The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army

APPENDIX I

Reading edition

During the course of this essay an attempt was made to estimate roughly the total number of auxiliary troops in existence during the first century, but the evidence for this period was too scanty to permit of discussing further the size and composition of the various provincial garrisons.446 In the second century, however, the evidence of ‘diplomata’ and dated inscriptions becomes relatively copious, and it has seemed possible to draw up something like an ‘army list’, giving the names of the regiments stationed in every province during this period so far as they are known. Such a list cannot, of course, make any pretensions to completeness, but it is hoped that the main conclusions which it suggests will not be found incorrect, and that it may be of service to future workers in the same field. The period to which the list is intended to apply extends from the death of Trajan, in 117, to the accession of Marcus, in 161, during which no hostilities on a large scale took place, so that in view of the general character of the military system we may safely assume that few regiments were transferred from one province to another. In drawing up the list the following principles have been observed. In the first place, all regiments have been included which are assigned to a particular province by a ‘diploma’ or inscription dated within the limits of the period. Secondly, those regiments are included which can be shown to have existed before and after the period, since they must obviously also have been in existence during it, although their allocation to a particular province is of course not so certain. To this category belong those regiments which, while only mentioned in later inscriptions or the Notitia Dignitatum, bear evidence in the titles ‘Claudia’, ‘Flavia’, ‘Ulpia’, or ‘Aelia’ that they were created at an earlier date.

These canons have not, however, been rigidly adhered to in every case. In estimating the garrison of Mauretania Caesariensis; for example, where evidence is particularly scanty, it seemed foolish to exclude that afforded by the diploma of 107, the only one yet found in the province. In this and other doubtful cases a summary of the evidence used is appended to the name of the regiment, so that the reader may judge of its value for himself. When the facts seem certain the epigraphical evidence is not cited in full, although to illustrate certain arguments used in the text a reference is given to every ‘diploma’ in which each regiment is mentioned and also to the Notitia Dignitatum.447 In calculating the strength of the various provincial garrisons the cohorts and alae are reckoned at 500 or 1,000 men each, the mounted infantry of a cohors equitata being estimated at 25 per cent. of the total establishment. For the numeri, which probably varied in size, an average strength of 200 men has been taken.

I. Britain.448

Diplomata xxix (98), xxxii (103), xxxiv (105), xliii (124), lv (ante 138), lvii (146).

Alae.

I Asturum 98 (?), 124, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 35.

II Asturum Several inscriptions. Eph. Ep. ix. 1171 dates from c. 180. (Cf. Dio, lxxii. 8). Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 38.

Augusta Gallorum Petriana M. C. R. 98 (?), 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 45.

Augusta Gallorum Proculeiana 98 (?), ante 138, 146.

II Gallorum Sebosiana 103, inscription of the third century (vii. 287).

Picentiana 124.

I Qu//ru (? Cugernorum) 124.

Sabiniana vii. 571. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 37.449

Tungrorum 98, 105, 145-80 (vii. 1090).450

Hispanorum Vettonum C. R. 103, 197 (vii. 273).

Augusta Vocontiorum 145-80 (vii. 1080).451

Cohorts.

I Aquitanorum 124, 158 (Eph. Ep. ix. 1108).

I Asturum 260 (viii. 9047).452

II Asturum 105 (?), 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 42.453

I Baetasiorum C. R. 103, 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xxviii. 18.

I Batavorum 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 39.

III Bracaraugustanorum 103, 124, 146. Eph. Ep. ix. 1277.

IV Breucorum vii. 458, 1231. Eph. Ep. vii. 1127. The only one of these which can be dated belongs to the third century, but the cohort doubtless formed part of the early series, which can be traced in several provinces.

I Celtiberorum 105, 146.

I Aelia Classica 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 51.

I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum C. R. 103, 124.

I Aelia Dacorum M. 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 44.

I Dalmatarum 124.

II Dalmatarum 105 (?). Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 43.

II Dongonum 124.

I Frisiavonum 105, 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 36.454

II Gallorum E. 146.

IV Gallorum E. 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 41.

V Gallorum 145-80 (vii. 1083). 222 (Eph. Ep. ix. 1140).

I Nervana Germanorum M. E. Second-century inscriptions (vii. 1063, 1066).455

I Hamiorum S. 124, 136-8 (vii. 748).

I Aelia Hispanorum M. E. 222 (vii. 965).

I Hispanorum E. 98, 103, 105, 124, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 49.

I Lingonum E. 105, c. 142 (vii. 1041).

II Lingonum E. 98, 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 48.

IV Lingonum E. 103, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 33.

I Menapiorum 124.

I Morinorum 103. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 52.

II Nerviorum 98, 124, 146.

III Nerviorum C. R. 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 53.

VI Nerviorum C. R. 124, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 56.

II Pannoniorum 105 (?). Still existing in the reign of Hadrian (ix. 1619).

III Pannoniorum ante 138.456

I Sunucorum 124.

I Thracum 117-38 (vii. 275),457 193-7 vii. 273).

II Thracum E. 103, 145-80 (vii. 1091). Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 50.

I Tungrorum M. 103, 124. Not. Dign. xl. 40.

II Tungrorum M. E. C. L.458 158. Eph. Ep. ix. 1230.

I Vangionum M. E. 103, 124.

I Fida Vardullorum M. E. C. R. 98, 105, 124, 146.

6,000 cavalry, 2,125 mounted infantry, 20,875 infantry. Total 29,000. Legions in the province: II Augusta, VI Victrix, XX Valeria Victrix.

II. Germania Inferior.

Diploma 78. I Bericht über die Fortschritte der römisch-germanischen Forschung, p. 99.

Alae.

Afrorum 78. One inscription, which is apparently second century (xiii. 8806).459

Noricorum 78, 138-61 (xiii. 8517).

Sulpicia 78, 187 (xiii. 8185).

Cohorts.

I Flavia E. 205 (xiii. 7797), 250 (xiii. 7786).

II Hispanorum P. F. E. 158 (xiii. 7796).

VI Ingenuorum C. R. xiii. 8315. Still existing in third century. A. E. 1911. 107.

XV Voluntariorum C. R. Early third-century inscriptions (xiii. 8824, 8826).460

1,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 1,750 infantry. Total 3,500. Legions in the province: I Minervia, XXX Ulpia Victrix.

III. Germania Superior.461

Diplomata xi (74), xiv (82), xxi (90), xl (116), l (134).

Alae.

I Flavia Gemina 74, 82, 90, 116.

Indiana Gallorum 134.

Scubulorum 74, 82, 90, 116.

Cohorts.

I Aquitanorum Veterana E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Aquitanorum Biturigum 74, 90, 116 (?), 134.

III Aquitanorum E. C. R. 74, 82, 90, 134.

IV Aquitanorum E. C. R. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Asturum E. 82, 90, 134.

II Augusta Cyrenaica E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Flavia Damascenorum M. E. S. 90, 116, 134.

III Dalmatarum 90, 116, 134.

V Dalmatarum 74, 90, 116, 134.

I Germanorum C. R. 82, 116, 134.

I Helvetiorum 148 (xiii. 6472).

I Ligurum et Hispanorum C. R. 116, 134.

II Raetorum C. R. 82, 90, 116, 134.

VII Raetorum E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Sequanorum et Rauracorum E. 191 (xiii. 6604).462

IV Vindelicorum 74, 90, 116 (?), 134.

I C. R. 116, 134.

XXIV Voluntariorum C. R. Inscriptions at Murrhardt on outer limes (xiii. 6530-33).

XXX Voluntariorum C. R. Placed in the province by a late second-century C. H. (iii. 6758).

Numeri.

Brittonum Elantiensium 145-61 (xiii. 6490).

Brittonum Triputiensium 145 (xiii. 6517).463

1,500 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 9,275 infantry. Total 11,900. Legions in the province: VIII Augusta, XXII Primigenia.

IV. Raetia.

Diplomata iii (64), xxxv (107), lxxix (post 145), lxiv (153), cxi (162), lxxiii (166).

Alae.

Hispanorum Auriana 107, 166 (?), 153 (iii. 11911)

I Flavia Singularium C. R. P. F. 107, 162 (?), 166.

I Flavia Fidelis M. P. F. 162.

I Flavia Gemelliana 64,464 166.

II Flavia P. F. M. 153.

Cohorts.

II Aquitanorum E. 162, 166.465

IX Batavorum M. E. 166. Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 24.

III Bracaraugustanorum 107, 166.

V Bracaraugustanorum 107, 166.

I Breucorum E. 107, 166, 138-61 (iii. 11930, 11931).

III Britannorum 107, post 145, 166.465 Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 25.

I Flavia Canathenorum M. 162, 166.

IV Gallorum 107, 166.

I C. R. Ingenuorum466 First-century Raetian inscription (v. 3936). Post-Hadrianic C. H. (ix. 5362).

VI Lusitanorum Placed in Raetia by a C. H. which is probably second century (I. G. R. R. iii. 56).

VII Lusitanorum 107 (?), 166.

I Raetorum 107, 166.467

II Raetorum 107, post 145, 162,468 166.469

VI Raetorum Cf. iii. 5202 with Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 27.

III Thracum Veterana 107, 145, 166 (secondary title only in last).

III Thracum C. R. 107, 166.

3,500 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 8,500 infantry. Total 12,500. No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.

V. Noricum.

Diploma civ (106).

Alae.

I Commagenorum 106. Not. Dign. Occ. xxxiv. 36.470

I Augusta Thracum 140-4 (iii. 5654).

Cohorts.

I Asturum 106. Several inscriptions (iii. 4839, 5330, 5539, 11508, 11708; vi. 3588).

V Breucorum Inscriptions in Noricum (iii. 5086, 5472). Probably second century C. H. (x. 6102).

I Aelia Brittonum M. 238 (iii. 4812).

I Flavia Brittonum M. 267 (cf. iii. 4811 with 11504).

1,000 cavalry, 3,000 infantry. Total 4,000. No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.

VI. Pannonia Superior.

Diplomata for the undivided provinces, ci (ante 60), ii (60), xiii (80), xvi (84), xvii (85), xxvii (98), xcviii (105). Diplomata for Pannonia Superior, cv (116), xlvii (133), li (138), lix (138-48), lx (148), lxi (149), c (150), lxv (154).

Alae.

Canninefatium 116, 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.

I Ulpia Contariorum M. C. R. 133, 148, 154.

I Hispanorum Aravacorum 80, 84, 85, 133, 138, 148, 149, 150.

Pannoniorum Several inscriptions; iii. 3252, 4372 are certainly second century.

I Thracum Victrix C. R. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.

III Augusta Thracum S. 148, 149, 150, 154.

Cohorts.

II Alpinorum E. 60, 84, 133, 148, 149, 154.

I Bosporiana 116.

V Lucensium et Callaecoram E. 60, 84, 85, 133, 138-48, 148, 149, 154.

I Ulpia Pannoniorum M. E. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.

I Aelia Sagittariorum M. E. 133 (?), 148, 149.

I Thracum C. R. E. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154. Not. Dign. Occ. xxxii. 59.

IV Voluntariorum C. R. 148, 149.

XVIII Voluntariorum C. R. 138, 148, 149, 154.

3,500 cavalry, 875 mounted infantry, 4,125 infantry. Total 8,500. Legions in the province: I Adiutrix, X Gemina, XIV Gemina Martia Victrix.

VII. Pannonia Inferior.

Diplomata xxxix (114), lviii (138-46), c (150), lxviii (145-60), lxxiv (167).

Alae.

Augusta C. R. 145-60.

Flavia Augusta Britannica M. C. R. 150, 145-60, 167.

I C. R. Veterana 80, 84, 85, 145-60.

I Flavia Gaetulorum 114, 145-60 (?).471

I Augusta Ituraeorum S. 98, 150, 167.

I Thracum Veterana S. 150, 145-60, 167.

Cohorts.

I Alpinorum Peditata 80, 85, 114, 167.

I Alpinorum E. 80, 85, 114, 154-60.472

II Asturum et Callaecorum 80, 85, 145-60, 167.

III Batavorum M. E. 138-46, 145-60.

VII Breucorum C. R. E. 85, 167.

II Augusta Nervia Pacensis Brittonum M. 114, 145-60.473

II Augusta Dacorum P. F. M. E. iii. 10255 probably dates from the second century.

I Hemesenorum M. E. C. R. S. 138-46.

I Lusitanorum 60, 80, 84, 85, 98, 114, 145-60, 167.

III Lusitanorum E. 114, 145-60, 167.

Maurorum M. E. Several inscriptions; iii. 3545 probably second century.

I Montanorum C. R. 80, 84, 85, 98, 114, 167.

I Noricorum E. 80, 84, 85, 138-46 (?), 167.

Cohors I Thracum E. 145-60.

Cohors I Augusta Thracum E. 167.

Cohors II Augusta Thracum E. 167.

Cohors I Campanorum Voluntariorum Third-century inscription (iii. 3237).

3,500 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 9,125 infantry. Total 14,500. Legion in the province: II Adiutrix.

VIII. Dalmatia.

Diploma xxiii (93).

Cohorts.

III Alpinorum E. 93. Numerous inscriptions; third-century C. H. (A. E. 1911. 107); placed by Not. Dign. Occ. xxxii. 53 in Pannonia.

I Belgarum E. Numerous inscriptions, one of 173 (iii. 8484).

VIII Voluntariorum C. R. 93, 197 (iii. 8336).

250 mounted infantry, 1,250 infantry. Total 1,500.

IX. Moesia Superior.

Diplomata, ciii (93); A. E. 1912. 128 (103).474

Alae.

Claudia Nova 93, 103.

Cohorts.

I Antiochensium 93, 103.

I Cisipadensium 93, 103, 235-8 (iii. 14429).

I Cretum 93, 103. Mentioned in a Dacian C. H. (iii. 1163).475

V Gallorum 93, 103. Second-century inscription (iii. 14216⁴).

V Hispanorum E. 93, 103. Inscription probably of second or early third century (viii. 4416).476

IV Raetorum 93, 103. Existing at time of Marcomannian War (viii. 17900).

I Thracum Syriaca E. 93, 103. Several inscriptions at Timacum minus (iii. 8261, 8262, 14575, 14579).

500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 3,250 infantry. Total 4,000. Legions in the province: IV Flavia, VII Claudia.

X. Moesia Inferior.

Diplomata xiv (82), xxx (99a), xxxi (99b), xxxiii (105), xxxviii (98-114), xlviii (134), cviii (138).477

Alae.

Atectorigiana A second-century inscription places the ala in Moesia Inferior (Notigia degli Scavi, 1889. 340). Inscription from Tomi of 222-35 (iii-6154).478

Gallorum Flaviana 99b, 105. Second-century C. H. (Eph. Ep. v. 994).

II Hispanorum et Aravacorum 99b, 138.

Augusta Early inscription at Arlec (iii. 12347), which is still a cavalry station with the name Augusta in Not. Dign. Or. xiii. 7.

I Vespasiana Dardanorum 99a, 105, 98-114, 134.

Cohorts.

I Bracaraugustanorum 99b, 98-114, 134.

II Flavia Brittonum E. 99a, 230 (iii. 7473).

II Chalcidenorum 99a, 134.

I Cilicum M. 134.

IV Gallorum 105. Not. Dign. Or. xl. 46.

II Lucensium 105, 98-114, 199 (iii. 12337).

I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica E. 99a, 105, 138.

II Mattiacorum 99b, 134, 138.

2,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 4,250 infantry. Total 7,000. Legions in the province: I Italica, V Macedonica, XI Claudia.

XI. Dacia.479

Diplomata, xxxvii (110);480 for Dacia Inferior xlvi (129); for Dacia Superior lxvi (157?), lxvii (158); uncertain lxx (145-61).

Alae.

I Asturum 200 (iii. 1393). Tiles iii. 8074^1a,b.

I Batavorum M. 158.

Bosporanorum481 iii. 1197, 1344, 7888. Tiles 8074³.

Gallorum et Bosporanorum 158.

Gallorum et Pannoniorum 145-61.

I Hispanorum 129.

I Hispanorum Campagonum 157, 158.

II Pannoniorum 144 (A. E. 1906. 112).

Siliana C. R. torquata iii. 845, 847, 7651.

I Tungrorum Frontoniana In Pannonia Inferior till 114. In Dacia probably in 145-61,482 213 (iii. 795).

Vexillatio equitum Illyricorum 129. (Afterwards became an ala, and is reckoned as such.)

Cohorts.

I Alpinorum E. 205 (iii. 1343). Also iii. 1183, and on tiles 1633²³, 8074⁸.

I Batavorum M. iii. 839, 13760.

II Flavia Bessorum 129.

I Britannica M. C. R.483 110. iii. 7634 is not earlier than Marcus and Verus.

I Brittonum M. E. In Pannonia in 85. In Dacia in 191 (iii. 1193).

I Augusta Nervia Pacensis Brittonum M.484 145-61.

I Ulpia Brittonum M. 145-61.

II Brittonum M. C. R. P. F.485 In Moesia Superior in 103. Tiles iii. 8074¹¹.

III Brittonum485 In Moesia Superior in 103. Tiles iii. 8074¹².

III Campestris C. R. 110. Inscriptions at Drobetae, iii. 14216⁸, 14216¹⁰.

I Flavia Commagenorum 157. iii. 14216²⁶.

II Flavia Commagenorum E. 119-38 (iii. 1371).

III Commagenorum iii. 7221, 13767.

I Gallorum Dacica 157.

II Gallorum Macedonica E. 110. Described as being in Dacia in ii. 3230.

III Gallorum 129.

I Flavia Ulpia Hispanorum M. E. C. R. 110, 145-61.

I Hispanorum Veterana 145-61. (Probably is the Cohors I Hispanorum of this diploma.)

II Hispanorum Scutata Cyrenaica E. 145-61.

IV Hispanorum E. 158.

I Augusta Ituraeorum S. 110, 158.

V Lingonum 215 (iii. 7638). But the cohort existed earlier; A. E. 1890. 151.

II Flavia Numidarum 129.

I Aelia Gaesatorum M. 145-61.486

I Thracum S. 157, 158.

VI Thracum 145-61.

I Ubiorum 157.

I Vindelicorum M. 157.

Numeri.

Burgariorum et veredariorum 138 (iii. 13795).

Pedites singulares Britannici 110, 157.

Palmyrenorum487 Some inscriptions (iii. 907, 14216) are probably as early as this period.

6,000 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 18,175 infantry. Total 25,300. Legion in the province: XIII Gemina.

XII. Macedonia.

A new diploma (A. E. 1909. 105) shows that the Cohors I Flavia Bessorum was stationed in the province in 120. Total 500 infantry.

XIII. Cappadocia.

No diplomata: the basis of this section is Arrian’s ‘Order of battle against the Alani’, which gives the state of the garrison at the end of the reign of Hadrian.488

Alae.

II Ulpia Auriana Arrian, 1. Full title, iii. 6743. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 23.

I Augusta Gemina Colonorum Arrian, 1. Full title, viii. 8934. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 21.

II Gallorum Arrian, 9. Cf. I. G. R. R. iii. 272; Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 24.

I Ulpia Dacorum Arrian, 8. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 23.

Cohorts.

Apuleia C. R. Arrian, 7 and 14. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 34.

Bosporiana M. S. Arrian, 3 and 18. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 29.

I Claudia E. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 36.

Cyrenaica S. E. Arrian, 1 and 14.

I Germanorum M. E. Arrian, 2. Cf. I. G. R. R. i. 623; Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 30.

II Hispanorum E. Cf. iii. 6760, ix. 2649; A. E. 1911. 161.489

II Italica C. R. S. M. E. Arrian, 3, 9, and 13. Cf. xi. 6117.490

Ituraeorum E. Arrian, 1.

I Lepidiana E. C. R. In Moesia Inferior in 98-114.491 Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 35.

I Flavia Numidarum M. E. S.492 Arrian, 3 and 18. Cf. D. lxxvi (178) for Lycia-Pamphylia.

III Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. S. Arrian, 1. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 27.

I Raetorum E. Arrian, 1.

IV Raetorum E. Arrian, 1.

2,000 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 7,125 infantry. Total 11,000. Legions in the province: XII Fulminata, XV Apollinaris.

XIV. Syria.

Diploma cx (157). The cavalry vexillatio described in iii. 600 seems to have been drawn almost entirely from regiments stationed in the Eastern provinces.493 This inscription, therefore, which probably dates from the end of Trajan’s reign, may be reckoned as a diploma, and the regiments mentioned in it placed in Syria if they cannot be traced elsewhere.

Alae.

II Flavia Agrippiana iii. 600. Cf. C. I. G. iii. 3497 for full titles.

Augusta Syriaca iii. 600 (from Egypt).

I Ulpia Dromedariorum M. 157.

I Praetoria C. R. iii. 600. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 26 (in Armenia).

III Thracum Cf. ii. 4251 (praefectus alae III Thracum in Syria) with vi. 1449, which shows that the regiment was existing in the middle of the second century.

Thracum Herculania M. iii. 600, 157.

I Ulpia Singularium iii. 600, 157.

Cohorts.

I Ascalonitanorum S. E. iii. 600, 157.

I Flavia Chalcidenorum S. E. 157.

V Chalcidenorum E. iii. 600.

II Classica S. 157.

I Ulpia Dacorum 157. Not. Dign. Or. xxxiii. 33 (Syria).

III Dacorum E. iii. 600.

II Equitum494 iii. 600.

VII Gallorum 157.

I Lucensium E. iii. 600 (from Dalmatia).

IV Lucensium E. iii. 600.

II Ulpia Paflagonum E. iii. 600, 157.

III Ulpia Paflagonum E. iii. 600, 157.

I Ulpia Petraeorum M. E.495 iii. 600, 157.

V Ulpia Petraeorum M. E.495 iii. 600, 157.

I Ulpia Sagittariorum E. iii. 600.

I Claudia Sugambrorum 157.

I Sugambrorum E.496 iii. 600 (from Moesia).

II Thracum Syriaca E. 157.

III Augusta Thracum E. 157.

III Thracum Syriaca E.497 A. E. 1911. 161.

IV Thracum Syriaca E.497 Mentioned on a C. H. of the second century (ii. 1970).

II Ulpia E. C. R. iii. 600, 157.

4,500 cavalry, 2,375 mounted infantry, 9,625 infantry. Total 16,500. Legions in the province: III Gallica, IV Scythica, XVI Flavia.

XV. Syria Palaestina.

Diplomata, xix (86), cix (139).

Alae.

Gallorum et Thracum 139.

Anton … Gallorum 139. Probably the εἴλη Ἀντωνινιανὴ Γαλική of B. G. U. 614 (dated 217).

VII Phrygum 139.

Cohorts.

III Bracarum 139.

IV Breucorum 139.

I Damascenorum 139.

I Flavia C. R. E. iii. 600, 139. Not. Dign. Or. xxxiv. 45.

I Ulpia Galatarum 139.

II Ulpia Galatarum 139. Not. Dign. Or. xxxiv. 44.

V Gemina C. R. 139.

I Montanorum 139.

IV Ulpia Petraeorum498 139.

VI Ulpia Petraeorum498 139.

I Sebastenorum M. 139.

I Thracum M. 139. Not. Dign. Or. xxxvii. 31 (Arabia).

1,500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 6,875 infantry. Total 8,500.

Legions in the province: VI Ferrata, X Fretensis.

XVI. Arabia.

Auxilia as yet unknown. Legio III Cyrenaica was stationed in the province.

XVII. Egypt.

Diploma xv (83).

Alae.

Apriana 83, 170 (iii. 49). Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 32.

II Ulpia Afrorum499 Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 38.

Gallorum Veterana 199 (iii. 6581). Unlikely to be a late creation. Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 28.

I Thracum Mauretana 154-5 (B. G. U. 447), 156 (Eph. Ep. vii. p. 457).500

Vocontiorum 134 (B. G. U. 114).

Cohorts.

I Ulpia Afrorum E. 177 (B. G. U. 241).

I Apamenorum S. E. 145 (Brit. Mus. Pap. 178). Not. Dign. Or. xxxi. 60.

I Flavia Cilicum E. 140 (iii. 6025).

III Cilicum 217-18 (A. E. 1905. 54), but it belonged presumably to the early series.

III Galatarum Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 35, but belonging probably to the series raised by Trajan.

II Hispanorum 134 (B. G. U. 114).

II Ituraeorum Felix E. 147 (I. G. R. R. i. 1348). Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 44.

III Ituraeorum 103 (Pap. Ox. vii. 1022). A second-century C. H. (viii. 17904).

Augusta Praetoria Lusitanorum E. 156 (Eph. Ep. vii. p. 456). Not. Dign. Or. xxxi. 58.

I Augusta Pannoniorum 83. Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 41.

Scutata C. R. 143 (B. G. U. 141). Cf. iii. 12069 and Not. Dign. Or. xxxi. 59.

I Thebaeorum E. 114 (B. G. U. 114).

II Thracum 167 (Wilcken, Ostraka, 927).

Numeri.

Palmyreni Hadriani Sagittarii 216 (I. G. R. R. i. 1169).

2,500 cavalry, 750 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 9,200. Legion in the province: II Traiana Fortis.

XVIII. Cyrenaica.

Garrison unknown.

XIX. Africa.

Alae.

Flavia 174 (viii. 21567).

I Augusta Pannoniorum 128. Addressed by Hadrian (A. E. 1900. 33).

Cohorts.

II Flavia Afrorum 198 (A. E. 1909. 104).

I Chalcidenorum E. 164 (viii. 17587).

VI Commagenorum E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian (viii. 18042).

I Flavia E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian (viii. 18042).

II Hispanorum E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian (viii. 18042).

II Maurorum 208 (viii. 4323).

Numeri.

Palmyrenorum 211-17 (viii. 18007).501

1,000 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 2,700 infantry. Total 4,200. Legion in the province: III Augusta.

XX. Mauretania Caesariensis

Diploma xxxvi (107).

Alae.

Brittonum V. Second-century inscription (viii. 9764). Cf. 5936.

Miliaria Several inscriptions (viii. 9389, 21029, 21036, 21568, 21618). Existed in second century (xii. 672).

I Nerviana Augusta Fidelis M. 107.

I Augusta Parthorum 107, 201 (viii. 9827).

Flavia Gemina Sebastenorum 234 (viii. 21039). A praefectus of the reign of Marcus (Eph. Ep. 699).

II Augusta Thracum P. F. 107, 209-11 (viii. 9370).

Cohorts.

II Breucorum E. 107, 243 (viii. 21560).

II Brittonum 107.

I Corsorum C. R. 107. Post-Hadrianic C. H. (ix. 2853).

II Gallorum 107.

I Flavia Hispanorum 107, 201 (viii. 9360).

I Flavia Musulamiorum 107.

I Augusta Nerviana Velox 107.

I Nurritanorum 107. Later inscriptions (xi. 6010; viii. 4292).

I Pannoniorum E. 107, 201 (viii. 22602).

II Sardorum 208 (viii. 21721). Also first-century inscriptions.

I Aelia Singularium 260 (viii. 9047). Cf. 20753.

IV Sugambrorum 107, 255 (viii. 9045).

Numeri.

Gaesatorum 150 (viii. 2728).

4,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 10,200. Third-century inscriptions also show the existence of a large force of Moorish irregular cavalry, perhaps a sort of territorial militia. It is impossible, however, to estimate their number, or to ascertain whether they were already in existence in the second century. Cf. Cagnat, L’armée romaine d’Afrique, pp. 261-73.

XXI. Mauretania Tingitana.

Alae.

Hamiorum A second-century inscription (viii. 21814 a). Cf. A. E. 1906. 119.

Cohorts.

I Asturum et Callaecorum M.502 C. H. of reign of Trajan (ii. 4211). Cf. viii. 21820; vi. 3654.

III Asturum C. R. E. Late second-century C. H. (xi. 4371). Placed in Mauretania by a Greek inscription (Waddington, 104) and Not. Dign. Occ. xxvi. 19.

500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 1,375 infantry. Total 2,000.

XXII. Hispania Tarraconensis.

Alae.

II Flavia Hispanorum C. R. 184 (cf. A. E. 1910. 5; ii. 2600).

I Lemavorum 161-7 or later (ii. 2103).503

Cohorts.

I Celtiberorum Baetica E. 163 (ii. 2552; cf. A. E. 1910. 3).

III Celtiberorum 167 (A. E. 1910. 4).

I Gallica E. A. E. 1910. 4. Not. Dign. Occ. xlii. 32.

II Gallica Not. Dign. Occ. xlii. 28. It is stationed at ‘Cohors Gallica.’

III Lucensium Inscriptions ii. 2584, 4132. Cf. Not. Dign. Occ. xlii. 29.

1,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 2,250 infantry. Total 3,500. Legion in the province: VII Gemina. To this list we may add the following regiments, which can be shown to have existed in the second century, although they cannot be assigned to any particular province:

Alae.

III Asturum xi. 3007 (the name Ulpius occurs).

I Flavia Gallorum Tauriana viii. 2394, 2395 (Trajan at earliest).

Cohorts.

Aelia Expedita viii. 9358.

II Bracarum vi. 1838 (Trajan).

III Breucorum ix. 4753 (Trajan); x. 3847 (probably middle of second century).

VI Brittonum ii. 2424 (Trajan).

III Augusta Cyrenaica Römische Mitteilungen, iii. 77 (Marcus).

VI Gallorum vi. 1449. The career of the Praefectus Praetorio Macrinius Vindex, who was killed in 172. He probably commanded this cohort about 150.

VI Hispanorum xi. 4376 (Trajan).

III Lingonum E. xi. 5959 (Trajan or later).

Pannoniorum et Dalmatarum x. 5829 (Trajan).

II Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. xi. 5669 (Trajan or Hadrian).

V Raetorum viii. 8934 (Trajan to Hadrian).

1,000 cavalry, 375 mounted infantry, 5,125 infantry. Total 6,500.

These calculations show that during the period in question the auxiliary troops amounted to 47,500 cavalry, 15,375 mounted infantry, and 129,925 infantry, giving a total establishment of 191,800 men. It is probable, however, that this puts the proportion of mounted men too low. Arrian’s Ectaxis shows that nearly every cohort of the Cappadocian garrison was equitata, and although the proportion of mounted men was doubtless higher on the eastern frontier than on the Rhine or in Britain, it is probable that if we possessed more documents similar to the Ectaxis dealing with the other garrisons we should find a higher proportion of cohortes equitatae than our present evidence suggests. It is equally probable that the total figure arrived at falls below the reality. For no province is it likely that the list is complete; in some cases, such as Mauretania Tingitana and Africa, the garrison is obviously put far below its real establishment, while for Arabia and Cyrenaica we have no evidence at all. The deficiency is certainly too great to be made good by the few regiments of uncertain habitation which conclude the list. Probably we may reckon on a total figure of about 220,000 men, of whom at least 80,000 would be mounted. The twenty-eight legions in existence at this time, if we follow Suetonius in assigning 5,600 men to a legion,504 would only have a total establishment of 156,800, so that clearly in dealing with the army at this period we must disregard Tacitus’s statement that the auxilia were approximately equal in number to the legionaries.

The total military establishment of the Empire at the accession of Marcus including the Household Troops, that is to say the ten Praetorian and six Urban505 cohorts and the Equites Singulares, and the complement of the fleets in the Mediterranean and the Channel and on the Rhine, Danube, and Euphrates, must thus have amounted to some 420,000 men. This total, however, was to be still further increased before the decline began. At the beginning of the third century when additions had been made to the Household Troops, when the legions had been increased to thirty-three506 and scores of numeri added to the frontier guards, there may have been nearly half a million men serving with the colours, a larger disciplined force than was at the disposal of any one state before the nineteenth century, and the largest professional army which the world has ever seen.

FOOTNOTES:

Notes in this chapter

Note 1 · See above, pp. 53-5.Note 2 · Any one desirous of further information on any particular regiment will find a summary of the evidence, in so far as it was then available, Note 3 · A date without an epigraphical reference refers to a ‘diploma’. The following abbreviations have been used: E(quitata), M(iliaria), C(ivium)Note 4 · The inscription cannot be accurately dated, but the regiment was presumably raised at an early date like others with similar titles.Note 5 · Inscriptions thus referred to come from the area in Scotland only effectively occupied between these dates.Note 6 · The inscription comes from Newstead, which was probably also occupied from 80 to 100, but the soldier’s name, Aelius, suggests a later date.Note 7 · A C. H. mentioning a praefectus cohortis I Astyrum provinciae Britanniae. The regiment is hardly likely to be a third-century creation.Note 8 · The Notitia mentions the first cohort, but inscriptions suggest that it was the second which apparently garrisoned the station referred to. Note 9 · Epigraphical evidence suggests that the Cohors I Frixagorum of the Notitia is identical with this regiment.Note 10 · The inscriptions come from Birrens, which was apparently occupied in the Antonine period. See Professor Haverfield’s note in Ephemeris Epigr Note 11 · Assuming that this is the title represented by the III P … of the ‘diploma’.Note 12 · The name of the cohort on this inscription is, however, only due to an emendation of Cichorius, s.v.Note 13 · Presumably C(ivium) L(atinorum), a unique distinction.Note 14 · The name is M. Traianius.Note 15 · Both this and the preceding cohort belong, of course, to early series.Note 16 · Regiments which are last mentioned in the diploma of 116 are included if they cannot be traced in another province.Note 17 · The regiment is hardly likely to have been raised between 167 and 191.Note 18 · It can hardly be doubted, however, that several more of the Numeri Brittonum mentioned on later inscriptions belong to the same series. See Note 19 · In this diploma, of course, the ala has not yet acquired the title ‘Flavia’. The titles of the Raetian alae are somewhat puzzling, but it se Note 20 · The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been restored.Note 21 · Possibly, however, this is identical with the Cohors I C. R., stationed in Germania Superior.Note 22 · The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been restored.Note 23 · The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been restored.Note 24 · The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been restored.Note 25 · The regiment is not mentioned, but there is a cavalry station ‘Commagena’ in Pannonia Prima.Note 26 · Included by an emendation of Cichorius.Note 27 · One of these two cohorts is also mentioned on the D. for 60, 84, 138-46.Note 28 · The ‘Cohors II Aug….’ of the diploma is either this or II Augusta Thracum.Note 29 · Most of the regiments mentioned in this diploma can be traced in other provinces during the second century, the others probably remained in Note 30 · There is some evidence for placing this cohort in Dacia.Note 31 · ‘Aurelio Marco dec(urioni) [coh(ortis)] V Hisp(anorum) provinciae Moesiae sup(erioris), desiderato in acie, Aur(elio) Suruelio dup(licario) Note 32 · Several regiments (i.e. Cohorts I Claudia Sugambrorum, I Chalcidenorum, IV Gallorum, VII Gallorum) appear in Syria in 157 after appearing in Note 33 · For an early inscription of this regiment see Mommsen in Hermes, xxii. 547.Note 34 · Any regiment which has left several inscriptions in the province, and does not appear to be a late formation, is included.Note 35 · This ‘diploma’ contains several regiments which were only temporarily in the province.Note 36 · Was possibly incorporated later in the succeeding.Note 37 · The name is probably to be restored from ONT of the ‘diploma’.Note 38 · The British regiments are very confusing, but it appears possible to distinguish the following. The titles ‘Britannica’ and ‘Brittonum’ seem Note 39 · Restored from the ‘Cohors I Augusta Nervia’ … of the diploma on the analogy of the Cohors II Augusta Nervia Pacensis M. Brittonum on the dip Note 40 · As these cohorts are only mentioned on tiles it is possible that they returned to Moesia soon after the war.Note 41 · So Cichorius, comparing AESA∞ of the diploma with tiles from Sebesvaralja marked CꟼGST and ⅁ƎAIHↃ (iii. 8074¹⁶, 8074²⁶.)Note 42 · The distribution of these and other inscriptions suggests that there were at least two numeri in the province.Note 43 · In identifying the various regiments mentioned by Arrian I have made use of the excellent article by Ritterling in Wiener Studien, xxiv. Cf.Note 44 · The second inscription mentions a Spanish cohort in Cappadocia, which is probably identical with the Cohors II Hispanorum E. commanded by th Note 45 · Mentions the regiment as stationed in Syria, whither it had been transferred before 157. Cf. D. cx.Note 46 · D. xxxviii.Note 47 · Arrian certainly mentions a Numidian cohort; it is, however, merely a conjecture to identify it with the regiment stationed later in Lycia-P Note 48 · Of the nineteen regiments mentioned (taking ‘Augusta Syriaca’ as the title of one ala, not two), eight are mentioned on the Syrian diploma o Note 49 · Should probably be equestris, the regiment belonging to the same series as the Cohors VI Equestris which formed part of the garrison of Bith Note 50 · Numbers II and III in this series were certainly miliariae, as probably all were.Note 51 · I agree with Cichorius in distinguishing the Cohors I Sugambrorum V. E. from the Cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum. The first is probably identic Note 52 · Mentioned in the cursus honorum of a praefectus whose service lay almost entirely in the Eastern provinces. On this ground and because Cohor Note 53 · The title Ulpia is not given in these cases but presumably belonged to the whole series.Note 54 · Or is this a cohort converted into an ala with the increase of cavalry in the fourth century? In this case it may be identical with the Coho Note 55 · Curiously enough the regiment appears in the Syrian diploma for 157.Note 56 · Cagnat, however, considers that the regiment was in the province as early as 150, relying on viii. 3917, p. 955.Note 57 · In the first inscription the regiment is commanded by a tribunus.Note 58 · This inscription does not, however, prove conclusively that the regiment was stationed in Spain.Note 59 · Suet. Fr. 278 (Reiffer.) ‘Legio dicitur virorum electio fortium vel certus militum numerus, id est V̅ DC.’Note 60 · Four were at Rome, one at Lugudunum, and one at Carthage.Note 61 · Marcus added II and III Italica to garrison Raetia and Noricum; Septimius Severus the three legiones Parthicae, of which I and III were stat