INDEX

TECHNIQUE OF MODERN TACTICS

Practically all the tactical principles and methods discussed in the text are copiously illustrated by concrete cases in the examples of orders. These illustrations are taken from carefully selected problems of the Army Service Schools and constitute a valuable adjunct to and illustration of the discussions. It is recommended that the student in each case examine the appropriate examples of orders and supplement the references sought in the text. The orders are indexed under the caption—“ORDERS, examples of.”

A

Abandoning selected line of march, 82, 101.

Abandonment of wounded, 318, 351.

Abbreviations in orders, 41.

Abatis, 217, 261.

Access to trains, by troops, 57, 84, 144, 145, 159,

169, 181, 183, 365.

Accompanying batteries, 124.

Adjustment, fire for, See Artillery.

Administrative orders, See Orders.

Advance cavalry, See Cavalry and Advance guard.

ADVANCE GUARD, 56.

action, 228.

advance party, 56, 57.

aggressive action by, 63, 229, 296.

ambulance company with, 57, 318.

artillery with, 57, 127, 337, 338, 339.

artillery officer with, 112, 113, 128, 133, 141.

attack, occasions for, 229.

bridge train with, 340.

bringing on a general engagement, 63, 229.

camp of, 356.

cavalry, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 147, 338.

civilians not to precede, 62, 63.

composition, 56, 57, 337.

conduct on encountering enemy, 63, 296.

connecting files, 61.

contact with enemy, 62.

contact with flank guard, 62, 81.

contact with supporting troops, 62, 81.

covering main body in attack, 63, 209, 229, 296.

on the march, 204.

detail of outpost from, 170, 356.

distances, 60, 66, 67, 337.

distribution of troops, 64.

effect of terrain on tactics of, 62, 64.

engineers with, 56, 57,

337, 340.

field trains of, 57, 58.

in change of direction of march, 91.

in defense, 234.

in flank march, 79.

in position in readiness, 230, 308.

in pursuit, 229.

in rencontre, 123, 296.

in retreat, 57, 85.

initial point for march, 58, 88.

integrity of tactical units in forming, 57, 337.

interference of routes, 58, 59.

location of camp, 355.

machine guns with, 56, 306.

march outposts placed by, 62, 190, 201.

miscellaneous duties, 62.

mission of, 62, 63, 64, 147, 229, 296.

mounted orderlies with, 56, 61.

of a convoy, 97, 98, 99.

of a division, 337.

orders, 58, 59, 60.

outpost troops join, 58.

patrols, See Patrols, 56, 61.

place of commander, 62.

reconnaissance, 57, 60, 64.

in force, 63.

regiment assigned to holding attack, 226.

in brigade attack, 209.

provides security to front during

occupation of position, 234.

regulation of march, 60, 64, 88.

rotation of organizations in, 85, 337, 338.

route of, 58.

sanitary troops with, 57, 318, 337.

seizes post and telegraph offices, etc., 62.

signal troops with, 56, 337, 340.

starting march, 58, 64, 88.

strength, 56, 79, 296, 337.

as affected by independent cavalry, 56, 85.

subdivisions of, 56, 60, 61, 64.

support, 56, 62.

supreme commander with, 62, 85, 86,

225, 230,

297, 337.

Advance in two columns, 29, 30, 31, 78, 79, 91,

95, 149, 339.

Advance party, strength and duty, 56.

patrolling, 57.

Advance supply depot, 363, 365, 366, 367, 375.

distance in rear of troops, 364, 367, 370, 371, 372.

protection of, 373.

Advance, zone of, 363, 364.

Advanced posts, 230, 231, 235, 296, 310.

Advancing to attack, 209, 223, 277, 326, 346.

Advantages, relative, of frontal and enveloping attacks, 206, 209, 344.

relative, of rail and motor transport, 387.

Advantages of single position in defense, 74, 235, 310.

AEROPLANES, See Air craft, Airships, Reconnaissance.

armor and armament, 382, 383.

artillery spotters, 382.

battleplanes, 382.

care and repair of, 382.

carrying capacity, 381.

characteristics, 381.

chief function, 381, 383.

crews, 381.

dependability, 381, 386.

destroyers, 382.

difficulty of hitting, 138, 139, 381.

direction of artillery fire by, 131, 384.

effect of darkness, rain, fog, high winds, etc., 149, 386.

engines, 382.

fragility of, 382.

fuel carried, 381.

hydroaeroplanes, 383.

machine guns, 307, 382, 383.

motor transport for, 382, 389.

need of trained personnel, 382.

observers, 381.

organization of, 382.

pilots, 381, 382.

practicable height of observation, 138, 139,

384, 385.

radius of action, 381, 383.

rapidity of development, 382.

scout type, 382.

spare parts for, 382.

speed, 381, 382.

types, 382.

volplaning, 383.

vulnerability to fire, 138, 139, 383,

384, 385, 386.

wireless equipment, 131, 382, 384.

Aero reconnaissance, See Reconnaissance.

Agents of communication, mounted orderlies as, 46.

Agents, artillery, See Artillery.

Aggressive tactics, See Counter attack.

by advance guard, 63, 229, 296.

by escort of convoy, 98, 102.

by rear guard, 75.

essential to success, 204, 205.

in defense, 204, 236.

in delaying action, 75, 204, 297,

299.

in pursuit, 300, 301.

in rencontre, 231, 295.

Aid stations, regimental, 222, 224, 255, 319.

Aimed fire, small arms, 325, 326.

Aiming points, See Artillery.

AIR CRAFT, See Aeroplanes, Airships, Reconnaissance, 381.

command of the air, 384.

communication by, 150, 384.

defense against, 138, 385.

dependability, 381, 386.

development, 381.

powers and limitations, 381, 386.

radius of observation, 385.

raids, 384.

tactical analogy to sea craft, 382, 384, 385.

Air screen, 138, 384, 385.

AIRSHIPS, See Aeroplanes, Air craft, Reconnaissance.

ability to hover over one spot, 383.

armor, 383.

bases for, 383.

carrying capacity, 383.

characteristics, 382.

chief function, 383.

dependability, 386.

effect of darkness, rain, fog, etc., 149, 383, 386.

machine guns, 307.

need of trained personnel, 383.

practicable heights of observation, 139, 385.

radius of action, 382.

vulnerability to fire, 134, 383, 384, 385, 386.

wireless equipment, 383, 384.

Alignment of artillery in action, 110.

Alignment of trenches, 231, 251, 257,

260, 262, 270.

Alternation of troops in column of route, 85, 337, 338.

Altitudes for effective aero reconnaissance, 138, 139, 384, 385.

Altitudes of effective fire, anti-aircraft artillery, 138, 139.

Ambulance company, See Sanitary.

capacity, 319.

establishment of dressing and slightly wounded stations, 319, 320.

evacuation of wounded by, 350.

in camp, 355.

in combat, 349.

in position in readiness, 317.

in withdrawal, 289.

motor transport for, 389.

to remain with combatant troops, 321, 349, 350.

with advance guard, 57, 318.

Ambuscade, 299, 330.

AMMUNITION

amount carried by troops and trains, 214.

assembly of empty wagons, 214, 222, 225,

228, 234, 241, 255, 350.

artillery, See Artillery.

carried on person of soldier, 214.

companies, See Trains.

distributing stations and refilling points, 234, 349, 350,

351, 369, 370.

expenditure and waste, 135, 214, 215,

300, 329, 333.

issue of

after combat, 351.

by whom ordered, 214, 220, 223,

300, 311, 332.

in delaying action, 300.

in position in readiness, 311.

pack transportation, 214.

time of, 214, 220, 223,

332, 366, 375.

time required for, 214.

of dead and wounded, 215, 333.

supply in defense, 215, 236.

for cavalry, 375.

for machine guns, 305.

for position fire, 325.

in night attacks, 303.

trains, See Trains.

wagons, empty

assembly of, 214, 222, 225,

228, 234, 241, 255.

used for transport of wounded, 214, 222, 234,

241, 350.

Amount of supplies obtainable from a community, 377.

Analysis, diagrammatic, in solution of tactical problems, 29.

Angle between main and holding attack, 344.

Angles of elevation, artillery, 109, 137, 139, 385.

Angle of site, 110, 116.

Animal motive power for field and combat trains, 390.

Animals, transportation of, 378.

Animals, number to a division, 379.

Anti-aircraft artillery, See Artillery.

machine guns, 138, 305, 307, 385.

Apparatus for solution of problems, 28.

Applicatory system of tactical instruction, 19.

Approach, covered, to artillery position, 119, 122,

129, 140.

of hostile reinforcements, 207, 224, 227,

234, 288, 291.

to position, See Routes.

Areas of camp sites, 16, 17.

Armament of aircraft, 382, 383.

Armed men, with trains, 78, 84, 97, 317, 341.

Armored cars, See Motor vehicles, 80, 98, 388.

Army, U. S., organization of, 10.

Arrangement of troops and trains on the march, See Marches.

ARTILLERY, 109.

agents, See Personnel.

aiming points, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118,

119, 129, 133.

requirements for, 117, 118, 129.

accompanying batteries, 124.

advantages enjoyed in defense, 121.

alignment, exact, to be avoided, 110.

ammunition, 109.

economy of, 126, 135.

supply, 111, 121, 123, 132, 133, 135,

266, 349.

trains, See Trains.

weights of, 132.

angles of fall of projectiles, 132.

angles of fire, 109, 137.

angle of site, 110, 116.

anti-aircraft, 137.

altitudes at which effective, 138, 139,

384, 385.

angles of fire, 137, 139, 385.

function, 139.

mounts for, 139.

motor transport, 136, 139.

observation of fire, 139, 386.

ranges, 138, 139, 384, 385.

rates of fire, 138, 305.

special types, 139, 385.

area of burst of shrapnel, 115, 327.

batteries of the counter attack, 124.

b. c. stations, 117, 129, 141.

between main and secondary attacks, 120, 141.

carriage, 109.

changes of position during action, 119, 121, 125,

126, 133, 141, 142.

classification of pieces employed in U. S. service, 132.

clinometer, 110.

combat train, composition, 109, 137.

in action, 110, 119, 123, 124, 129, 130,

131, 132, 141, 228, 340.

in position in readiness, 310, 317.

in retreat, 71.

on the march, 71, 83, 110, 123, 128, 339.

commander, latitude allowed, 142, 143, 240, 266.

on the march, 130.

station during combat, 131, 142.

concealment, 110, 111, 114, 119, 122, 125,

129, 138, 140, 141.

cooperation with other arms, 111, 120, 124,

126, 141, 266.

counter batteries, 124.

covered approach to position, 119, 122, 129,

140, 141.

covering front of a defensive position, 118, 121, 125,

140, 141.

dagger batteries, 121.

decoy batteries, 124.

defensive relation, 121.

defilade, flash, sight, mounted, dismounted, 113, 133, 140.

deflection and deflection difference, 116.

direction points, 111, 131.

dispositions in combat, See Artillery, positions.

dispositions on the march, See Advance guard, Marches, etc., 83, 110,

338, 136.

duel, 120, 141.

dummy emplacements, 126.

engineers as escort to, 224, 291, 314.

escort for, See Artillery, supports.

field trains, composition, 109.

in action, 129.

on march, 83, 110, 123, 338.

fire

adjustment, 113, 115, 116, 262.

against machine guns, 305.

at what directed, 114, 120, 121,

122, 128, 141, 142, 228.

corrector for height of burst, 113, 116.

crossing zone of, See Shrapnel, 327, 329.

demolition by, See Shell, 109, 113, 114,

126, 133, 135,

141.

direct, when employed, 126, 140, 234.

direction of by air craft, 131, 383, 384.

distance required for protection against, 60, 61, 80,

176, 300.

distribution, 115, 116, 123.

enfilade and oblique, 120, 127, 226,

265, 327, 328, 349.

forces early deployment, 74, 121, 135, 300.

front of a battery, 110, 119.

in cavalry attack, 157.

kinds of, 113.

at single and successive ranges; direct, indirect;

for adjustment, for registration; for demolition,

for effect; masked, unmasked; salvo, continuous;

sweeping;

time, percussion; volley, at will.

observation and control, 115, 117, 122,

123, 125, 131, 140, 383.

pursuing by, 121.

ranges, in attack and defense, 115, 119, 121,

126, 129, 132, 135, 138, 141.

ranging and bracketing, 114, 115, 121,

127, 141, 143.

shifting sheaf of, 116.

shrapnel, See Shrapnel.

surprise by, 60, 61, 80, 127.

to oppose envelopment, 120.

firing batteries, position on the march, 83.

right of way to front, 225.

firing data, 112, 116, 122, 129, 130, 131,

142, 310, 313, 349.

firing over heads of infantry, 120, 122,

141, 349.

flank protection, 110, 117, 119,

122, 129, 130, 212.

“form for action,” 123.

front of a battery, 110, 119, 140.

heavy field, 132.

aiming points, 133.

escort for, 133.

flash defilade, 133.

mobility of, 133.

motor transport, 136, 387.

observing stations, 135.

organization of, 133.

position on the march, 136, 339.

ranges, 132, 135.

single position during action, 133.

splitting units, 133.

weights of pieces and projectiles, 132.

with advance guard, 136.

horse

in delaying action, 71.

in pursuit, 301.

with cavalry force, 78, 126, 128, 145, 152.

with rear guard, 126.

hostile, location of by air craft, 384.

observing stations of, 262.

in attack and defense, See special references desired, 109.

in close country, 128.

in counter attack, 122, 124, 142.

in double column, 91, 339.

in flank positions, 120.

in night attacks, 303.

in a general position in readiness, 310.

in pursuit, 121, 142, 301.

in retreat and delaying actions, 71, 73, 74, 77, 126, 128, 290, 291, 300,

316.

in rencontre, 123, 296, 339.

in river line attack, 277, 278, 281, 282, 286.

intervals in battery, 110, 119, 140.

in withdrawal from action, 289, 290, 291, 292.

infantry in long columns of, 83, 110, 339.

laying, direct and indirect, 111.

limbers, position during action, 110, 119, 128,

129, 132.

machine guns as supports for, 121, 122, 133,

304, 307.

maneuvering zone for, 338.

maneuvers in occupation of a position, 122.

march order, 125.

materiel of light field, 109.

mission of, 118, 120, 122, 123,

126, 128, 142, 227.

motor transport for, 136, 387.

mountain, 136.

ammunition and supply trains, 137.

carts and light wagons for, 137.

combat trains, 137.

ease of concealment, 138.

mobility of, 137, 138.

organization of battery, 137.

pack transportation for, 136, 137.

tactical employment, 137, 138.

time required to unpack, 137.

weights of piece and projectile, 137.

with rear guard, 138.

movements across country, 127, 140.

during action, 119, 121, 125,

126, 133, 135, 141, 142, 238.

in echelon, 121, 125, 126, 291.

number of guns placed in action, 123, 124.

observing stations, 111, 117, 119,

129, 130, 131, 135, 140.

officer with advance guard, 112, 113, 128,

133, 141.

with supreme commander, 113, 126, 128,

130, 142, 225.

on outpost, 128, 172, 181.

on the march, See Advance Guard, Marches, etc., 71, 83, 110,

123, 128, 136, 338.

orders for, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132,

142, 143, 240, 266.

personnel, duties of, 111, 128, 130.

positions in combat

aero reconnaissance of, 110, 119, 131, 384.

between holding and enveloping attacks, 120, 140,

141, 226.

changes of, 119, 121, 125,

126, 133, 135, 141, 142.

concealment in, 111, 112, 119,

121, 122, 133, 140.

considerations governing selection of, 118.

distance in rear of infantry line, 126, 142, 232.

for all stages of action, 119, 125, 133,

141, 227, 281.

for direct fire, 118, 121, 126,

129, 133, 140, 234.

in attack of a river line, 281.

in rear of main and secondary attacks, 226, 349.

in rencontre, 123, 296.

in withdrawal, 291.

near a crest, 118, 121, 126, 129, 133, 140, 234.

of limbers, 110, 119, 128, 129, 132.

on a flank, 120, 140.

selection of, 111, 118, 121,

122, 125, 128, 130.

prepare for action, 125.

protection of flanks, 117, 119, 129,

130, 212.

ranges in attack and defense, See Artillery, fire.

ranging, See Artillery, fire.

reconnaissance, 111, 112, 121,

122, 125, 130, 131, 133, 141,

142, 249.

reconnaissance officer, See Artillery, personnel.

registration of hostile artillery positions, 113, 230, 249,

282, 310.

reinforcing batteries, 124.

reserves, 123.

right of way for firing batteries, 225, 339, 340.

route markers, See Artillery, personnel.

routes to position, selection, cover, etc., 111, 119, 122,

125, 129, 133,

140, 141.

scouts, See Artillery, personnel.

searching fire on ground occupied by hostile reserves,

115, 116, 120, 122, 228, 237,

265.

sectors of observation, 111, 131.

sight, panoramic, 109.

signal equipment, 109, 129.

signalers, See Artillery, personnel.

splitting units of, 123, 133, 140,

228, 345, 349.

spotters, 382.

subdivision of regiments, 349.

of battery, 109, 123.

supports for, 121, 122, 127,

129, 133, 140, 181, 224, 226,

291, 304, 307, 314.

tactical employment of, 118, 130, 139.

tactics, 109.

telephone equipment, 109, 129.

vs. machine guns, 265, 305, 306.

weights of pieces and projectiles, 109, 132, 137.

with advance guard, 57, 127, 337,

338, 339.

with containing force, 205.

with cavalry force, 126, 128, 145,

152, 157.

with escort of a convoy, 98.

with flank guard, 77, 78, 339.

with rear guard, 71, 73, 77,

126, 128, 293, 316.

Assembly in column of route, 59, 341.

of troops in retreat, 292, 294.

Assembly orders, 43, 59, 89.

Assumptions in tactical problems, 22, 23, 223.

ATTACK, See Combat.

advance guard regiment in, 209, 226.

advance to, 209, 223, 277, 326, 346.

ammunition supply in, See Ammunition.

angle between main and holding, 344.

artillery in, See Artillery.

assignment of fronts, 210, 223, 224,

227, 331, 332, 346.

best disposition for infantry in, 207, 345.

by advance guard, See Advance guard.

by reinforced brigade, 225.

cavalry in, See Cavalry.

combat patrols, See Patrols.

concentration of force at critical points, 87, 211, 248,

347, 387.

conditions influencing decision to, 206, 226.

conjunction of main and holding, 209, 227, 344, 345.

contact of organizations in, 209.

coordination of, 209, 227, 344, 345, 346.

counter, See Counter attack.

cover for troops in position and approach thereto, 87, 207, 209,

216, 226, 227, 236, 237, 240,

250, 345, 346.

covering enemy’s line with fire, 210, 221, 331, 332.

covering line of retreat, 204, 207.

density of firing line, 208, 219, 330, 347.

deployment of, forced at long range, 74, 121, 135,

215, 233, 238, 257, 297, 299,

300, 306, 329.

deploying positions in, 226, 227, 346.

depth of deployment in, 208, 347.

dispersion of force in, 204, 205, 226,

344, 345.

disposition of division in, 208.

distance at which fire is opened, 209, 329.

division, 344.

duties subsequent to, 321, 350.

effect of obstacles on formation of, 216, 217, 277, 345.

enemy, strength of to be known, 209, 211, 213,

220, 348.

engineers in, 224, 228, 241, 347.

enveloping, 206, 344.

convergence of fire, 209.

extension of line to meet, 208, 209, 210.

of both flanks, 207.

provision against, 260.

selection of flank for, 207, 226, 229.

in rencontre, 296.

to be provided for in first deployment, 208, 345.

expenditure of ammunition in, 215.

fire superiority in, See Fire superiority.

flank protection, 211, 212, 226,

227, 240, 348.

flanks, hostile to be located, 146, 209, 220, 226.

forms of, 205, 344.

fortification in, See Fortification, 215, 216.

frontages in, 217, 348.

frontal, 206, 344.

in advance guard action, 229.

in pursuit, 229.

in rencontre, 296.

of a river line, 278.

guiding points in, 210, 211, 221,

223, 224, 330, 332.

holding, See Attack, frontal, 248.

integrity of tactical units, 204, 205, 344,

345, 346.

interval between main and holding, 209, 344,

345, 346.

landmarks in, See Attack, guiding points in.

machine guns in, 217, 218, 222,

282, 304.

night, See Night attacks.

obstacles in, See Obstacles.

of a bridge head, 304.

of a convoy, See Convoys, 101, 103.

of a river line, See River line attack, 277.

piercing an attenuated line, 206, 226.

plan of based on best dispositions of infantry, 207, 345.

problem for small infantry force, 219.

ranges in, 209, 329.

raw troops in, 204.

reconnaissance, See Reconnaissance.

reinforcing the firing line, 208, 211,

327, 328.

reserves

brigade, 211.

concentration under cover of darkness, 87, 205.

division of, 211, 346.

flank protection by, 211, 236, 346.

general, 212, 219.

position fire by, 325.

position of, 211, 212, 226,

228, 346, 347.

regimental, 211.

strength of, 208, 211, 217, 219, 227.

use of in influencing course of action, 211, 346.

routes to position, 209, 211, 223,

224, 225, 226, 227, 240.

sanitary troops in, See Sanitary Troops.

signal troops in, See Signal Troops.

supports

battalion, 208, 211, 219, 223.

distance from firing line, 210, 212, 324.

formations in advance to firing line, See Rifle in War, 325.

intrenchments for, 325.

prime function of, 211.

strength of, 208, 211, 217, 219.

timing the advance, 345, 346.

trains in, See Trains.

turning movements, See Turning movements.

Automobiles, See Motor vehicles.

B

Bakery, field, 361, 372.

Balloons, captive, 381, 383.

observation of artillery fire by, 383.

telephone equipment, 383.

Band, regimental, assists in collection of wounded, 222, 319.

Barricades, 180, 182, 307.

Base depots, 361, 363, 364.

Base of operations, 361.

Battalion

collecting stations, See Sanitary.

frontage in combat, 219.

frontage on outpost, 171, 180.

Batteries, accompanying, breaching, counter, decoy, infantry,

of the counter attack, of preparation, reinforcing, 124.

Battlefield, illumination of, 265, 304.

police of, 321, 351.

Battle sights, 115, 331.

Bayonet, effect of intrenchments on use of, 263.

in night attacks, 303, 304.

B. C. station, artillery, 117, 129, 141.

Beaten zone, machine gun fire, 305.

shrapnel fire, 115, 327.

Beef cattle, 379.

Best dispositions for infantry primary consideration

in attack, 207, 345.

Bibliography, 33.

Billeting, 94.

Bivouac, See Camps.

in line of battle, 180.

of patrols, 53.

Blazing trails on outpost, 184.

Blending defensive works with terrain, 258, 260, 266.

Bracketing, 127, 141, 143.

Breaching batteries, 124.

BRIDGES

construction and repair

for movements of artillery, 125, 136.

in attack of a river line, 277, 278, 280, 283.

in combat, 224, 258.

in retreat, 58.

on the march, 78, 98, 153.

demolition

by fire, 71.

in combat, 276, 304.

in defense of a river line, 284.

in position in readiness, 311.

in retreat, 57, 58, 71, 299, 316.

on outpost, 176, 182.

ordered by supreme commander, 71.

ponton, 14, 176, 277, 340.

placarding, 31.

protection

by artillery, 172.

by machine guns, 173.

by outpost, 176, 281.

in retreat, 312.

Bridge equipage, floating or portable.

capacity, 340.

organization, 14.

place on march, 340.

road space, 340.

Bridge head, 180, 304.

Bridge train, See Bridge equipage, 340, 361.

Brigade attack, 225.

Brigade, reinforced, See Reinforced brigade.

British experiences in trench warfare, 262.

Broad front in pursuit, 301.

in retreat and delaying action, 219, 233, 251,

297, 298.

Broken ground, advance over, 327.

Buildings

demolition of, 252, 272, 273.

use for shelter, 355.

C

CAMPS, 93.

advance guard, location of, 355.

areas of, 16, 94.

arrangement with reference to position of troops

in column, 85, 94.

assignment of organizations to, 93, 192.

at crossroads, 93, 354.

concealment of, 353, 355.

delay in placing troops in, 93, 191, 356.

dimensions of, 16.

distribution of troops from front to rear, 173.

distribution of troops in, 93, 192, 281, 354.

division, detailed disposition of, 354.

drainage of, 94, 354.

fuel and water for, 93, 180, 353, 354, 355.

guards, 171, 174, 178, 181.

in column of route 85, 88, 94, 354, 355.

influence of roads, 353, 354.

late arrival at, 87, 341.

mounted troops in, 354.

of convoy, 99, 102.

of reserve of outpost, 173, 180, 181, 187, 192.

outpost line, 353, 355.

place of trains in, 355.

prior to attack of river line, 281.

relative positions of foot and mounted troops and trains, 93.

sites for convoys, 99.

sanitary requirements of, 93, 94, 354.

selection of, 62, 93, 176, 191, 353.

tactical requirements of, 176, 353.

southern exposure, 94.

temporary, in field maneuvers, 33.

trains in, 354, 373, 375.

Camping in depth and in mass, 85, 88, 94, 354.

Camping with reference to facility of arrival

and departure, 85, 94, 354.

Carcasses, collection and disposal of, 321.

Capacities of carriers, 366, 379.

as affected by care in loading, 378, 379.

freight, passenger, and stock cars, 378, 379.

Capacity of sanitary units, 319.

Capital letters, use of in orders and messages, 41, 54.

Captive balloons, 381, 383.

Cash payments for supplies, 362.

Catechism of rifle in war, 334.

Cattle, beef, 379.

CAVALRY

advance and advance guard,

See Advance guard, 56, 60, 63,

146, 147, 148, 173, 181, 188.

advance in two columns, 149.

ammunition supply of, 375.

army, See Cavalry, independent, 146.

artillery with, 78, 126, 128,

145, 152, 157.

as escort to artillery, 291.

as escort to trains, 84, 168.

as flank guard, 81.

as police guard with convoy, 97.

as rear guard, 71.

at head of main body, 84.

attack, gaits in, 158, 159, 160.

attack of infantry when practicable, 153.

attacking line, 157.

charge, 150, 153, 155, 167.

at extended intervals, 150, 151, 156.

details of, 157, 160, 167.

distance at which launched, 158, 159.

examination of ground for, 156.

formations for, 158.

gaits in, 158, 159, 160.

in column, 151.

melee, 166.

most favorable times for, 153, 159, 167.

orders for, 160, 163.

combat patrols, 154, 156, 160, 161.

combat trains, 145, 159, 361.

commander, discretionary powers, 145, 146, 174,

240, 241, 311, 338.

contact squadron, 149, 150.

contact with enemy, 60, 62, 144,

146, 148, 149, 171, 174, 177,

181, 189, 212, 234, 259, 281,

311, 338.

coupling and linking horses, 152.

defensive power, 169.

demolition outfits, 71, 145.

detachments during combat, 155, 156,

160, 161.

discretionary powers of commander, 145, 174, 241,

311, 338.

dismounted action, 150, 153.

how close enemy may be allowed to approach, 154, 233.

dismounted fire action, 150, 151, 153, 156, 160.

dispersion of, 144, 147, 149,

155, 234, 311, 338.

division of for mounted attack, 157.

distance in front of outpost, 174, 179.

divisional, See Cavalry, independent, 146, 338.

economy in use of, 144, 168, 172.

effect of air craft on functions of, 381, 384.

effects of fire from rear, 154.

effect on strength of an outpost, 171.

engineers with, 56, 145, 153, 167, 283.

field train of, in camp, 56, 145, 356.

filling gaps in firing line, 144, 168.

fire action, 150, 153, 168.

flank patrols, 154, 155, 156,

160, 161, 212, 227, 234.

foraging by, 148, 150, 169, 375.

front covered by squadron on outpost, 171.

functions in campaign, 144.

gaits in mounted attack, 158, 159, 160.

on march, 86.

ground scouts, 155, 156, 160, 167.

horse artillery with, 78, 126, 128,

145, 152.

horses mobile and immobile, 152, 155.

horses, stampede of, 152, 154.

horseholders, 152, 154.

hostile, overthrow of, 144, 146,

149, 165.

in combat, 72, 85, 100,

144, 150, 227, 234.

in delaying action and withdrawal, 70, 71, 72,

73, 147, 153, 154, 155, 168,

233, 289, 290, 292, 293, 298.

in night attacks, 303.

in position in readiness, 310, 311.

in pursuit, 144, 168, 282,

301, 369.

in retreat, 70, 71, 144,

154, 168, 172,

290, 298.

in river line attack, 279, 281, 282.

in river line defense, 189, 284.

independent, 148.

communication by, 148.

concentration of, 144, 146, 149.

contact squadrons, 149, 150.

contact with enemy, 148, 149, 171,

174, 177, 338.

distance from supporting troops, 148, 149, 174.

effect on strength of advance guard, 56, 85.

effect on strength of outpost, 171, 172, 174.

foraging, 148, 150, 169.

in advance, 56, 85.

mission of, 81, 85, 144,

146, 147, 148,

149, 338.

mounted engineers with, 145.

on flank, 81.

orders for, 145.

patrols, See Patrols, strategic.

range of operations, 148.

reconnaissance, See Reconnaissance.

relay posts, 150.

return to camp at night, 148.

screening, 144, 146, 148,

149, 164, 165, 174.

signal troops with, 145, 150, 340.

strength of, 147, 148.

time of starting march, 86, 338.

under immediate control of supreme commander, 146, 147, 338.

when employed, 147, 148, 338.

wireless equipment, 145, 150, 340.

with detachments, 147.

initiative, 151, 161, 167.

led horses, 152.

cover for, 154, 233.

operations against, 154.

vulnerability of, 151, 154, 241.

line of columns, 157, 158, 161, 163.

line of fours, 158, 161.

lines of, in attack, 157, 167.

lines of retreat, 154.

machine guns with, 152, 157, 159,

161, 306.

march outposts, 190, 192.

messages for, 174.

mission, See Cavalry, independent, 60, 62, 64,

164, 234.

mobility and immobility of horses, 152, 155.

mounted action, orders for, 163.

mounted and dismounted action, 150.

mounted engineers with, 56, 145, 153,

167, 283.

mounted fire action, 150.

mounted fire, inaccuracy of, 168.

mounted reconnaissance during action, 152.

mounted reserve, 151, 154, 159, 241.

night movements, 144, 168.

on infantry firing line, 144, 168.

on outpost

contact with enemy, 171, 177.

covering flanks, 189.

day and night positions, 188, 189.

distance to front, 174, 179,

187, 189.

effect on strength of infantry, 171, 172, 174,

188, 189, 190.

front covered by a squadron, 171. habitual use, effect of, 168.

joins advance cavalry, 58.

march outposts, 190, 192.

messenger duty, 181, 186.

patrols, See Outposts and Patrols.

phases of use in security, 174.

reconnaissance, See Patrols, Reconnaissance, etc.

relieving infantry, 168, 172.

strength, 171.

withdrawal behind outpost line, 148, 174, 179,

181, 188, 189, 190, 192.

operations against hostile flanks, 62, 85, 144,

153, 168, 227, 234, 293, 301.

orders for, 145, 146, 160,

174, 240, 311,

338, 356.

outpost of, 174, 179, 189.

pack trains with, 145, 159, 338, 375.

patrols, See Patrols.

phases of use in security, 174.

pioneer training, 153, 167.

protection of flanks by, 212, 227, 234.

raids, 144, 148, 169.

rally after charge, 152, 157, 158, 167.

rates of march, 90, 165.

rear, See Cavalry, with rear guard.

reconnaissance, See Reconnaissance.

remains mounted when practicable, 151, 152, 157.

reports, 149.

retirement behind outpost line, 148, 174, 179,

181, 188, 189, 190, 192.

screen, 144, 146, 149, 164.

distance to front, 164.

front covered by, 165, 174.

offensive and defensive, 165.

purpose of, 148, 164, 165.

security duties, See Advance, Rear, and Flank guards,

Outposts, Reconnaissance, etc.

seizing advanced positions, 144.

separation of subordinates from commands, 161.

signal troops with, 145, 150, 340.

skirmishers, 150, 151.

stampede of horses, 152, 154.

supplies for, 375.

support and reserve of attacking line, 157, 163.

surprise, element of in operations, 153, 154, 155,

156, 157, 159, 160.

surrender of initiative, 151, 161, 167.

tactical employment with rear guard, 72.

tactical use of in combat, 72, 85, 100,

150, 227, 234.

tactics, 144.

lessons in, from American Civil War, 166.

time required to mount and dismount, 152.

time of starting march, 86, 338.

to be used for duty for which qualified, 144, 168, 172.

trains with, 144, 145, 159,

169, 188, 338, 361, 375.

turning movements by 153, 168, 205.

vs. artillery, 167.

vs. cavalry, 153, 155, 167, 169.

vs. infantry, 153, 167, 168, 330.

vulnerability to flank attack, 156.

wagons and pack trains with, 144, 145, 159,

169, 188, 338, 375.

watches for hostile reinforcements, 224, 227, 234,

244, 292, 311.

weapons employed, 151, 166, 168.

when used independently, 147, 148, 338.

wireless equipment with, 145, 150, 340.

with advance guard, 56, 60, 61, 62,

64, 147, 338.

with containing forces, 205.

with convoy, 80, 97, 98, 99, 100.

with motor convoy, 80.

with flank guard, 78, 81, 147,

168, 339.

with rear guard, 70, 147, 168,

290, 292.

with trains, 84, 168, 341.

withdrawal from action, 73, 154, 233, 289, 290, 291,

292, 298.

Change in direction of march, 80, 91, 92, 102.

Change in situation, 59, 65.

Change of position during action, artillery, 119, 121, 125,

126, 133, 135, 141, 142, 238.

Characteristics of air craft, 381, 382.

Charge, cavalry, See Cavalry.

Circulation of orders, See Orders.

Civilians, care of wounded by, 318, 322.

interviews with, 53.

preceding advance guard, 63.

preceding patrol, 50.

Clearing the field of fire, 217, 233, 235,

246, 252, 256, 258, 269, 270,

272, 275, 276.

Clinometer, 110.

Close country

effect on dispositions of advance guard, 60, 128.

of artillery, 128.

of outpost, 171, 179, 180, 186, 188.

of patrols, 49.

effect on field fortifications, 254.

on march of a convoy, 100.

Close order in night attacks, 303.

Codes, telegraphic, 150.

Collecting stations, 224, 256,

270, 319.

Collective distribution, See Artillery fire.

Collection of wounded, See Wounded.

Column, cavalry charge in, 151.

Column of route, assembly in, 58, 341.

camp in, 85, 94.

Columns, line of, vulnerability, 325, 326,

327, 328.

COMBAT, See Attack and Defense, etc.

ammunition supply, See Ammunition.

approach of hostile reinforcements, 167, 206, 207,

224, 227, 234, 288, 291, 292,

311, 348.

by patrols, 51, 166, 190, 212, 213.

companies go complete into firing line, 211, 217, 348.

concentration of force at critical points, 87, 211, 248,

347, 387.

detachments during, 91, 149, 155,

205, 225.

density of firing line, 208, 216, 219,

233, 235, 330, 347.

depth of deployment, 208, 347.

dispersion in, 204, 205, 226,

236, 237, 344, 345.

division, 344.

duties subsequent to, 321, 350, 351.

expenditure of ammunition in, 215.

fortification, See Fortification.

frontages in, 217, 348.

integrity of tactical units, 205, 217, 329.

messages during, 350.

offering no chance of success, 205.

orders, 39, 40, 205, 208, 210, 211,

220, 225, 332, 346, 350.

patrols, See Patrols.

position fire, 74, 255, 257,

282, 325, 331.

protection of flanks in, 211, 212, 226,

227, 230, 232, 235, 240, 257,

259, 305, 306, 348.

reconnaissance, See Reconnaissance.

routes to position, 209, 211, 223,

224, 225, 226, 227, 240.

sanitary stations in, See Sanitary.

simple movements in, 204.

small units in, 224, 225, 231,

232, 248.

special forms of, 277.

special troops in, See references to special troops.

splitting tactical units in, 205, 217.

trains during, See Trains.

Combat patrols, See Patrols.

Combat trains, See Trains.

Combined orders, 38, 39, 42, 220.

Combined sights, 331, 334.

Command of the air, 384, 385.

Command for firing line, 324.

Commander, battalion

observing station, 256.

orders issue of ammunition, 214, 220, 223,

300, 332.

regimental, observing station for, 255.

orders disposition of packs, 223.

Commander, supreme, See Supreme commander.

Communication, as affecting number of troops required

in a defensive position, 267.

control of local means of, 63.

flank guard, rear guard, and main body, 81.

in defensive position, See Defensive position.

in outpost, 184.

with friendly troops during combat, 212.

with friendly troops on the march, 62, 81, 99,

103, 108, 148.

Communicating trenches, See Fortification.

Companies go complete into firing line, 211, 217, 348.

Company wagons, See Trains, field.

Composition of advance, rear and flank guards, outposts, etc.,

See these subjects.

Compulsory military service, 5.

CONCEALMENT, See Attack, Defense, Terrain, etc.

from aero reconnaissance, 119, 253, 256,

265, 286, 385.

in attack and defense, See these subjects.

in counter attack, 236, 237.

in delaying action, 74.

in position in readiness, 309.

in river line attack, 277, 279, 280.

of artillery, See Artillery.

of camp site, 353.

of obstacles, 259, 262, 265.

of outpost dispositions, 180, 182,

183, 184.

of works of field fortification, 183, 231, 233,

253, 256, 258, 260, 262, 265, 266.

Concentration

of fire on critical points, 331.

of force at critical points, 87, 211, 247,

248, 347, 387.

of reserves under cover of darkness, 87, 205,

281, 286.

of troops by motor vehicles, 87, 211,

387, 389.

Connecting files, 61.

Considerations influencing advance guard attack, 229.

choice of flank for envelopment, 207.

decision to attack, 206, 226.

depth of deployment, 348.

form of attack, 206, 226.

occupation of a position in readiness, 308, 309.

selection of artillery position, 118.

selection of camp site, 93, 94, 176,

353, 354.

selection of a defensive position, 230.

selection of route of march, 90, 100.

strength of outpost, 170.

use of flank guard, 79.

Consonance of decision and orders, 44.

Contact of adjacent outposts, 186.

of opposing sides in field maneuvers, 33.

of organizations in attack, 209.

squadron, See Cavalry.

Contact with enemy

by advance guard, 62.

by aero reconnaissance, 149, 383,

384, 386.

by cavalry, 60, 62, 144, 146, 148, 149,

171, 174, 177, 181, 189, 212,

234, 259, 281, 311, 338.

by flank guard, 81.

by rear guard, 72, 73.

by outpost, 170, 177, 181,

185, 189.

first, to be reported, 54.

in pursuit, 177, 301.

in retreat, 72, 301.

to verify reconnaissance, 384.

Contact with friendly troops, 62, 81, 99,

103, 108, 148, 212.

Containing force, 91, 204, 205,

208, 288.

Contingencies in orders, 41, 42,

314, 317.

Continuity of fire trenches, 251, 253,

254, 265.

Continuous fire, See Artillery, fire.

Control and observation of artillery fire, 115, 117, 122,

123, 125, 131, 140, 383.

Convergence of fire, secured by enveloping attack, 209.

CONVOYS, 95.

abandoning line of march, 101.

advance guard of, 97, 98, 99.

artillery with, 98.

attack of, 101, 103.

ambuscade, 103.

by cavalry, 148.

by small forces, 96.

long range fire in, 103, 104.

mobile troops in, 103.

motor vehicles in, 103.

places favorable for, 103.

usual method, 103.

auto, 80, 96, 101.

camp sites

selection of, 99.

security measures, 102.

cavalry with, 80, 97, 98, 99, 100.

change of direction of march, 101, 102.

classification of wagons, army, hired, impressed, 96.

conduct on encountering enemy, 102.

contact with friendly troops, 99, 103, 108.

defensive measures, 101, 102.

details of march, 96.

dispersion of troops, 99.

distance between convoy and covering detachment, 95

division into sections, 96, 97.

double column of wagons, 95.

engineers with, 99.

escort, strength, composition, duties, etc., 85, 97.

field trains of, 96.

of prisoners, 104.

flank guards, 80, 95, 96, 99, 100.

flank marches, 95.

in double column, 95.

infantry in long columns of wagons, 99.

limiting size of single column, 95.

machine guns with, 98.

motor vehicles, convoy and escort, 80, 96,

98, 101.

mounted point, 99.

occupation of critical points by escort, 100.

of prisoners, 104.

offensive tactics by escort, 98, 102.

parking, 102.

parks

form of, 102.

sites for, 99.

passage of defiles, 101.

place of commander, 97.

police guards, 96, 97, 99.

position of main body, 99.

quartermaster, duties of, 96, 97.

rate of progress and halts, 101.

rear guard, 72, 100.

reconnaissance on march, 97, 99, 100,

101, 102, 104, 108.

relative rank of quartermaster and commander of escort, 97.

retreat of, 102, 103.

routes of march, 100, 101, 102.

rule for position of covering troops, 95, 99.

slowest wagons in lead, 96.

straggling, 95.

teamsters and wagon masters, 96, 97.

vulnerability, 95, 96, 101, 103.

Cooks and kitchen police with outpost supports, 175.

Cooperation of artillery and other arms, 126, 141.

Coordination of main and holding attack, 345.

Cordon and patrol systems of outposts, 184.

Corrector for height of burst, 113, 116.

Cossack posts, See Outposts.

COUNTER ATTACK, 236.

artillery in, 122, 124, 142, 237, 238.

batteries of the, 124.

concealment in, 236, 237.

conduct of, 236.

fire superiority, 237, 238.

from flank, 236, 237, 238, 259.

general rule for, 238.

in defense of a river line, 281, 282, 284.

in retreat, 75, 301.

local, 236.

obstacles, effect of, 230, 233,

235, 310.

reinforcing firing line, 237, 238.

reserves for, 231, 233, 236,

237, 238, 253, 257, 259.

risk of, 75, 230, 281,

282, 284, 301, 344.

supporting points in rear of main line, 237.

surprise in, 236.

terrain favorable for, 237, 238.

Counter batteries, 124.

Countermanding of orders, 42, 317.

Coupling horses, 152.

Cover, See Concealment.

head and overhead, See Fortification.

in combat position and approach, See Attack and Defense.

natural, See Terrain.

Covering advance supply depot, 373.

detachments, 205, 212, 236, 308.

line of retreat, 204, 278.

main body, in advance, 204.

in attack, 209, 229, 296.

in retreat, 72, 73.

enemy’s line with fire, 118, 210, 331.

Crest, geographical.

artillery positions near, 118, 121, 126,

129, 133, 140, 234.

location of firing line with respect to, 262, 298, 324.

location of supports with respect to, 324.

Crest, military, 118, 298, 324.

Crews of air craft, 381, 383.

Criterion for depth of deployment, 347.

Criterion for strength of outpost, 170.

Cross fire, mutual support, 233, 250, 251,

252, 253, 254, 258, 263, 268,

269, 276, 325, 331.

Cross roads, for camp sites, 93, 354.

for position in readiness, 309.

issue points at, 375.

march outposts at, 190, 341.

D

Dagger batteries, 121, 234, 235.

Danger space, 324.

Darkness, concentration of reserves under cover of, 87, 205,

281, 286.

effect on aero reconnaissance, 149, 383, 386.

intrenching under cover of, 216.

making camp in, 87, 188, 341.

withdrawal from action under cover of, 205, 289.

Day and night positions of elements of an outpost, 187, 191,

193, 356.

Days of rest, 87, 89, 337, 365.

Dead, ammunition on persons of, 215, 333.

collection, identification and disposal of, 321.

Dead spaces

dagger batteries cover, 121.

distribution of artillery to cover, 118, 121, 141.

in a defensive position, 230, 249, 252,

258, 269.

influence on artillery position, 119.

observation of, 122.

Decision problems, 19.

Decision to attack, by what influenced, 206, 226.

Decisive action.

by advance, rear and flank guards, etc., See these subjects.

danger of in retreat, 299.

Decisive results obtained only by offensive, 204, 205.

Decoy batteries, 124.

DEFENSE

active, conduct of, See Counter Attack, 237, 254.

strong reserves characteristic of, 211, 219, 233,

235, 236, 237, 238, 254.

advance guard in, 234.

against air craft, 135, 385.

ambuscade in, 299, 330.

ammunition supply in, See Ammunition, 215, 349.

artillery in, See Artillery.

cavalry in, See Cavalry, 234, 259.

concentration of fire, 253, 331.

concentration of force at critical points, 211, 233,

235, 248.

conforms to attack, 204, 219.

covering front of enemy, 252, 331.

density of firing line, 216, 219,

233, 235.

depth of deployment, 219, 347, 348.

extension of front in, 208, 210, 216,

221, 235, 236,

237, 238, 251, 254.

engineers in, 216, 217, 228,

234, 235, 247,

258, 260, 272,

273, 276.

fire superiority, See Fire superiority.

influence of obstacles on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230,

232, 299, 310.

location of firing line, 324.

long range fire in, 121, 215, 230,

233, 250, 325,

329, 330.

machine guns in, 173, 228, 232,

233, 234, 252,

253, 255, 256,

265, 269, 270,

276, 304, 328.

of a river line, See River line defense.

passive, 204, 248,

254, 347.

position fire, 255, 256, 257,

325, 331.

position in readiness in, 231, 308.

ranges, 250, 257, 262.

raw troops in, 204.

reconnaissance, See Reconnaissance.

reinforcing the firing line, 237, 238, 257,

327, 328.

reserves

aggressive use of, 236, 237,

238, 249.

assist in organization of position, 235, 255,

271, 272.

brigade, 235.

communications for, 230, 255.

cover for, 216, 231, 236,

237, 257, 265.

counter attack by, 231, 233, 235,

236, 237, 238,

257.

distance from firing line, 257.

division of, 211, 232, 257.

effect of intrenchments on strength of, 216, 254.

employment of, 211, 233, 235,

236, 249, 257,

259.

general, 219, 232, 233,

236, 254.

influence on course of action, 211, 289, 346.

local, 219, 254.

position fire by, See Position fire.

position of, 211, 212, 232,

235, 257, 259.

protection of flanks by, 211, 213, 232,

236, 257, 259.

security of line of retreat by, 235, 236,

249, 253.

strength, 217, 233, 275, 347.

second line of, 258.

signal troops in, See Signal troops.

splitting and mixing units, 217.

supports

battalion, 211, 219, 251,

255, 257, 269.

communications for, See Fortification, 256, 257,

260, 276.

cover for, 216, 231, 256,

257, 260, 262.

distance from firing line, 212, 257, 262,

324, 325, 327.

division of, 257.

formations in advance to firing line, 327, 328.

local, 211, 219, 233, 257.

position fire by, See Position fire.

strength of, 211, 217, 219,

233, 236, 269.

trenches for, See Fortification.

time that small forces can hold larger, 231, 232.

DEFENSIVE POSITION, See Fortification.

advantages of a single position, 74, 235, 310.

assignment of frontages to organizations, 232, 254,

255, 269.

blending works with terrain, 258, 260, 266.

clearing the front, 217, 233, 235,

246, 252, 256,

258, 269, 270,

272, 275, 276.

closed works in, 252.

communications, See Communicating trenches, 216, 255, 256,

257, 260, 262,

267, 270, 276.

as effecting number of troops required, 267.

concealment, 231, 233, 256,

257, 258, 260,

262, 275.

considerations prior to occupation of, 230.

continuity of trenches, 233, 251, 253,

254, 265.

effect on visibility, 265.

cross fire and mutual support, 233, 250, 251,

252, 253, 254, 258, 263, 268,

269, 276, 325, 331.

dagger batteries, 121, 234, 235.

dead spaces, See Dead spaces.

demolitions, See Demolitions.

development of frontal fire, 250, 254, 263.

echelon in refusal of flanks, 209, 260, 265.

examination of terrain from enemy’s point of view, 249, 250.

flanks, See Patrols, combat.

organization of, 259.

protection of, 212, 232, 234,

235, 236, 257,

259, 260.

refusal of, 209, 260, 265.

illumination of battlefield, 265, 304.

intervals in, 75, 231, 233,

251, 253.

lines of retreat, 220, 226,

230, 235.

masking the fire of a, 73, 75, 231,

234, 235, 251,

290, 299, 310.

measuring and marking ranges, 216, 217, 230,

233, 246, 252, 253, 256, 257,

258, 259, 262, 270, 271.

observing stations, 255, 256, 258,

271, 276.

obstacles, See Obstacles.

occupation of, 244.

offsets, re-entrants and salients, 231, 251, 260.

organization of, 248.

outposts of, 180, 259.

practical problems in, 267, 273.

ravines and hollows, treatment of, 252, 256,

258, 273.

regimental sectors, 255.

requirements of, 230, 232,

248, 257.

second line of defense, 237.

sectors, 232, 254, 255,

269, 274.

security to front during occupation, 213, 234, 259.

selection from map, 249.

small forces in, 232, 248.

supporting points.

details of organization, 249, 251, 252,

255, 268, 274.

in rear of main line, 237.

to be studied as terrain exercise, 19, 249, 267.

utilization of natural features of terrain, See Terrain.

when to be occupied, 231.

Defensive power of cavalry, 169.

of small forces, 231, 232.

Defilade, flash, 113, 133, 140.

mounted and dismounted, 113.

of reverse slopes, 135, 324, 325.

sight, 113.

Defiladed areas, See Dead spaces.

DEFILES

artillery fire on outlet, 128, 172, 300.

attack of cavalry at, 101, 103.

attack of convoy at, 101, 103.

defense of, 80, 128, 172,

173, 178, 180,

190, 307.

in pursuit, 301.

passage of, 63, 85,

229, 300.

by convoys, 108.

by patrols, 50.

by trains, 84, 376.

reconnaissance of, 50, 62,

102, 108, 190.

Deflection, deflection difference, 116.

DELAYING ACTION, See Rear guard, Retreat, Withdrawal, etc., 297.

advantages of single position, 74.

aggressive tactics in, 75, 204, 297, 299.

ambuscade, 299.

ammunition supply, 300.

artillery in, 71, 73, 74,

77, 128, 290,

300, 316.

by small forces, 231, 232.

cavalry in, 70, 71, 72,

73, 147, 153,

154, 155, 168,

233, 290, 293, 298.

concealment, 74.

danger of decisive engagement, 299.

demolitions, See Demolitions.

dummy trenches, 298.

engineers in, 57, 71, 316.

extension of front in, 73, 74, 219,

233, 251, 297, 298.

field fortification, See Fortification, 298.

fire superiority, 299.

flank guard in, 80.

flank positions in, 73, 290, 299.

line of retreat, 74, 297.

location of firing line, 298, 324.

long range fire in, 74, 230, 257,

297, 299, 300, 329.

machine guns in, 74, 300, 306.

obstacles, See Obstacles.

offensive tactics in, 75, 204,

297, 299.

outpost troops, 73, 313, 317.

passive defense in, 200, 204,

293, 297.

positions for, 57, 73, 74,

289, 297, 298, 316.

flank, 73, 290, 299.

in withdrawal, 289.

on line of a river, 300.

successive, 73, 77, 154,

292, 299.

procedure in, 73, 297.

rear guard in, 70, 73,

297, 316.

supports and reserves in, 211, 233, 297.

withdrawal from, 297, 298, 299.

DEMOLITIONS

by fire, 71, 252.

fire for, See Artillery.

of bridges, See Bridges.

of buildings, 252, 272, 273.

of materiel by artillery fire, 109, 114, 126,

133, 135, 138, 141.

of obstacles, See Obstacles.

outfits, cavalry, 71, 145.

outpost, 173, 193.

Demonstrations

against hostile flanks, 227.

in attack of a river line, 279, 282.

Density of firing line, See Attack and Defense.

Deploying positions in attack, See Attack.

Deployment, at long range, See Attack.

depth of, 208, 347.

in night attack, 303.

envelopment to be provided for in, 208, 345.

from two column formation, 78, 79, 339.

in rencontre, 296.

of a division, time required, 344.

place of, 346.

time for, 326.

Depot, advance supply, See Advance supply depot.

Depth of deployment, 208, 347.

of outposts, 179.

Description of localities in orders, 41, 223.

Destruction of hostile cavalry, See Cavalry.

Detached posts, 172, 174, 178, 193.

Detachments during combat, 91, 149, 155,

205, 225.

Detachments rejoin for combat, 91, 155, 156,

205, 225.

Detachment warfare, 47, 147.

Detail in orders, 25, 38, 39,

42, 47, 108,

142, 143, 145.

Detailed observation by air craft, 383, 386.

Development of aeroplanes, 382.

Development orders, 346.

Diagrammatic analysis of problems, 29.

Diagrams of division in column of route, 343.

Diamond corral, 102.

Direct fire, positions for, See Artillery.

Direct laying, 114, 126.

Discretionary powers

of artillery commander, 142, 143,

240, 266.

of cavalry commander, 145, 146, 174,

240, 241, 311, 338.

of engineer commander, 259.

of flank guard commander, 74, 82.

of rear guard commander, 74, 295.

of signal commander, 341.

Dismounted action, cavalry, 150.

DISPERSION, See Attack, Defense, etc.

in delaying action, 251, 297, 298.

in river line attack, 278.

longitudinal, 115.

of cavalry force, 234.

of fire, how increased, 331.

of machine guns, 173, 255, 306.

DISTANCES

and intervals in outposts, 179.

at night, 60.

as affected by close country, See Close country.

at which outpost must hold enemy, 176.

advance guard, 60.

between main body and advance guard, 67, 88, 337.

estimation of, 305, 333.

in flank march, 86.

of advance supply depot in rear of troops, 364, 367, 370,

371, 372.

of flank guard, 79, 80.

of obstacles from firing line, 217, 259, 265.

of supports from firing line, 212, 257, 262,

324, 325, 327.

rear guard, 72.

required for protection from fire, 80, 176, 300, 346.

to which motor transport is effective, 387.

Distribution

in depth, 347.

individual and collective, See Artillery.

of fire, 331.

of orders, 40, 43, 44,

220, 228, 293,

350, 388.

of troops, advance guard, 64.

in camp, 173, 354.

Dividing responsibility with a subordinate, 42.

DIVISION

advance guard of, 337.

bridge trains with, 340, 361.

camp, 353.

cavalry, organization of, 10.

combat, 344.

commander, place of, 337.

depth of deployment, 348, 349.

dispositions in attack, 208.

in column of route, diagram of, 343.

march outposts, 341.

on the march, 337.

supply, 360.

tactics, 337.

influence of supply, 360.

time required for deployment, 344.

trains, See Trains.

Division of responsibility with subordinates, 42.

Division of reserves, See Attack and Defense.

Divisional cavalry, See Cavalry.

Double column, 29, 30, 31, 78, 79, 149.

artillery and trains in, 78, 91, 95, 339.

deployment from, 78, 79, 339.

Drainage, See Camps.

Drainage of trenches, 263.

Dressing stations, 222, 224, 312, 319.

location of, 224, 225, 263,

319, 320, 349.

time for establishment, 222, 228, 235,

319, 320, 349.

Dummy intrenchments, 126, 251, 263,

266, 298.

Dust raised by blast of discharge, 110.

Duties of artillery personnel, 129, 130, 131.

of personnel in fire engagements, 332.

E

Early start for marches, 86, 88, 341.

Echelons

in a defensive line, 251.

in advance to attack, 210.

movements of artillery in, 121, 125, 291.

of trenches on a flank, 209, 260, 265.

Economy in use of cavalry, 144, 168, 172.

Effect, fire for, See Artillery fire.

Elbow rests, 259.

Elevation, angle of, See Artillery.

Elongation, 17, 59, 90.

Enemy

assumption as to probable action of, 23.

contact with, See Contact.

first contact to be reported, 55.

indications of presence, 52, 54.

information of, 20, 52, 55,

148, 209, 211, 213, 220, 295,

296, 308, 311, 348, 356, 384.

location of flanks of, 209, 220, 226.

Enfilade and oblique fire, 209, 230, 236,

344, 345.

artillery, 120, 127, 226,

265, 328, 349.

effect on vulnerability, 212, 326, 327, 328.

machine gun, 235, 306.

ENGINEERS

as escort for artillery, 224, 291, 314.

as escort for trains, 84, 341.

demolitions by, See Demolitions.

discretionary powers of commander, 259.

in attack, 224, 228, 241, 347.

in night attack, 304.

in organization of a defensive position,

See Fortification, 216, 217, 228,

234, 235, 247, 258, 260, 272,

273, 276.

in position in readiness, 309, 314, 316.

in retreat, 57, 58, 71, 316.

in river line attack, 283.

mounted, with cavalry, 56, 145, 153,

167, 283.

mounted section, 57, 71.

on the march in division, 340.

on outpost, 173, 180.

splitting units of, 258.

train, 349, 355, 360,

361, 376.

with advance guard, 56, 57,

337, 340.

with convoy, 99.

with flank guard, 78.

Entanglements, wire, 217, 259,

261, 265.

Enveloping attack, See Attack.

Envelopment to be provided for in first deployment, 208, 345.

Equipage, bridge or ponton, See Bridges.

Escort

for artillery, 224.

for machine guns, 157, 161,

222, 306.

for prisoners, 104, 351.

for trains, 62, 78, 84, 86,

293, 317, 341, 376.

of a convoy, See Convoys.

Establishment of an outpost, 187, 191.

Estimate of situation, 18, 21, 22,

27, 44, 64, 65, 191, 192,

220, 225, 226, 297, 308.

time required for, 43.

Estimating distances, 305.

Evacuation of wounded, See Ambulances, Sanitary troops, Wounded, etc.

Examination of terrain, See Reconnaissance.

Examining posts, 182, 184.

EXAMPLES

of messages, See Messages.

of orders, See Orders.

Excavation, time required for, 261.

Exchange of information by patrols, 52.

Expenditure of ammunition in combat, 214.

Explosives, See Demolitions.

Extended intervals, See Cavalry charge.

Extension of front

in combat, See Attack and Defense.

in delaying action, See Delaying action.

in pursuit, 301.

F

Feint, See River line attack.

Ferries, 176, 277, 280, 283.

Field artillery, See Artillery.

Field bakery, 361, 372.

Field fortification, See Fortification.

Field glasses, 48, 51, 385.

Field hospitals, 320, 369, 376.

capacity of, 319.

place in action, 349.

Field kitchens, 365, 388.

Field of fire, See Attack, Defense, etc., 154, 216, 230,

250, 257, 262, 275.

as an obstacle, 212, 217.

clearing, 217, 233, 235, 246, 252, 256,

258, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276.

extent of, 250, 257, 262, 297.

in delaying and decisive actions, 230, 251,

257, 297.

outpost, 182, 183.

Field orders, See Orders.

Field trains, See Trains.

FIRE

aimed, vulnerability of various formations, 325.

artillery, See Artillery, fire.

at what directed, 331.

at will, See Artillery, fire.

classification of, 329.

concentration on critical points, 331.

control, 333.

convergence of, 209.

covering enemy’s line with, 210, 331.

discipline, 333, 334.

distribution of, 330, 331, 332.

dispersion, effect of visibility of target, 330.

how secured, 331.

enfilade and oblique, See Enfilade fire.

engagement, duties of personnel, 332.

orders of captain in, 334.

field of, See Field of fire.

from the rear, effects of, 154, 325.

frontal, maximum development, 252, 254, 263.

grazing effect, 324.

long range, in defense and delaying action, See these subjects.

mounted, inaccuracy of, 168.

overlapping and switching, 331.

platoon targets, 331, 332.

position, See Position fire.

plunging, 324, 327.

rapid, 305, 329, 330, 335.

rates of, infantry, 329.

machine guns, 305.

shrapnel, See Shrapnel.

slow, 329.

small arms, vulnerability of various formations, 325.

superiority, 63, 114, 120, 204, 206, 209,

237, 238, 277, 278, 279, 280,

298, 299, 331, 334.

affords best cover, 209, 216, 345.

number of rounds required to establish, 214, 330.

when established, 209, 330.

sweeping, vulnerability of various formations, 325.

swept zone, 120, 205, 211, 215, 289, 324,

327, 329.

tiers of, 325.

volley, when employed, 329, 330, 335.

when opened in attack, 209.

Fires, and tent pitching of outpost, 182.

Firing data, 116, 142, 310.

Firing line, density of, 208, 219, 233,

330, 347.

location of in retreat and delaying action, 324.

reinforcement of, 208, 211, 237,

238, 257, 327, 328.

Firing over heads of infantry, 120, 122, 141, 349.

Flanged wheels for motor vehicles, 389.

Flank, See Attack, Defense, Cavalry, Patrols, etc.

hostile, position to be ascertained, 209, 220, 226.

observers, artillery, 115.

reconnaissance, See Reconnaissance.

refusal of, 178, 209, 260, 265.

FLANK GUARDS, 78.

artillery with, 78, 339.

cavalry with, 78, 81, 168, 339.

composition of, 78, 79.

conduct of, 81.

connecting routes with main body, 79, 81, 82, 339.

considerations influencing decision as to use, 79.

contact with advance and rear guards, 62, 81.

contact with enemy, 81.

decisive engagements by, 81, 339.

delaying action, 80.

discretionary powers of commander, 74, 82.

distance from main body, 61, 79, 80.

engineers with, 78.

formation, 81.

in change of direction, 80, 91.

in retreat, 74.

leaving prescribed route, 82.

machine guns with, 78.

occupation of critical points, 80, 82.

of cavalry, 78, 81, 339.

of convoy, 80, 95, 96, 99, 100.

of large and of small forces, 80, 81.

orders for, 82.

organization of, 259.

reconnaissance by, 79, 81.

reinforcement, 82.

routes of, 79, 82.

sanitary troops with, 78.

signal troops with, 78, 340.

strength of, 78.

trains, 78, 79.

when required, 79.

Flank, hostile, cavalry operations against, See Cavalry.

Flank march, See Convoys, Flank guard, Marches.

Flank positions

artillery, 120, 141.

in delaying action, 73, 290, 299.

in retreat and withdrawal, 73, 74, 289, 290, 293.

Flank protection, See Attack and Defense.

by artillery, 110, 117, 119,

122, 129, 130, 212.

by cavalry, 212, 227, 234.

by machine guns, 227, 234, 235,

305, 306.

by obstacles, 176, 178, 207,

212, 259, 311.

by outpost, 176.

by reserves, 211, 236, 257,

259, 297, 346.

during combat, See Patrols, 205, 211, 212,

226, 227, 230,

232, 235, 240,

257, 259, 305,

306, 348.

in retreat, 74.

of small forces, 178, 232, 248.

on march, 61, 79, 81.

patrols, See Patrols.

provision for by supreme commander, 213, 227, 232,

235, 346.

Flare lights, 265.

Flash defilade, 113, 133, 140.

Flying depots, 367.

Forage, 361, 365, 366, 368, 388.

weights of, 379.

Foragers, cavalry, 150, 151.

Foraging, 148, 169, 361.

Fords, 90, 284.

Form for action, 123, 131.

Forms for orders, 37, 38, 40.

Forms of attack, 205.

Form of messages, 54.

Formation, in two columns, See Double column.

FORTIFICATION, FIELD, See Defensive position, 215, 248.

as cover from artillery fire, 133, 216.

blending works with natural features of terrain, 258, 260, 266.

by whom ordered, 216.

clearing front, 217, 233, 235, 246, 252, 256,

258, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276.

closed works in, 252.

concealment of, 183, 253, 256,

258, 260, 262, 265, 266.

constructed by troops who occupy, 216, 234,

255, 276.

demolitions, See Demolitions.

duties of engineers in, 216, 217, 228,

234, 235, 247, 258, 260, 272 273, 276.

effect on initiative and morale, 209, 216, 254,

257, 267, 310.

grenade nets, 253.

guiding principles, 266, 267.

in attack, 215, 216.

in close country, 254.

in delaying action, 298.

in position in readiness, 309, 310,

311, 314.

in river line defense, 284.

in withdrawal, 289.

latrines, 256, 263.

misuse of, 216, 248, 249,

257, 284, 310.

obstacles, See Obstacles.

outpost, 173, 177, 182, 183.

parados, 263.

problems in, 267, 273.

relief for workers, 262.

rôle?of, 216, 248, 249,

254, 266.

tasks, amount of, 261, 262.

time, tools, and personnel required, 216, 256,

261, 270.

trenches

alignment of, 231, 251, 257,

260, 262, 270.

communicating, 216, 253, 255,

271, 276.

dummy, 126, 251, 263,

266, 298.

drainage, 263.

location of, 252, 257, 258,

262, 324.

trenches, fire

communications in, 253, 255.

continuity of, 233, 251, 253,

254, 265.

details of construction, 261.

elbow rests, 263.

head and overhead cover, 216, 253, 255,

256, 258, 261,

263, 276.

loop-holes, 258, 263.

traverses, 253, 255, 256,

257, 260, 262,

263, 270.

trenches, support, 216, 256, 257,

260, 262.

utilization of natural features of terrain, 250, 252, 254,

256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266.

visibility of works to aeronauts, 265, 266.

works to be located on terrain, 249, 267.

Framework of a position in readiness, 310.

Freight cars, dimensions and capacity of, 378, 379.

Frontage

covered by fire of a battery, 110.

in attack and defense, 210, 217, 223,

331, 332, 346, 348.

of a battalion and squadron on outpost, 171, 180.

of a battalion in combat, 219.

of a battery in action, 110, 119, 140.

of a cavalry screen, 165, 174.

of an outpost, 177.

Frontal attack, See Attack, frontal, 206.

in advance guard action, 229.

in pursuit, 229.

of a river line, 278.

Frontal fire, maximum development of, 252, 254, 263.

Fuel, See Camps.

carried by aeroplanes, 387.

G

Gaits, in cavalry attack, 158, 159, 160.

Gap, See Interval.

General situation, 20.

General supply column, 365, 367, 368.

Geneva Convention, 318.

Geographical crest, 324.

artillery positions near, 121, 126, 129,

133, 140, 234.

in delaying action, 290, 298.

Geological Survey, maps of, 34, 249.

Good and bad news, 41, 246, 314.

Good practice in tactics, 9, 23.

Good roads, for wagon and motor transport, 78, 83, 364,

377, 387, 388.

Grazing effect of rifle fire, 324.

Grenades, 253.

Ground scouts, 155, 156, 160,

167, 213.

Guerrilla warfare, 8.

Guides for night attacks, 302.

for night marches, 87.

Guiding points in attack, 210, 211, 221,

223, 224, 330, 332.

H

Habit of early starting, 86, 341.

of intrenching, 216.

Hague Convention, 362, 377.

Half-hearted measures, 204.

Halt order, time of issue, 93, 191, 355, 356.

Halts of trains, 377.

Halts during a march, 89, 343, 377.

Head and overhead cover, 216, 253, 255,

256, 258, 263, 276.

Heavy field artillery, See Artillery.

Height of axle, artillery carriage, 109.

Height of mask, artillery fire, 113, 133.

Heights of observation for air craft, 138, 139,

384, 385.

Heliograph, 115, 117.

High explosive shell, See Shell.

Holding attack, See Attack, frontal.

Horse artillery, See Artillery.

Horseholders, 152, 154.

Houses, demolition of, 252, 272, 273.

reconnaissance of, 50.

Hostile reinforcements, See Reinforcements.

Hostlers, 46.

Howitzers, See Artillery.

Hydroaeroplanes, 383.

I

Ideal conditions for supply, 372.

Identification of targets, 330.

of dead, 321.

Illumination of the battlefield, 265, 304.

Imaginary troops, 23, 32.

Immobilization of machine guns, 253, 305.

Inaccuracy of mounted fire, 168.

Increase in length of marches, 89.

Independent cavalry, See Cavalry, independent.

Indications of enemy’s presence, 52, 55.

Indirect laying, 114.

heavy field artillery, 133.

Individual characteristics reflected in solution

of tactical problems, 26, 27.

to be developed, 7.

Individual distribution, See Artillery fire.

Individual orders, 38, 39, 42, 220.

Inefficiency of loading, effect on capacity of carriers, 379.

Infantry batteries, 124.

Infantry in long columns of artillery or trains, 83, 99, 110, 339.

plan of attack based on best dispositions of, 207, 345.

Infirmary, regimental, 318.

Influence of cavalry on strength of outpost, 171, 172, 174,

188, 189, 190.

of fortifications on morale, 209, 216, 254,

257, 267, 310.

of motor vehicles on warfare, See Motor vehicles.

of obstacles on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230,

232, 299, 310.

of roads on strength and disposition of outposts, 170, 176, 183.

Information contained in patrol’s message, 55.

in orders, 41, 246, 314.

Information, lines of, 341.

of enemy, 20, 52, 55, 148,

209, 211, 213, 220,

295, 308, 311, 348,

356, 384.

patrols, See Patrols.

service of, See Air craft, Cavalry, Patrols, etc.

by cavalry, 148, 165.

Inhabitants, interviews with, 53.

Initial point of march, 58, 59, 88,

89, 337, 338, 341.

Initiative, 27.

effect of fortification on, 254, 257.

in operations of cavalry, 151, 161, 167.

in pursuit, 301.

in rencontre, 295, 296.

of subordinates, 22, 25, 42, 223.

Inspection of outpost dispositions, 193.

Instructions, to artillery, 140, 143.

to patrol leaders, 47.

Interference of routes, 58, 59, 88,

89, 227, 292.

Integrity of tactical units

in combat, 204, 205, 217.

in forming advance guard, 57, 337.

of artillery, 123, 133, 140,

228, 345, 349.

on outpost, 175.

Interval

between guns in battery, 110, 140.

between main and holding attack, 209, 344,

345, 346.

extended, in cavalry charge, 151.

in a defensive line, 231, 233, 251, 253.

in an outpost, 179, 180.

Intrenchments, See Fortification.

Invading the province of subordinates, 22, 25, 42, 223.

Issues, See Ammunition and Supply.

of rations, 81, 351, 355, 356,

366, 367, 368, 369, 375.

Issue points, 356, 375.

K

Kinds of orders, 39.

Kitchens, field, 365, 388.

location of in combat, 256.

Kites, 381.

L

Landmarks

as guiding points in attack, 210, 211, 221,

224, 330, 332.

for designation of targets, 332.

for designation of outpost sectors, 182.

in assignments of fronts, 210.

in patrolling, 48, 50.

preferred to map-marks in orders, 41, 223.

Late arrival in camp, 87.

Latitude allowed artillery commander, 142, 143,

240, 266.

cavalry commander, 145, 146, 174,

240, 241, 311, 338.

engineer commander, 259.

flank guard commander, 74, 82.

rear guard commander, 74, 295.

signal commander, 341.

Latrines, 256, 263.

Laying, direct, 114, 126.

indirect, 114, 133.

Leading troops, 57, 85, 316.

Led horses, 154, 233, 241.

Length and speed of marches, 54, 89, 90,

101, 165, 195, 337, 377.

Limbers, artillery, position in action, 119, 128, 132.

Limitations of air craft, 386.

Limiting ranges in attack and defense, See Attack and Defense.

Limiting ranges of field artillery, 132.

Limits of front of outpost, 177.

Line of columns, cavalry, 157, 161, 163.

Line of communication, 11.

administration of, 362, 372.

commander of, 351, 356, 362, 363.

interruption of, 373.

motor transport for, 388.

multiple, 364.

operations against, 148.

service of, 363, 364.

zone of, 363, 364.

Line of fours, See Cavalry.

Line of observation, outpost, 171, 173, 184,

185, 186, 187.

Line of resistance, outpost, 73, 173, 176,

177, 178, 180,

182, 183, 187, 353.

Line of retreat

delaying positions on flank of, 73, 299.

in position in readiness, 309, 311, 312, 313.

in withdrawal or delaying action, 73, 74, 292, 297.

multiple, 230, 292.

of enemy, 204, 207, 344.

of patrol, 52.

position of trains indicates, 83, 95.

pressure against, 344.

security of, 74, 154, 183, 204, 207, 230,

235, 278, 297, 312.

separation from, 207.

Line, vulnerability of, 325.

Lines of information, See Signal, 341.

Linking horses, 152.

Litters, 319.

Living off the country, 361, 362, 363,

369, 377, 388.

Loading, care in as affecting capacity of carriers, 379.

Localities, capital letters in orders and messages, 41, 54.

description of in orders, 41, 223.

Location of outposts, See Outposts, 176.

of works of field fortification, See Fortification.

Long range fire in attack and defense, See Attack and Defense.

Lookout points, See Observing stations.

Loopholes, 258, 263.

Losses in retreat over fire swept zone, 215, 289, 324.

M

MACHINE GUNS

ammunition supply, 305.

anti-aircraft, 138, 305, 307, 385.

as supports for artillery, 121, 122, 133,

304, 307.

dispersion of, 173, 255, 306.

effect of artillery fire, 265.

emplacements for, 255, 256, 265, 276.

flank defense by, 227, 234, 235,

305, 306.

immobilization of, 253, 305.

in attack, 217, 218, 222,

282, 304.

in defense, 173, 228, 232, 233, 234, 252,

253, 255, 256, 265, 269, 270,

276, 304, 328.

in delaying actions, 74, 300, 306.

in night attack, 304, 307.

in pursuit, 306.

in rencontre, 296, 306.

mobility, 305.

motor transport for, 136, 305.

need of skilled operators, 305.

on air craft, 307, 382, 383.

on outpost, 172, 173, 180,

182, 307.

pack transportation, 305.

position fire, 74, 331.

ranges and rates of fire, 304, 305.

supports for, 157, 161, 222, 306.

surprise fire by, 253, 305.

vs. artillery, 265, 296,

305, 306.

with advance guard, 56, 306.

with cavalry, 152, 157, 159,

161, 306.

with flank guard, 78.

with rear guard, 71, 74, 306.

Maneuvering zone, for artillery, 338.

for main body, 296.

Maps, 23, 41, 48, 49.

corrections to, 50.

for solution of tactical problems, 25, 33.

Geological Survey, 34, 249.

issue of attack orders from, 205.

location of defensive position from, 249.

location of outpost from, 192, 356.

Map maneuver, See Problems.

Map measure, 28.

Map problems, See Problems.

Map references in orders, 41, 42.

March outposts

at crossroads, 341.

functions of cavalry, 190, 201.

of a division, 341.

of a patrol, 51.

patrolling by, 190.

placed by advance guard, 62, 190, 201.

when placed and withdrawn, 190, 192.

MARCHES, See Advance, Rear and Flank Guards, etc.

abandoning selected line of, 82, 101.

alternation of troops in column, 85, 337, 338.

arrangement of troops and trains, 83.

artillery on, 71, 83, 110, 123, 128, 136, 338.

assembly of trains, 341.

bridge trains, 340.

by large and by small forces, 89.

cavalry on, See Cavalry.

change in direction, 80, 91, 102.

data in orders, 337.

days of rest, 87, 89, 337.

details of start, 88, 341.

disposition of trains, See Trains, 83, 84.

early, of a campaign, 89.

effects of cold and of warm weather, 91.

elongation, 17, 59, 90.

engineers on, See Engineers, 340.

forced, 89, 90.

habit of early starting, 86, 341.

halts during, 89, 343, 377.

infantry in long columns of artillery or wagons, 83, 99, 110, 339.

influence of terrain, 62.

in double column, 78, 79, 91,

95, 149, 339.

in peace time, 83.

initial point, 58, 59, 88,

89, 337, 338, 341.

interference of routes, 58, 59, 88, 89.

intermingling foot and mounted troops, 83, 86.

late arrivals in camp, 87.

length and speed of, 54, 89, 101,

165, 195, 337, 377.

night, See Night marches.

of a convoy, See Convoys.

of a division, 337.

orders, 39, 58, 59,

60, 83, 88, 89, 97, 337.

passage of defiles, 63, 85, 229,

300.

place of supreme commander, 85, 86, 337.

reconnaissance during, See Advance guard, Reconnaissance, etc.

regulation of, 60, 88.

selection of route, 90, 100, 337.

sanitary troops on, See Sanitary.

signal troops on, 340.

time of starting, 86, 88, 337, 338, 341.

Marginal distribution in orders, 40.

Marshes as obstacles, 176, 216, 232.

Mask, artillery, 113, 133.

Masked fire, See Artillery.

Masking the fire of a defensive position, 73, 75, 231,

234, 235, 251, 290, 299, 310.

Materiel, artillery, 109.

demolition by artillery fire, 109, 114, 126,

133, 135, 138, 141.

Meals for outposts, 175, 182, 184,

187, 192.

for patrols, 48.

Measuring and marking ranges, 216, 217, 230,

233, 246, 252, 253, 256, 257,

258, 259, 262, 270, 171.

Meeting engagements, See Rencontre.

Messages

by cavalry, 149.

by patrols, 45, 53,

codes for, 150.

during combat, 350.

examples of, 240, 246, 274,

316, 350, 357, 360.

form and verbiage of, 54.

negative, 55.

transmission of, 53, 54, 144,

149, 384, 388.

Mil, 109, 331, 332.

Military crest, 118, 298, 324.

Military policy of United States, 6.

MISSION

change of, 22, 91.

in defense, 217, 219.

in estimate of situation, 18, 21.

in position in readiness, 308.

in pursuit, 300.

in rencontre, 231, 295, 296.

of advance guard, 62, 63, 64,

147, 229, 296.

of artillery, 118, 120, 122,

123, 126, 128,

142, 227.

of cavalry, 60, 62, 64,

81, 85, 144,

146, 147, 148,

149, 164, 165,

234, 338.

of flank guard, 339.

of patrols, 47, 51, 52.

of sanitary troops, 318.

plan of action governed by, 27, 219, 229,

295, 308.

subordinates to be informed of, 41, 47.

Mixing tactical units in combat, 205.

Mobility and immobility of cavalry horses, 152, 155.

Mobility

as affected by supply, 362, 388, 389.

as affected by motor vehicles, 87, 387, 388, 389.

of heavy field artillery, 133.

of machine guns, 305.

of mountain artillery, 137, 138.

Modern theory of war, 5.

Motorcycles, 144, 150.

MOTOR VEHICLES, 387.

armored cars, 80, 98, 387, 388.

as adjunct to aero service, 382, 389.

as adjunct to rail transport, 387.

as affecting mobility, 87, 387, 388, 389.

as tenders for air craft, 382.

communication by, 144, 150, 388.

concentration of troops by, 87, 211, 387, 389.

convoys of, 83, 96.

distribution of orders by, 44.

economic size of, 388, 389.

employment in groups of same type, 96, 389, 390.

fatigue avoided by use of, 387, 388.

field kitchens, 388.

for escort of convoy, 98.

for overseas operations, 388.

for staff uses, 388.

for transport of artillery and machine guns, 136, 139, 305,

387, 389.

good roads for, 364, 387, 388.

in ambulance service, 389.

in messenger service, 144, 150, 384, 388.

in pursuit, 98, 301, 387.

in retreat, 71, 387.

in service of information, 47, 144, 150,

388, 389.

in supply, 83, 96, 364, 388.

interruption of movement, 387.

loading, dispatch, and unloading, 387.

on railroads, 389.

patrolling by, 45, 47, 389.

speed of, 90, 101, 377, 388.

training of personnel, 389.

trains of, 80, 83, 95,

96, 364, 365, 388.

Mountain artillery, See Artillery, 136.

Mountain ranges and deserts as obstacles, 277.

Mounted engineers, See Engineers.

Mounted orderlies, 46, 144, 222, 311.

on outpost, 172, 181, 190.

with advance guard, 56, 61.

Mounted point, 61, 99.

Mounted reserve, cavalry, 151, 154.

Movements across country, 90, 140.

by night, See Night Marches, 86, 87, 89,

125, 144, 168, 205, 277, 281,

289, 302.

during action, artillery, See Artillery.

in two columns, 29, 30, 31,

78, 79, 91,

95, 149, 339.

Mules, pack, See Pack trains.

maximum load, 136.

Mutual support by cross fire, 233, 250, 251,

252, 253, 254, 258, 263, 268,

269, 276, 325, 331.

Multiple lines of retreat, 230, 292.

N

Natural features of terrain, See Terrain.

Negative messages, 55.

News, good and bad in orders, 41, 246, 314.

Night and day positions of elements of an outpost, 187, 191, 193, 356.

NIGHT

distances at, 60.

marches and movements

assembly, 303.

by artillery, 125, 303.

by cavalry, 144, 168.

effect on efficiency of troops, 86, 87, 89.

guides for, 87, 302, 303.

in concentration, 87, 205.

in pursuit, 87, 205.

in retreat, 87, 205, 289.

in river line attack, 277, 281.

in withdrawal, 205, 289.

occasion for, 87, 205.

reconnaissance prior to, 302.

time required for, 89.

reconnaissance, See Night attacks and Outposts.

NIGHT ATTACKS, 263, 302, 317.

ammunition supply, 303.

animals and vehicles, 303.

artillery, 303.

badges and watchwords, 303.

by large forces, 303.

by small forces, 205, 302.

cavalry, 303.

close order and simple formations, 303.

counter attacks, 303.

defense against, 304.

depths of formation, 303.

engineers, 304.

false attacks and demonstrations, 304.

guides, 302, 303.

issue of orders, 304.

machine guns in, 304, 307.

of bridge heads, 304.

reconnaissance prior to, 302, 303.

rendezvous, 303.

reserves, 303.

simplicity of plan, 303.

time for, 170, 188, 304.

trains in, 303.

use of bayonets, 303.

Numerical designation of supports and outguards, 183.

O

Oblique fire, See Fire, enfilade.

Objectives of air raids, 384.

Observation and control of artillery fire, 115, 117, 122,

125, 131, 140, 383.

Observation, position in, See Artillery.

Observing stations

artillery, 111, 117, 119,

129, 130, 131, 135.

balloons and kites as, 381, 383.

battalion, 256, 271, 276.

for patrols, 51.

for supreme commander, 131, 225, 226, 228.

hostile, 262.

in combat, 131, 212, 225,

226, 255, 256,

258, 271, 276.

outpost, 186, 192.

portable, 381.

regimental, 255.

trees as, 117.

OBSTACLES

air craft surmount, 386.

as security for flanks, 176, 178, 207,

212, 259, 311.

between flank guard and main body, 79, 81, 82.

between main and holding attacks, 345.

classification of, 216, 217.

concealment of, 259, 262, 265.

construction of, 173, 176, 234,

246, 253, 256,

258, 259, 267, 304.

covering with fire, 217, 256.

demolition of, 58, 252, 259.

distance from firing line, 217, 259, 265.

effect on formations of attack, 216, 217,

277, 345.

fences as, 156, 217.

field of fire as, 212, 217.

forms of, 216, 217.

in delaying action, 74.

in night attack, 304.

in position in readiness, 310, 311.

influence on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230,

232, 299, 310.

influence on density of firing line, 233.

natural, 176, 216, 252, 277, 345, 386.

on flank, 176, 178, 207, 212, 259, 311.

on the march, 58, 62, 64, 100, 103.

outpost, 171, 173, 176, 180, 182, 190, 193.

removal of, 58, 98, 224, 228, 252, 256, 258, 269, 271,

272, 273, 275, 283.

repair of, 265.

streams as, 29, 176, 217,

275, 277.

swamps as, 176, 216, 232.

to be covered by fire, 217, 256.

to cavalry, 156, 167, 217.

trees as, 252, 253, 256,

258, 269, 275.

wire entanglements, 217, 259,

261, 265.

Occupation of a defensive position, See Defensive position.

Offensive tactics, See Aggressive tactics.

Offensive tactics in defense,

See Counter attack, Defense, Delaying action, etc.

Offsets, re-entrants and salients in a defensive line, 231, 251, 260.

Operations, surgical, at dressing stations, 320.

against hostile flanks by cavalry, See Cavalry.

ORDERS, 37.

a, b, c, and x, y, z, paragraphs, 39.

abbreviations, 41.

advance guard, 58, 59, 60.

amount of information in, 41, 337.

assembly, 43, 59, 89.

brevity in, 38, 242.

circulation or distribution of, 40, 43, 44,

220, 228, 293, 350, 388.

combat, 39, 40, 205,

208, 210, 211,

220, 225, 332,

346, 350.

combined, 38, 39, 42, 220.

consonance with decision, 44.

contingencies in, 41, 42, 314, 317.

copies to superior commanders, 40.

countermanding of, 42, 317.

data in, 58.

description of localities in, 41, 223.

detail in, 25, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47,

108, 142, 143, 145.

development, 346.

dictated, 42, 43.

division of responsibility with subordinates, 42.

examples of

advance guard, of a small force, verbal, 65.

one brigade, reinforced, 67.

assembly, advance guard of a division, 66.

attack by a division, 351.