INDEX

Roman numerals refer to Preface.

A

abris, 322

Acacia salicina, 157

acacia seed, 150, 151

Adelaide tribes, xii, 100, 102, 180, 195, 204, 206, 208, 212, 214, 360, 366

administration, tribal, 225 et seq.

adzes, 366, 367

Affenspalte, 38

“alangua” (native pear), Knaninja, 353

albinism, 48

“Algerrigiowumma,” sky-shying act, 238, 239

Alligator River, 197, 249

allotment of infants, 221, 222

“Altjerra,” 279, 295, 341, 342

“Altjerrajara,” Supreme Number, 271, 296

“Altjerringa,” 279, 296, 342

“Aluggurra” women, 343

Aluridja tribe, xii, 4, 47, 48, 50, 65, 78, 82, 83, 92, 95, 111, 114, 121, 147, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 170, 176, 178, 184, 192, 200, 205, 213, 226, 231, 236, 239, 240, 243, 255, 259, 264, 267, 269, 271, 272, 282, 295, 296, 349, 356, 361, 362, 387, 396, 398, 400, 402

amputation of finger joints, 253, 254

ancestor worship, 257

animation, in art, 320, 336, 337, 338

animal tracks, drawn in sand, 70-73

anthill burial, 206;

of bone, 214

Anthistiria (kangaroo grass), 276, 387

anthropomorphous designs, 353-358

“Antjuarra,” tooth-rapping ceremony, 235

anvil-stone, 369

approaching a stranger, 2, 3;

a camp, 105

appreciation, expression of, 399

archer fish, ochre drawing of, 328

armistice, 188

Arnhem Land, 50, 196, 197

Arrabonna Tribe, 4, 200, 237, 269, 362

“Arrarra,” a circumcision ceremony, 239 et seq.

“arrera,” kangaroo, Knaninja, 352

“Arrolmolba” (phallus), 291

art of the aboriginal, xi, xii, 297-358

artificial colouring of body, hunting, 142;

in warfare, 184;

of emissaries at initiation, 254;

for cosmetic and ceremonial purposes, 324-326

artificial warmth applied to infant, 66

Arunndta Tribe, xi, xii, 4, 6, 48, 50, 63, 65, 70, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 86, 92, 95, 103, 106, 114, 121, 125, 142, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 166, 170, 172, 175, 176, 178, 184, 192, 200, 205, 214, 218, 220, 226, 231, 237, 238, 263, 264, 271, 272, 274, 275, 282, 287, 291, 292, 295, 296, 308, 311, 321, 328, 330, 337, 338, 341, 343, 347, 349, 350, 352, 361, 362, 363, 386, 387, 390, 391, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405

“Atoakwatje,” water-men, 264, 265

aspirate sounds, 403

attachment of parents to children, 65, 66

“aumba” (Brachysema), 153

Australoid, 58, 59;

migrations, 56, 57, 58

awl, stone, 365

Ayers Ranges, 75

B

bailers, 95

baldness, 50

ball-games, 77, 78

bandicoot, corrobboree of, 383

“banki,” prepuse, 243

bark, canoes, 160-164;

drawings, 323;

shield, 86, 87;

water-carriers, 92, 93

barramundi vertebræ used as spear heads, 198

barter, with ochre, 113;

with women, 222

bathing, 99

Bathurst Islanders, 76, 77, 93, 95, 96, 115, 159, 161, 163, 168, 207, 238, 309, 310, 319, 323, 373, 379, 380

beard, 50, 51, 117;

of female, 46

bees’ honey, 145

bell-bird, 386

belly, 20, 21

Berringin Tribe, 4, 11, 129, 130, 201, 374

beverages, 153

biological consanguinity between Australia and other continents, 55

bird-like attitude, 107

birds’ eggs, 125, 126

birth of aboriginal, 61-68

biting the initiate’s head, 244, 245

bleeding, stanching of, after circumcision, 243

blindness, following club hit, 37

blonde, aboriginal, 48, 49, 50

blood, drinking of, 154;

stilling the flow of, 186;

thrown at opponent during a duel, 166;

revenge, 187

Bloodwood apple, 152

Bloomfield River, 48

blue eye in aboriginal, 25

Blue Mountains, 57

boabab, carved tree, 309;

carved nuts, 311, 312, 313, 331;

nuts used as rattles, 374;

trees serving as reservoirs, 97, 98

“Bobi,” tjuringa, 270

body decoration, at completion of mourning, 214, 215;

cosmetic, artistic and ceremonial, 324, 325, 326.

See also artificial colouring of body

“Böllier” ceremony, initiation, 250

bone, carving of, 313;

“pointing” the, 174-178, 209

bone-pointed spear-thrower, 201

bones of dead man collected, 214;

radius selected for “pointing bone,” 215

“boning” to death, 174-178, 209

boomerang, practice, 86;

used as a musical instrument, 374, 383;

used in duels, 168;

used in warfare, 187, 188

“boomerang-legs,” 15

boomerang-spear duel, drawing of, 330, 338

boras, 377

boys, apportioned to old men, 65, 66;

taught use of weapons, 85, 86

Brachysema Chambersii, 153

brain of aboriginal, 37, 38

breast, 18-20;

artificial lactation of, 20;

development of, 19;

enchantment of, 19;

touched with charred mulga, 65

Bremer, Sir Gordon, 144

Buccaneer Archipelago, 50, 51

buffalo, drawing of, 325, 337;

hunt, 144, 145, and Frontispiece

bull-roarer, used at circumcision, 241, 242;

at mika operation, 246;

at tooth-rapping ceremony, 232, 233

burial and mourning customs, 203-215

burial ground, signpost erected at, 207

burial in anthill, 208

C

Calamus used as paint brush, 319, 320

Caledon Bay, 115

calvarium, Tennants Creek, 53;

used as a drinking vessel, 214

Cambridge Gulf Tribes, x, 51, 62, 65, 74, 93, 99, 101, 226, 238, 282, 288, 375, 377, 405

camel, ochre drawing of, 329

Campbell, John, 344

camp, clearing a site for, 100;

life, 100-119;

occupations while in, 112, 113;

selection of, 91

camptocnemia, 15

cannibalism, 21, 189

canoes, 160-164;

dug-outs, 164;

housing of, 162;

with outriggers, 164;

with sail, 164

capacity of skull, 37

Cape York, 93, 104

caravan travelling, 1

caries, 31

Carpentaria Gulf, 50, 93, 128, 129, 151, 160, 161, 162, 164, 189, 201, 266, 287, 375

carpentry taught boys, 85

carrying, dogs, 67;

infants, methods of, 66, 67

carved bone, 313;

grave posts, 207, 309-310;

pearl shell, 313;

trees, 308, 309;

weapons, 310

carvings in rock, 299-308

Cassia, branch used as an emblem of peace, 2;

used for headgear, 280

casus belli, 183

caterpillar, 122;

totemic designs of, 350, 352

Caucasian, 58, 59;

derived from Australoid, 59

cave drawings, 314, 315, 322 et seq.;

of Glenelg River, 333, 343-345;

inspiration given by natural feature, 331, 332

celestial “walk-about,” 296

ceremonial dance, drawing of, 332, 338

ceremony of welcome, 379

character of aboriginal, 227

characteristics of race, 5-17

charcoal drawing, method of, 323;

of ceremonial dance, 338, 332;

of crows, 319, 335, 336;

of buffalo hunter, 325, 337;

of kangaroo hunter, 326, 337

cheek bone, 30

chief of tribe, 226

chignon, 47

child decorations, 84, 85

childhood, 69-90

children, entertainment of, 69, 70, 71;

position of at ceremonials, 84, 85;

playing with sand and mud, 73-75;

running after wind-driven seeds, 76;

taught to sing and dance, 70;

taught to draw and imitate tracks, 71, 72, 73;

tobogganing, 75

chin, 29

Christianity, 257

cicadae and crickets, musical powers envied, 384

cicatrices, 236-238, 250

circle-within-circle designs, 351, 353

circumcision, 239-244;

drastic treatment of shirkers, 243

clubbing the initiate, 242

clubs, 168, 169, 170;

in warfare, 188

club-rule, 222-223

“coal sack,” 332

cockatoo, kept as pet, 89

colour, artificially applied to body when hunting, 142;

of aboriginal’s skin, 40-45;

affected by climate, 45, 49, 59

composition, in aboriginal art, 338

conception, ideas about, 284, 285

conventional designs, 346 et seq.

conventional representation of human figure, 353-358

conversation, actions aiding, 395;

by song, 385

conversationalist, the aboriginal as, 371, 395

Coo-ee, 2. See also “käu,” 142

cooking, methods of, 108

cooleman, 92

Coopers Creek, 50, 83, 92, 102, 114 (Barcoo), 121, 127, 150, 155, 169, 170, 190 (Barcoo), 200, 237, 362, 376

cores, stone, 364

corrobboree, 377

cosmetics, 115

Cossus moth (witchedy), 122, 204

cotton tree (Bombatt malabaricum), 249

council of old men, 225, 226

Crocker Island, 131, 191

Crocodile, carvings of, 331;

ceremony of, 377;

eggs of, 126;

floating log to simulate, 159;

hunting the, 134

cradle, food-carrier taking the place of, 65

“cratch-cradle,” 84

crawfish, 128

cremation, not practised, 204

crossed boomerangs, the symbol of strife, 347, 351

crows, ceremony of, 378, 379;

drawing of, 319, 335, 336

“cutting” the shadow, 175

Cunningham, Professor D. J., 24

Cyperus rotundus (“yelka”), 148

Cyrena, acting as a pigment dish, 319;

used as a scraper, 162

D

“dabba,” stone knife, 367

daggers, 172

Daly River spear types, 196, 197, 198

“damatba” throwing weapon, 170

“dangorra,” the great emu in the sky, 315, 333, 349

Darwin, Charles, 33

dead person’s name not mentioned, 211, 212

death, tracing the cause of a, 208, 209

dental rudiments, 33

de Rougemont, 133

desert surroundings, 1

dialects, variety of, 387, 388

“didjeridoo” drone pipe, 375, 376, 379, 380

Dieri Tribe, xiv, 4, 76, 82, 83, 92, 111, 121, 150, 155, 170, 172, 190, 205, 206, 218, 237, 242, 271, 282, 289, 290, 361, 362, 376, 386, 396, 400

diminutive expressions, 396, 400

“dindula,” hair ornament, 47

dingo, the wild dog of Australia, 119;

hunting the, 141;

mythical dingo or “knullia” people, 342

Diprotodon, 52, 54;

associated with other bones, 119;

carving of spoor, 307

disc throwing, 76

discipline, 85

diseases, the cause of rapid decline of aborigines, xiv

dog, the constant companion of aboriginal, 118, 119

dolichocephaly, 35

dolls, 79, 80

down-decoration of ground, 282, 326

Dravidians, 58

drawings, in sand, 70-73;

of “totem,” 339-343

dress, mode of, 113, 114, 115

drinking, methods of, 98, 99

drone pipe, 375, 376, 379, 380

drought, trying conditions of, 117

Dubois, Professor, 55

Duboisia Hopwoodi, 155

Duckworth, Professor, W. L. H., 33

duels, 165-174;

boomerang, 168;

chivalry displayed in, 174;

club, 168-170;

damatba, 170;

heavy spear, 172, 173;

kutturu, 165-168;

reed spears, 171;

stone dagger, 172;

shield used in, 173

dugong, hunting the, 134-137;

sung to during initiation, 19

dugout canoes, 164

Durham Downs, 237

E

ear, 29, 30

echidna designs, 336, 346, 347

eggs, of birds, 125, 126;

of reptiles, 126

“Elaija,” a sacred ancestor, 283

“elbola,” bark headgear, 280

“elenba,” wooden hair pins, 47

elopement, 223

emu, in the sky, 315, 332, 333, 334, 349;

carved in boabab, 309, 330;

carving on boomerang, 317;

ceremony, 274-280, 377, 378;

game, 81, 82;

gum leaves imitating the rustle of, 374;

hunting the, 129-140;

neck in the sky (“Yirrerri”), 334

enemy, corrobboree portraying the slaying of, 383, 384

“engulba,” pitjuri, 155

ensellure, 7

epipteric bone, 36

“Erinnja,” an evil spirit, 294

“erriakutta” (yelka) ceremonial drawing, 282, 327

erythrism, 48

escort of natives, 2

Etheridge, R., x

ethmoid, 25

“Etominja,” sacred ground design, 282, 326

Eucalyptus corymbosa (Bloodwood), 98, 152;

dumosa (water mallee), 98;

miniata (woolly butt), 161;

rostrata (red gum), 147;

tetradonta (stringy bark), 161

Eugenia, leaf poultice applied to breast, 20

evil spirit, 291, 292, 294, 299, 314, 385

exchange of wives, 224

exclamations, 398, 399

external angular process, 25

extremities, length of, 10

eye, 23, 25

F

Face, 22-30

fat of emu and goanna, 115

fatty tissue scant in aboriginal, 5, 6

fatty tumours, 6

feather wig, 50

femur, 14, 15

feet, evolution and use of, 10 et seq.;

“hand-like” form of Berringin tribesman, 11

fibula, 16

fight, corrobboree of, 382

figure contrast between aboriginal and European, 5 et seq.

fire-fly, artificial, 376

fire ceremony (“Ngardaddi”), 261, 263

fire, 108;

shovels, 109, 110;

saw, 111, 202;

sores, 110;

stick, 110, 112;

whisk, 110, 111;

the precursor of civilization, 258, 260;

legend concerning origin on earth, 259, 260

fireless cooking, 80

fire walking, 236

firewood, gathered by women, 107

fish, barriers, 129;

designs, 350;

hooks, 132;

nets, 129, 130, 131;

nooses, 129;

ochre drawings of, 328;

spears, 131, 132

fishing, in parties, 127, 128, 129;

line, 132;

methods, 127, 128;

races, 128

flatfoot, 12

Flinders, Matthew, 117

Flinders Ranges, burial customs in the, 206;

ochre mine, 316;

rock carvings, 299, 303-308

flying fox design, 345, 350

foetal elements (“rattappa”), 287

food-carrier, used as cradle, 64, 65, 66

food restrictions, 250, 251

foot of Tasmanian, 14

footmarks in caves, 322

fourth molar, 32, 33

forehead, 23, 35

Fowler’s Bay, 64, 76, 295, 383

Fraipont’s method, 28, 29

frog, corrobboree of, 379

frog dance of children, 70

frog designs, 335, 346

frontal bone, 35, 36

frontal suture, 34

Frontispiece, 145

funeral chant, 211

G

gagging the initiate, 242, 246

Garner, Professor, 405

Genyornis, carving of track, 308

geological antiquity, 49, 52, 53, 54

gesture language, 388-394

“gibba,” chewed bone, 176

“Gibberi,” circumcision, 242

Gibraltar skull, 23, 32

Ginmu Tribe, 4, 253

girls accompany women instructors, 85

Glenelg River, xi, 159, 288, 312, 333, 344

goanna, 127

Gondwana, 55, 56

Good Spirit, 294, 295

goose hunting, 138, 139

“gorri,” a game played on the Humbert River, 76, 77

gouge, bone, 314

grasshopper, 387

grass tree, cover when emu hunting, 140;

flower stalks used for making spear shafts, 195

grave posts, 207

Great Australian Bight, 66, 141, 169, 192, 199

great emu ceremony, 274 et seq.

Grey, Sir George, xi, 219, 272, 340, 343, 344

Gribble, E. R., 17

Groote Island, 101, 164, 197

ground drawings, 282, 326, 327

grubs, 122-125

gruesome rite, 247, 290

“gummanda,” cicatrices, 238

H

habitations, 101-105

half-castes, 59, 60

hailstone (“Imbodna”), mythical stone, 264

hair, 46, 47;

belts, 116;

cutting of, 117;

pins (wooden), 47

Hakea bark, charcoal used for blackening hair, 285

hammers, stone, 360

hand-ball, 77

hand-like feet, 10-12

hand-prints in caves, 321, 322

hand-mills, 319, 361

hardening the child, 236

hatchets, stone, 362, 363

hawk traps, 137, 138

head-biting during initiation, 244, 245

head-dress, of emu ceremony, 277;

of “tjilba purra” (phallic) ceremony, 287

head-rests, 105

height of aboriginal, 16, 17

Helix perinflata, 121

Hickson, Sydney, 49

hide and seek, 78, 79

Higgin, A. J., 157

hollow trees used as shelters, 102

honey, wild bees’, 145;

drink, 153, 154

honey-ant, 146, 147

Howitt, Dr. A. W., 295

human chain-pattern, 353, 354, 355

human form, pictographic representation of, 353-358

Humbert River, 76, 320, 324, 336, 337, 352, 353, 403

Humboldt, Alexander von, 20

humerus, 16

hunt, objects of the, 121

hunting, 120-147;

buffalo, 144, 145;

crocodile, 134;

dingo, 141;

dugong, 134-137;

emu, 129-140;

geese, 138, 139;

hawks, 137, 138;

kangaroo, 141-144;

opossum, 140, 141;

turtle, 132, 133;

whistling duck, 139;

wallaby, 141;

wombat, 141

hunting instinct, 120, 121

hunting with fire, 126

huts, 102-105

Huxley, Thomas, 24

hypertrichosis, 46

I

“ilbarinam,” tjuringa, xi

“ilja-imbadja,” hand marks in caves, 321

“ilgarukna,” venesection, 275

“illiya tjuringa,” emu ceremony, 274 et seq.

“ilpalinja,” sun worship, 265-267

“Iltdana,” evil spirit, 292

Ilyauarra Tribe, 4, 205

“Imbodna,” a mythical hailstone, 264

“Imboromba,” a spirit father’s mate, 287

imitation, of the plovers’ call, 70, 265, 379, 386;

of the dingo’s howl, 70;

of the jungle fowl’s call, 380;

of the crow’s call, 378;

of the crocodile, 377;

of the emu, 279, 378

“Indorida,” the mate of Rukkutta, 291

infant betrothal, 221

infant, treatment of, 64-68;

rubbing milk and charcoal over body of, 65;

singeing hair of, with fire stick, 65

“ingada,” a chief, 226

Ingada Ladjia Knaninja, leader of yam ceremony, 281

“ingwitega,” munyeroo, 150

inion, 36

initiation, 230-256;

amputation of finger-joints, 253, 254;

of the female, 252, 253;

origin of, 251, 252;

without mutilation, 249

instinct for locating water, 96

interment, 205-207

internal angular process, 25

interrogatives, 403

intitjuma, ceremonies, 274

intoxicating drink, 153, 154

introduction to a tribe, 1-3

iris, 25

“irr,” 171;

expression of disgust, 118

“irriakutta,” yelka, 149

J

“jarrulge,” mulga apple, 152

Jewish features, 26

“jingardti,” a chief, 226

Joyce, Capt. T. A., x

judge of character, 228

“judja,” a chief, 226

jungle fowl, corrobboree of, 380, 381

jus primae noctis, 256

justice, idea of, 227

K

“kadabba,” phallus, 283, 284

Kai Kai, an old medicine man, 180

“kaidi,” tjuringa, 270

kaili (boomerang), used as musical instrument, 383;

miniature, for practice, 82

Kaitidji (Kaitish) Tribe, 4, 92, 364

Kakera, marriage group, 220

Kakatu Tribe, 4, 267

“kaleya pubanye,” the sitting emu (coal sack), 332

“kaloa,” raft, 160;

toy models of, 82

“kalumba,” nardoo, 150

“kalunuinti,” phallus, 288

“kanbanna,” paddles, 159

kangaroo, charcoal drawings of, 321, 326, 336, 337;

conventional representation of, 350;

corrobboree of, 381;

hunt, 141-144;

ochre drawings of, 327, 328;

origin of “arre,” its name, 387;

tjuringa design of, 349, 352

“kapa” or “kadje,” water lily, 151

“kapi wiyinna,” magic water stick, 264

“karru,” milky way, 349

“karwinnunga,” shield, 173

“käu,” vide Coo-ee, 142

“käu-käu,” chewed bone, 176

“kaula,” native pear, 152

Keith, Sir Arthur, x

kidney fat and marrow of dead warriors eaten, 189

Killalpaninna, 290;

“killa wulpanna,” 290, 291

King Sound natives, 50, 82, 88, 132, 151, 159, 283, 309, 311, 330, 358, 363, 396

kitchen-middens, 121, 122

Klaatsch, Professor Hermann, x, 25, 28, 29, 42, 50

“Knaninja,” xi, 265, 271, 274, 280, 281, 282, 285, 327, 341, 352, 353

“Knaninja Arrerreka,” mythical sun creature, 265;

ceremonies of, 274

knives, stone, 364

“knudda” (fat) of witchedy, 342

“Knurriga Tjilba Purra” (phallus), 286;

head of the Kukadja, 285

kobong, xi, 219, 226, 232, 269, 271, 272, 340

Kochia bush, used for making vegetable-down, 276

Kolaia Tribe, 4, 65

“kolldürr,” stone spear-head, 370

Kukadja, 285, 286, 292, 293

Kukata Tribe, 4, 32, 81, 82, 87, 184, 200, 205, 236, 241, 242, 248, 255, 288, 296, 318, 361, 362

“kukerra,” playing stick, 82, 83

Kumara marriage group, 220

Kunapippi, a mythical witch, 271

Kurdaitja, an evil creature, 71, 72

“kurreke tata,” the plover, 70, 265, 386

“kutturu,” fighting stick, practice, 87;

duels, 165-168;

embodied in head-gear, 280

Kuyanni Tribe, 4, 362

“Kwatje,” water, ceremonies, 274

“Kwatje purra,” magic water stick, 264

L

lachrymal bone, 25

lactation, artificial, 20

“ladjia,” or yam tjuringa, 280 et seq., 337;

design of, 347

Lake Eyre, 50

lances, 193

“langa langa,” a shell knife used for “cutting the shadow,” 175

“langu,” native pear, 152

language, xii, 386-405

lanugo, 46, 49

La Perouse, 107

Larrekiya Tribe, 4, 62, 77, 111, 130, 131, 139, 142, 163, 164, 170, 196, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 210, 230, 249, 252, 332, 374, 379, 384

legs, 14

Lemuria, 55, 56

lerp manna, 147

leucoderma, 43

licentiousness, 224, 254

“lionila,” a club, 170

lipomas, 6

lips, 31

living skeletons, 21

lizards, 126;

designs of, 334, 335

lobulus, piercing of, 30

log rafts, 158-160

“lorngai,” feather wig, 50

lumbo-sacral curve, 9

“lurra,” a lipoma, 6

M

MacDonnell Ranges, 50, 92, 127, 146, 153, 155, 218, 226, 285, 291, 341, 362, 364, 405

Maiyarra’s conception, 61;

accouchement, 63

Malay bêche-de-mer fishers, 57

manna, 147

mastoid process, 30

“marimba,” wallaby bone used for loosening a tooth, 236

marine molluscs, 121, 122

marital relationships between man and woman, 222, 223

marriage systems, 218, 219, 220, 221;

allotment of infant, 221, 222

“marriwirri,” wooden sword, 170

Marsdenia Leichhardti, native pear, 152

Marsilea quadrifolia, nardoo, 150

mastoid process, 29

maternity, peculiar belief concerning, 62

medicine man, 179-182, 264, 265, 273, 294;

attends council meeting, 225, 226;

treating a patient, 181, 182

meeting an Australian tribe, 3

Melophorus inflatus, honey ant, 146

Melville Islanders, 77, 93, 144, 159, 161, 163, 192, 207, 238, 249, 309, 310, 323, 373, 380

“memba,” a feather wig, 50

mental foramen, 29

Menuaitja, marriage group, 220

“merliadda,” fire walking, 236

migrations of early man, 56

“mika,” a bark food carrier, 92

mika operation, 245-249

milk squirted at strangers, 228

milk and charcoal rubbed over newly-born child, 65

Milky Way, 332, 349, 350

Milk-bush, 387

mimicry, powers of, 371

“mingul,” pitjuri, 155

Minning Tribe, 4, 170, 218, 220, 260, 270, 334

“miri,” hand mill-stone, 361

modesty, sense of, 107

“moiranje,” a pubic tassel, 114

molars, 32

Mollinya ceremony, 250

Mongarrapungja, head of the Kukadja, 292, 293

Mongoloid migration, 56, 59

moon legends, 267-269

moon man, 267, 268

monkeys, appreciation of, by aborigines, 89, 90

mopoke, 386

“moru” (Tephrosia), a fish poison, 139

mothers charged with callousness, 65

mourning, customs of, 208-215;

second period of, 214

mourning ceremony, comic imitation of, 380

mouth, 31-33

mud-balling, 75

mud slides, 73, 74

mulga apple, 152

Mulluk Mulluk Tribe, 4, 25, 112, 197, 206, 365, 404

mummies, 208

munyeroo, 149, 150

Muramura, the Supreme Number, 271

Murchison district, type of spear-thrower of, 200

Musgrave Ranges, 48, 97, 102, 108, 109, 127, 143, 146, 151, 155, 329, 332, 360

music and dance, 371-385

music sticks, 374, 375, 379, 380

mussel (Unio), 121;

knife used for “cutting the shadow,” 175

mutilations, after return of circumcision candidate, 243;

after mika operation, 248;

amputation of finger joints, 253, 254;

at mourning ceremonies, 209, 210, 211, 213;

head biting, 245;

of female, 255, 256;

upon receipt of sad news, 210

N

Nangali, a mythical water-man, 264

“nangarri,” the medicine man, 179, 180, 181, 182, 264, 265, 273, 294;

treating a patient, 181, 182

nardoo, 150

Narrinyerri Tribe, 4, 95, 169, 200, 214, 296

naso-labial folds, 27

native pear (Marsdenia) design, 351, 353

native well, 96

Nature worship, 257

“naualla,” cicatrices, 238

navigation, 158-164

Neanderthal skeleton, 15, 23, 24, 25

Needlebush (Hakea lorea), 98, 111

negative chin, 29

negative words, 398

Negroid, 15, 28, 29, 34, 56, 59

newly-born infant, treatment of, 64, 65

“ngadanji,” tjuringa of phallic significance, xi

Ngadeja marriage group, 220

Ngameni Tribe, xiv, 4, 82, 155, 205, 237, 361, 362

Ngardaddi, a mythical fire thief, 261, 262

“ngongu nerbai,” a stone spear-head, 370

“nimmerima,” an emu-spear, 139

nomenclature, defining the individual, 216-218;

connected with marriage system, 218, 219

Northern Territory tribes, 76, 108, 112, 115, 116, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 138, 142, 151, 174, 190, 195, 196, 197, 200, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211, 237, 253, 286, 313, 320, 323, 336, 349, 365, 367, 373, 374, 379, 405

Northern Kimberleys tribes, 77, 82, 86, 92, 95, 97, 109, 116, 125, 131, 139, 151, 173, 195, 200, 206, 208, 214, 232, 244, 249, 256, 284, 288, 311, 313, 330, 340, 343, 360, 367

nose, 26-28;

boring of septum, 230, 231

nuclei, stone, 364

Nullarbor Plains tribes, 169, 251

numerals, 396, 397

Nyege, Supreme Spirit, 295

Nymphaea stellata, blue water lily, 151

O

Obesity, 6

occipital bone, 39

ochre drawings, at ceremonials, 325, 326;

on bark, 323;

on the body, 324, 325, 326;

on weapons, 323, 324

ochre, smeared over corpse, 208;

over emissaries at initiation, 254;

over infant, 65;

over initiate in tooth-rapping ceremony, 234;

over initiate in circumcision ceremony, 241;

over sacred stone, 291;

preparation of for barter, 113, 318;

preparation as a pigment, 318, 319

ointments, 115

“oladda,” bark food-carrier, 65

“omelette” of emu egg, 125, 126

Ooldea, 48

operating knife, 242, 364, 365

opossums, carried on the head, 88;

hunting of, 140, 141;

suckled by gin, 91

orbita, 25, 26

orders of the day, 91

“oridja,” truffle, 151

origin of aboriginal, 52

orthognathism, 29

os inca, 35

outriggers, 164

oven-stones, 360, 361

P

paddles, 163

Pandanus cider, 153, 154

Panunga marriage group, 220

“parapara,” nardoo, 150

parietal bone, 35

“parli,” the north-western form of wanningi, 356

Parnkalla Tribe, 4, 199

patting the chest, a form of salutation, 3

“päuya,” native pear, 152

pearl shell coverings, 115, 313, 355

peroneus muscle, 12

perspective, generally absent in drawings, 334, 338, 339

pets kept in camp, 88

“peturr,” pitjuri, 155

phallic worship, x, xi, 282-292

phallus, 249, 283-292;

water producing, 264

philosophical instincts, 116, 117

Pidunga Tribe, 4, 317

pigmentation of skin, 41-43, 59

pitch, changing of, while rendering a song, 376, 377

pitchi, bark food-carrier, 92

Pithecanthropus, 15, 55

pitjuri, 113, 139, 155, 156, 157

piturine, 157

placenta, 64

platform burial, 207, 208

platycnemia, 15

platypus design, 304, 306

playing “father and mother,” 79

playing stick, 82

Pleistocene gravels, 53

plover, the “rainmaker,” 70, 265;

imitating call of stone plover, 379;

origin of its name, 386

plurality, expression of, 400

“pointing” the bone, 174-178

Ponga Ponga Tribe, 4, 88, 112, 184, 197, 198, 365

Port George IV, 65, 94, 238, 283, 310

Port Hedland carvings, 299-303, 329

Port Jackson carvings, 299, 300

portulaca, 147

positive chin, 29

“pot-belly,” 21

pounders, stone, 360

pregnancy, artificial interference with, 64

“prelja,” manna, 147

premolars, 33

prepuse, resection of, 242

“primitive snout,” 27

prognathism, 28

pronouns, 401-403

prostitutes, 223

pubic coverings, 114, 115, 243, 249, 313

“puli,” stone used in tooth-rapping ceremony, 236

Pultara marriage group, 220

“purra,” phallus, 287

Purula marriage group, 220

“putta ildurra,” stone dagger, 172

Psylla, 147

Q

Queensland, 50, 53, 80, 84, 94, 102, 104, 124, 131, 137, 155, 163, 190, 208, 299, 308, 316, 362

R

radius selected for “bone,” 215

rafts, 158-160

rainmakers, 264, 265

“rattappa,” foetal elements, 287, 291

rattles, boab nuts, sea shells, and gum leaves, 374

red-hot coal placed on forearm, 87, 88

reed spear, 171, 194

religious ideas, 257-296

repetition of action, verbally expressed, 397, 398

retouche, 370

rhinal fissure, 39

rhythm, 372, 377, 383

River Murray Tribes, 66, 100, 102, 108, 114, 121, 160, 169, 192, 195, 200, 208, 213, 310, 313, 365, 367, 373

rivers, extinct in Australia, 59

rock carvings, 299-308

rock shelter, 322

Roebuck Bay, 170

Roper River Tribe, 153, 197, 249, 270, 287

Roth, Dr. Walter, 48, 80, 84

Rukkutta, a tribal ancestor, 291

S

sacral bone, 9

sacred ceremonies, 273 et seq.;

ceremonial object (“tjilbakuta”), 276, 278, 280;

emu tjuringa, 274 et seq.;

“kwatje” tjuringa, 274

sacred ground of tjuringa, 272, 273

sacred ground drawing, “Etominja,” 282

sacred pole, “Djundagalla,” 248, 249;

stored in hut, 266

sagittal suture, 35

Salsola kali, 76

salutations, 105, 106, 404

Sarcostemma, 387

saw fish, 131

scars (tribal), 236-238

scaphocephaly, 34, 35

Schweinfurth, Prof. G., 306

Scleroderma, 152

scrapers, stone, 363-367;

slate, 366

sepulchral caves, 214

sex worship, 257, 282, 289-292

shell-fish, 122

shelters, 101-105

Sherait Tribe, 130, 365

shield, 173, 188

ship-of-war, corrobboree of, 382, 383

shoulder-blade, 16

sibilant sounds, 402

sign language, 388-394

singing, ensemble, 384;

the words of a conversation, 385

sitting, methods of, 106

skeins of fur-string used during dance, 373

skeleton of aboriginal, 5-16, 21-37

skeleton, imitation of, in body decoration, 325

skin, colour of, 40-45

skin drums, 373, 374

skin water bags, 94, 95

skins used by southern tribes, 100, 114

skipping, 83

skull, 34 et seq.;

capacity of, 37

sky-shying act, 238, 239

sleep, order during, 101;

position during, 105

Smith, Dr. Ramsay, 15, 16, 34

Smith, Dr. S. A., 53, 54

smoking ceremony, 253

snails, 121

snakes, 126;

mythical, 269

songs, 377-385;

imitating natural call-notes, 377 et seq.

Spartan principles, 87

spears, 190-198;

carefully stored, 112, 113;

heavy, 172, 173;

poisoned, 198;

reed, 171, 194, 195;

stone-bladed, 367;

stone-headed, 196;

types figured, 191;

uses of, 190

spear-head, stone, 367-370;

method of making, 368-370

spear-throwers, 199-202

spine, curvature of, 7;

effect of upright attitude upon, 8;

effect of tree-climbing upon, 13;

proportional lengths of vertebræ and cartilaginous discs, 8;

smallness of vertebræ, 9

Spinifex, 76

spokeshave, stone, 365

squamous portion of temporal bone, 36

still-born children, 205

Stirling, Dr. E. C., 15

Stokes, Lort, 105

stone age in Australia, 58, 59, 359

stone-covered huts, 103

stone implements, 359-370

Strehlow, Rev. Carl, x

subincision, 245-249;

sensual excitement at, 248

sulcus lunatus, 38

Sunday Islanders, 65, 66, 78, 82, 84, 89, 93, 117, 176, 295, 331, 355, 368, 397, 398, 401, 403, 404

sun-men, 267

sun worship, 265-267

superlative expressions, 399

Supreme Spirit, xi, 400

T

“takul,” mulga apple, 152

Talgai skull, 33, 53

Talleri, the eternal home of all spirits, 296

“taralje,” a spear-thrower, 200

Tasmania, separated from the mainland, 119

Tasmanians, 14, 15, 16, 28, 31, 34, 35, 37, 49

“tchewa,” flat stone of hand-mill, 361

“tdela,” head-dress, 280

Tecoma Australis, 195, 196

teeth, 31

temperament, 229

Tennants Creek, calvarium, 53;

the home of Kukadja men, 285

Tephrosia, a poison plant, 139

terminal syllables, 398, 399

the day’s march, 91-99

Therapon, drawing of, 328

thigh bone, 14, 15

third trochanter, 15

thorns, removal of in camp, 117, 118

throwing competition, 78

thunder, 387

tibialis posticus muscle, 16

time, beating of, 372, 373;

fixing of, 395;

representation of, 351

“tip-cat,” 78

“tjilbakuta,” a sacred ceremonial object, 276, 278, 280

“tjilba-purra,” a phallus, embodied in head-gear, 287;

Altjerra-Knaninja drawing, 327

Tjingali Tribe, 4, 308

“tjulu,” a stone operating knife, 242

tjuringa, 217, 311;

Altjerra-Kutta, 291;

acting as a talisman, 273;

carried by initiation emissaries, 242;

carved stone, 309;

caterpillar, 350, 352, 353;

ceremonies, 274 et seq.;

in the sky, 334;

inspirited by a deity, 270;

kangaroo, 349, 352;

mythical origin of Kunapippi, 271;

native pear, 351, 353;

of sun ceremony, 265, 266;

produced at female initiation ceremony, 255;

stored in sacred caves, 272, 343;

witchedy grub, 348;

yam pattern, 337

Tjurrega marriage group, 220

“tjutanga,” tooth-rapping rod, 236

“toki,” a waterlily, 151

tomahawks, stone, 362, 363

Tomkinson Ranges, 48, 67, 114, 143, 227

tooth-ache, 32

tooth pick, 32

tooth-pointed spear-thrower, 201

tooth-rapping ceremonies, 231-236;

“antjuarra,” 235, 236;

gum forced back with finger nail, 235;

knocking the tooth out, 235

tops, 83

“totem,” xi, 219, 226, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 279, 280, 282, 285, 339, 340, 341, 351, 353

“totem,” ancestors, 274;

ceremonies, 274;

food and hunting restrictions, 273

“totemic” designs, 339-343, 346, 351, 352, 353

Toxotes, drawing of, 328

toys, 79 et seq.

toy, boomerang, 82;

dart, 82;

raft, 82;

spears, 81, 194;

weapons, 80, 81

tracks, drawn in sand, 71-73;

representations of, 347-349

tree-climbing, 12-14, 123, 124;

competitions in, 75, 76

tree-felling by fire, 124, 141

Triassic period, 56

tribal organizations, 216-224

tribal husbands, 224

tribal law, 226

Trigonia in Australia, 58, 59

truffle (Scleroderma), 151, 152

trumpets, bamboo, 375, 376, 379

tubera frontalia, 35

Tukura, a great Spirit, 295, 296, 356

Tukurata, the Supreme Number, 271

Tukutita, the Supreme Number, 271

“turapitti,” artificial fire-flies, 376

Turbo undulata, 122

turtle, eggs, 126;

hunting, 132, 133, 160

turtle designs, 335, 346

Tutrarre, a mythical dog, 267

twins, 63, 64

U

Ullbönnalenna water hole, 97

“ullyinga,” witchedy hook, 125

Ulparidja group, 48

umbilical cord, treatment of, 64

Unio, 121

Unio pictorum, 319

upright attitude, see spine, 7 et seq.

urethrotomia, 245-249

“utnguringita” or witchedy grub drawings, 341-343

u-within-u designs, 351, 352, 353

V

Veddahs, 25, 58

vegetable diet, 148-152

vegetable down, 275, 276

venesection, 275

verbs, conjugations of, 400, 401

vermin-proof platform larders, 105

Victoria River tribes, 62, 75, 76, 77, 103, 105, 128, 146, 211, 243, 253, 266, 285, 292, 319, 321, 323, 325, 326, 332, 336, 367, 373, 375

Victorian basalts, human bones beneath, 54

vocal productions, 376 et seq.

W

waddies, 168 et seq.

“wadua,” white vegetable-down, 276

“wagal-wagal,” a tjuringa, 270

walking, 12;

in single file, 118

wallaby, hunting of, 141

“waketo,” munyeroo, 150

“wanjerra,” red vegetable down, 276

“wanna,” yam sticks, 148

wanningi, 240, 244, 356, 357

Waraka, a spirit father, 287

war council, 184

warfare, 183-189

“warrakinna,” pitjuri, 155

Warramunga Tribe, 4, 92

Warrupu, a Minning ancestor, 260

Warrida-jinna (eagle hawk’s claw), Southern Cross, 349

Warrnambool footprints, 54

water, in Currajong, Bloodwood and Needlebush, 98;

supplies guarded against pollution, 97;

transported by women, 91, 92

water carriers, 92-95

water ceremonies, 274

water legend, 263, 264

water mallee, Eucalyptus dumosa, 98

water men, “atoa kwatje,” 264, 265

water lily tubers, 151

water supplies, 96, 97

weaning of children, 66

Wellington caves, 54

Wenoinn, a Minning ancestor, 260

white ants added to acacia flour, 150, 151

“white blackfellow,” 42

Wickham River, 248

“widida,” native truffle, 151

widow, 212-214;

claimed by deceased husband’s brother, 213;

cutting off of hair, 213;

re-opening scalp wound, 213;

skull caps of gypsum, 213

“wilpa,” a wallaby, 141

“winudtharra,” honey ant, 147

Winyeru, initiation ceremony, 242, 248

“wirrauwa,” a bark bucket, 94

Wirrewarra, the eternal home of all Spirits, 296

witchedy grub, 122, 123, 124, 125;

sacred drawings of, 341-343;

“totemic” designs, 351-352

witchedy hook, 124, 125

Wogait Tribe, 4, 62, 83, 109, 116, 130, 131, 139, 170, 196, 197, 198, 201, 208, 243, 244, 332, 365, 374, 379

woman, corrobboree of, 383

wombat hunt, 141

women, the recognized carriers, 112

Womma, the Milky Way, 350

wommera, spear-thrower, 180, 199-202

Wongapitcha Tribe, 3, 4, 47, 48, 67, 92, 95, 111, 114, 121, 122, 147, 151, 152, 153, 155, 184, 200, 205, 218, 235, 236, 242, 255, 259, 349, 361, 396, 398

Wongkanguru Tribe, 4, 83, 121, 155, 361, 362

Woods, Rev. Tenison, 43

Wordaman Tribe, 4, 201, 248

words derived from natural phenomena, 386, 387;

imitating natural sounds, 386

Worma Kadiabba, a mythical snake’s head, 269

Wormian bones, 35

Worora Tribe, 4, 94, 116, 176, 238, 310, 321, 343, 361, 369

“Wubbi, wubbi, wubbi, wau!”, the voice of the bull-roarer, 241, 242

Wulna Tribe, 196

X

Xanthorrhœa, grass tree, used in emu hunting, 140;

flower stalk used for spear shaft, 195

Y

yam ceremony, 280

yams, 151

yam stick, 148

yam tjuringa, 280 et seq., 337, 347

Yantowannta Tribe, xiv, 4, 50, 82, 83, 92, 114, 121, 155, 169, 205, 207, 213, 237

Yarrakinna, ochre mine near Parachilna, 316

“yarralyi,” beetles supposed to possess ecbolic principles, 64

Yauroworka Tribe, xiv, 4, 103

“yeapatja,” or caterpillar tjuringa, 352, 353

yelka, 148, 149;

ceremonial drawing of, 327

“yerumba,” a honey ant, 147

Yirrerri, neck of emu in the sky, 334

Yunta rock carvings, 306-308

Z

Zamia, cicatrices in imitation of, 238;

in Australia, 58

zygomatic arch, 30

The Hassell Press, 104 Currie Street, Adelaide