DETAILED CONTENTS CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. THE ROMAN IDEA AND THE ENGLISH IDEA. When did the Roman Empire come to an end? ... 1-3 Meaning of Odovakar's work ... 3 The Holy Roman Empire ... 4, 5 Gradual shifting of primacy from the men who spoke Latin, and their descendants, to the men who speak English ... 6-8 Political history is the history of nation-making ... 8, 9 The ORIENTAL method of nation-making; conquest without incorporation ... 9 Illustrations from eastern despotisms ... 10 And from the Moors in Spain ... 11 The ROMAN method of nation-making; conquest with incorporation, but without representation ... 12 Its slow development ... 13 Vices in the Roman system. ... 14 Its fundamental defect ... 15 It knew nothing of political power delegated by the people to representatives ... 16 And therefore the expansion of its dominion ended in a centralized Despotism ... 16 Which entailed the danger that human life might come to stagnate in Europe, as it had done in Asia ... 17 The danger was warded off by the Germanic invasions, which, however, threatened to undo the work which the Empire had done in organizing European society ... 17 But such disintegration was prevented by the sway which the Roman Church had come to exercise over the European mind ... 18 The wonderful thirteenth century ... 19 The ENGLISH method of nation-making; incorporation with representation ... 20 Pacific tendencies of federalism ... 21 Failure of Greek attempts at federation ... 22 Fallacy of the notion that republics must be small ... 23 "It is not the business of a government to support its people, but of the people to support their government" ... 24 Teutonic March-meetings and representative assemblies ... 25 Peculiarity of the Teutonic conquest of Britain ... 26, 27 Survival and development of the Teutonic representative assembly in England ... 28 Primitive Teutonic institutions less modified in England than in Germany ... 29 Some effects of the Norman conquest of England ... 30 The Barons' War and the first House of Commons ... 31 Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty ... 32 Conflict between Roman Idea and English Idea begins to become clearly visible in the thirteenth century ... 33 Decline of mediaeval Empire and Church with the growth of modern nationalities ... 34 Overthrow of feudalism, and increasing power of the crown ... 35 Formidable strength of the Roman Idea ... 36 Had it not been for the Puritans, political liberty would probably have disappeared from the world ... 37 Beginnings of Protestantism in the thirteenth century ... 38 The Cathari, or Puritans of the Eastern Empire ... 39 The Albigenses ... 40 Effects of persecution; its feebleness in England ... 41 Wyclif and the Lollards ... 42 Political character of Henry VIII.'s revolt against Rome ... 43 The yeoman Hugh Latimer ... 44 The moment of Cromwell's triumph was the most critical moment in history ... 45 Contrast with France; fate of the Huguenots ... 46, 47 Victory of the English Idea ... 48 Significance of the Puritan Exodus ... 49 CHAPTER II. THE PURITAN EXODUS. Influence of Puritanism upon modern Europe ... 50, 51 Work of the Lollards ... 52 They made the Bible the first truly popular literature in England ... 53, 54 The English version of the Bible ... 54, 55 Secret of Henry VIII.'s swift success in his revolt against Rome ... 56 Effects of the persecution under Mary ... 57 Calvin's theology in its political bearings ... 58, 59 Elizabeth's policy and its effects ... 60, 61 Puritan sea-rovers ... 61 Geographical distribution of Puritanism in England; it was strongest in the eastern counties ... 62 Preponderance of East Anglia in the Puritan exodus ... 63 Familiar features of East Anglia to the visitor from New England ... 64 Puritanism was not intentionally allied with liberalism ... 65 Robert Brown and the Separatists ... 66 Persecution of the Separatists ... 67 Recantation of Brown; it was reserved for William Brewster to take the lead in the Puritan exodus ... 68 James Stuart, and his encounter with Andrew Melville ... 69 What James intended to do when he became King of England ... 70 His view of the political situation, as declared in the conference at Hampton Court ... 71 The congregation of Separatists at Scrooby ... 72 The flight to Holland, and settlement at Leyden in 1609 ... 73 Systematic legal toleration in Holland ... 74 Why the Pilgrims did not stay there; they wished to keep up their distinct organization and found a state ... 74 And to do this they must cross the ocean, because European territory was all preoccupied ... 75 The London and Plymouth companies ... 75 First explorations of the New England coast; Bartholomew Gosnold (1602), and George Weymouth (1605) ... 76 The Popham colony (1607) ... 77 Captain John Smith gives to New England its name (1614) ... 78 The Pilgrims at Leyden decide to make a settlement near the Delaware river ... 79 How King James regarded the enterprise ... 80 Voyage of the Mayflower; she goes astray and takes the Pilgrims to Cape Cod bay ... 81 Founding of the Plymouth colony (1620) ... 82, 83 Why the Indians did not molest the settlers ... 84, 85 The chief interest of this beginning of the Puritan exodus lies not so much in what it achieved as in what it suggested ... 86, 87 CHAPTER III. THE PLANTING OF NEW ENGLAND. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and the Council for New England ... 88, 89 Wessagusset and Merrymount ... 90, 91 The Dorchester adventurers ... 92 John White wishes to raise a bulwark against the Kingdom of Antichrist ... 93 And John Endicott undertakes the work of building it ... 94 Conflicting grants sow seeds of trouble; the Gorges and Mason claims ... 94, 95 Endicott's arrival in New England, and the founding of Salem ... 95 The Company of Massachusetts Bay; Francis Higginson takes a powerful reinforcement to Salem ... 96 The development of John White's enterprise into the Company of Massachusetts Bay coincided with the first four years of the reign of Charles I ... 97 Extraordinary scene in the House of Commons (June 5, 1628) ... 98, 99 The King turns Parliament out of doors (March 2, 1629) ... 100 Desperate nature of the crisis ... 100, 101 The meeting at Cambridge (Aug. 26, 1629), and decision to transfer the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company, and the government established under it, to New England ... 102 Leaders of the great migration; John Winthrop ... 102 And Thomas Dudley ... 103 Founding of Massachusetts; the schemes of Gorges overwhelmed ... 104 Beginnings of American constitutional history; the question as to self-government raised at Watertown ... 105 Representative system established ... 106 Bicameral assembly; story of the stray pig ... 107 Ecclesiastical polity; the triumph of Separatism ... 108 Restriction of the suffrage to members of the Puritan congregational churches ... 109 Founding of Harvard College ... 110 Threefold danger to the New England settlers in 1636:— 1. From the King, who prepares to attack the charter, but is foiled by dissensions at home ... 111-113 2. From religious dissensions; Roger Williams ... 114-116 Henry Vane and Anne Hutchinson ... 116-119 Beginnings of New Hampshire and Rhode Island ... 119-120 3. From the Indians; the Pequot supremacy ... 121 First movements into the Connecticut valley, and disputes with the Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam ... 122, 123 Restriction of the suffrage leads to disaffection in Massachusetts; profoundly interesting opinions of Winthrop and Hooker ... 123, 124 Connecticut pioneers and their hardships ... 125 Thomas Hooker, and the founding of Connecticut ... 120 The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (Jan 14, 1639); the first written constitution that created a government ... 127 Relations of Connecticut to the genesis of the Federal Union ... 128 Origin of the Pequot War; Sassacus tries to unite the Indian tribes in a crusade against the English ... 129, 130 The schemes of Sassacus are foiled by Roger Williams ... 130 The Pequots take the war path alone ... 131 And are exterminated ... 132-134 John Davenport, and the founding of New Haven ... 135 New Haven legislation, and legend of the "Blue Laws" ... 136 With the meeting of the Long Parliament, in 1640, the Puritan exodus comes to its end ... 137 What might have been ... 138, 391 CHAPTER IV. — THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERACY. The Puritan exodus was purely and exclusively English ... 140 And the settlers were all thrifty and prosperous; chiefly country squires and yeomanry of the best and sturdiest type ... 141, 142 In all history there has been no other instance of colonization so exclusively effected by picked and chosen men ... 143 What, then, was the principle of selection? The migration was not intended to promote what we call religious liberty ... 144, 145 Theocratic ideal of the Puritans ... 146 The impulse which sought to realize itself in the Puritan ideal was an ethical impulse ... 147 In interpreting Scripture, the Puritan appealed to his Reason ... 148, 149 Value of such perpetual theological discussion as was carried on in early New England ... 150, 151 Comparison with the history of Scotland ... 152 Bearing of these considerations upon the history of the New England confederacy ... 153 The existence of so many colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, Rhode Island, the Piscataqua towns, etc.) was due to differences of opinion on questions in which men's religious ideas were involved ... 154 And this multiplication of colonies led to a notable and significant attempt at confederation ... 155 Turbulence of dissent in Rhode Island ... 156 The Earl of Warwick, and his Board of Commissioners ... 157 Constitution of the Confederacy ... 158 It was only a league, not a federal union ... 159 Its formation involved a tacit assumption of sovereignty ... 160 The fall of Charles I. brought up, for a moment, the question as to the supremacy of Parliament over the colonies ... 161 Some interesting questions ... 162 Genesis of the persecuting spirit ... 163 Samuel Gorton and his opinions ... 163-165 He flees to Aquedneck and is banished thence ... 166 Providence protests against him ... 167 He flees to Shawomet, where he buys land of the Indians ... 168 Miantonomo and Uncas ... 169, 170 Death of Miantonomo ... 171 Edward Johnson leads an expedition against Shawomet ... 172 Trial and sentence of the heretics ... 173 Winthrop declares himself in a prophetic opinion ... 174 The Presbyterian cabal ... 175-177 The Cambridge Platform; deaths of Winthrop and Cotton ... 177 Views of Winthrop and Cotton as to toleration in matters of Religion ... 178 After their death, the leadership in Massachusetts was in the hands of Endicott and Norton ... 179 The Quakers; their opinions and behavior ... 179-181 Violent manifestations of dissent ... 182 Anne Austin and Mary Fisher; how they were received in Boston ... 183 The confederated colonies seek to expel the Quakers; noble attitude of Rhode Island ... 184 Roger Williams appeals to his friend, Oliver Cromwell ... 185 The "heavenly speech" of Sir Harry Vane ... 185 Laws passed against the Quakers ... 186 How the death penalty was regarded at that time in New England ... 187 Executions of Quakers on Boston Common ... 188, 189 Wenlock Christison's defiance and victory ... 189, 190 The "King's Missive" ... 191 Why Charles II. interfered to protect the Quakers ... 191 His hostile feeling toward the New England governments ... 192 The regicide judges, Goffe and Whalley ... 193, 194 New Haven annexed to Connecticut ... 194, 195 Abraham Pierson, and the founding of Newark ... 196 Breaking-down of the theocratic policy ... 197 Weakening of the Confederacy ... 198 CHAPTER V. — KING PHILIP'S WAR. Relations between the Puritan settlers and the Indians ... 199 Trade with the Indians ... 200 Missionary work; Thomas Mayhew ... 201 John Eliot and his translation of the Bible ... 202 His preaching to the Indians ... 203 His villages of Christian Indians ... 204 The Puritan's intention was to deal gently and honourably with the red men ... 205 Why Pennsylvania was so long unmolested by the Indians ... 205, 206 Difficulty of the situation in New England ... 207 It is hard for the savage and the civilized man to understand one another ... 208 How Eliot's designs must inevitably have been misinterpreted by the Indians ... 209 It is remarkable that peace should have been so long preserved ... 210 Deaths of Massasoit and his son Alexander ... 211 Very little is known about the nature of Philip's designs ... 212 The meeting at Taunton ... 213 Sausamon informs against Philip ... 213 And is murdered ... 214 Massacres at Swanzey and Dartmouth ... 214 Murder of Captain Hutchinson ... 215 Attack on Brookfield, which is relieved by Simon Willard ... 216 Fighting in the Connecticut valley; the mysterious stranger at Hadley ... 217, 218 Ambuscade at Bloody Brook ... 219 Popular excitement in Boston ... 220 The Narragansetts prepare to take the war-path ... 221 And Governor Winslow leads an army against them ... 222, 223 Storming of the great swamp fortress ... 224 Slaughter of the Indians ... 225 Effect of the blow ... 226 Growth of the humane sentiment in recent times, due to the fact that the horrors of war are seldom brought home to everybody's door ... 227, 228 Warfare with savages is likely to be truculent in character ... 229 Attack upon Lancaster ... 230 Mrs. Rowlandson's narrative ... 231-233 Virtual extermination of the Indians (February to August, 1676) ... 233, 234 Death of Canonchet ... 234 Philip pursued by Captain Church ... 235 Death of Philip ... 236 Indians sold into slavery ... 237 Conduct of the Christian Indians ... 238 War with the Tarratines ... 239 Frightful destruction of life and property ... 240 Henceforth the red man figures no more in the history of New England, except in frontier raids under French guidance ... 241 CHAPTER VI. THE TYRANNY OF ANDROS. Romantic features in the early history of New England ... 242 Captain Edward Johnson, of Woburn, and his book on "The Wonder-working Providence of Zion's Saviour in New England" ... 243,244 Acts of the Puritans often judged by an unreal and impossible standard ... 245 Spirit of the "Wonder-working Providence" ... 246 Merits and faults of the Puritan theocracy ... 247 Restriction of the suffrage to church members ... 248 It was a source of political discontent ... 249 Inquisitorial administration of justice ... 250 The "Half way Covenant" ... 251 Founding of the Old South church ... 252 Unfriendly relations between Charles II and Massachusetts ... 253 Complaints against Massachusetts ... 254 The Lords of Trade ... 255 Arrival of Edward Randolph in Boston ... 256 Joseph Dudley and the beginnings of Toryism in New England ... 257, 258 Charles II. erects the four Piscataqua towns into the royal province of New Hampshire ... 259 And quarrels with Massachusetts over the settlement of the Gorges claim to the Maine district ... 260 Simon Bradstreet and his verse-making wife ... 261 Massachusetts answers the king's peremptory message ... 262 Secret treaty between Charles II. and Louis XIV ... 263 Shameful proceedings in England ... 264 Massachusetts refuses to surrender her charter; and accordingly it is annulled by decree of chancery, June 21, 1684 ... 265 Effect of annulling the charter ... 266 Death of Charles II, accession of James II., and appointment of Sir Edmund Andros as viceroy over New England, with despotic powers ... 267 The charter oak ... 268 Episcopal services in Boston ... 268, 269 Founding of the King's Chapel ... 269 The tyranny ... 270 John Wise of Ipswich ... 271 Fall of James II ... 271 Insurrection in Boston, and overthrow of Andros ... 272 Effects of the Revolution of 1689 ... 273 Need for union among all the northern colonies ... 274 Plymouth, Maine, and Acadia annexed to Massachusetts ... 275 Which becomes a royal province ... 276 And is thus brought into political sympathy with Virginia ... 276 The seeds of the American Revolution were already sown, and the spirit of 1776 was foreshadowed in 1689 ... 277, 278