INDEX

Abbott, J. B: 245, footnote

Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited, 71, footnote, 191, footnote

Abolitionists: Indians’ slaves enticed away, 23; charges against Calhoun, 30; Quantrill in league with, 49; desire Indian lands, 76, 118; among Cherokees, 132; Cherokees repudiate idea that they are, 225; charges against, 291-294

Adair, W. P: 219, footnote

Address: of John Ross at Cherokee mass-meeting, 220

Agency system: under Confederacy, 179

Alabama: Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws from, 20, 193, footnote; Choctaws in, 20, footnote; David Hubbard, commissioner from, 108

Alliance: Indians given political position in return for, 17; reasons for southern Indians entering into, with Confederacy, 18; Confederate State Department to effect, 140, footnote; failure of Pike to effect, with Cherokees, 156; Choctaw General Council authorizes negotiation of treaty of, 156; Confederacy paid dearly for its Indian, 177; nature of Seminole, with Confederacy, 197; principles of active, inserted by Pike into treaties, 212; McCulloch to accept Drew’s regiment of Home Guards as soon as treaty of, be consummated, 227; conditions of, between the Indians and Confederacy, 280; result of Battle of Pea Ridge on Indian, 284

Allies: Indian, 17; hope of finding in Cherokees, 125

Allotment in severalty: suggested to Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, 58

American Baptist Missionary Union: 38

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: work among Cherokees and Choctaws, 39; records of, 40, footnote; missionaries among Choctaws remove themselves from patronage, 41, 42, 43, footnote

American Civil War: [See Civil War]

American Historical Association: Report, 20, footnote

American Revolution: effect upon Cherokee emigration to Texas, 20, footnote; work of Committees of Correspondence in connection with, 83

Amnesty: provided for, 176

Annuities: negro and Indian half-breeds share Indian, 23, footnote; Choctaw, distinct from Chickasaw, 34, footnote; Indian, declared forfeited by Lincoln government, 145; John Ross considers Indian, safe, 147; payment of Indian, assumed by Confederacy, 163; Indian, diverted from regular channels, 170; to use, of hostile Indians, 274; Crawford makes requisition for Cherokee, 307

Antelope Hills: 55, 136, footnote

Apucks-hu-nubbe: district of, 34, footnote

Arbuckle, General: 193, footnote

Arkansas: Choctaws and Cherokees tarry in, 19, footnote; Indian Territory annexed to, for judicial purposes, 23, footnote; and Indian patronage, 59; and Indian participation in Civil War, 63; interest in Indian Territory, 67; Knights of Golden Circle active in, 68; interest in Indian alliance, 83; affairs reach crisis, 97; Hubbard, commissioner to, 108; sends commission to Indian country, 119; sends Albert Pike as delegate, 132-133

Arkansas Baptist: 47, footnote

Arkansas Convention: Journal, 119, footnotes, 120, footnotes

Arkansas Historical Association: Publications, 106, footnote

Arkansas Legislature: House Journal, 103, footnote, 110, footnote, 111, footnote

Arkansas River: 67, 76, 97, 135, footnote, 162, 175

Arms: description of, needed for Indians, 190, footnote; Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment not furnished with, 211; scarcity of, 211, footnote; Cherokees in, at Tahlequah mass-meeting, 217; Ross able to bear, 137, footnote; Creeks under, threaten hostilities, 138, footnote; fear, for Indians will be taken by secessionists, 228, footnote; Confederate difficulty in securing, 253 and footnote

Armstrong Academy: 40, footnote

Armstrong, William: 193, footnote

Asbury Mission: Indian amity compact concluded at, 69, footnote

Assinneboin: suggested Territory of, 32, footnote

Atchison, David R: letter to, mentioned, 33, footnote

Austin State Gazette: 80, footnote

Averell, William W: 101, footnote

Baker, George E: work cited, 58, footnote

Balentine, H: 79

Ball-playing: connected with secret organization of “Pins,” 86, footnote

Bancroft, Frederic: work cited, 58, footnote

Barnes, James K: 260, footnote

Barnesville: 245, 246

Beams’s Negroes: 23, footnote

Beaver Creek: 55

Beening, S. T: 102, footnote

Benjamin, Judah P: 140, footnote, 200, footnote, 215, footnote, 252, footnote

Benton, Thomas H: plan for a national highway, 28; request, 33, footnote

Big Chief: merit chief of Great Osages, 238

Billy Bowlegs: leaves Florida, 20 footnote; communications from, 198, footnote; refuses to sign treaty with Confederate States, 198-199; death of, 198, footnote; regarded as good commander, 277, footnote

Bird Creek: battle of, 138, footnote, 255-256

Bishop, A. W: work cited, 67, footnote, 68, footnote, 133, footnote

Black Beaver: 101 and footnote, 303

Black Dog: see Shon-tah-sob-ba

Blackhoof, Eli: 209, footnote

Blain, S. A: 56, footnote, 57, footnote

Blankets: furnished Indian refugees, 261; to be furnished Indian soldiers in U. S. A., 271, footnote; Indians need, 310; Leeper offers to give Kiowas, 318; Rector urges Leeper not to promise, Kiowas, 332; Kiowas receive from U. S. government, 343

Bloomfield Academy: 40, footnote

Bob Deer: 244

Boggy Depot: 91, 230, footnote

Bonds: 61, 145-146

Boone, A. G: 210, footnote

Boonsboro [Boonsborough]: 111 and footnote, 125

Boudinot, E. C: 119, 153, 156, footnote, 219, footnote

Bourland, James: appointed commissioner, 88; report, 91

Branch, Harrison B: 182-183, 210, footnote, 228, 232-233, 249, 271, 279, footnote

Brazos Agency: 55

Bribery: William McIntosh guilty of, 236; of chiefs to induce secession, 262, footnote

Brigade: jayhawking character of Lane’s, 233; Lane’s gives John Mathews his deserts, 239; Hunter asks permission to muster, of friendly Indians, 250; Kile, quartermaster in 274; proportion of white troops in Pike’s, 280

Brooks, Preston: 45, footnote

Brown, James: 217

Buchanan, James: administration charged by free-state Kansans with bad faith, 37; endorses pro-slavery policy, 45, footnote; distrusted, 47; “no coercion” policy, 87, footnote; patronage, given to southern men, 262, footnote; work cited, 22, footnote, 29, footnote

Buckner, H. S: 92

Buffalo Hump: 305, 315, 330, 338, 348

Bureau of Indian Affairs (Confederate): 128, 141, footnote, 190, footnote

Burgevin, Edmund: 105, footnote

Burleigh, Walter A: 227, footnote

Burlington: 259, 260, footnote

Burroughs, B: 120

Burrow, N. B: 99, 298, 305, 330, 341

Bushwhackers: drive Caddoes out of Texas, 19, footnote

Butler, George: agent for Cherokees, 45, 47, footnote, 285, 290

Byington, Cyrus: 79

Cache Creek: 55

Caddoes: from Louisiana, 19, footnote; Pike to meet, 189, footnote; horses stolen by, 353

Calhoun, J. M: 90, footnote

Calhoun, John C: report, 27; motive, 29; political heresy, 133

Cameron, Simon: 234, 249, footnote

Campbell, A. B: 260, footnote

Canadian River: 55, 63, 67, 162

Cane Hill: 296, 327

Carolinas: Catawbas in, 20, footnote

Carroll, H. K: work cited, 37, footnote

Carruth, E. H: report, 84, footnote, 197, footnote, 198, footnote; appointed by Lane, 242; interviews Creek delegates, 245; tries to arrange for inter-tribal council, 246; letter, 267

Cass, Lewis: 193, footnote

Catawbas: admitted to Choctaw citizenship, 20, footnote; in possession of northeastern part of Choctaw country, 20, footnote; in South Carolina fight with South, 20, footnote

“Catron letter”: 29, footnote

Chah-la-kee: suggested territory of, 31, footnote

Chah-lah-ki: district of, 178

Chah-ta: suggested territory of, 31, footnote

Chahta Tamaha: 189, footnote

Chatterton, Charles W: 259, footnote

Checote, Samuel: 193, 194

Cherokee Declaration of Independence written by Pike, 137, footnote

Cherokee Executive Council, 136, footnote; John Ross promises to call meeting of, 153; meeting of, 216, 217; communicates with McCulloch, 226

Cherokee Neutral Lands: location, 21, footnote, 64; size, 21, footnote; intruded upon, 35, 46, 285, 290; project for selling, 50, 163; McCulloch takes position opposite, 225; Lane’s proposed camp in, 233; Stand Watie ordered to take up a position in, 252, footnote; Cowart sets out for, 294

Cherokee Outlet: 54, footnote, 63, footnote, 64

Cherokee Proclamation of Neutrality: 153-154

Cherokee Strip: location, 21, 64; coveted by Kansans, 21

Cherokee Treaty: 157 and footnote; declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, footnote; contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, footnote; contains promise of representation in Congress 159, footnote; navigable waters, 174; admission to military academy, 180; appointment of postmasters, 180; considered by Provisional Congress, 206; negotiated, 237; Ross’s characterization of, 257

Cherokees: from Tennessee and Georgia, 20; tarried in Arkansas, 19, footnote; go to Texas, 20, footnote; removal to Arkansas suggested by Jefferson, 20, footnote; in North Carolina fight with South, 20, footnote; “Eastern” in controversy with “Western,” 20, footnote; character of constitution, 31, footnote; visited by Sacs and Foxes, 36, footnote; work of A.B.C.F.M. among, 39; schools among, 39, footnote; religious denominations among, 39-40; desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, 42; material progress due to slavery, 46; search organization among, 48; with Cooper as volunteers, 54; antebellum relations with people of Arkansas, 64; representatives at inter-tribal conference, 71; visited by commissioners from Texas, 92; in council with Creeks, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94; Pike’s negotiations with, 134, footnote; to be indemnified, 163; made an exception, 168; at Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 214-215, 214, footnote; secession of, 217; resolutions of, 223-225; secret organization among, 291-293

Chickasaw: district, 34, footnote, 52

Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald: 56, footnote

Chickasaw Legislature: act, 68; resolutions, 122, footnote, 155

Chickasaw Manual Labor School: 40, footnote

Chickasaws: from Alabama and Mississippi, 20; character of constitution, 31, footnote; domestic troubles, 34; political connection with Choctaws, 34, footnote; religious denominations among, 40, footnote; construct government, 51; as volunteers, 54; country, 63; not represented at inter-tribal conference, 71; convention of Choctaws and, 91; prevented from attending council at North Fork, 94; take charge of property abandoned by Federals at Fort Arbuckle, 102; appeal of Burroughs to, 120-121; resolutions of Choctaws and, 130; negotiations of Albert Pike with, 136, footnote, 196-197; reported as anxious to join Southern Confederacy, 155; treaty with, considered by Provisional Congress, 204-207; E. H. Carruth communicates with loyal portion of, 246-247

Chilton, William P: 127

Chippewas: from Michigan, 19; warriors, 227, footnote

Chi-sho-hung-ka: 238, footnote

Chisholm, Jesse: 313, 320

Choctaw-Chickasaw Regiment: 77, 207, 210, 211, 230, footnote, 252, footnote

Choctaw-Chickasaw Treaty: 157, and footnote; declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, footnote; contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, footnote; suggests ultimate statehood, 160, footnote; recognizes Choctaw country as distinct from Chickasaw, 161; transfers lease of Wichita Reserve to Confederate States, 162; navigable waters, 174; amnesty, 175

Choctaw Corn Contract: scandal involves Pike, 57, footnote

Choctaw General Council: act, 20, footnote; resolution, 72-74; under authority of Chief Hudson declares Choctaw Nation “free and independent,” 156, 196; plan treaty of alliance and amity with Confederacy, 156; communication from Pike, 187, footnote, 196, footnote

Choctaw Light Horse: 24, footnote

Choctaws: tarried in Arkansas, 19, footnote; Catawbas wish to unite with, 20, footnote; intimacy with negroes, 20, footnote; in Mississippi fight with South, 20, footnote; prepared to assent to territorial bill, 31, footnote; domestic troubles, 34; political connection with Chickasaws ended, 34, footnote; religious denominations among, 39-40; schools among, 40, footnote; desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, 42; ask relief, 57, footnote; country, 63; antebellum relations with people of Arkansas and Texas, 64; not represented at inter-tribal conference, 71; delegation, 74; affairs, 75-79; treaty with Confederate States, 78, 204; convention of Chickasaws and, 91; prevented from attending council at North Fork, 94; resolutions of Chickasaws and, 130; negotiations of Pike with, 136, footnote, 196-197; reported as anxious to join Confederacy, 155; enlist in army, 210; Carruth in communication with loyal portion, 246-247

Chuahla: 39, footnote

Chustenahlah: battle of, 258

Citizenship: U. S. recommended for Indians, 31 and footnote; Ottawas express preference for U. S., 36, footnote; Indians to determine own tribal, 169; Jim Ned’s right of, forfeited within Leased District, 306

Civil War (American): no adequate history of American, 17; Indian allies of South in, 20, footnote; in Choctaw-Chickasaw country threatened, 34 and footnote; delays Indian removal from Kansas, 37; corrupt practices of Democratic Party just prior to American, 45, footnote; Stand Watie on Southern side in, 49, footnote; responsibility of Texas and Arkansas for participation of Indians in, 63; early interest of Texas and Arkansas in Indian country, 67; see also Enlistment of Indians

Civilization Fund: 37

Clark, George W: 211, footnote, 240, footnote

Clover, Seth: 209, footnote

Cobb, Howell: 45, footnote

Cockrell, S. R: 119

Coe, Chas. H: work cited, 20, footnote

Coffin, William G: 80 and footnotes, 184, 245, 247, 259, 274

Colbert, D: 41, footnote

Colbert, Holmes: 261, footnote

Colbert, Winchester: 197, 201, footnote

Colbert Institute: 40, footnote

Coleman, Isaac: 186, footnote, 259, footnote

Collamore, George W: 261, footnote

Colley, S. G: 350

Collin (Texas): exodus of non-secessionists from, 95

Colorado: indigenous tribe, in, 19, footnote; attempts to secure Indian coöperation, 83

Comanche Treaty: 157, footnote, 158; amnesty, 176

Comanches: 51, 52, 55, 189, footnote, 200 and footnote, 201, 206, 313, 320, 323, 324, 331, 337, 347, 351

Commission: from Texas to Indian nations, 88 et seq.; from Arkansas, 108, footnote

Concharta: 255

Confederate Contract: for supplying Indians of Leased District, 301-303, 347, 352

Confederate Military History: work cited, 103, footnote

Congressional Globe: work cited, 58, footnote

Connelley, W. E: work cited, 34, footnote, 49, footnote

Connor, John: 544

Cooley, D. N: 56, footnote, 134, footnote, 226

Cooper, Douglas H: citizen of Mississippi, 41; fears abolitionization of Indian country, 41; sends note to Superintendent Dean, 42; sanguine as to slavery conditions among Indians, 45; survey of Leased District, 53; Choctaw Corn Contract, 57, footnote; becomes colonel in Confederate army, 76; regiment of Choctaws to be under command of, 77, 207; absent from post, 82 and footnote; apparently disapproves of Texan interference, 96; receives suggestions from Rector, 106-107, footnote, 187; instructions to, 147, footnote; defection of, 186-187; asked to continue as agent, 190, footnote; wishes to be agent and colonel, 197, footnote, 212, footnote; report concerning Indian enlistment, 211; in battle with Opoethleyohola, 254 et seq., 312; complains of not having more white troops, 280

Cooper, Samuel: 53, footnote, 147

Corn Contract: see Choctaw Corn Contract

Council: Cherokee, in session at Tahlequah, 50, footnote; Choctaw at Doaksville, 77; composition of Doaksville, 77; at Fort Smith, 226-227, 241; at Tahlequah, 237 et seq., 240; Coffin holds, with representatives of non-secession element of various tribes, 267; Agent Johnson holds, with Delaware chiefs, 272, footnote; Indian refugees hold, at Fort Roe, 278, footnote; Creek, demands payment of money, 289; Cowart reports rumor of Cherokee, 294; Cherokee, to meet, 296; of each tribe to consider amendments to treaties, 323; Leeper holds with Indians of Leased District, 346; Comanches propose, to effect everlasting peace with Southern people, 347; see also Inter-tribal Conference

Covode, John: 276

Covode Committee: 45, footnote

Cowart, Robert J: 46, 82 and footnote, 89, footnote, 114 and footnote, 184, 290, 295, 298

Cowetah: 69, footnote

Cox, John T: 261, footnote

Crawford, John: 183, footnote, 184-185, and footnotes, 190, footnote, 215, footnote, 216, 218, 219, footnote, 220, 223, 325

Creek Country: Seminoles accommodated within, 50; proposal for giving southern Comanches home within, 51 and footnote; proposal to allot lands in severalty, 58

Creek Light Horse: 218, footnote

Creek National Council: rejects proposal for allotment of lands in severalty, 58, footnote; approves draft of treaty with C. S. A., 194

Creek Treaty: 157 and footnote; Dole ignorant of existence, 157, footnote; declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, footnote; contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, footnote; contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, footnote; model on subject of recognizing slavery, 166-167; extradition, 173; negotiation of, 192-195; considered by Provincial Congress, 206; clauses providing for active alliance, 212

Creeks: from Georgia and Alabama, 19-20; assist in Seminole removal, 20, footnote; mixture with negroes, 20, footnote, 23, footnote; status of free negro among, 23, footnote; Presbyterians among, 40; desirable to have slaveholders settle among, 42; repent giving home to Seminoles, 51; location, 67; representatives at inter-tribal council, 71; visited by commissioners from Texas, 92; in council with Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94

Crime: unjustly charged against missionaries, 47; charged against Reserve Indians, 52

Crutchfield, Major P. T: 111

Culbertson, Alexander: 210, footnote

Cumberland Presbyterians: 40, footnote

Curtis, Gen. S. R: 138, footnote

Cushing, Caleb: opinion as attorney-general, 22

Cutler, Abram: 229, footnote

Cutler, George A: 184, footnote, 249, footnote, 259, footnote, 266

Davis, Jefferson: influences Cushing, 22; writes to Worcester, 23, footnote; nominates Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128; appoints Pike special commissioner to Indians, 130; message, 202; Marshall writes to, 207

Davis, John B: 23, footnote

Davis, John D: 199, footnote

Davis, William P: 199, footnote

Dawson, J. L: 193, footnote

Dean, Charles W: 42; work cited, 35, footnote, 60, footnote

Debray, X. B: 102, footnote

Decotah: suggested territory of, 31, footnote

Deep Fork of Canadian: 254

Delawares: from Indiana, 19; tarry in Missouri, 19, footnote; free state men among, 35; anxious to avoid white man’s interference, 36, footnote; Baptist school on reservation, 38; as refugees, 56, footnote; Leeper to communicate with, 181, footnote; Pike hopes to meet, 189, footnote; wealth, 208, footnote; treaty with, 231, footnote; employed as scouts, 232; appeal to, 268; response of, 268; and Shawnees attack Wichita Agency and kill Leeper, 329, footnote

Delegates: five great tribes should have, in Congress, 31, footnote; Pike sent as, 132-133; to be allowed in Confederate Congress, 159, 161, 177, 203, 204, 324; Creek on way to Washington, 245; Gamble to Confederate Congress, 312

Delegation: Choctaw and Chickasaw, gives assurance to Indian Office of neutrality, 74 and footnote, 75; from non-secession element in various tribes, 265-266 and footnote, 267 and footnote; from Leased District visits Kiowas, 353

Denton: exodus from, 95

Denver, J. W: 270

Derrysaw, Jacob: 69, footnote, 194, 218, footnote

Dickey, M. C: 209, footnote

Dickinson, J. C: 50, footnote, 296

Diplomacy: used to effect Indian alliance, 17; and intrigue to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20, footnote

District of Columbia: status of slavery in, 22

Disunion: Pike’s poem on, 133 and footnote

Doaksville: 39, footnote; Choctaw constitution, 51; Council at, 77

Dole, William P: 56, footnote, 74, footnote, 75, 80, 231 and footnote, 233, 241-242, 250, 266, 271, 273, 274

Dorn, Andrew J: 30, footnote; takes charge of Neosho Agency, 35, footnote, 51; absent from post, 82; citizen of Arkansas, 82, footnote; tells Neosho River Agency Indians to attend Tahlequah meeting, 241; letter of, 295; Rector complains of conduct of, 328

Dred Scott Decision: effect upon Indian interests, 29

Drew, John: 137, footnote, 214, footnote, 217, 226, 253, footnote, 255

Drew, Thomas: work cited, 30, footnote; issues permits to peddle in Indian country, 60

Drouth: 57, 146, 208

Du Val, Ben T: 104, footnote

Dwight: Cherokee school at, 39, footnote

Echo Harjo: 58, footnote, 80, footnote, 192, 193, 243

Edwards, John: 78

Elder, Peter P: 81, footnote

Elk Horn Tavern: battle of, 138, footnote

Ellis, Jo: 244

Emigration: of Indians voluntary, 19, footnote

Emissaries: 83, 88, 89, footnote, 113 et seq., 114, footnote, 115, footnote, 132, 142, 148, footnote, 183, 208, 210, footnote, 218, footnote, 219, footnote, 242

Emory, William H: 96-102, 98, footnotes

Enlistment of Indians: Pike favors, 132; McCulloch instructed to secure, 144, 147; no intention of Confederacy to use as Home Guards exclusively, 148; Pike objects to use outside of Indian country, 149; Hyams urges, 155; Chief Hudson authorizes, among Choctaws, 156; Federal attitude towards, 227 et seq., compulsory, illegal, 228, footnote; Lane resolves upon, 229-230 and footnotes; Frémont favors, 231-232; Delaware chiefs oppose, 232; Lane persists in urging, 248; urged by Hunter, 250; to be resorted to by Federals in invading Indian Territory, 270-271 and footnotes, 272, footnote; U. S. War Department reverses action respecting, 275, 279 and footnotes; Coffin’s views on, 277, footnote; muster roll showing, 344; among Comanches abandoned, 350

Euchees: 52

Factions: among Cherokees, 49-50, 151 et seq., 215, 223, 240; among Creeks, 192-194, 254; among Seminoles, 198-199; among Comanches, 306

Fairfield: Cherokee school at, 39, footnote

Fall Leaf: 231, footnote, 232 and footnotes, 233, footnote

Farnsworth, H. W: 229, footnote, 272

Fayetteville: 67, footnote, 184, 310, 326

Female seminaries: Indian girls attend, 67, footnote

Finch, John: 30, footnote

Finley, C. A: 270

Fishback, William Meade: 104, footnote

Fleming, Walter L: work cited, 108, footnote

Floyd, John B: 53, 296

Folsom, George: 23, footnote

Folsom, Israel: 74

Folsom, Joseph P: 77

Folsom, Peter: 74, 76, 196

Folsom, Sampson: 41, footnote, 76, 196

Food: Indian refugees need, 260; to destitute Delawares from Cherokee country, 268, footnote; Creek refugees destitute of, 273, footnote, 278, footnote; supposed fraudulent character of contract for supplying, 285-289; Confederate contract with Charles B. Johnson for supplying, 301-303; for Comanches, 313; to be furnished Indians in council considering amendments to treaties, 323; receipt for, furnished, 345

Fort Arbuckle: 54, 87, footnote, 97, 135, footnote, 201, footnote, 297, 303, 345, 357

Fort Belknap: 88, footnote

Fort Caleb: 295

Fort Cobb: 82, footnote, 84, footnote, 96, 97, 98 and footnote, 189, footnote, 296, 332, 356

Fort Coffee Academy: 40, footnote

Fort Davis: 349

Fort Gibson: abandoned as military post, 53; Major Emory and, 104; distance from Fort Smith, 108; Pike returns to, 137, footnote; Armstrong to meet emigrating Creeks at, 193, footnote; Cooper draws off in direction of, 256; money at, 325

Fort Leavenworth: 88, footnote, 103, 208, footnote, 251, 259, 266, 267, 270

Fort Lincoln: 229, footnote, 230, 243

Fort McCulloch: 139, footnote, 284

Fort Randall: 227, footnote

Fort Roe: 259 and footnote, 275, footnote, 277, footnote

Fort Scott: 249, footnote, 266

Fort Smith: headquarters of southern superintendency, 64; evacuated, 76; W. G. Coffin fails to reach, 81, footnote; Emory reaches, 97; Emory tarries at, 99; hot-bed of sectionalism, 103; distance from Fort Gibson, 108; J. J. Gaines reaches, 113; Pike proceeds to, 138, footnote; McCulloch at, 150; talk of confiscating Rector’s property at, 182, footnote; distance from Scullyville, 211; fire at, 298

Fort Smith Council: 192, footnote, 226-227, 241

Fort Smith Papers: cited, 41, footnote, 43, footnote, 50, footnote, 104, footnote, 197, footnote, 198, footnote, 285-328

Fort Smith Times: cited, 47, footnote

Fort Sumter: 118

Fort Towson: 40, footnote

Fort Washita: 77, 91, 96, 189, footnote, 297, 303

Fort Wise: 210, footnote

Forty-niners: covet land in Indian country, 28

Frauds: William Walker, head chief of Wyandots, takes part in Kansas election, 22, footnote

Frazier, Jackson: 41, footnote

Free negroes: status among Creeks and Seminoles, 23, footnote; among Choctaws, 24, footnote; Leased District rendezvous for, 56-57

Free-soilers: 45, 46, 113

Free-state expansion: charge that Calhoun intended to prevent, 30

Free-state men: intrenched among Delawares north of Kansas River, 35

Frémont, John C: 214, footnote, 215, footnote, 231, 232, 233, footnote, 248, 312

Frontier: action along Missouri-Arkansas in Civil War, 17; character of men of, 114; Indians exploited for sake of men of, 170; trouble on, to be expected, 183, footnote

Frozen Rock: 53

Fugitive Slave Law: operative within Indian country, 22, 166, 178

Gaines, J. J: 113, 115, footnote, 116

Gamble, James: 41, footnote, 54, footnote, 197, 312

Garland, Samuel: 74, 76

Garrett, William H: 58, footnote, 82, and footnote, 183, 184 192, 194, 212, footnote, 324

Georgia: Creeks and Cherokees from, 20, 193, footnote; D. E. Twiggs from, 87

Grayton: exodus from, 95

Green, J. J: 105, footnote

Greenwood, A. B: 36, footnote, 45, footnote, 46, 48, 113, 192, 209, footnote, 291, 292, 294

“Grier letter”: 29, footnote

Griffith, Samuel: 119, 182, footnote, 183-184

Grimes, Marshal: 56, footnote, 57, footnote, 98, footnote, 336, 337

Hagerstown (Md.): Quantrill, native of, 48

Half-breeds: status of, 23, footnote; generally slaveholders, 46; influence sought in holding Indian country for South, 67; planter class in Indian Territory, 67, 75; white men and Choctaw, hold secession meeting, 77; missionaries fear, 78; hated by “loyal” Cherokees, 139, footnote; attempt to force full-bloods into alliance with Confederacy, 216

Halleck, Henry W: 215, footnote, 275

Hamilton, Charles A: appointed commissioner, 88; report, 91

Harris, C. A: 193, footnote

Harris, Cyrus: 41, footnote, 69, footnote, 80, footnote; visited by commissioners from Texas, 91

Harris, Thomas A: 130

Harrison, James E: appointed commissioner, 88; report, 91; referred to by Governor Clark, 131, footnote

Helena (Ark.): 104

Hemphill, John: 100, footnote

Hester, G. B: 230, footnote

Hicks, Charles: 237, footnote

Hindman, Thomas C: 48, footnote, 105, footnote, 357

Hobbs, Reverend Doctor S. L: 79

Hotchkin, Ebenezer: 42, 76

Houston, Sam: 31, footnote, 90, 93

Howard, O. O: work cited, 220, footnote

Hubbard, David: 108; letter to Governor Moore, 109-110; nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128; Pike hopes for coöperation, 141; receives instructions from Walker, 142-143; ill-health, 143, footnote; writes to John Ross, 144-145; reply of John Ross to, 146-147; instructed not to offer statehood, 161; advice to Crawford, 308; advises economy, 315

Hudson, George: 77, 80, footnote; declares Choctaw Nation “free and independent,” 156; dealings with Pike, 196; proclamation, 196, 210

Humboldt: 243, footnote, 247

Humphreys, John J: 185, 218, footnote

Hunter, David: 248, 249, and footnote, 250, 251, 260, 266, 270, 275, 276, 312

Hyams, S. M: 155

Illinois: tribes from, 19

Indian adoption: 169

Indian camp: Lane plans establishment to prevent foraging into Kansas, 230; to be located in Cherokee Neutral Lands, 233; Cooper reaches, 254

Indian country: west of Arkansas and Missouri, 19; tribes within, indigenous and emigrant, 19 and footnote; population, 20-21; cut in two by Missouri Compromise line, 20; reservation system established, 21; listed with District of Columbia as strictly federal soil, 22; Fugitive Slave Law declared operative within, 22; presence of free negroes sometimes source of grave danger, 23, footnote; constantly beset by difficulties, 24, 27; likely to be greatly reduced in area by Manypenny treaties, 35; intruders attracted by supposed mines of precious metals, 35, footnote; rivalry among churches, 37; intruders to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46; practically no U. S. troops within, 52-53; northern tribes of less importance politically than southern, 62, footnote; slaveholding politicians work through halfbreeds to hold for South, 67; strategic importance of, appreciated by Arkansas, 108; military necessity of securing, 131; Pike describes sojourn in, 134 et seq., footnote; McCulloch to give military protection to, 148; McCulloch lays plans for taking possession of, 149; establishment of Confederate States courts promised by treaty with great tribes, 177; postal system to be maintained throughout, 180; U. S. War Department resolves upon expedition to, 270

Indian Home Guards: Pike in favor of Indians as, 132; no evidence that Indians wanted exclusively as, 148; individual Cherokees as, 149-151; disposition to keep Indians as, 212; Ross’s plan defeated by McCulloch, 226-227; authorized by Cherokee Executive National Council, 226; Drew’s regiment tendered to McCulloch, 227; Drew’s regiment escorts Pike to Park Hill, 240

Indian Intercourse Law: difficulty in enforcing, 24, footnote; Greenwood’s exposition of, 290; Leeper asks for copy, 315; Leeper reports troops necessary to enforce law within Leased District, 346

Indian Property Rights: put in jeopardy by pioneer advance, 28; in trans-Missouri region, 29; rendered secure by treaty promises, chap. iii

Indian Removal: policy, 19, footnote; law for, 19, footnote; indemnification for, 164-166

Indian States in Union: suggested by southern politicians, 31; suggested by Texas newspapers, 31, footnote; Confederacy promises to Choctaws, 78; no assurance of, to be given by Hubbard, 143; promised in treaties made by Confederacy, 160 and footnote, 161; Davis calls attention to clauses in Indian treaties providing for, 203; Provisional Congress modifies treaty guarantee for, 204

Indian Territory: small tribes find their way to, 19, footnote; annexed for judicial purposes to Western District of Arkansas, 23, footnote; in danger of being abolitionized,41-42; only home for Indians from Kansas, 36; drouth in, 58; political status of tribes in, 62, footnote; position with respect to Texas and Arkansas, 63; topographical description of, 63; early interest of Texas and Arkansas in, 67; halfbreeds of, a planter class, 67, 75; Knights of Golden Circle active in, 68; Indians to be driven out of, 76; cut off from communication with U. S. Indian Office, 81, footnote; agents within, all southern men, 82; Commissioner Dole urges reoccupation of, 241; strategical importance of, 242; included within Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, 280

Indian trade: licenses for, 59-60; regulations respecting, 169-171

Indiana: tribes from, 19; W. G. Coffin from, 80

Indians: lands granted in perpetuity, 18; participation in American Civil War inevitable, 18; as emigrants, 19; number of colonized, 20-21; proportion of southern to northern, 21; slaves enticed away by abolitionists, 23; seized as fugitives by southern men, 23; interests militated indirectly against by Dred Scott decision, 29; territorial form of government for, 30, footnote, 31, footnote; treaty rights likely to be seriously affected by repeal of Missouri Compromise, 34; plan for colonizing Texas, 52, 55; Knights of Golden Circle active among, 68; condition of, reported by Texas commissioners, 94; Choctaw and Chickasaw friendly to Confederate States, 100, footnote; enlistment, 132, 147-149, 155, 181, footnote, 207, 210, 211-212, 227, footnote, 248, 250, 252, footnote, 270, 275, 279; treaties with Confederate States, 157-158, 202-206; judicial rights under treaties with Confederate States, 172-174; military support secured early by Confederacy, 207; use of, by U. S. as soldiers uncertain, 227 et seq.; not subject to conscription, 228, footnote; reported arming themselves on southern border of Kansas, 228, footnote; conference with Lane at Fort Lincoln, 230; totally abandoned by U. S. government, 262, footnote; see also under names of individual nations and tribes

Interior Department: 53, 80, 218, footnote, 242, 265, 273

Interlopers: encourage slavery within Indian country, 22; see also Intruders

Inter-tribal Conference: documents relating to, called by the Chickasaws, 68, footnote; assembling of, at Creek Agency, 70; attendance, 71; action, 71-72; action not officially reported to U. S. government, 82; Motey Kennard and Echo Harjo in Washington at time, was planned, 192; Indians solicit, 209, footnote; Lane arranges for, to meet at Fort Lincoln, 243, 246; Coffin desires, at Humboldt, 247; plans for, at Leroy, 248; Hunter instructed to hold, 250; difference between, as planned by Lane and by Hunter, 250, footnote; John T. Cox gives account of, 262, footnote

Interview: of Pike and McCulloch with Cherokee Confederate sympathizers, 135, footnote, 152; of Lane with representatives of various tribes at Fort Lincoln proposed, 243, 246; of Coffin with Carruth, 243, footnote; of Carruth with Creek delegation, 245

Intrigue: and diplomacy to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20, footnote; Pike expected to succeed in, with Southern Indians, 86, footnote

Intruders: to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46; interfere with slavery, 47; Confederate military authority to supplement tribal in expulsion of, 169; Agent Butler’s reports, 285; Greenwood discusses matter with Rector, 290-291; Cowart reports progress in removal of, 295, 296, 297; Cowart gives notice to John B. Jones to leave Cherokee Nation, 296; see also Interlopers

Iowas: 189, footnote

Irish, O. H: 227, footnote

Iyanubbi: Choctaw school at, 39, footnote

Jackson, Andrew: 19; inducements offered to Indians, 58; procedure of, 72; opposed to political tenets of John C. Calhoun, 133

Jayhawking: of Lane’s brigade, 233, 234, 277

Jennison, C. R: 275, footnote

Jesup, Thomas S: 164, footnote, 165

Jim Ned: 306, 330, 341

Jim Pockmark: 306, 338

John Chupco: 198, footnote, 199

John Jumper: and Seminole removal, 20, footnote; favors boarding schools for youth of tribe, 40, footnote; approached by Albert Pike, 85, footnote, 197, footnote, 198, footnote; signs complaint against General Jesup, 164, footnote; signs treaty with Confederate States, 198; signature attached to Comanche treaties, 200, footnote; doing duty faithfully, 319; letter to, 337

Johnson, Charles, B: 56, footnote, 98, footnote, 105, footnote, 190, footnote, 199, 287, 289, 301, 314, 323, 332, 352

Johnson, F: 231, footnote, 232, 248, and footnote, 329, footnote

Johnson, James B: 105, footnote

Johnson, Richard H: 47, footnote, 105, footnote

Johnson, Robert W: 31, footnote, 47, footnote, 105, footnote, 127; correspondence with Albert Pike, 131, 132; motion, 204; Crawford serves by request, 308; elected senator, 334

Johnson, Thomas: slavery-propagation work among Indians, 22, footnote, 39

Johnson, W. Warren: 303

Johnson: exodus from, 95

Jones, Evan: 47, 93, 135, footnote, 217, 218, footnote, 236, 240, footnote, 292, 293

Jones, H. P: 199, 348, 350

Jones, John: 309

Jones, John B: 47, 269, footnote, 296

Jones, R. M: 75, 77, 79, 197, 344-345

Journeycake, Charles: 231, footnote, 268, footnote

Jumper, John: see John Jumper

Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka: 238, footnote

Kannady, J. R: 125

Kansa: indigenous to Kansas, 19; suffering of, 209, footnote

Kansas: Indian tribes in, 19; agitation for the opening up of, 28; compared with Choctaw country, 31, footnote; suggested organization causes excitement among Indians, 33-34; citizens encroach upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, 46; drouth in, 58; political status of tribes in, 62, footnote; and Cherokee Outlet, 64; Elder, citizen of, 186; Pike desires to raise Indian battalion, 207; Indians wish to fight, 227, footnote

Kansas Historical Society: Collections, 19, footnote, 34, footnote

Kansas-Nebraska Bill: effect upon Indian interests, 29, 35; settlers demand Indians to vacate territory covered by, 36; Seward’s speech on, 58-59

Kansas Territory: first districting illegally included Indian lands, 35; free-state settlers charge Buchanan government with bad faith, 37

Kappler, C. J: work cited, 20, footnote, 34, footnote, 49, footnote, 50, footnote, 52, footnote

Kaskaskias: from Illinois, 19

Keitt, Lawrence M: 127, 129

Kennedy, John C: 211, footnote

Kickapoos: from Indiana, 19; tarry in Missouri, 19, footnote; denominationalism among, 37, footnote; refugees, 56, footnote; Leeper to communicate with, in name of Albert Pike, 181, footnote; Pike hopes to meet, 189, footnote

Kile, William: 261, footnote, 274

Kingsbury, Rev. Cyrus: 40, and footnote, 43, footnote, 76

Kingsbury Jr., Cyrus: 79

Kiowas: 52; Texans reported tampering with, 210, footnote; messengers from, 309; talk for, 320; treaty with, to be effected, 323, 331; delegation of, 324; Big-head, chief of, 342; Lone Wolf, chief of, 350; E-sa-sem-mus, chief of, 350; annual festival of, 351; treaty with, 354

Knights of Golden Circle: probable influence with Arkansas Legislature, 68, footnote; evidence of activity among Indians, 68; halfbreeds belong to, 86, footnote

Koonsha Female Seminary: 40, footnote

Lands: plot to dispossess Indian of, 18; pledged by U. S. government as Indian possession in perpetuity, 18, 28; of Cherokees extended north of thirty-seventh parallel, 21; of Indians coveted by Forty-niners, 28; of Indians in Kansas excluded from local governmental control, 35; allotment in severalty proposed to Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, 58; violation of treaties to cost Indians their, 86, footnote; property rights of Indians guaranteed by Confederacy, 161 et seq.; Indians to have right to dispose of by will, 172; Cherokee halfbreeds fear designs upon Indian, 216

Lane, James H: 125, 229, 231, footnote, 233, 242, 251 and footnote, 265, 270, 276, 278

Lane, W. P: 357

Laughinghouse, G. W: 120

Leased District: 52 and footnote, 54, 56, 57, footnote, 63, 67, 96, 179, 199, 297, 340, 349

Lee, Robert E: 88, footnote, 98, footnote, 99

Lee, S. Orlando: letter, 75-79, 197, footnote

Leeper, Matthew: 57 and footnote, 82 and footnote, 96, 98 and footnote, 99, 180, footnote, 199, footnote, 303, 304-307, 311, 315-319; removal of, asked for by Rector, 323; death of, 329, footnote; charges against, 333

Leeper Papers: cited, 57, footnote, 99, footnote, 102, footnote, 181, footnote, 186, footnote, 199, footnote, 200, footnote, 201, footnote, 329-357

Lee’s Creek: Cherokee school at, 39, footnote

Lefontaine, Louis: 208, footnote

Leroy: 248, 266

Lincoln, Abraham: 68, 76, 80, 86, footnote, 93, 95, 118, 122, footnote, 182, 185, 234 and footnote, 250, 265, footnote, 266, 274, 276, 278

Little Captain: 277, footnote

Little Rock: 103, 108, 190, footnote

London, John T: 104, footnote

Long John: 198, footnote

Love, Overton: 23, footnote

Lower Creeks: 50, 80, footnote, 192, 244

Lowrie, Walter: 75

“Loyal Creeks”: 192, footnote, 193, 194, footnote, 195, 199, 243-246, 250, 254, 259; sufferings, 260; measures for relief of, 260 et seq., 272; annuities of “hostiles” to be applied to relief of, 274

Luce, John B: 125, 282, footnote

McCarron, Thomas: 311

McClellan, George B: 265, footnote, 275, 276

McCulloch, Ben: 85, footnote, 120, 135, footnote, 141, 143-144; letter of Hubbard to, 144-145; attempt to secure Cherokee help, 149-153; communication with John Ross, 149; reply of John Ross to, 150; correspondence with Secretary Walker, 151, and footnote; reports Choctaws and Chickasaws as anxious to join Confederacy, 155; accompanies Albert Pike, 189, footnote; gives authority for calling out six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, 198, footnote; objects to appointment of Garrett as colonel of Creek regiment, 212, footnote; acts under direct orders from Richmond, 225; promises to protect Cherokee borders, 227; orders Stand Watie to take up position in Cherokee Neutral Lands, 252, footnote; goes to Richmond, 257, footnote

McCulloch, Henry E: 99, footnote, 207

McCulloch, Thomas C: 210, footnote

McDaniel, James: 262, footnote, 268, and footnote

Machinations: secessionist sympathy of Indians not due to, of agents and others, 219, footnote

McIntosh, Chilly: 92, 140, footnote, 193, and footnote, 200, footnote

McIntosh, D. N: 92

McIntosh, James: 256 et seq.

McIntosh, Rolly: 193, footnote

McIntosh, William: 191, footnote, 193, footnote; attempts to bribe John Ross, 236, footnote

McRae, John J: presents petition for removal of Choctaws, 20, footnote

McWillie, M. H: 207, footnote

Mails: insecurity, 116; none in Indian country, 190, footnote; irregularity, 230, 252, footnote; must be provided for in Leased District, 309; Rector has no authority to establish, 332

Malfeasance: Rev. Thomas Johnson suspected of, 39, 41; few Indian Office officials free from, 56, footnote; Washburn implicated in, 85, footnote; Indian agents guilty of, 262, footnote

Manassas Junction: battle of, 216

Mandan: suggested territory of, 32, footnote

Manypenny, George W: 30, footnote; Indian treaties made by, 33, footnote, 35; promises to look into expediency of Comanche removal, 51, footnote; suggests giving Indians control of trade, 170

Marcy, William L: 165, footnote

Marshall, F. J: 207

Marysville: 207

Mass-meeting: of Cherokees at Tahlequah, 217 et seq., 226, 234

Mathews, John: 235, footnote, 239

Mayers, Abram G: 56, footnote, 197, footnote, 230, footnote, 287, 288, 289, 312

Mayes, Joel: 214, footnote

Medicines: Texans seize, 305, 308; Leeper’s requisition can not be honored, 330-331

Memphis (Tenn.): 97, 104, 134, footnote

Methodist Episcopal Church South: 37, footnote, 38, 40, footnote

Methodists: 38

Mexican War: effect upon Indian interests, 28; service of Pike in, 132

Miamies: from Indiana, 19; charges against Agent Clover, 209, footnote

Michigan: tribes from, 19

Mikko Hutke: 194, 244

Military Board of Arkansas: 190

Minnesota: territory of Decotah to be carved out of, 31, footnote

Mission: of Pike, 134 et seq.; of Hubbard, 143 et seq.; of Carruth, 242, 246-247

Missionaries: encourage slavery within Indian country, 22; among Indians, 39 et seq.; suspected of attempting to abolitionize Indian country, 41; charged with inciting to murder, 47; search organization among Cherokees due to, 48

Missionary Herald: cited, 40, footnote, 41, footnote

Missions: 39 et seq., 143

Mississippi: Choctaws and Chickasaws from, 20; Choctaws in, fight on side of South, 20, footnote; Cooper, citizen of, 41

Mississippi River: 17, 63

Missouri: Kickapoos, Shawnees, and Delawares tarry in, 19, footnote; interests herself in Indian alliance, 83

Missouri Compromise: line approximately boundary between northern and southern Indian immigrants, 21; encroachment upon northern rights under, 22; as affected by Kansas-Nebraska bill, 30

Mitchell, Charles B: 97, 98, 334

Montgomery: 76, 87, footnote, 94, 109, 192, 196, 297

Moore, Andrew B: 108

Moore, Frank: work cited, 45, footnote, 125, footnote, 227, footnote

Moore, Thomas O: 155, 192, footnote

Moo-sho-le-tubbee: district of, 34, footnote

Moravians: 38

Morton, Jackson: 127

Motey Kennard: 58, footnote, 80, footnote, 92, 94, 119, 191, and footnote, 193, 199, 200, footnote, 218, footnote, 243, 337

Mound City: 230, footnote

Munsees: from Ohio, 19; Moravians among, 38

Murphy, J: 119

Mus-co-kee: territory of suggested, 31, footnote

Navajoe: suggested territory of, 32, footnote

Ne-a-math-la: 193, footnote

Nebraska: indigenous tribes in, 19, footnote; agitation for opening up of, 28; drouth in, 57

Ne-con-he-con: 268, footnote

Negroes: Choctaws charged with mixing with, 20, footnote; Creeks almost completely mixed with, 22, footnote; Creeks possess no aversion to race mixture, 23, footnote; no rights that white men are bound to respect, 29; Quantrill plans to rescue, 48; Indians agree to return fugitive, 166, footnote; six hundred, seized by Kansans, 334

Neighbors, Robert S: 56, footnote

Neosho: suggested territory of, 31, footnote

Neosho River: 208, 277, footnote

Neosho River Agency: 30, footnote; invaded, 35, footnote; Elder put in charge of, 186; Indians of, at Fort Smith Council, 241

Neutrality: McCulloch agrees to respect Cherokee, 136, footnote; of Indians scarcely possible, 145; Chief Ross gives reasons for preserving, 147, 150; Chief Ross objects to violation of, 150; majority of Cherokees favor, 153; Chief Ross’s Proclamation of, 153-154; discussion in Cherokee meeting at Tahlequah, 220 et seq.; McCulloch orders Stand Watie’s men not to interfere with Cherokee, 227

New Hope Academy: 40, footnote

New Orleans Picayune: 32, footnote

Newspapers: 47, 75, 80, footnote

New York Indians: from Wisconsin, 19; reservation invaded, 35; members of Neosha River Agency, 51; Refugees camp upon lands of, 260

North Carolina: Cherokees fight on side of South, 20, footnote

North Fork Village: 92, 94, 95, 157, 188, 192

North Fork of Canadian: 67, 136, footnote, 189, footnote, 254

Northern Baptists: 38, 39

Northern Indians: colonized within limits of great American desert, 18; relative position of, 21; Pike hoped to exert influence over, 208; reported organized into spy companies by Federals, 306

Oak Hills, or Wilson’s Creek: battle of, 215, 216, 225, 257, footnote

Ochiltree, William B: 129

Office of Indian Affairs: plans for removal of Catawbas from Carolinas, 20, footnote; takes measures for removal of Seminoles from Florida, 20, footnote; refuses to remove Choctaws from Mississippi, 20, footnote; unable to execute plan for removal of Texas Indians before 1859, 52; reply of Creeks to proposals, 58; patronage of, 59; out of communication with Indian Territory, 81, footnote; complaint filed at, 96; in possession of documents incriminating D. H. Cooper, 186; discontinues Indian allowances, 192; supports War Department, 271

Ogden, John B: 89, footnote, 108, footnote, 115, footnote

Ohio: people of, desire information about Manypenny treaties, 33, footnote

Okanagan: suggested territory of, 32, footnote

Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo [Sands]: 194, 244, and footnote

Old Choctaw Agency: 211, footnote

Oldham, W. S: 100, footnote

Old Scottish Gentleman: 107 and footnote

Old Settlers Party: 49

Omaha Mission School: youths from, enlist in army, 227, footnote

Omahas: 227, footnote

Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: 138, footnote, 193 and footnote, 194, 195, footnote, 198, footnote, 236, footnote, 243, 253, footnote, 254 et seq., 268, 278

Oregon: occupied, 28

Osage Manual Labor School: 38, footnote

Osage Mission: 182, footnote

Osage River Agency: 208, footnote

Osage Treaty: 157 and footnote; lands, in Kansas guaranteed by, 162; model on subject of rendition of slaves, 167; navigable waters, 175; negotiated, 237

Osages: indigenous to Kansas, 19; Great and Little, 20, footnote; reservation invaded, 35, 295; determined to resist removal, 36; Roman Catholicism among, 38 members of Neosho River Agency, 51; negotiations with Pike, 137, footnote; described as “lazy,” 208, footnote; letter to, from John Ross, 235, 236, footnote; bands of, 237

Otis, Elmer: 210, footnote

Otoes: 209, footnote

Ottawas: from Michigan, 19; regard removal as useless, 36, footnote; Baptists among, 38

Ozark Mountains: 19, footnote

Pacific Railroad Surveys: cited, 54, footnote

Pa-hiu-ska: 238, footnote

Panola: county of, 68, footnote

Pape, Henry: 182, footnote

Park Hill: Cherokee school at, 39, footnote; residence of John Ross, 135, footnote, 188, footnote; John Ross at, 150; W. S. Robertson retires to, 218, footnote; Pike invited to, 234; treaties negotiated at, 237

Parker, Eli S: 228, footnote

Parker, Thomas Valentine: work cited, 49, footnote

Parks, Robert W: 355

Pas-co-fa: 198 and footnote, 319

Pawnees: purchase from, 33, footnote; offer to enlist in U. S. army declined, 227, footnote

Pea Ridge: battle of, 138, footnote, 284

Pearce, N. Bart: 120, 131

Pegg, Major: 256, 257

Peoria, Baptiste: 235, footnote

Peorias: from Illinois, 19

Petition: of Representative John J. McRae, 20, footnote

Phelps, J. S: 81, footnote; 211, footnote, 240, footnote

Phillips, U. B: work cited, 134, footnote, 191, footnote

Piankeshaws: from Illinois, 19

Pickens: county of, 68, footnote

Pierce, Franklin: 41, footnote, 56, footnote

Pike, Albert: dislike of Van Dorn, 55, footnote; concerned with Choctaw Corn Contract, 57, footnote; and Choctaw commissioners, 78; writes to Seminole chief, 84, footnote; telegram, 105, footnote; poem in honor of Elias Rector, 106; correspondence with Robert Toombs, 129, 131, 134 and footnote, 152 and footnote; appointed by President Davis special commissioner to Indians west of Arkansas, 130; correspondence with R. W. Johnson, 131, 132; writings, 132, footnote, 133 and footnote; unjust to John Ross, 134, footnote; commissioner from Arkansas, 190-191; views on use of Indians as soldiers, 149; continues intercourse with Ridge Party, 156 and footnote; moderate in promises to strong tribes, 163; assumes financial obligations in name of Confederacy, 163-164; opens communication with Indian field service, 180-181; offers post to Leeper, 180, footnote; negotiates with Creeks, 192-195; negotiates with Choctaws and Chickasaws, 196-197; negotiates with Seminoles, 197-199; negotiates with western Indians, 200-202, 200, footnote; report submitted by President Davis to Provisional Congress, 202; invited to be present at consideration of Indian treaties, 205; desires to raise an Indian battalion from Kansas, 208; informed of Cherokee willingness to treat, 234; assigned to command of Indian Territory, 253-254, 322; Van Dorn’s plans for, 280, 283; retires to Fort McCulloch, 284; continues Charles B. Johnson as contractor, 301-303; receives Leeper’s apology, 356

Pike, W. L: 194

Pine Ridge: 43, footnote

Pins: 86, footnote, 135, footnote, 137, footnote, 138, footnote, 216

Pioneers: 18, footnote

Pitchlynn, P. P: 74, 77

Pitchlynn, W. B: 197

Policy: of U. S. government with respect to Indians, 18; of Confederate States government, 147

Politicians: as influencing Indian policy of government, 18, footnote; motives of, 21; demands of, for Indians, 31; reason for urging secession among Indians, 98, footnote; unjust charges against Ross, 150

Polk, James K: work cited, 49, footnote, 166, footnote

Pomeroy, Samuel C: 231, footnote

Pontotoc: county of, 68, footnote

Pope, John: 105, footnote

Population: of Indian country, 20-21; of southern superintendency, 211, footnote; of Creek Nation as estimated by Agent Garrett in report to Hubbard, 252-253, footnote

Postal system: to be maintained by Confederate States throughout Indian country, 180

Potawatomies: from Indiana, 19; Roman Catholicism among, 38; Southern Baptists among, 38

Poteau River: 108

Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions: 37, footnote, 40, footnote, 41, 79

Presbyterians (Old School): 38, footnote, 39, 40, footnote, 41

Price, Sterling: 138, footnote, 225, 257, footnote, 280, 283, 312, 326, 334

Prince, J. E: 98, footnote, 231, footnote

Proclamation: of Ross pledging Cherokee neutrality, 153-154; of Hudson announcing Choctaw independence, 196, 210

Pro-slavery men: intrenched among Shawnees south of Kansas River, 35; settled upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, 35, footnote

Protectorate: over Indian tribes suggested, 130, 142, 158, 190

Provisional Congress of Confederate States: act of, May 21, 1861, 130, 158 and footnote; considers treaties with Indian tribes, 202-206

Pulliam, Richard P: 183, footnote, 184, 294, 295, 297, 311, 324

Pushmataha: George Folsom, chief of district of, 23, footnote; District of, 34, footnote

Quakers: 39

Quantrill, Wm. Clarke: 48, 214, footnote

Quapaw Treaty: 157 and footnote

Quapaws: 51, 64, 67; in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and Sacs, 94; negotiations with Pike, 136, footnote, 235, footnote, 237

Quesenbury, William: 183, footnote, 184, 190, footnote, 194, 303, 323

Ray, P. Orman: work cited, 22, footnote, 34, footnote, 38, footnote

Reagan, J. H: 230, footnote

Rector, Elias: superintends removal of Seminoles, 20, footnote, 182, footnote; demands for Indians, 31, footnote; Cooper writes to, 42; urges that Frozen Rock be converted into military post, 53; enters into sort of private contract with Johnson and Grimes, 56 and footnote; Grimes and, 57, footnote, 285-289; relieved, 80, footnote; seconds efforts of cousin, 106; suggestion to Cooper, 106-107, footnote, 187; gives letter of introduction to Gaines, 113; gives information concerning Choctaws and Chickasaws, 120; attempt of U. S. government to find successor to, 182; uncertainty as to when entering Confederate service, 182, footnote; interview with Pike, 190, footnote; in company of Pike, 197, 198, footnote; writes to Leeper, 199, footnote; expense account of, 304; complaint against Pike, 328

Rector, Henry M: 102, 112

Red Fork of Canadian: 67, 255

Red River: 55, 63, 77, 91, 95, 100 and footnote, 108, 139, footnote, 175, 347, 349

Refugees: Opoethleyohola, leader of, 195; Coffin prepares to meet, 259; take up station between Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, 259; approximate number of, 260 and footnote; sufferings of, 260-261 and footnotes, 265, footnote, 272; absolute destitution of, 273, footnote; Dole furnishes supplies to, 274; joint resolution for relief of, 274; annuities of hostile Indians to be diverted to relief of, 274 and footnote

Regiment: Colonel Cooper’s filled with Texans, 78; Choctaw-Chickasaw and Creek, 210-211; Creek, to elect its own officers, 213; Drew’s, organized, 226-227; work and character of Drew’s, 240 and footnote; of Choctaw-Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, of Creeks, and of Cherokee Mounted Rifles, 252, footnote, 262, footnote; Drew’s deserts Cooper, 256; only one white, in whole Indian Department, 280; Leeper asks for at least one, to keep order on Reserve, 349

Reid, Alexander: 76, 78

Removal: of Indiana more or less compulsory, 19 and footnote; slavery advanced as objection to Indian, 21-22; makes no difference in matter of slavery among Indians, 22; difficulties within Indian country incident to, 27; Calhoun’s plan for, 27; U. S. government slow to adopt policy of, 27-28; settlers demand, of Indians from Kansas, 36; certain tribes contemplating, 36, footnote; of Indians from Kansas delayed on account of Civil War, 37; Missionary Herald useful for history of, 40, footnote; reasons for, 48; project for, of Cherokees causes dissensions within tribes, 49; of Texas Indians, 52; Wichitas ask for immediate, 56; guarantee of territorial integrity in treaties arranging for, 160-161; indemnification for, 164-166; Choctaw claims under treaty of, 196

Reservation: system, introduced into trans-Missouri region, 21; Creeks disgusted with idea of individual, 58

Reserve Indians: see Indians of Leased District, Wichitas, Tonkawas, Euchees, etc.

Resolutions: of Choctaws, February 7, 1861, 72-74, 75; of Chickasaw Legislature, May 25, 1861, 122-124 and footnote; offered by Chilton of Alabama, 127; offered by Toombs for appointment of special agent to Indian tribes, 129; of Choctaws and Chickasaws showing friendly disposition towards South, 130 and footnote; passed at Cherokee mass-meeting at Tahlequah, August, 1861, 218, footnote, 223-225; joint, for relief of Indian refugees in Kansas, 274

Rhodes, J. F: work cited, 45, footnote, 129, footnote, 146, footnote

Richardson, James D: work cited, 129, footnote, 158, footnote, 202, footnote

Ridge, John: 47, footnote

Ridge, or Treaty Party: in favor of Cherokee removal, 49; connives with Ben McCulloch to circumvent wishes of Chief Ross, 151; minority party, 153; Pike’s intercourse with, continues, 156; attempts to develop public sentiment in favor of Confederacy, 215; collision with Ross faction, 240

Robertson, W. S: 101, footnote, 192, footnote, 218, footnote

Robinson, Charles: 228, 234

Rock-a-to-wa: 231, footnote

Rogers, H. L: 332, 333, 336, 337

Rolla: W. S. Robertson fleeing from Indian country, reaches, 218, footnote

Roman Catholics: 38, footnote

Ross, John: correspondence, 69, footnote, uncle of Wm. P. Ross, 71; instructions of, 71, footnote; influence, 72; character, 72, footnote; letter of Dole to, 80, footnote; no one firmer friend to Union than, 86, footnote; correspondence with John B. Ogden, 89, footnote, 115, footnote; called upon by commissioners from Texas, 93; letter from Governor Rector, 112; letter to Rector, 117; letter from citizens of Boonsboro, 111, footnote, 124; J. R. Kannady communicates with, 125; issues proclamation of neutrality, 125, 153-154; Albert Pike unjust to, 134, footnote; letter of Hubbard to, 144-145; reply to Hubbard, 146-147; correspondence with Ben McCulloch, 149-151; sincerity possibly doubted, 168; declared shrewd, 189, footnote; Ridge Party attempts to undermine popularity, 215; attends meeting of Cherokee Executive Council, 217; address, 220, 223; suspected of not acting in good faith, 226; notifies Pike of Cherokee willingness to treat, 234; communicates with Creeks and Osages, 235; called upon to rally Cherokees, 256

Ross, Lewis: 138, footnote

Ross, Mrs. John: 220, footnote

Ross, Mrs. William P: work cited, 71, footnote

Ross, William P: 71, 89, footnote, 116, footnote, 137, footnote, 139, footnote, 217, 223

Ross, W. W: 210, footnote

Ross Party: opposed to removal, 49; majority party, 153

Round Mountain: 255

Route: of Opoethleyohola’s retreat, 261-262 and footnote

Rust, Albert: 105, footnote

Rutherford, A. H: 30, footnote, 190, footnote

Rutherford, Samuel M: 86, footnote, 183, 199 and footnote, 319

Sackett, Major: 98, footnote

Sacs and Foxes: of Missouri, 36, footnote

San Antonio: 52, footnote

Sands: see Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo

Schoenmaker, John: 182, footnote

Scott, S. S: 198, footnote, 201, footnote, 314, 321

Scott, Winfield: 88, footnote, 97, 249

Scottish Songs: work cited, 108, footnote

Screw Fly: work cited, 56, footnote

Scullyville: Choctaw constitution of, 51; Creek regiment forming at, 211

Sebastian, William K: 106, footnote, 287

Secession: meeting held by white men and Choctaw half-bloods, 77; Presbyterian ordained missionaries favor, 79; Indian country threatened by advocates for, 80; Indian agents active for, 82-83 and footnote; mercenary motives in urging, 98, footnote; sentiment in Arkansas, 103 et seq.; Pike offers arguments for, 133; secret organization of “Pins,” 135, footnote; Stand Watie’s party afraid to raise flag of, 140, footnote; large element within Cherokee Nation favors, 153; Griffith appointed commissioner to interview Indians in interests of, 184; Indian opponents absent from Pike’s meeting at North Fork Village, 192; Jones most prominent of Choctaw advocates, 197; traces of influence of, 208; August mass-meeting of Cherokees ending in, 217

Second Seminole War: 20, footnote, 23, footnote, 164, footnote, 164-166

Secret Society: purpose of organization, 32, footnote; in Missouri, 35, footnote; among full-blooded Cherokees, 48; “the Pins,” 86, footnote, 135, footnote, 216; among Cherokees for abolition purposes, 291, 293; Greenwood orders its dissolution, 292; Cowart’s views upon schemes of, 294

Sells, Elijah: 186, footnote

Seminole Treaty: 157 and footnote; declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, footnote; contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, footnote; contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, footnote; negotiated, 197-199, 197, footnote; considered by Provisional Congress, 206

Seminoles: from Florida, 20; removal in late fifties, 20, footnote; status of free negro among, 40; Presbyterians among, 40; manifest only slight interest in education, 40, footnote; given home in Creek country, 50; destitute, 57, footnote; representatives at inter-tribal conference, 71; letter to chief of, 80, footnote; condition reported by Carruth, 84, footnote; in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94; negotiations of Pike with, 136, footnote; complaint against General Jesup, 164, footnote; Rector’s transactions with, 182, footnote

Seneca and Shawnee Treaty: 157 and footnote

Senecas: 51, 64, 67; negotiations of Pike with, 136, footnote; from Cattaraugus Reservation, 227, footnote

Senecas and Shawnees: 51, 64, 67; negotiations of Pike with, 136, footnote, 237

Settlers: in Kansas demand that Indians vacate territory, 36

Seward, William H: reference to “higher law” speech, 42, footnote; Chicago speech, 58, 75; Senate speech, 58

Shawnee Manual Labor School, 38

Shawnee Mission: work of Rev. Thomas Johnson at, 22, footnote

Shawnees: from Ohio, 19; tarry in Missouri, 19, footnote; pro-slavery men among, 35; reported by Agent Dorn as anxious to leave Kansas, 36, footnote; Baptist school on reservation of, 38; Southern Methodists among, 38; as refugees, 57, footnote; trouble over tribal elections, 209, footnote; attack Wichita Agency, 329, footnote

Shon-tah-sob-ba [Black Dog]: 235, footnote, 238, footnote

Short Bird: 319

Shoshone: suggested territory of, 32, footnote

Siebert, W. H: work cited, 23, footnote, 49, footnote

Sigel, Franz: 215, footnote

Simon, Ben: 329, footnote

Sioux: uprising, 21, footnote; warriors, 227, footnote

Slaughter, Thomas C: 208

Slavery: in Kansas, 22; encouraged, 22; among Southern Indians, 22, 292; influence of churches upon, 37; white men to prevent abolition among Indians, 42; opposition among Choctaws and Chickasaws, 45; is being interfered with by intruders, 47; cause in jeopardy among Cherokees, 48; North to exterminate among Indians, 145; recognized as legal institution by treaties, 166 and footnote; offers easy solution of labor problem, 219; Cowart reports complaints of interference with, 293

Slaves: 22, 142, 143, 144-145, 165, 166, footnote, 167, footnote, 172, 216, 261

Smith, Andrew J: charges against, 41, footnote

Smith, Caleb B: 74, footnote, 183, 242, 271, 274, 275

Smith, E. Kirby: 100, footnote

Smith, John G: 192

Smith, William R: work cited, 108, footnote, 109, footnote

Snow, George C: 198, footnote, 199, footnote

Southern Baptist Convention: 39, footnote

Southern Baptists: 38, 39

South Carolina: 20, footnote

Southern Indians: 18, 21, 32, 34, 36

Southern Methodists: 38, 39, 40

Southern Superintendency: 30, footnote

Sparrow, Edward: 127

Spencer Academy: 40, footnote, 75, 76, 78

Springfield: 214, footnote, 217, 255, 283, 312, 334

Spy companies: reported equipped by Federals, 306

Stand Watie: 49, footnote, 137, footnote, 153, 156, footnote, 227, 240, 283, 324

Stanton, Edwin M: 276, 279

Stanwood, Edward: work cited, 106, footnote

Stark, O. P: 76

State Department (C. S. A.): Albert Pike, commissioner from, 134, footnote, 152; Bureau of Indian Affairs, part of, 188, footnote

Stephens, Alexander H: work cited, 118, footnote, 119, footnote

Stevens, R. S: 209, footnote

Stevens, Thaddeus: 210, footnote

Stidham, G. W: 194

Stocks: 61, 76, 203, footnote

Stockton, G. B: 107, footnote, 186, footnote

Strain, J. H: 285, 287

Sturm, J. J: 199, 201, footnote, 330, 331, 353, 357

Sumner, Charles: 45, footnote

Sur-cox-ie: 268, footnote

Surveyors: 53

Tahlequah: 39, footnote, 93, 188, footnote, 217, and footnote, 218, footnote, 226, 234, 237, 293

Tallise Fixico: 194

Tatum, Mark T: 50, footnote, 104, footnote, 296

Taylor, J. W: 193, footnote

Taylor, N. G: 30, footnote

Tennessee: Cherokees from, 20; John J. Humphreys from, 185

Tenney, W. J: work cited, 90, footnote

Tents: furnished to refugees, 261

Territorial expansion: 28, 58

Territorial form of government: 30, 31, footnote, 33

Texas: indigenous tribes in, 19, footnote; Indians expelled from, 19, footnote, 52, 340; Cherokees in, 20, footnote; annexed, 28; troops from, 53; Indian patronage, 59; Indian participation in Civil War, 63; interest in Indian Territory, 67; interest in securing alliance of Indians, 83, 88, 90; interest in amnesty provisions of Indian treaties, 175-176; commissioners from, 183; attitude of northern countries of, 200, footnote; desires Reserve Indians placed under her jurisdiction, 297

Texas Historical Association Quarterly: work cited, 20, footnote

Texas Superintendency: 56, footnote

Thomason, Hugh F: 202, 335

Thompson, Jacob: 45, footnote, 46, 54, 56, footnote

Tishomingo: county of, 68, footnote

Tonkawas: 52 and footnote, 189, footnote, 200, 201, footnote, 340, 353

Toombs, Robert: 129, 131, 134 and footnote, 135, footnote, 152

Totten, James: 103, 104

Traders: 22, 27, 59-60, 169 et seq., 193, footnote, 238-239, 319

Trammel, Dennis: 288, 289

Treat, S. B: 43, footnote

Treaties: 34, footnote, 37, footnote, 53, 78, 84, footnote, 102, 117, 122, footnote; made with Indians as with foreign powers, 17; Ohio desires information as to Manypenny, 33, footnote; relations to U. S. in, 70, footnote; obligation to abide by, 71, footnote; reduction of forts violation of guaranties in, 97, footnote; resulting from council at Tahlequah, 237 et seq.; with the Cherokees in part the result of intimidation, 240, footnote; with the Neosho Agency Indians, 241; money due the Creeks under, 289; Pike reports all ratified, 320; amendments to, 323; manuscript copies of, 329-330, footnote; no Indian Department to be organized until ratification of, 331; terms of the, with the wild Indians, 352; Leeper makes a, with the Comanches, 354-355

Troops: Confederate—in Cherokee country, 136, footnote; no Arkansas, available, 253, footnote; Van Dorn’s erroneous surmise as to proportion of white, in Pike’s brigade, 280; Van Dorn’s plans as to disposition of, 283; Leeper inquires when, may be expected, 310; Pike’s confidence in white, 320; lack of, in Leased District, 343, 349; non-arrival of, 345. Indian—Confederacy secure before negotiation of treaties of alliance, 207; plans for distribution of, 207; Cherokee, under McCulloch, 226-227; Northern, offer to furnish U. S. with, 227, footnotes; large and increasing number in Indian Territory, 252; not possible to keep order, 346. United States—few within Indian country, 52-53; Secretary Floyd disposed to withdraw from Indian frontier, 53; from Texas ordered to protect U. S. surveyors, 53; number to be retained in Indian country queried, 72, footnote; Carruth reports all gone from Indian Territory, 86, footnote; ordered to leave, 87 and footnote; disposition, reported upon by Texas commissioners, 95; under Emory ordered to Indian Territory, 96 et seq.; flee from Indian Territory, 101; dissatisfaction at reported change in disposition in Arkansas, 103, 105; to counteract influence of secessionists, 216; method of warfare under Lane, 233; Dole urges to re-occupy Indian Territory, 241; sudden withdrawal spreads alarm in Leased District, 299

True Democrat: work cited, 47, footnote, 48, footnote, 106, footnote

Tuckabatche Micco: 51, footnote

Tuckabatchee Town: 193, footnote

Tulsey Town: 255

Turnbull, John P: 189, footnote

Turner, J. W: 260, 272, footnote

Tusaquach: 247

Tush-ca-horn-ma: district of, 179

Twiggs, D. E: 55, footnote, 87

Umatilla: suggested territory of, 32, footnote

Underground railroad: 40

Upper Arkansas Agency: 210, footnote

Upper Creeks: 50, 208, footnote, 191, footnote, 192, 193, footnote, 236, footnote, 244, 319

Usher, John P: 56, footnote, 228, footnote

Van Buren (Ark.): 64, footnote

Van Dorn, Earl: 55, 138, footnote, 280, 283

Vann, Joseph: 217, 223

Verdigris River: 259, 272

Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute: 40, footnote

Walker, David: 116, 298

Walker, Leroy P: 119, 127, 142, 147, 151, 161, 200, footnote, 207, 215, footnote

Walker, William: head chief of the Wyandots, 22, footnote

Walker, William: 105, footnote

Wall, David: 23, footnote

Walnut Creek: 259

War Department: C. S. A., 128, footnote, 139, footnote, 140, footnote, 193, footnote, 257, footnote; U. S. A., 52, 80, 87, 96, 228, footnote, 234, 241, 250, 264-265, 275

Washburn, J. W: 84, footnote, 164, footnote, 238, and footnote

Washita: Indians driven from country of, 19, footnote

Wattles, Augustus: 229, footnote

Waul, Thomas N: 127, 205

Weas: from Illinois, 19

Weber’s Falls: 86, footnote

Welch, George W: 84, footnote

West Florida: seizure of, 28

West Point: 215, footnote

Wheelock: Choctaw school, 39, footnote

White, Joseph: 209, footnote

White, S. W: letter of, 33, footnote

White Cloud: 227, footnote

Whitney, Henry C: 208 and footnote

Whittenhall, Daniel S: 350

Wichita Agency: site for, 54, 56, footnote, 136, footnote; attack upon, 329, footnote

Wichita Mountains: 51, 55

Wichita Treaty: 157, footnote, 158, 163, 176

Wichitas: 52; colonization of, 55; subsistence given to, 57, footnote; Leased District of, 63; colonized on land claimed as their own, 166; Pike hopes to meet, 189, footnote; Pike fears hostility of, 200; refuse to be cajoled or intimidated, 201

Wilson, Henry: work cited, 32, footnote

Wilson, William: 23, footnote

Wilson’s Creek: battle of, 225

Winneconne: 219, footnote

Wisconsin: tribes from, 19

Wolcott, Edward: 273, footnote

Worcester, Reverend S. A: 23, footnote; opposed to slavery, 41

Wyandots: from Ohio and Michigan, 19; William Walker, head chief of, 22, footnote; initiate movement for organization of Nebraska Territory, 34; interested in Kansas election troubles, 34, footnote; Methodism, 38

Yancton Sioux: Agent Burleigh suggests that garrison Fort Randall, 227, footnote

Young, William C: 100

Yulee, David L: 238, footnote