 533,905 15,059 2,259 150
Reading 96,071 2,370 336 142
Scranton 129,867 3,512 520 148
Wilkes-Barre 67,105 1,840 269 146
Rhode Island:
151It will be seen by this table that Johnstown is among the 10 cities of more than 50,000 population which had an infant mortality rate of 1910 in excess of 150 per 1,000 births. These 10 cities and their respective rates are as follows: Lowell, Mass., 231; Holyoke, Mass., 213; Manchester, N. H., 193; Fall River, Mass., 186; Detroit, Mich., 179; New Bedford, Mass., 177; Lawrence, Mass., 167; Johnstown, Pa., 165; Washington, D. C., 152; and Pittsburgh, Pa., 150.
It should be borne in mind that the absolute infant mortality rate of 134, computed for the group of babies included in this investigation, that is, for those born in Johnstown in 1911, can not be compared with any of the approximate rates in the foregoing table, since the basis of computation is entirely different. But the method used in this report seemed to be the only practicable one for our purpose, namely, to measure the infant mortality rate in different districts of the city where the babies are subjected to varying conditions.
152Conditions similar to those existing in Johnstown were found in Chicago by Dr. Alice Hamilton, Bacteriologist in the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases, Hull House. The results of a study made of 1,600 families in the neighborhood was published in 1910. The investigation was undertaken to find out the truth or falsity of a general feeling among the district nurses that a high birth rate was accompanied by a high death rate. It was found that a high birth rate was not so much accompanied as outrun by a high death rate. The number of children live-born was compared with the number of children who reached the age of three, so it is a study of child mortality, rather than of infant mortality. The child mortality rate rises and falls very much as does the infant mortality rate in Johnstown. A table calculated from the data of all the families shows an ascending mortality rate:
No. in Family Child Mortality Rate
4 children and less 118
6 children and more 267
7 children and more 280
8 children and more 291
9 children and more 303
Expressed in words this table says that child mortality increases as the number of children per family increases, until we have a death rate in families of eight and more, which is two and a half times as great as that in families of four children and under.
FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF, CHILDREN’S BUREAU, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Washington, October 7, 1916
INFANT MORTALITY—MANCHESTER
The findings of the bureau’s earlier study in Johnstown, Pa., are confirmed in many respects by the findings in Manchester—the coincidence of a high infant mortality rate with low earnings, poor housing, mother’s work, and large families.
The mortality rate among the 1,564 live-born babies studied in Manchester was 165 per 1,000 births, which is considerably higher than the estimated rate for the whole country.
Manchester is primarily a textile town, and the textile mills employed 36.3 per cent. of all the fathers of babies born in Manchester during the 12 153months covered by the study. Of the fathers, 13.7 per cent. were earning less than $450 per year; 48.5 per cent. less than $650; 22.9 per cent. $850 or more; 6.4 per cent. $1,250 or more.
Of the babies with fathers earning less than $450, about 1 in 4 died before it was 12 months old. The great majority of the babies had fathers in the wage group from $450 to $849, and of these about 1 in 6 died. Of the babies whose fathers earned $850 but less than $1,050, 1 in 8 failed to survive. Where the fathers earned $1,050 or more, 1 baby in 16 died in the first year.
Where families lived two or more persons per room, the infant death rate was twice as high as where they lived less than one person per room. The babies living in houses occupied by a single family died at the rate of 86.1 per 1,000, but those in tenements occupied by more than six families died at the rate of 236.6 per 1,000.
When the mother was a wage earner the baby’s chances of living were less than when she was not. Babies of mothers who had worked at some time during the year before the baby’s birth died at the rate of 199.2 per 1,000, while babies of nonworking mothers died at the rate of 133.9. Babies of mothers employed away from home some time during the year after childbirth while the baby was still alive and under four months old had a rate of 277.3, while babies of mothers not employed during that time had a rate of 122.
Babies of foreign-born mothers did not fare so well as babies of native mothers. The differences of rates, however, are only partly accounted for by their lower earnings. The largest foreign element in Manchester is Canadian French, and among them the infant mortality rate, 224 per 1,000 live births, is greater than that among any other group of the population, although their earnings are in general higher than those of other foreigners.
Sheer size of family appears to be one factor in this high Canadian-French rate, one-third of their babies being sixth or later in order of birth, while over one-sixth of these mothers had had from 9 to 18 children. These Canadian-French babies in families of 6 or more children died at the rate of 246.2 per 1,000 and the rate rises to 277.2 per 1,000 when only babies ninth or later in order of birth are considered.
155