PREFACE.
Reading edition
In Professor Sars' "Crustacea of Norway," quite a number of the British species of woodlice are figured in detail and described in English, but few copies of this fine work are to be met with in our country. The Rev. Canon Norman has from time to time published notes on the British species in "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History;" these are, however, scattered, and contain but few figures, while other literature that exists is out of date. Under these circumstances, we have thought that the following account and figures of all the British species would be useful to those anxious to work at the woodlice, and might also encourage others to pay attention to the distribution and habits of the interesting tribe to which they belong.
The writers would welcome any corrections or additions in view of a second edition.
W.M.W. C.S.
Odstock, Hanwell, December, 1905.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction1
Geological history1
External structure and appendages2
Alimentary canal6
Circulatory system7
Excretory system7
Nervous system8
Reproductive organs8
Development9
Habits and Economic considerations12
Local names15
Methods of collections and preservation16
Classification17
Scheme of classification and synopsis of generic characters18
British Species19
Section—Ligiæ19
Family—Ligiidæ19
Genus—Ligia Fabricius19
Ligia oceanica Linzé19
Genus—Ligidium Brandt21
Ligidium hypnorum Cuvier21
Family—Trichoniscidæ22
Genus—Trichoniscus Brandt22
Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt22
Trichoniscus vividus Koch23
Trichoniscus roseus Koch24
Genus—Trichoniscoides, Sars25
Trichoniscoides albidus Budde-Lund25
Genus—Haplophthalmus Schobl26
Haplophthalmus mengii Zaddach26
Haplophthalmus danicus Budde-Lund27
Family—Oniscidæ27
Genus—Oniscus Linné27
Oniscus asellus Linné27
Genus—Philoscia Latreille29
Philoscia muscorum Scopoli29
Philoscia couchii Kinahan30
Genus—Platyarthrus Brandt30
Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii Brandt30
Genus—Porcellio Latreille32
Porcellio scaber Latreille32
Porcellio pictus Brandt and Ratzeburg33
Porcellio dilatatus Brandt33
Porcellio rathkei Brandt34
Porcellio laevis Latreille35
Porcellio ratzeburgii Brandt36
Genus—Metoponorthus Budde-Lund37
Metoponorthus pruinosus Brandt37
Metoponorthus cingendus Kinahan38
Genus—Cylisticus Schnitzler38
Cylisticus convexus De Geer39
Family—Armadillidiidæ40
Genus—Armadillidium Brandt40
Armadillidium nasatum Budde-Lund40
Armadillidium vulgare Latreille41
Armadillidium pulchellum Zencker42
Armadillidium depressum Brandt43
Distribution of species43
Conclusion43
Bibliography45
LIST OF FIGURES.
PLATES I.-XXV. with a List, will be found at the end of the Book.
FIGURE. PAGE.
1.Parts of the body (Oniscus asellus)2
2.The first antenna (Oniscus asellus)2
3.The second antenna (Oniscus asellus)3
4.The underside of the head (Oniscus asellus)3
5.The mandibles (Oniscus asellus)4
6.The first maxillae (Oniscus asellus)4
7.The second maxillae (Oniscus asellus)4
8.The fused maxillipeds (Oniscus asellus)4
9.The "upper lip" (Oniscus asellus)5
10.The "lower lip" (Oniscus asellus)5
11.A typical thoracic segment (Oniscus asellus)5
12.The fifth thoracic segment of a female (Oniscus asellus)5
13.The underside of the abdomen of a female (Oniscus asellus)6
14.A typical abdominal appendage (Oniscus asellus)6
15.The first abdominal appendage of the male (Oniscus asellus)6
16.The second abdominal appendage of the male (Oniscus asellus)6
17.The alimentary canal (Oniscus asellus)7
18.The circulatory system (Oniscus asellus)7
19.The nervous system (Oniscus asellus)8
20.Female reproductory organs (Oniscus asellus)8
21.The male reproductory organs (Oniscus asellus)9
22.The fertilized egg (Porcellio scaber) after Roule10
23.The fertilized egg seen in section (Porcellio scaber) after Roule10
24 to 31.The development of a woodlouse (Porcellio scaber) after Roule10
32.Embryo of the woodlouse showing the three divisions of the intestine separately developed (Porcellio scaber) after Roule11
33.Embryo of the woodlouse showing traces of the segments (Porcellio scaber) after Roule11
34.An embryo woodlouse ready to be hatched (Porcellio scaber) after Roule11
35.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Ligia oceanica12
36.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Ligidium hypnorum13
37.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Trichoniscus pusillus23
38.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Trichoniscus vividus24
39.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Trichoniscus roseus24
40.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Trischoniscoides albidus25
41.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Haplophthalmus mengii26
42.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Haplophthalmus danicus27
43.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Oniscus asellus28
44.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Philoscia muscorum29
45.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Philoscia couchii30
46.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii31
47.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Porcellio scaber32
48.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Porcellio pictus33
49.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Porcellio dilatatus34
50.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Porcellio rathkei35
51.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Porcellio laevis35
52.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Porcellio ratzeburgii36
53.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Metoponorthus pruinosus37
54.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Metoponorthus cingendus38
55.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Cylisticus convexus39
56.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Armadillidium nasatum40
57.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Armadillidium vulgare41
58.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Armadillidium pulchellum42
59.Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of Armadillidium depressum43