BOOK IV. The PASSIONS.

The choice of aliment, the choice of air, The use of toil and all external things, Already sung; it now remains to trace What good what evil from ourselves proceeds: And how the subtle principle within 5 Inspires with health, or mines with strange decay The passive body. Ye poetic Shades, That know the secrets of the world unseen, Assist my song! For, in a doubtful theme Engag’d, I wander thro’ mysterious ways. 10 There is, they say, (and I believe there is) A spark within us of th’ immortal fire, That animates and moulds the grosser frame; And when the body sinks, escapes to heaven, Its native seat; and mixes with the Gods. 15 Mean while this heavenly particle pervades The mortal elements, in every nerve It thrills with pleasure, or grows mad with pain. And, in its secret conclave, as it feels The body’s woes and joys, this ruling power 20 Weilds at its will the dull material world, And is the body’s health or malady. By its own toil the gross corporeal frame Fatigues, extenuates, or destroys itself: Nor less the labours of the mind corrode 25 The solid fabric. For by subtle parts, And viewless atoms, secret Nature moves The mighty wheels of this stupendous world. By subtle fluids pour’d thro’ subtle tubes The natural, vital, functions are perform’d. 30 By these the stubborn aliments are tam’d; The toiling heart distributes life and strength; These the still-crumbling frame rebuild; and these Are lost in thinking, and dissolve in air. But ’tis not Thought (for still the soul’s employ’d) 35 ’Tis painful thinking that corrodes our clay. All day the vacant eye without fatigue Strays o’er the heaven and earth; but long intent On microscopic arts its vigour fails. Just so the mind, with various thought amus’d, 40 Nor aches itself, nor gives the body pain. But anxious Study, Discontent, and Care, Love without hope, and Hate without revenge, And Fear, and Jealousy, fatigue the soul, Engross the subtle ministers of life, 45 And spoil the lab’ring functions of their share. Hence the lean gloom that Melancholy wears; The Lover’s paleness; and the sallow hue Of Envy, Jealousy; the meagre stare Of sore Revenge: The canker’d body hence 50 Betrays each fretful motion of the mind. The strong-built pedant; who both night and day Feeds on the coarsest fare the schools bestow, And crudely fattens at gross Burman’s stall; O’erwhelm’d with phlegm lies in a dropsy drown’d, 55 Or sinks in lethargy before his time. With useful studies you, and arts that please Employ your mind, amuse but not fatigue. Peace to each drowsy metaphysic sage! And ever may the German folio’s rest! 60 Yet some there are, even of elastic parts, Whom strong and obstinate ambition leads Thro’ all the rugged roads of barren lore, And gives to relish what their generous taste Would else refuse. But may nor thirst of fame 65 Nor love of knowledge urge you to fatigue With constant drudgery the liberal soul. Toy with your books: and, as the various fits Of humour seize you, from Philosophy To Fable shift; from serious Antonine 70 To Rabelais’ ravings, and from prose to song. While reading pleases, but no longer, read; And read aloud resounding Homer’s strain, And weild the thunder of Demosthenes. The chest so exercis’d improves its strength; 75 And quick vibrations thro’ the bowels drive The restless blood, which in unactive days Would loiter else thro’ unelastic tubes. Deem it not trifling while I recommend What posture suits: To stand and sit by turns, 80 As nature prompts, is best. But o’er your leaves To lean for ever, cramps the vital parts, And robs the fine machinery of its play. ’Tis the great art of life to manage well The restless mind. For ever on pursuit 85 Of knowledge bent it starves the grosser powers. Quite unemploy’d, against its own repose Its turns its fatal edge, and sharper pangs Than what the body knows embitter life. Chiefly where Solitude, sad nurse of care, 90 To sickly musing gives the pensive mind. There madness enters; and the dim-ey’d Fiend, Sour Melancholy, night and day provokes Her own eternal wound. The sun grows pale; A mournful visionary light o’erspreads 95 The chearful face of nature: earth becomes A dreary desart, and heaven frowns above. Then various shapes of curs’d illusion rise; Whate’er the wretched fears, creating Fear Forms out of nothing; and with monsters teems 100 Unknown in hell. The prostrate soul beneath A load of huge imagination heaves. And all the horrors, that the guilty feel, With anxious flutterings wake the guiltless breast. Such phantoms Pride in solitary scenes, 105 Or Fear, on delicate Self-love creates. From other cares absolv’d, the busy mind Finds in yourself a theme to pore upon; It finds you miserable, or makes you so. For while yourself you anxiously explore, 110 Timorous Self-love, with sick’ning Fancy’s aid, Presents the danger that you dread the most, And ever galls you in your tender part. Hence some for love, and some for jealousy, For grim religion some, and some for pride, 115 Have lost their reason: some for fear of want Want all their lives; and others every day For fear of dying suffer worse than death. Ah! from your bosoms banish, if you can, Those fatal guests: and first the Demon Fear; 120 That trembles at impossible events, Lest aged Atlas should resign his load And heaven’s eternal battlements rush down. Is there an evil worse than fear itself? And what avails it that indulgent heaven 125 From mortal eyes has wrapt the woes to come, If we, ingenious to torment ourselves, Grow pale at hideous fictions of our own? Enjoy the present; nor with needless cares, Of what may spring from blind Misfortune’s womb, 130 Appal the surest hour that life bestows. Serene, and master of yourself, prepare For what may come; and leave the rest to heaven. Oft from the body, by long ails mistun’d, These evils sprung the most important health, 135 That of the mind, destroy: And when the mind They first invade, the conscious body soon In sympathetic languishment declines. These chronic passions, while from real woes They rise, and yet without the body’s fault 140 Infest the soul, admit one only cure; Diversion, hurry, and a restless life. Vain are the consolations of the wise, In vain your friends would reason down your pain. Oh ye whose souls relentless love has tam’d 145 To soft distress, or friends untimely slain! Court not the luxury of tender thought: Nor deem it impious to forget those pains That hurt the living, nought avail the dead. Go, soft enthusiast! quit the cypress groves, 150 Nor to the rivulet’s lonely moanings tune Your sad complaint. Go, seek the chearful haunts Of men, and mingle with the bustling croud; Lay schemes for wealth, or power, or fame, the wish Of nobler minds, and push them night and day. 155 Or join the caravan in quest of scenes New to your eyes, and shifting every hour; Beyond the Alps, beyond the Apennines. Or, more advent’rous, rush into the field Where war grows hot; and, raging thro’ the sky, 160 The lofty trumpet swells the maddening soul: And in the hardy camp and toilsome march Forget all softer and less manly cares. But most too passive, when the blood runs low, Too weakly indolent to strive with pain, 165 And bravely by resisting conquer Fate, Try Circe’s arts; and in the tempting bowl Of poison’d Nectar sweet oblivion drink. Struck by the powerful charm, the gloom dissolves In empty air; Elysium opens round. 170 A pleasing phrenzy buoys the lighten’d soul, And sanguine hopes dispel your fleeting care; And what was difficult, and what was dire, Yields to your prowess and superior stars: The happiest you, of all that e’er were mad, 175 Or are, or shall be, could this folly last. But soon your heaven is gone; a heavier gloom Shuts o’er your head: and, as the thundering stream, Swoln o’er its banks with sudden mountain rain, Sinks from its tumult to a silent brook; 180 So, when the frantic raptures in your breast Subside, you languish into mortal man; You sleep, and waking find yourself undone. For prodigal of life in one rash night You lavish’d more than might support three days. 185 A heavy morning comes; your cares return With tenfold rage. An anxious stomach well May be endur’d; so may the throbbing head: But such a dim delirium, such a dream, Involves you; such a dastardly despair 190 Unmans your soul, as madd’ning Pentheus felt When, baited round Citheron’s cruel sides, He saw two suns, and double Thebes ascend. You curse the sluggish Port; you curse the wretch, The felon, with unnatural mixture first 195 Who dar’d to violate the virgin Wine. Or on the fugitive Champain you pour A thousand curses; for to heav’n your soul It rapt, to plunge you deeper in despair. Perhaps you rue even that divinest gift, 200 The gay, serene, good-natur’d Burgundy, Or the fresh fragrant vintage of the Rhine: And with that heaven from mortals had withheld The grape, and all intoxicating bowls. Besides, it wounds you sore to recollect 205 What follies in your loose unguarded hour Escap’d. By one irrevocable word, Perhaps that meant no harm, you lose a friend. Or in the rage of wine your hasty hand Performs a deed to haunt you to your grave. 210 Add that your means, your health, your parts decay; Your friends avoid you; brutishly transform’d They hardly know you; or if one remains To wish you well, he wishes you in heaven. Despis’d, unwept you fall; who might have left 215 A sacred, cherish’d, sadly-pleasing name; A name still to be utter’d with a sigh. Your last ungraceful scene has quite effac’d All sense and memory of your former worth. How to live happiest; how avoid the pains, 220 The disappointments, and disgusts of those Who would in pleasure all their hours employ; The precepts here of a divine old man I could recite. Tho’ old, he still retain’d His manly sense, and energy of mind. 225 Virtuous and wise he was, but not severe; He still remember’d that he once was young; His easy presence check’d no decent joy. Him even the dissolute admir’d; for he A graceful looseness when he pleas’d put on, 230 And laughing cou’d instruct. Much had he read, Much more had seen; he studied from the life, And in th’ original perus’d mankind. Vers’d in the woes and vanities of life, He pitied man: And much he pitied those 235 Whom falsely-smiling fate has curs’d with means To dissipate their days in quest of joy. Our aim is Happiness; ’tis yours, ’tis mine, He said, ’tis the pursuit of all that live; Yet few attain it, if ’twas e’er attain’d. 240 But they the widest wander from the mark, Who thro’ the flow’ry paths of saunt’ring Joy Seek this coy Goddess; that from stage to stage Invites us still, but shifts as we pursue. For, not to name the pains that pleasure brings 245 To counterpoise itself, relentless Fate Forbids that we thro’ gay voluptuous wilds Should ever roam: And were the Fates more kind Our narrow luxuries would soon be stale. Were these exhaustless, Nature would grow sick, 250 And, cloy’d with pleasure, squeamishly complain That all was vanity, and life a dream. Let nature rest: Be busy for yourself, And for your friend; be busy even in vain Rather than teize her sated appetites. 255 Who never fasts no banquet e’er enjoys; Who never toils or watches never sleeps. Let nature rest: And when the taste of joy Grows keen, indulge; but shun satiety. ’Tis not for mortals always to be blest. 260 But him the least the dull or painful hours Of life oppress, whom sober Sense conducts And Virtue, thro’ this labyrinth we tread. Virtue and Sense I mean not to disjoin; Virtue and Sense are one; and, trust me, he 265 Who has not virtue is not truly wise. Virtue (for meer good-nature is a fool) Is sense and spirit, with humanity: ’Tis sometimes angry, and its frown confounds; ’Tis even vindictive, but in vengeance just. 270 Knaves fain would laugh at it; some great ones dare; But at his heart the most undaunted son Of fortune dreads its name and awful charms. To noblest uses this determines wealth; This is the solid pomp of prosperous days; 275 The peace and shelter of adversity. And if you pant for glory, build your fame On this foundation, which the secret shock Defies of Envy and all-sapping Time. The gawdy gloss of Fortune only strikes 280 The vulgar eye: The suffrage of the wise, The praise that’s worth ambition, is attain’d By Sense alone, and dignity of mind. Virtue, the strength and beauty of the soul, Is the best gift of heaven: a happiness 285 That even above the smiles and frowns of fate Exalts great Nature’s favourites: a wealth That ne’er encumbers, nor to baser hands Can be transfer’d: it is the only good Man justly boasts of, or can call his own. 290 Riches are oft by guilt and baseness earn’d; Or dealt by chance, to shield a lucky knave, Or throw a cruel sun-shine on a fool. But for one end, one much-neglected use, Are riches worth your care: (for Nature’s wants 295 Are few, and without opulence supplied.) This noble end is, to produce the Soul; To shew the virtues in their fairest light; To make Humanity the Minister Of bounteous Providence; and teach the Breast 300 That generous luxury the Gods enjoy. Thus, in his graver vein, the friendly Sage Sometimes declaim’d. Of Right and Wrong he taught Truths as resin’d as ever Athens heard; And (strange to tell!) he practis’d what he preach’d. 305 Skill’d in the Passions, how to check their sway He knew, as far as Reason can controul The lawless Powers. But other cares are mine: Form’d in the school of Pæon, I relate What Passions hurt the body, what improve: 310 Avoid them, or invite them, as you may. Know then, whatever chearful and serene Supports the mind, supports the body too. Hence the most vital movement mortals feel Is Hope; the balm and life-blood of the soul. 315 It pleases, and it lasts. Indulgent heaven Sent down the kind delusion, thro’ the paths Of rugged life; to lead us patient on; And make our happiest state no tedious thing. Our greatest good, and what we least can spare. 320 Is Hope; the last of all our evils, Fear. But there are Passions grateful to the breast, And yet no friends to Life; perhaps they please Or to excess, and dissipate the soul; Or while they please, torment. The stubborn Clown, 325 The ill-tam’d Ruffian, and pale Usurer, (If Love’s omnipotence such hearts can mould) May safely mellow into love; and grow Refin’d, humane, and generous, if they can. Love in such bosoms never to a fault 330 Or pains or pleases. But ye finer Souls, Form’d to soft luxury, and prompt to thrill With all the tumults, all the joys and pains, That beauty gives; with caution and reserve Indulge the sweet destroyer of repose, 335 Nor court too much the Queen of charming cares. For, while the cherish’d poison in your breast Ferments and maddens; sick with jealousy, Absence, distrust, or even with anxious joy, The wholsome appetites and powers of life 340 Dissolve in languor. The coy stomach loaths The genial board: Your chearful days are gone: The generous bloom that flush’d your cheeks is fled. To sighs devoted and to tender pains, Pensive you sit, or solitary stray, 345 And waste your youth in musing. Musing first Toy’d into care your unsuspecting heart: It found a liking there, a sportful fire, And that fomented into serious love; Which musing daily strengthens and improves 350 Thro’ all the heights of fondness and romance: And you’re undone, the fatal shaft has sped, If once you doubt whether you love or no. The body wastes away; th’ infected mind, Dissolv’d in female tenderness, forgets 355 Each manly virtue, and grows dead to fame. Sweet heaven from such intoxicating charms Defend all worthy breasts! Not that I deem Love always dangerous, always to be shun’d. Love well repaid, and not too weakly sunk 360 In wanton and unmanly tenderness, Adds bloom to Health; o’er every virtue sheds A gay, humane, and amiable grace, And brightens all the ornaments of man. But fruitless, hopeless, disappointed, rack’d 365 With jealousy, fatigued with hope and fear, Too serious, or too languishingly fond, Unnerves the body and unmans the soul. And some have died for Love; and some run mad; And some with desperate hand themselves have slain. 370 Some to extinguish, others to prevent, A mad devotion to one dangerous Fair, Court all they meet; in hopes to dissipate The cares of Love amongst a hundred Brides. Th’ event is doubtful: for there are who find 375 A cure in this; there are who find it not. ’Tis no relief, alas! it rather galls The wound, to those who are sincerely sick. For while from feverish and tumultuous joys The nerves grow languid and the soul subsides; 380 The tender Fancy smarts with every sting; And what was Love before is Madness now. Is health your care, or luxury your aim, Be temperate still: When Nature bids obey; Her wild impatient sallies bear no curb. 385 But when the prurient habit of delight, Or loose Imagination, spurs you on To deeds above your strength, impute it not To Nature: Nature all compulsion hates. Ah! let nor luxury nor vain renown 390 Urge you to feats you well might sleep without; To make what should be rapture a fatigue, A tedious task; nor in the wanton arms Of twining Laïs melt your manhood down. For from the colliquation of soft joys 395 How chang’d you rise! the ghost of what you was! Languid, and melancholy, and gaunt, and wan; Your veins exhausted and your nerves unstrung. Spoil’d of its balm and sprightly zest, the blood Grows vapid phlegm; along the tender nerves 400 (To each slight impulse tremblingly awake) A subtle Fiend that mimics all the plagues Rapid and restless springs from part to part. The blooming honours of your youth are fallen; Your vigour pines; your vital powers decay; 405 Diseases haunt you; and untimely Age Creeps on; unsocial, impotent, and lewd. Infatuate, impious, epicure! to waste The stores of pleasure, chearfulness, and health! Infatuate all who make delight their trade, 410 And coy perdition every hour pursue. Who pines with Love, or in lascivious flames Consumes, is with his own consent undone: He chuses to be wretched, to be mad; And warn’d proceeds and wilful to his fate. 415 But there’s a Passion, whole tempestuous sway Tears up each virtue planted in the breast, And shakes to ruins proud philosophy. For pale and trembling Anger rushes in, With fault’ring speech, and eyes that wildly stare; 420 Fierce as the Tyger, madder than the seas, Desperate, and arm’d with more than human strength. How soon the calm, humane, and polish’d man Forgets compunction, and starts up a fiend! Who pines in Love, or wastes with silent Cares, 425 Envy, or Ignominy, or tender Grief, Slowly descends and ling’ring to the shades. But he whom Anger stings, drops, if he dies, At once, and rushes apoplectic down; Or a fierce fever hurries him to hell. 430 For, as the Body thro’ unnumber’d strings Reverberates each vibration of the Soul; As is the Passion, such is still the Pain The Body feels; or chronic, or acute. And oft a sudden storm at once o’erpowers 435 The Life, or gives your Reason to the winds. Such fates attend the rash alarm of Fear, And sudden Grief, and Rage, and sudden Joy. There are, mean time, to whom the boist’rous fit Is Health, and only fills the sails of life. 440 For where the Mind a torpid winter leads, Wrapt in a Body corpulent and cold, And each clogg’d function lazily moves on; A generous sally spurns th’ incumbent load, Unlocks the breast, and gives a cordial glow. 445 But if your wrathful blood is apt to boil, Or are your nerves too irritably strung; Wave all Dispute; be cautious if you joke; Keep Lent for ever; and forswear the Bowl. For one rash moment sends you to the shades, 450 Or shatters every hopeful scheme of life, And gives to horror all your days to come. Fate, arm’d with thunder, fire, and every plague That ruins, tortures, or distracts mankind, And makes the happy wretched in an hour, 455 O’erwhelms you not with woes so horrible As your own Wrath, nor gives more sudden blows. While Choler works, good Friend, you may be wrong; Distrust yourself, and sleep before you fight. ’Tis not too late to morrow to be brave; 460 If Honour bids, to morrow kill or die. But calm advice against a raging fit Avails too little; and it tries the power Of all that ever taught in Prose or Song, To tame the Fiend that sleeps a gentle Lamb, 465 And wakes a Lion. Unprovok’d and calm, You reason well, see as you ought to see, And wonder at the madness of mankind: Seiz’d with the common rage, you soon forget The speculations of your wiser hours. 470 Beset with Furies of all deadly shapes, Fierce and insidious, violent and slow; With all that urge or lure us on to Fate; What refuge shall we seek? what arms prepare? Where Reason proves too weak, or void of wiles, 475 To cope with subtle or impetuous Powers, I would invoke new Passions to your aid: With Indignation would extinguish Fear, With Fear or generous Pity vanquish Rage, And Love with Pride; and force to force oppose. 480 There is a Charm: a Power that sways the breast; Bids every Passion revel or be still; Inspires with Rage, or all your Cares dissolves; Can sooth Distraction, and almost Despair. That Power is Music: Far beyond the stretch 485 Of those unmeaning warblers on our stage; Those clumsy Heroes, those fat-headed Gods, Who move no Passion justly but Contempt: Who, like our dancers (light indeed and strong!) Do wond’rous feats, but never heard of grace. 490 The fault is ours; we bear those monstrous arts, Good Heaven! we praise them: we, with loudest peals, Applaud the fool that highest lifts his heels; And, with insipid shew of rapture, die Of ideot notes, impertinently long. 495 But he the Muse’s laurel justly shares, A Poet he, and touch’d with Heaven’s own fire; Who, with bold rage or solemn pomp of sounds, Inflames, exalts, and ravishes the soul; Now tender, plaintive, sweet almost to pain, 500 In Love dissolves you; now in sprightly strains Breathes a gay rapture thro’ your thrilling breast; Or melts the heart with airs divinely sad; Or wakes to horror the tremendous strings. Such was the bard, whose heavenly strains of old 505 Appeas’d the fiend of melancholy Saul. Such was, if old and heathen fame say true, The man who bade the Theban domes ascend, And tam’d the savage nations with his song; And such the Thracian, whose harmonious lyre, 510 Tun’d to soft woe, made all the mountains weep; Sooth’d even th’ inexorable powers of Hell, And half redeem’d his lost Eurydice. Music exalts each Joy, allays each Grief, Expells Diseases, softens every Pain, 515 Subdues the rage of Poison, and the Plague; And hence the wise of ancient days ador’d One Power of Physic, Melody, and Song.