Part 2 — Page 367 CHAPTER XXIII. (continued 2)

Nassa, 293. Natatores, 297. Natica, 271, 293. Nautilus, 112-114, 130, 149, 186, 199, 237, 272, 294; Danicus, 272; pompilius, 237. Neanderthal skull, 364. Neocomian series, 257, 260. Neolimulus, 125. Nerinœa, 237, 271; Goodhallii, 237. Nerita, 393. Neuroptera, 311. Neuropteris, 136. Newer Pliocene, 323, 324. New Red Sandstone, 193, 203. Newts, 189, 200, 217. Niagara Limestone, 117. Nipadites, 290; ellipticus, 290. Nœggerathia, 197. Norwich Crag, 324. Nothosaurus, 219; mirabilis, 219. Notidanus, 241. Numenius gypsorum, 297. Nummulina, 172, 290; lœvigata, 290; pristina, 172. Nummulitic Limestone, 24, 287, 291.

Oak, 262, 310. Obolella, 87; sagittalis, 88. Odd-toed Ungulates, 300, 315, 327, 353. Odontaspis, 275. Odontopteris, 165; Schlotheimi, 164. Odontopteryx, 297; toliapicus, 297, 298. Odontornithes, 282. Ogygia, 108; Buchii, 107. Older Pliocene, 323, 324. Oldhamia, 81; antiqua, 82; slates of Ireland, 79, 80. Old Red Sandstone, 133; origin of name, 133; of Scotland, 134; relations of, to Devonian, 133, 134, 155. Olenus, 108; micrurus, 88. Oligocene, 305. Oligoporus, 178. Olive-shells, 293. Omphyma, 119. Onchus, 130; tenuistriatus, 131. Oneida Conglomerate, 116. Onychodus, 153; sigmoides, 151. Oolitic limestone, structure of, 28; mode of formation of, 30. Oolitic rocks (see Jurassic). Ooze, Atlantic, 22, 33. Ophidia, 251; of the Eocene, 296. Ophiuroidea, of the Lower Silurian, 105; of the Upper Silurian, 120; of the Carboniferous, 177; of the Trias, 210; of the Jurassic, 233. Opossum, 299, 315. Orbitoides, 291. Oriskany Sandstone, 135. Ormoxylon, 138. Orohippus, 302. Orthis, 38, 109, 125, 147, 184, 199; biforata, 109; Davidsoni, 127; elegantula, 127; flabellulum, 109; Hicksii, 38; lenticularis, 38; plicatella, 110; resupinata, 185; subquadrala, 109; testudinaria, 110. Orthoceras, 89, 112, 113, 130, 149, 186, 213; crebriseptum, 113. Orthonota, 111. Orthoptera, 182, 311. Osmeroides, 276; Mantelli, 276. Osmerus, 276. Ostealepis, 153. Ostracode Crustaceans of the Cambrian, 83; of the Lower Silurian, 107; of the Upper Silurian, 123; of the Devonian, 145; of the Carboniferous, 179; of the Permian, 197; of the Trias, 210; of the Jurassic, 233; of the Cretaceous, 267. Ostrea acuminata, 235; Couloni, 269; deltoidea, 235; distorta, 235; expansa, gregarea, 235; Marshii, 235, 236. Otodus, 295; obtiquus, 296. Otozamites, 230. Otozoum, 206. Oudenodon, 220; Bainii, 221. Ovibos moschatus, 356. Oxford Clay, 227, 229. Oxyrhina, 312; xiphodon, 313. Oysters, 235, 236, 269.

Pachyphyllum, 173. Palœarca, 111. Palœaster, 120; Ruthveni, 121. Palasterina, 120; primœva, 121. Palœchinus, 120, 178; ellipticus, 177. Palœocaris, 180; typus, 180. Palœocoma, 120; Colvini, 121. Palœocoryne, 172. Palæolithic man, remains of, 363-365. Palœomanon, 118. Palœoniscus, 188, 200. Page 404 Palœontina Oolitica, 233. Palæontological evidence as to Evolution, 60, 372-374. Palæontological record, imperfection of the, 50, 51. Palæontology, definition of, 10. Palœonyctis, 304. Palœophis, 296; toliapictus, 296; typhœus, 296. Palœoreas, 318. Palœosaurus, 200, 218, 219; platyodon, 219. Palœosiren Beinerti, 200. Palœotherium, 300; magnum, 301. Palœoxylon, 170. Palæozoic period, 44. Palms, 230, 263, 290, 308, 309. Paludina, 257, 294. Pandaneœ, 230. Pandanus, 262. Paradoxides, 86, 87, 108; Bohemicus, 85. Parasmilia, 266. Parkeria, 264. Pear Encrinite, 231. Pearly Nautilus, 58, 111, 112, 237. Peccaries, 317. Pecopteris, 136, 165, 196. Pecten Grœnlandicus, 338; Islandicus, 338; Valoniensis, 211, 212, 204. Penarth Beds, 204. Pennatulidœ, 292. Pentacrinus, 231; caput-medusœ, 231; fasciculosus, 232. Pentamerus, 125, 126; galeatus, 126; Knightii, 128. Pentremites (see Blastoidea). Pentremites conoideus, 176; pyriformis, 176. Perching Birds, 297. Percidœ, 276. Periechocrinus, 122. Perissodactyle Ungulates, 300, 315, 327. Permian period, 192-202; rocks of, in Britain, 194; in North America, 194; life of, 195-302. Persistent types of life, 58, 371. Petalodus, 188. Petraster, 120. Petroleum, origin of, 36. Pezophaps, 348. Phacops, 108, 123, 145; Downingiœ, 124; granulatus, 144; lœvis, 144; latifrons, 144, 145; longicaudatus, 124; rana, 145. Phœnopora ensiformis, 126. Phalangers, 348. Phanerogams, 164. Phaneropleuron, 153. Phascolotherium, 253, 254. Pheronema, 164. Phillipsastrœa, 142. Phillipsia, 179; seminifera, 180. Pholadomya, 235. Phormosoma, 178. Phorus, 271. Phosphate of lime, concretions of, 30; disseminated in rocks, 30; origin of, 31. Phyllograptus, 102; typus, 102. Phyllopoda, of the Cambrian, 83; of the Lower Silurian, 108; of the Upper Silurian, 123; of the Devonian, 145; of the Carboniferous, 179; of the Permian, 197; of the Trias, 210. Phyllopora, 210. Physa, 294; columnaris, 294. Pigs, 302, 317, 329, 354. Pilton Group, 135. Pinites, 170. Pisces (see Fishes). Pisolite, 29. Pisolitic Limestone of France, 259, 286. Placodus, 220; gigas, 220. Placoid Fishes, 150; of the Upper Silurian, 130, 131; of the Devonian, 153-155; of the Carboniferous, 188; of the Permian, 199; of the Trias, 214; of the Jurassic, 241; of the Cretaceous, 275; of the Eocene, 295; of the Miocene, 312. Plagiaulax, 254. Planolites, 122; vulgaris, 123. Planorbis, 294. Plants, of the Cambrian, 80, 81; of the Lower Silurian, 97, 98; of the Upper Silurian, 118; of the Devonian, 136-139; of the Carboniferous, 163-170; of the Permian, 196; of the Trias, 207, 208; of the Jurassic, 229, 230; of the Cretaceous, 261-263; of the Eocene, 289, 290; of the Miocene, 308-311. Plasmopora, 119. Platanus, 262, 308; aceroides, 309. Platephemera antiqua, 145. Platyceras, 128, 148; dumosum, 148; multisinuatum, 129; ventricosum, 129. Platycrinus, 122, 175; tricontadactylus, 175. Platyostoma, 129; Niagarense, 129. Platyrhine Monkeys, 362. Platyschisma helicites, 129. Platysomus, 200; gibbosus, 199. Platystoma, 213. Pleistocene period; climate of. Plesiosaurus, 334; dolichodeirus, 244. Pleurocystites squamosus, 106. Pleurotoma, 293. Pleurotomaria, 111, 129, 186, 199, 236, 271. Plicatula, 213. Pliocene period, 323; rocks of, in Britain, 324; in Belgium, 325; in Italy, 325; in North America, 326; life of, 326-331. Pliopithecus, 322; antiquus, 323. Pliosaurus, 245. Podocarya, 230. Podozamites, 208; lanceolatus, 209. Polir-schiefer, 33. Polycystina, 32; of Barbadoes-earth, 33. Polypora, 145, 184; dendroides, 183. Polypterus, 153, 188. Polystomella, 311. Polytremacis, 266. Polyzoa, of the Cambrian, 81, 89; of the Lower Silurian, 108; of the Upper Silurian, 125; of the Devonian, 145, 146; of the Carboniferous, 183, 184; of the Permian, 198; of the Trias, 210; of the Cretaceous, 267; of the Miocene, 312. Populus, 262. Porcellia, 186. Porcupines, 322. Portage Group, 135. Port-Jackson Shark, 154. Portland beds, 227, 229. Post-Glacial deposits, 336, 338. Page 405 Post-Pliocene period, 334. Post-Tertiary period, 286. Poteriocrinus, 175. Potsdam Sandstone, 79. Pre-Glacial deposits, 336. Prestwichia, 179; rotundata, 179. Primitia, 107; strangulata, 107. Primordial Trilobites, 85. Primordial zone, 79. Proboscidea, of the Miocene, 319, 322; of the Pliocene, 329, 330; of the Post-Pliocene, 357-359. Producta, 147, 184, 198; horrida, 198; longispina, 185; semireticulata, 185. Productella, 147, 184. Productidœ, 147, 211. Proëtus, 123. Prong-buck, 318. Protaster, 120; Sedgwickii, 121. Proteaceœ, 262, 308, 309. Proteus, 189. Protichnites, 87. Protocystites, 82. Protornis Glarisiensis, 279. Protorosaurus, 201, 202; Speneri, 201. Protospongia, 81; fenestrata, 88. Prototaxites, 118, 138; Logani, 139. Psammobia, 292. Psammodus, 188. Psaronius, 136, 164. Pseudocrinus bifasciatus, 106. Psilophyton, 118, 137, 138; princeps, 138. Pteranodon, 247, 277; longiceps, 277. Pteraspis, 130, 152; Banksii, 130. Pterichthys, 152; cornutus, 153. Pterinœa, 128; subfalcata, 128. Pteroceras, 237, 271. Pterodactylus, 245, 277; crassirostris, 246. Pterophyllum, 208, 230; Jœgeri, 209. Pteropoda, of the Cambrian, 88; of the Lower Silurian, 111; of the Upper Silurian, 129; of the Devonian, 148; of the Carboniferous, 186; of the Permian, 199; of the Jurassic, 237. Pterosauria, 245; of the Jurassic, 245-248; of the Cretaceous, 277. Pterygotus Anglicus, 124, 125. Ptilodictya, 108, 125; acuta, 109; falciformis, 109; raripora, 126; Schafferi, 109. Ptychoceras, 273; Emericianum, 274. Ptychodus, 275. Pupa vetusta, 186. Purbeck Beds, 228; Mammals of, 254. Puryuroidea, 237. Pycnodus, 275. Pyrula, 293.

Quadrumana, of the Eocene, 305; of the Miocene, 322, 323; of the Pliocene, 331; of the Post-Pliocene, 361. Quadrupeds (see Mammalia). Quaternary period, 334. Quebec Group, 95, 96. Quercus, 262.

Rabbits, 322. Rana, 313. Raptores, 297. Rasores, 297. Recent period, 286, 334. Reptaculites, 99. Red clays, origin of, 35. Red Coral, 311. Red Crag, 324. Red Deer, 336, 354. Reindeer, 344, 345, 354, 355. Remopleurides, 188. Reptiles, 200; of the Permian, 200-202; of the Trias, 217-221; of the Jurassic, 242-251; of the Cretaceous, 276-281; of the Eocene, 296, 297. Retepora, 108, 125, 145, 184, 198, 210; Ehrenbergi, 198; Phillipsi, 146. Retiolites, 119. Retzia, 127. Rhætic Beds, 204-206. Rhamphorhynchus, 247; Bucklandi, 248. Rhinoceridœ, 315. Rhinoceros Etruscus, 327, 328, 336, 353; leptorhinus, 328; megarhinus, 327-329, 336, 335; tichorhinus, 353, 354. Rhinopora verrucosa, 126. Rhizodus, 188. Rhombus minimus, 295. Rhyncholites, 239. Rhynchonella, 110, 127, 147, 184, 234, 268, 292; cuneata, 127; neglecta, 127; pleurodon, 185; varians, 235. Rhynchosaurus, 218; articeps, 218. Rice-shells, 293. Richmond Earth, 33, 307. Ringed Worms (see Annelida). River-gravels, high-level and low-level, 340, 341. Robulina, 311. Rocks, definition of, 14; divisions of, 14, 15; igneous, 14; aqueous, 15-18; mechanically-formed, 18-20; chemically-formed, 20; organically-formed, 20-37; arenaceous, 20; argillaceous, 20; calcareous, 20-32; siliceous, 20, 32-34. Rodentia, of the Eocene, 305; of the Miocene, 322; of the Post-Pliocene, 361. Roebuck, 336, 354. Rostellaria, 237, 293. Rotalia, 22, 98, 171, 264; Boueana, 264. Rugose Corals, 104; of the Lower Silurian, 104, 105; of the Upper Silurian, 119; of the Devonian, 141; of the Carboniferous, 172-174; of the Permian, 197; of the Upper Greensand, 266. Rupelian Clay, 307.

Sabal major, 309. Sabre-toothed Tiger, 322, 331. Saccammina, 172. Saccosoma, 232. Salamanders, 189, 313. Salina Group, 117. Salix, 262; Meeki, 263. Salmonidœ, 276. Sao hirsuta, 85. Sassafras cretacea, 263. Sauropterygia, 219. Scalaria, 271, 293; Grœnlandica, 338. Scaphites, 272, 273; œqualis, 274. Schizodus, 198, 211. Schoharie Grit, 135, 137. Scolecoderma, 82. Scoliostoma, 213. Scolithus, 82; Canadensis, 83. Scorpions of the Coal-measures, 181. Scorpion-shells, 271. Page 406 Screw-pines, 230. Scutella, 311; subrotunda, 312. Sea-cows (see Sirenia). Sea-lilies (see Crinoidea). Sea-lizards (see Enaliosaurians). Seals, 322. Sea-mats and Sea-mosses (see Polyzoa). Sea-shrubs (see Gorgonidæ). Sea-urchins (see Echinoidea). Sea-weeds, 80, 81, 83, 97, 136, 164, 261. Secondary period, 44. Sedimentary rocks, 15. Semnopithecus, 322, 331. Septaria, 31. Sequoia, 306, 309, 310; Couttsiœ, 309; gigantea, 309; Langsdorffii, 309. Serolis, 84. Serpents (see Ophidia). Serpulites, 123. Sewâlik Hills (see Siwâlik Hills). Sheep, 355. Shell-sands, 19. Sigillaria, 168; Grœseri, 168. Sigillarioids, 136, 168, 170, 196. Silicates, infiltration of the shells of Foraminifera by, 34, 74. Siliceous rocks, 20, 32. Siliceous Sponges, 265. Silicification, 13, 14. Silurian period (see Lower Silurian and Upper Silurian), 90-114, 115-132. Simosaurus, 219; Gaillardoti, 219. Siphonia, 264; ficus, 265. Siphonostomatous Univalves, 237, 271, 293. Siphonotreta, 110. Sirenia, 299, 320; of the Eocene, 299; of the Miocene, 315. Siren lacertina, 200. Sivatherium, 318; giganteum, 319. Siwâlik Hills, Miocene strata of, 307. Skiddaw Slates, 101. Sloths, 315, 349-351. Smilax, 308. Smithia, 173. Snakes (see Ophidia). Soft Tortoises, 296. Solarium, 271. Solenhofen Slates, 228. Solitaire, 346, 348. Spalacotherium, 254. Spatangus, 311. Sphœrospongia, 139. Sphagodus, 130. Sphenodon, 218. Sphenopteris, 136, 165, 196. Spiders of the Coal-measures, 181. Spider-shells, 237. Spindle-shells, 237. Spirifera, 125, 147, 184, 198, 234; crispa, 127; disjuncta, 147; hysterica, 126; mucronata, 147; Niagarensis, 127; rostrata, 235; sculptilis, 147; trigonalis, 185. Spiriferidœ, 147. Spirophyton cauda-Galli, 135, 164. Spirorbis, 123, 143, 178; Arkonensis, 144; Carbonarus, 178; laxus, 144; Lewisii, 123; omphalodes, 144; spinulifera, 144. Spirulirostra, 312. Spondylus, 269; spinosus, 270. Sponges, of the Cambrian, 81; of the Lower Silurian, 98; of the Upper Silurian, 119; of the Devonian, 139; of the Carboniferous, 171; of the Permian, 197; of the Trias, 209; of the Jurassic, 230; of the Cretaceous, 264, 265. Spongilla, 197. Spongillopsis, 197. Spongophyllum, 173. Spore-eases, of Cryptogams in the Ludlow rocks, 118; in the Coal, 163. Squirrels, 322. Stagonolepis, 218. Staircase-shell, 271. Stalactite, 21. Stalagmite, 21. Star-corals, 231. Star-fishes, 105, 120, 210. St Cassian Beds, 205, 206. Stephanophyllia, 266. Stereognathus, 253, 254. Stigmaria, 169; ficoides, 169. Stonesfield Slate, 227; Mammals of, 253. Strata, contemporaneity of, 44. Stratified rock, 15-18. Streptelasma, 105. Streptorhynchus, 198. Stromatopora, 98, 99, 118, 139; rugosa, 99; tuberculata, 140. Strombodes, 119; pentagonus, 104. Strombus, 271. Strophalosia, 198. Strophodus, 255. Strophomena, 109, 110; alternata, 110; deltoidea, 109; filitexta, 110; rhomboidalis, 147, 148; Subplana, 127. Sub-Apennine Beds, 325. Sub-Carboniferous rocks, 158, 161. Succession of life upon the globe, 367-374. Suida, 302, 317, 329. Sulphate of lime, 22. Sus Erymanthius, 317; scrofa, 354. Synastrœa, 209. Synhelia Sharpeana, 266. Synocladia, 198; virgulacea, 198. Syringopora, 119, 173; ramulosa, 174.

Tabulate Corals, 104; of the Lower Silurian, 105; of the Upper Silurian, 142; of the Devonian, 142; of the Carboniferous, 172; of the Permian, 197. Talpa Europœa, 336. Tapiridœ, 300. Tapirs, 300. Tapirus Arvernensis, 327. Taxocrinus tuberculatus, 122. Taxodium, 262, 308, 310. Teleosaurus, 251. Teleostean Fishes, 150; of the Cretaceous, 276. Telerpeton Elginense, 218. Tellina proxima, 338. Tentaculites, 129, 148; ornatus, 129. Terebra, 293. Terebratella, 268, Astleriana, 268. Terebratula, 184, 234; digona, 235; elongata, 168; hastata, 185; quadrifida, 235; sphœroidalis, 235. Terebratulina, 268; caput-serpentis, 268; striata, 268. Termites, 311. Terrapins, 280, 296. Tertiary period, 44, 284-287. Tertiary rocks, classification of, 284-287. Page 407 Testudinidœ, 313. Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods, 112; of the Cambrian, 89; of the Lower Silurian, 112-114; of the Upper Silurian, 130; of the Devonian, 149; of the Carboniferous, 186, 187; of the Permian, 199; of the Trias, 212; of the Jurassic, 237-239; of the Cretaceous, 272-274; of the Eocene, 294; of the Miocene, 312. Textularia, 22, 264, 311; Meyeriana, 311. Thanet Sands, 287, 288. Theca, 88, 111, 129. Theca Davidii, 88. Thecidium, 213. Thecodont Reptiles, 218. Thecodontosaurus, 200, 218; antiquus, 219. Thecosmilia annularis, 231. Thelodus, 131. Theriodont Reptiles, 202, 220. Thylacoleo, 349. Tile-stones, 116. Titanotherium, 316. Toothed Birds, 281-283. Tortoises, 202, 296. Tragoceras, 318. Travertine, 21. Tree-Ferns, of the Devonian, 136; of the Coal-measures, 164. Tremadoc Slates, 77-79. Trematis, 110. Trenton Limestone, 95, 96. Trianthrus Beckii, 107. Triassic period, 203; rocks of, in Britain, 204; in Germany, 204; in the Austrian Alps, 205; in North America, 205; life of, 206-224. Triconodon, 254. Trigonia, 235, 255, 269. Trigoniadœ, 198, 211. Trigonocarpum, 170; ovatum, 170. Trilobites, 84-87; of the Cambrian, 85, 87; of the Lower Silurian, 107, 108; of the Upper Silurian, 123, 124; of the Devonian, 144, 145; of the Carboniferous, 179. Trimerellidœ, 127. Trinucleus, 108; concentricus, 107. Trionycidœ, 296. Triton, 293. Trochocyathus, 266. Trochonema, 129. Trogontherium, 361; Cuvieri, 336, 361. Trumpet-shells, 293. Tulip-tree, 262, 308. Turbinolia sulcata, 292. Turbinolidœ, 292. Turrilites, 272, 273; catenulatus, 274. Turritella, 271, 293. Turtles, 202, 251, 280, 296. Typhis tubifer, 293.

Ullmania selaginoides, 197. Unconformability of strata, 48. Under-clay of coal, 162. Ungulata, of the Eocene, 300-303; of the Miocene, 315-319; of the Pliocene, 327-329; of the Post-Pliocene, 353-357. Uniformity, doctrine of, 5-7. Unio, 250. Univalves (see Gasteropoda). Upper Cambrian, 77-79; Chalk, 259; Cretaceous, 257, 259; Devonian, 135; Eocene, 287, 288; Greensand, 258; Helderberg, 135; Laurentian, 66; Llandovery, 115; Ludlow rock, 116; Miocene, 305; Oolites, 227; Silurian period, 115; rocks of, in Britain, 115, 116; in North America, 116-118; life of, 118-131. Ursus arctos, 359; Arvernensis, 339; ferox, 359; spelœa, 360. Ursus, 336, 356.

Valley-gravels, high-level and low-level, 339-341. Vanessa Pluto, 312. Varanidœ, 202. Vegetation (see Plants). Ventriculites, 264, 265; simplex, 265. Venus's Flower-basket, 265. Vermilia, 197. Vespertilio Parisiensis, 304, 305. Vicksburg Beds, 289. Vines, 306, 309, 310. Vitreous Sponges, 264. Voltzia, 208; heterophylla, 209. Voluta, 271, 293; elongata, 271. Volutes, 271, 293, 312.

Walchia, 196, 197; piniformis, 196. Walrus, 322. Wealden Beds, 257. Wellingtonia, 309, 310. Wenlock Beds, 115, 117; Limestone, 115; Shale, 115. Wentle-traps, 271. Werfen Beds, 205, 206. Whalebone Whales, 299, 315. Whales, 299, 315. Whelks, 237. White Chalk, 259; structure of, 21, 22; origin of, 23, 263. White Crag, 324. White River Beds, 307. Wild Boar, 354. Williamsonia, 230. Winged Lizards (see Pterosauria). Winged Snails (see Pteropods). Wing-shells, 271. Wolf, 336, 360. Wolverine, 360. Wombats, 348. Woolhope Limestone, 115. Woolly Rhinoceros, 339, 341, 344, 353. Woolwich and Reading Beds, 287. Worm-burrows, 82, 83, 123.

Xanthidia, 138, 161. Xenoneura antiquorum, 145. Xiphodon, 303. Xylobius, 182; Sigillariœ, 182.

Zamia spiralis, 208. Zamites, 208, 230, 310. Zaphrentis, 105, 119, 142, 173; cornicula, 141; Stokesi, 104; vermicularis, 174. Zeacrinus, 175. Zechstein, 194. Zeuglodon, 299, 315; cetoides, 200, 300.