INDEX.

INDEX.

Accidents, chances of, 191 at crossings, 408 from coupling cars, 223, 392 investigation of, 399 to railway bridges, 26 South Norwalk, 221 statistics of, 260 to trainmen, 393 to trains, origin of, 167 Adams, Charles Francis, 104, 367 Air-brake, 193, 195 Allen, Horatio, 2, 4, 102 Arbitration between railways and their employees, 376, 381 Armstrong, Colonel G. G., 316 Atkinson, Edward, 43 Auditor's duties, 180, 183 Baggage-check system, 253 Baggage-master, work of, 416 Baggage service, abuses in, 179 Baggage transportation, 253 Baldwin Locomotive Works, 132 Ballast of a railway, 37 Baltimore & Ohio, the, 103 cars, 139 early passenger-trains, 230 in 1830, 101 Bangs, George S., 317 Bell-cord train-signal, 237 Bessemer, Sir Henry, 37 Bessemer steel, invention of, 37 Blaine, James G., 323 Blair, Montgomery, 317 Block-signal, automatic, 215 system, 168, 213 Boilers, construction of, 114 Bonds and stock, relative position of, 354 Brake, air-, 193, 195 advantages of air-, 387 improvements suggested to air-, 199 American, 202 and coupler, 237 Beals, 202 chain, 193 continuous, 195 early forms of, 192 electric, 194 hand, 193; perils of, 387; how to manage, 388 hydraulic, 193 steam driver-, 192 trials at Burlington, 200 vacuum, 193, 195 water, 202 Westinghouse air-, 193, 195 Brakemen, characteristics of, 384 duties of, 394 life, agreeable and disagreeable features of, 386, 389 passenger-train, advantages of, 396 pleasures of, 394 wit of, the result of meditation, 385 Bridges, railway, accidents to, 26 American iron, 28 American, development of, 27; length of, 24, 26 American wooden, 27 and culverts, how built, 22 Bismarck, 86 Britannia, 79 builders, 423 cantilever, 33, 88 connecting two tunnels, 55 connections, types of, 85 foundations by crib or open caisson, 75 Bridges, foundations by pneumatic caisson, 69 foundations, how made, 32, 67 foundations under water, 67 gangs, work of, 155 great, over cañons and valleys, 55 guard-rails and frogs for, 221 Hawkesbury River, 32 Howe truss, 27 how to build safe, 31 Kentucky River, 34, 55, 88 Kinzua, 30 Lachine, 92 masonry arch, 76 Niagara cantilever, 34, 90 Portage, 78 Poughkeepsie, 32, 34 steel truss, development of, 85 strength of, 29 St. Louis, 93 trusses, types of, 86 tubular, 80 typical American truss, 86 Verrugas, 55 Victoria, 80 Washington, over Harlem River, 77, 94 wooden, 78 wood, stone, and iron, 25, 26 Bridgers, R. R., 340 Bridgewater, Duke of, 345 Broken trains, dangers of, 388 Burr & Wernwag, 27 Caissons for bridge foundations, how made, 32, 69 open, 75 pneumatic, 69 Camden & Amboy locomotives, 106 Cameron, Simon, prediction of, 232 Campbell, Henry R., 109 Cantilever bridges, 33, 88 Capital invested in railways, 344, 448 Car-accountant, and the transportation department, 275 office of, 271 Car-accounting, benefits of a good system, 280 Car-builders' dictionary, 147 Car-couplers, imperfections of, 140 need of uniformity in, 141 Car-coupling, accidents from, 223, 392 Cars, American and English, 7 American, evolution of, 139 Baltimore & Ohio freight-, 139 different kinds of, 146 old, discomforts of, 234 distribution of, 171, 279 empty, distribution of, 279 first American passenger-, 139 first sleeping-, 140 for special uses, 289 freight-, wanderings of a, 267 heating by gas, 226 heating by steam, 226 heating, methods of, 245 lighting safely, 226 mileage and records, 158 mileage charges, 273 Mohawk & Hudson passenger-, 139 number of, in the United States, 148 records of movement, 171 service charges, per diem plan, 29 service of, payment for, 293 service records and reports, 276 tracers for, 279 trucks, 7; invention of, 108 use and abuse of, 281 Car-wheels, European, 144 how made, 142 paper, 145 Cassatt, A. J., 340 Check system for baggage, 253 Chief engineer, duties of, 154 Chimbote Railway in the Andes, 50, 53 Civil service reform in the mail service, 340 Classifications of freight, 176 Clerks, railway, 422 Coffer-dam foundations for bridges, 67 Commissions to passenger agents, 179 Competing points and pools, 364 Concentration of power, 351 Conducting transportation, 159 Conductors, freight, trials of, 398 heroism of, 411 passenger, 408 Consolidation, effects of, 351 tendency to, 346 Construction companies, 355 Contractors, railway, work of, 21 Conveniences at stations, 259 Cooley, Judge Thomas M., 368 Cooper, Peter, 104, 231 Council, proposed railway, 380 Couplers and brakes, 237 imperfections of, 140 uniform automatic, 223 Coupling cars, accidents from, 223, 392 Coupon tickets, 254 misunderstood, 254 Cox, S. S., 323 Cranes, large travelling, in locomotive shops, 132 Crib foundations for bridge piers, 75 Crises of 1873 and 1885, effects of, 356 Crossings, accidents at, 408 protection for, 216 Cullom, Senator S. M., 368 Culverts, building of, 22 log, 25 masonry, 76 on American railways, 24, 26 Curves, American and European railway, 8 least, 8 Cutting, largest ever made, 56 Cylinders, locomotive, construction of, 117 Darwin, Erasmus, 2 Davis & Gartner, 106 Davis, Phineas, 106 Davis, W. A., 317 Death and accident provisions for postal clerks, 343 Delays in a long journey, 267 Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, 101 Demurrage charges, 296 Derailing switches, use of, 207 Derailments of trains, causes of, 218 Destructive force of a locomotive at high speed, 187 Detector-bar for switches, 205 Differentials, 175 Dining-cars, introduction of, 243 Discipline necessary on a railway, 377 Distribution of cars, 171, 279 Dividends, average, on railway stock, 443 Drawbridge accidents, 221 Driving-wheels, large and small, 128 Eads, Captain James B., 64, 93 Eames vacuum brake, 195 Eccentric, operation of, 118 Educational institutions for railway employees, 379 Electric annunciator for signals, 209 Electric lights for cars, 226 Electricity applied to brakes, 194 Elevated Railroad, New York, 97 Employees, railway, benefit funds, 378 permanent and temporary, 375 promotion of, 376 number of, in the United States, 43, 370 permanency of service during good behavior, 376 relations of, to the railway, 357 representative system for, 380 rights and privileges of permanent, 376 to have a voice in management, 379 wages of, 448 Engineer, the, as a public benefactor, 46 civil, qualifications of, 15 responsibilities and duties of, 98 Engineering, good, true test of, 60 Ericsson, John, 2 Facing and trailing point switches, 219 Facing-point locks, 205 Fast freight lines, 287 Fast mail service, appropriations for, 337 Fast mail train, trip with, 323 Fast runs, remarkable instances, 404 Fast time on railways, conditions of, 128 Field & Hayes, 34 Fink, Albert, 365 Fisk, James, Jr., 353 Flagging trains, 390 Foot-guard for frogs, 222 Foreign cars, theory and practice in their use, 279 Foster, Rastrick & Company, 102 Free-pass system, 362 Freight-car wanderings, 267 classifications and rates, 176 conductor and his trials, 398 department, organization of, 282 engines, saving fuel on, 402 empty trains of, 439 handlers at stations, 423 movement, accidents in, 293; cost of delays in, 293 Freight profits, 440 rates, reduction of, 358, 438 traffic, 437; how handled, 180 Freight trains, air-brakes for, 200 transportation, needs of the service, 297 Fuel, saving, on freight-engines, 402 Garrett, John W., 351 Gate-tenders on the railway, 423 General Freight Agent, 172 General Manager, duties of, 154 General Passenger Agent, 172 Geographical location of railways in the United States, 427 Goold, James, 139 Grades, limit of, 8 Grand Central Station interlocking signals, 208 Grand River cañon, 54 Granger movement, 363 Guard-rails and frogs for bridges, 221 Hamlin, Hannibal, 323 Hampson, John, 231 Harrison, Joseph, Jr., 4 Hawkesbury River bridge, 32 Heater-cars, Eastman, 289 Heating cars, 245 Highway crossing accidents, 216 crossing gates, 217 Holley, Alexander L., 37 Hoosac Tunnel, 63 Hospital funds for railway employees, 378 Hotel-cars, 244 Howe truss bridges, 27 Immigrant sleeping-cars, 251 Inclined planes for overcoming elevations, 58 Injectors, principle of, 116 Insurance funds for railway employees, 378 Interchange of cars, methods of, 272 Interlocking bolts, uses of, 221 signals and switches, 204 Interstate commerce law, 173, 368 Commerce Commission and its work, 368 Investigation of accidents, 399 Investors and managers, relations of, 357 difficult position of, 354 Irregular hours of work, 399 Jameson, John, 317, 323, 342 Janney car-coupler, 237 Jervis, John B., 4, 107 Johnson, R. P., 339 Judgment, value of, in a locomotive-runner, 407 Junction-cards and car-reports, 278 Kentucky River cantilever bridge, 34, 55, 88 King, Porter, 408 Kinzua Bridge, 30 Lachine Bridge, 92 Latimer, Charles, 221 Latrobe, Benjamin H., 8 Layng, J. D., 319 Legal department of a railway, duties of, 152 Lighting cars, safe methods, 226 Lincoln, Abraham, in the first sleeping-car, 240 Link motion for locomotive valves, 119 Location, approximate, 15 final, 18 how governed, 16 in old and new countries, 17 importance of, 15 Locomotives, ability to climb grades, 8 American type, origin of, 109 Baltimore & Ohio "grasshopper," 106 boiler construction, 115 cab, what is in it, 131 capacity to draw loads, 120 consolidation, 122 cost of running, 307 cylinders, how supplied with steam, 117 decapod, 122 destructive force of, at high speed, 187 "DeWitt Clinton," 105 driving-wheels, how made, 142 earliest American, 2 early eight-wheeled, 105 engineer, the duties and qualifications of, 137; peculiarities of, 134; duties and dangers of, 400; spirit of fraternity of, 408 English type of, 3 equalizing levers, 4 fireman, 422 first trial of, in America, 103 fuel, 303; consumption, 135 hostler, 422 how to start and stop, 120 "John Bull," 106 Mogul, 122 number of, in the United States, 148 Peter Cooper's, 104 prize offered for, by the Baltimore & Ohio, 105 pumps and injectors, 116 "Rocket," 1 running, systems of, 134; cost of, 158, 159 running gear, adjustment of, 114; flexible, 113 shops, 132 size, weight, and price, 126 speed, law of, 127 suburban traffic, 124 ten-wheeled, 122 trials, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, 2, 3 truck, invention of, 4, 107 types of, 109 valve motion, 118 London Underground Railway, 97 "Long and short haul," 173 Mail service, railway, civil service reform in, 340 Mail train, fast, 317 Managers and investors, relations of, 357 Masonry arch bridges, 76 Massachusetts Railroad Commission and traffic questions, 367 Master Car Builders' Association brake-trials, 200 type of car-coupler, 223 Master car-builder's duties, 158 Master mechanic's work, 157 Master of transportation, duties of, 159, 171 Mexican Central Railway, 56 Mileage balances, reduction of, 273 Miller coupler and buffer, 237 Miller, Ezra, 237 Milling in transit, 175 Model railway service, 375 Mohawk & Hudson passenger-cars, 139 Mont Cenis Tunnel, 63 Moral standard on the railway, improvement in, 384 Mount Washington Railway, 58 Mountain climbing by rack railways, 58 railways, 49 National regulation of railways, 367 Newell, John, 340 New York Elevated Railways, 97 Niagara cantilever bridge, 34, 90 suspension bridge, 81 Nochistongo cut, 56 Operating department of a railway, importance of, 373 Oroya Railway in the Andes, 50, 53 Outram, Benjamin, 345 Paper car-wheels, 145 Passenger advertisement, first, 229 brakeman, 396 burned in wrecks, 225 cars, early, 231; English and American, 232; first American, 139; manufacture of, 252; Mohawk & Hudson, 139 conductor, 408 fares, comparative rates, 265 profits, 442 rates and commissions, 17 tickets, old, 236 traffic, 442 trains, first, 228; early American, 230; making time on, 403 travel, 362; amount of, 264; safety of, in England and America, 260; speed of, 249 Pay-car, trip of the, 309 Pay, increase of, for faithful service, 378 Paymaster's work, 308 Parallel roads, 356 Pensions for railway employees, 378 Pennsylvania Railroad shops at Altoona, 132 maintenance of track, 41 system, 371 Permanent service of a railway, 375 Pile-driver, work of a, 22 Pile foundations for bridges, 68 Plant, H. B., 340 Pneumatic caissons for bridge foundations, 69 interlocking apparatus, 210 Pœtsch method of building foundations for bridge piers, 32 Pooling rates, 184 Pools and competing points, 364 railway, origin and nature of, 364 Pope, Thomas, 33 Portage Bridge, 78 Postal cars, 325 first used, 316 provision against accident in, 338 Postal clerks, accidents to, 338 Postal progress, object lesson in, 312 Postal service, early history, 313 Potter, Thomas J., 412 Poughkeepsie cantilever bridge, 32, 34 Predecessors of the railway, 101 Premiums to section-men, 41 Promotion of employees, 376 Pullman, George M., 239 Palace Car Company, 242 sleeper, first, 241 Purchasing agent's varied duties and experience, 300 Rails, development of, 47 increased weight of, 122 iron, first used, 1, 37 joints for, 37 steel, first introduction, 37 supply and renewal of, 306 weight which they will carry, 121 Railroading fifty years ago, 100 Railways, American, key to the development of, 3; rolling stock of, 148; and English, essential differences, 10 amount of capital invested in, 344 and their employees, nature of relations, 374 and democracy, 45 and their customers, 358 beginning of, 345 building, cost of, 43; example of rapid, 44; history of, 445 competition of, 174; with canals, 347 consolidation, 174, 346 council, proposed, 380 division of expenses on, 359 earnings, average net, per mile, 444 earliest, 1; in America, 103 early systems of management, 346 economic view of, 45 educational institutions, 379 employees, permanent and temporary, 375; general characteristics of, 423; moral welfare of, 423; a typical, 383; wages of, 448 growth of, 346 income, sources of, 180 influence on the world, 149 mail first carried on, 314 mail service, growth of, 314; importance of, 323; needs of, 341; organization of, 323; party injury to, 341 management, development of, 150; in Europe, 184; organization and division of authority, 151; results expected from, 184; special departments of, 372; stability of, 184; subdivisions of, 372 men's building in New York, 424 mileage, comparative, of the principal countries, 425; of the United States, 426 national idea developed by, 348 national regulation, 367 officers' duties and responsibilities, 151 organization analyzed, 185; complex, 183; growth of, 371 personnel, importance of, 424 place in the modern industrial system, 344 postal clerks' dangers, 337; just claims, 343; need of provision against disability, 339; work, 334 relations of, to their employees, 357 shop-men, 423 State ownership of, 362 statistics of, 425 systems, 428 the largest single industrial interest, 370 United States, extent of, 43 "wars" between, 361 Randall, Samuel J., 323 Rates and rebates, 173 causes of reduction, 358 combinations and adjustments, 176 forced reductions, 363 how made and regulated, 176 inequalities of, 359 passenger, and commissions, 178 plans for regulating, 362 special, wars over, 177 without a natural standard, 360 Reagan, John H., 368 Reconnoissance, 13 Refrigerator cars, 289 Representation for railway employees, 380 Restriction of railways, tendency to, 369 Ride on a locomotive at night, 188 Righi Railway, 59 Road-bed of a railway, how made, 21 Roadway department of a railway, 154 Roberts, George B., 340 Roebling, John A., 82 Rolling stock, growth of, 448 Routine of the railway mail service, 325 Rutter, J. H., 340 Safety appliances, railway, 191 devices needed, 423 St. Gothard Tunnel and spirals, 63 St. Louis Bridge, 64, 93 Schneider, C. C., 34 Scott, Thomas Alexander, 319, 349 Scrap-heap, value of, 302 Section-master's duties, 421 Section-men's work, 156 Semaphore signals, 203 Shepard, General D. C., 44 Signals and switches, interlocking, 168, 204 automatic block, 215 block system, 168, 213 semaphore, 203 torpedo, 213 Sleeping-car rates, comparative, 266 Sleeping-cars, first experiments, 239 immigrant, 251 Pullman, 239, 242 Smith, Colonel C. Shaler, 34, 88 Snow-sheds and fences, 18 South American mountain-railways, 50 South Carolina Railway, 104 early passenger trains, 231 Special rates, 177, 361 Spoils system, how it works in the railway mail service, 342 Spreading of rails, 220 State ownership of railways, 362 State regulation of railways, 362, 363 Station agent's duties, 411 Station indicators, 259 Station, large, work at, 415 small, work at, 411 Stationery and blanks, quantity used on a railway, 304 Statistics, railway, 425 Steam driver-brake, 192 how distributed to the cylinders, 117 shovel, work of, 21 supply and speed, relations of, 129 Steel bridges, 29 Steel rails, first introduction, 37 Steel truss-bridges, development of, 85 Stephenson, George, 1, 2, 3, 228, 346 Robert, 1, 2, 3, 79, 192 Stock and bonds, relative position, 354 Storekeeper's duties on a railway, 307 Stockton & Darlington passenger train, 228 "Stourbridge Lion," 102 Strikes, evils of, 374 Superintendent, duties of, 274 of machinery, powers and duties, 157 Supply department, 298 importance of, 311 Supplies, aggregate of, on a railway, 299 variety required for a railway, 301 Surveying party, life of, 13 from a rope ladder, 50 Surveys, preliminary, 13 Suspension bridges, 81 Switchbacks and loops, 8; types of, 9, 10 Switches, interlocking, 420 stub, accidents caused by, 218 Switch-tender's work, 420 Telegraph in railroading, 238 Thompson, William B., 317, 322, 342 Thomson, Frank, 43, 340 Thomson, J. Edgar, 349 Through and local freight, 288 Through lines, growth of, 348 Tickets, cost of, on a railway, 305 coupon, 254 old, 236 sales and reports, 182 Ties and timber supplies, 306 Time, fast, instances of, 404 making, on passenger trains, 403 Time-tables, cost of, 305 earliest American, 235 how made, 160 Torpedo signals, 213 Track, early experiments with, 36, 37 how laid, 36 how maintained and kept in order, 38 inspection on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 41 laid on stone, 36 standards of excellence, 41 Trackmen's duties, 38 organization and officers, 41 Track-walker's duties and trials, 422 Trade centres, advantages of, 360 Traffic, how influenced and secured, 172 manager, duties of, 172 questions and the Massachusetts Railroad Commission, 367 receipts, how returned and accounted for, 182 Train despatcher and his work, 163, 422 Train despatching, 162 old and new, 187 Train orders and rules, 164 Train signals, bell-cord and other, 237 Train work, irregularity of, 399 Trainmen, accidents to, 393 and tramps, 386 Trains, rules for running, 162 Tramways, Roman, of stone, 1 Transfer freight stations, 288 Transportation, cost of, 43 conducting, 159 department and the car-accountant, 275 Trestles, wooden, 78 Trevithick, Richard, 2 Tribunal, proposed, for adjusting differences between railways and their employees, 376 Trucks for cars, 7, 108 for locomotives, 4, 107, 109 Trunk lines compared, 428 Trunk-line pool, origin and history, 365 Truss-bridge, typical American, 86 Tubular bridges, 80 Tunnels, 59 American, 23 connected by a bridge, 55 difficulties of construction, 62 great, 62 how avoided, 23 located by triangulation, 53 Mont Cenis, 63 St. Gothard, 63 Underground Railway, London, 97 Union Pacific Railway system, extent of, 370 Vacuum-brake, 193, 195 Vail, Theodore N., 317, 322 Valleys, how crossed by a railway, 49 Valve-motion arrangements, 118 Vanderbilt business methods, 351 Vanderbilt, Commodore, 318, 340 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 350, 424 Vanderbilt, William H., 318, 340 Verrugas Viaduct, 55 Vestibule train, luxury of, 248 as a safety device, 224 Viaducts, American metal, 79 Victoria Bridge, 80 Waddell, A., 323 Wagner Palace Car Company, 242 Wagon cars, 290 War, the late, effect of, on railway growth, 348 Washington Bridge over the Harlem River, 77, 94 Waste and saving in supplies, 302 Water-jet method of sinking piles, 68 Watt, James, 1 Way-bill and its theory, 181 Westinghouse air-brake, 195, 196 Westinghouse, George, Jr., 200, 237 West Point Foundry as a locomotive shop, 104 Whipple, Squire, 28 Winans, Ross, 7, 108 Yardmaster's duties, 283 Young Men's Christian Association, Railway Department, 424