Index

Acer negundo, (45)

— platanoides, (44), (123)

— polymorphum, (122)

— pseudoplatanus, (44)

— rubrum, (120), (125)

— saccharinum, (38)

— saccharum, (37), (121)

Æsculus hippocastanum, (33), (120)

— rubicunda, (121)

Ailing tree, how to tell an, (153)

Air, influence of, (117)

Alternate branched trees, (31)

American beech, (68)

— elm, (47), (50), (119), (125), (126)

— larch, (29)

— linden, (95)

Annual rings, (186), (220)

Aphides or plant lice, (68), (152)

Apple rust, (22)

Arbor-vita and red cedar, description of, (19)

— (northern white cedar), (22)

Arsenate of lead, (138)

Ash, wood, (227)

— black, (35), (227)

— white, (35), (126)

Ash-leaf maple, (46)

Aspen, large-toothed, (54)

—, quaking, (54)

Austrian pine, (9), (11), (122)

Bald cypress, (30)

Balm of Gilead, (54)

Balsam, fir, (225)

—, poplar, (54)

Bark, (106)

Bark, how to prevent splitting when removing branches, (162)

— or trunk, trees told by their, (59)

Bass-wood, (98)

Bean, Indian, (104)

Beech, American, (68)

—, blue, or hornbeam, (59), (70)

—, copper, (120)

—, European, (69)

— tree, (59), (128), (231)

Beetle, elm leaf, (49), (141)

Betula alba, (68), (120)

— lutea, (68)

— lenta, (68)

— papyrifera, (66)

— populifolia, (64)

Bhotan pine, (6), (122)

Bigbud hickory, (87)

Birch, black, (66)

—, European white, (68), (120)

— fungus rot, (157)

—, gray, (64)

—, paper, (66)

—, sweet, (66)

— tree, (59)

—, white, (64)

—, yellow, (68)

Bitternut hickory, (87)

Black ash, (35), (227)

— birch, (66)

— locust, (100), (126)

— oak, (75)

— or sweet birch, (232)

— spruce, (15)

— walnut, (87), (230)

Blotches, leaf, (41)

Blue beech, or hornbeam, (59), (70), (128)

— spruce, (123)

Bolting limbs, (176)

Bordeaux mixture, (160), (175)

Borer, bronze-birch, (64)

—, hickory bark, (85), (151)

—, linden, (98)

—, locust, (100)

—, sugar maple, (37)

Boring insects, (22), (134)

Box-elder, (45)

Bracing limbs, various methods of, (176)

Bracket fungus, (154)

Branches, dead and broken, removal of, (162)

—, how to prevent bark splitting when removing, (162)

Broadleaf or “hardwoods,” (222), (226)

Bronze-birch borer, (64)

Brooklyn, N. Y., (242)

Broom hickory, (87)

Brown hickory, (87)

Brown-tail moth, (145)

Buckeye, (34)

Butternut, (83), (90)

Buttonball, (63)

Buttonwood, (63)

By-products of forests, utilization of, (198)

Cambium layer, (106), (109)

Camperdown elm, (50)

Care in selecting trees suitable for the soil, (210)

Carolina poplar, (51)

Carpinus caroliniana, (70), (128)

Castanea dentata, (80)

Catalpa speciosa, (102)

Caterpillars, (33), (74)

Caterpillars, leaf-eating, (95)

—, spraying for, (145)

Catkin, (66)

Cattle grazing in forests a source of injury, (196)

Cavities, fungous diseases attacking, (172)

— how caused, (170)

—, manner of filling, (172)

Cedar apple, (22)

—, white, (24)

Celtis occidentalis, (70)

Chamæcyparis thyoides, (24)

Character building and trees, (235)

Chestnut, (80), (227)

— and oaks, (71)

— disease, (158)

Chewing insects, (134)

Cherry, (231)

Child training in observation and precision, (237)

Chlorophyll, (109)

Civic lessons reflected in trees, (239)

Climbing trees, precautions, (167)

Clubs, tree, (242)

Coffee tree, (120)

Colorado blue spruce, (15)

Color of leaves, (109)

Common catalpa, (104)

— locust, (101)

Community life of trees, (182), (239)

Conifers or “softwoods,” (222), (224)

Coniferous trees, (122)

Copper beech, (120)

Cork elm, (95)

Cornus florida, (104), (122), (128)

Corrosive sublimate, (175)

Cottonwood, (51), (232)

Cottony-maple scale, (39)

Cratægus oxyacantha, (128)

Crown, (107)

Cucumber tree, (99)

Cypress, (225)

— and larch, description of, (25)

—, bald, (30)

— knees, (31), (117)

— obtuse leaf, Japanese, (123)

Dead and broken branches, removal of, (162)

Deciduous trees, (119)

Destroying injurious insects, methods of, (134)

— pupæ, (141)

Developing disease, moisture a factor in, (112)

Diaporthe parasitica, (82)

Diffuse-porous woods, (221), (230)

Disease, fungi as factors of, (155)

— moisture a factor in developing, (112)

Dogwood, flowering, (104), (122)

Douglas fir, (224)

Effect of heat on trees, (116)

Elkwood, (100)

Elm, (229)

—, American, (47), (50), (119), (126)

—, Camperdown, (50)

—, cork, (95)

—, English, (50)

— leaf beetle, (49), (141)

—, poplar, gingko and willow trees, told by their form, (46)

—, white, (50)

Enemies of trees, (239)

Enemy of trees, forest fires as an (241)

English elm, (50)

— hawthorn, (128)

— yew, (123)

European beech, (69)

— larch, (25), (122), (126)

— linden, (98), (119)

— weeping birch, (121)

— white birch, (68), (120)

Fall webworm, (148)

Fagus, (128)

— americana, (68)

— sylvatica, (69), (120)

Fern, maidenhair, (55)

Fighting forest fires, various ways of, (194)

Filling cavities, manner of, (172)

Fire, guarding woodlands from, (193), (213), (215)

Flowering dogwood, (104), (122)

Foliage, spraying, (141)

Forest fires as an enemy of trees, (241)

— —, various ways of fighting, (194)

— lands, exemption from taxation, (216)

—, life and nature of, (182)

— trees, pruning, (166)

Forestry in various countries, (198)

—, what it is and what it does, (179)

Forests, grazing cattle in, a source of injury, (196)

Forest Service, U. S., (200)

—, harvesting, (196)

—, harvesting of, to increase production, (180)

—, how established, (190)

—, how harvested, (197)

—, how protected, (193)

—, how they help to regulate streams and prevent floods, (187)

—, method of establishing, (191)

—, planting, with seedling trees, (189)

— prevent soil erosion, (187)

—, protecting from destructive agencies, (193)

—, safeguarding, (179)

—, utilization of by-products, (198)

Fraxinus americana, (35), (126)

— nigra, (35)

Frost, effect of, on trees, (116)

Fungi and insects, protection against, (196)

— as factors of disease, (155)

Fungous diseases attacking cavities, (172)

— diseases, spraying for, (160)

Fungus, fruiting body of, (156)

Gingko biloba, (55), (120), (124)

— or maidenhair tree, (55), (120)

Gipsy moth, (74), (143)

Gleditsia triacanthos, (102)

Gloeosporium nervisequum, (62)

Gray or white birch, (64)

Grazing effect on forests, (196)

Grove and lawn, study of soil conditions on, (239)

Gum, red or sweet, (95), (231)

Gymnocladus dioicus, (120)

Hackberry tree, (59), (70)

Hackmatack, (29)

Hard maple, (38)

— pines, (224)

“Hardwoods,” or broadleaf trees, (226)

Hardy catalpa, (102)

Harvesting forests, (196)

Harvesting of forests to increase production, (180)

Hawthorn, English, (128)

Healthy tree, conditions which indicate, (153)

Heartwood, (106), (219)

Heat, effect of, on trees, (116)

Hemlock, (17), (128), (225)

— and spruce, description of, (11)

Hickory, (229)

— bark borer, (85), (151)

—, bigbud, (87)

—, bitternut, (87)

—, broom, (87)

—, brown, (87)

—, mockernut, (44), (86)

—, pignut, (87)

—, shagbark, (83)

—, shellbark, (85)

—, whiteheart, (87)

Hicoria alba, (86)

— glabra, (87)

— minima, (87)

— ovata, (83)

Honey locust, (102)

Hop hornbeam, (70)

Hornbeam, (blue beech), (70)

Horsechestnut, (33), (120)

—, red, (34), (121)

Humus, (113), (207)

Hydrophytes, (111)

Important insects, (141)

Improperly pruned trees, (161)

Indian bean, (104)

Individuality of trees, (1), (182), (239)

Insects and fungi, protection against, (196)

—, boring, (22), (134)

—, chewing, (134)

— galls, (71)

—, important kinds of, (141)

— injurious to trees, (134)

—, leaf-eating, (49)

—, methods of destroying injurious, (134)

—, nature, habits and influences of, (239)

—, sucking, (134)

—, the four stages, or life history of, (140)

Ironwood tree, (59), (70)

Italian or Lombardy poplar, (51), (128)

Japanese maple, (122)

— umbrella pine, (123)

Juglans cinerea, (90)

— nigra, (87)

Juniper, (22)

Juniperus communis, (22)

Juniperus virginiana, (19)

Kerosene emulsion, (139)

Knees, cypress, (31)

Larch, American, (29)

— and cypress, description of, (25)

— European, (25), (122), (126)

Large-toothed aspen, (54)

Larix europaea, (26), (122), (126)

Lawn and grove, study of soil conditions on, (239)

Lawn trees, (119)

— —, pruning, (166)

Leaf blotches, (41)

Leaf-eating caterpillars, (95)

——, insect, (49)

Leaves, (107)

—, needle-shaped, (19)

—, scale-like, (19)

—, star-shaped, (93)

Lenticels, (64), (117)

Leopard moth, (39), (49), (149)

Lesson on trees, outdoor, (234)

Light, influence of, on trees, (114)

Limbs, various methods of bracing, (176)

Lime-sulphur wash, (139)

Lime-tree, (98)

Linden, American, (95)

— borer, (98)

—, European, (99), (119)

Liquidambar styraciflua, (93)

Liriodendron, tulipifers, (90), (126), (231)

Location of trees, care to be exercised in, (130)

Locust, (101), (228)

—, black, (100), (126)

— borer, (100)

—, common, (101)

—, honey, (102)

— miner, (100)

—, yellow, (101)

Lombardy or Italian poplar, (51), (128)

Low juniper, (22)

Magnolia acuminata, (99)

—, mountain, (99)

— soulangeana, (121)

—, Soulange’s, (121)

— tripetala, (100)

Magnolias, the, (99)

Maiden-hair fern, (55)

— or gingko tree, (55), (120)

Maple wood, (231)

—, ash-leaf, (46)

—, hard, (38)

—, Japanese, (122)

—, Norway, (44), (123)

— phenacoccus, (37)

—, red, (120), (125)

—, rock, (38)

—, silver, (38)

—, soft, (40)

— sugar, (37), (121)

— swamp, (43)

—, sycamore, (44)

—, white, (40)

Mesophytes, (111)

Method of covering wounds, (164)

Methods of destroying injurious insects, (134)

Mockernut hickory, (44), (86)

Moisture a factor in developing disease, (112)

—, influence of, on trees, (110)

Moral influence of trees, (237)

Morus alba, (105)

— rubra, (105)

Moth, gipsy, (74)

—, leopard, (39), (49)

Mountain magnolia, (99)

Mugho pine, (123)

Mulberry, red, (105)

—, white, (105)

National forests, (200)

Needle-shaped leaves, (19)

Nettle tree, (71)

Newark, N. J., (242)

Northern white cedar (arbor-vitae), (22)

Norway maple, (44), (123)

— spruce, (13)

Nursery, tree, (132)

Oak, (226)

—, black, (75)

—, pin, (79), (119), (125)

—, red, (76), (124), (126)

—, scarlet, (76)

—, swamp white, (74)

—, white, (72)

—, yellow, (76)

Oaks and chestnut, (71)

Observations about trees, general, (235)

— and precision, child training in, (237)

Obtuse Japanese cypress, (123)

Opposite branched trees, (31)

Orange, Osage, (105), (128)

Oriental spruce, (122)

— sycamore, (63), (123)

Osage orange, (105), (128)

Ostrya virginiana, (70)

Outdoor lesson on trees, (234)

Oyster-shell scale, (53)

Paper birch, (66)

Picea canadensis, (15)

— excelsa, (13)

— mariana, (15)

— orientalis, (122)

— parryana, (15)

— pungens, (15), (123)

Pignut hickory, (87)

Pin oak, (79), (119), (125)

Pine, Austrian, (9), (11), (122)

—, Bhotan, (6), (122)

—, Mugho, (123)

—, red, (11), (126)

—, Scotch, (9), (11)

— trees, (1)

— weevil, white, (4)

—, white, (122), (126)

Pines, (224)

Pinus Austriaca, (9)

— excelsa, (6)

— mughus, (123)

— resinosa, (11), (126)

— rigida, (6)

— strobus, (4), (122), (126)

— sylvestris, (9)

Pitch pine, (6)

Pith, (106)

Plane or sycamore tree, (60)

Plant lice, or aphides, (68), (152)

— study, value of, for children, (235)

— trees, how to, (130)

Planting forests, (179)

— forests with seedling trees, (189)

— little trees, methods of, (211)

—, improving woodland by, (207)

— new trees, (207)

— trees, (128), (130)

— — most economical method, (211)

— — on land unsuitable for crops, (207)

Plants, adaptation of, to seasonal changes, (238)

Platanus occidentalis, (60)

— orientalis, (63), (123)

Polyporus betulinus, (157)

Poplar, balsam, (54)

—, Carolina, (51)

—, Lombardy or Italian, (51)

—, silver, (53)

—, tulip, (92)

—, white, (53)

—, yellow, (92), (231)

Populus alba, (53)

— balsamifera, (54)

— deltoides, (51)

— grandidentata, (54)

— nigra, (51), (128)

— tremuloides, (54)

Pores in wood, (227)

— small or indistinct, (230)

— varying in size, (230)

Poster for private woodlands, (215)

Precautions against fire, (214)

Protection against fungi and insects, (196)

Pruning forest trees, (166)

— lawn trees, (166)

— shade trees, (166)

—, tools used in, (166)

—, too severe, (163)

— trees, fundamental principles, (160)

— —, time for, (162)

Pussy willow, (59)

Quaking aspen, (54)

Quality of trees, how to judge, (129)

Quality of wood, how to judge, (233)

Quercus alba, (72)

— palustris, (79), (119), (125)

— platanoides, (74)

— rubra, (76), (124), (126)

— velutina, (75)

Red cedar, (225)

— — and arbor-vitae, description of, (19)

— gum, (95), (231)

— horsechestnut, (34)

— juniper, (22)

— maple, (41), (120), (125)

— mulberry, (105)

— oak, (76), (124), (126)

— pine, (11), (126)

— or black oaks, (226)

— or sweet gum, (231)

Red spider, (13)

Redwood, (226)

Removal of dead and broken branches, (162)

— of trees, how to mark, (212)

Requirements of trees, (110)

Retinospora obtusa, (123)

Rhytisma acerinum, (41)

Ring-porous woods, (221), (226)

Robinia pseudacacia, (100), (126)

Rock maple, (38)

Roots, (110)

—, development of, (110)

—, protection of, from drying, (130)

Rust, apple, (22)

Safeguarding forests, (179)

Salix babylonica, (58)

Salix discolor, (59)

Saperda vestita, (98)

Sapwood, (106)

Sawfly, (27)

Scale, cottony-maple, (39)

—, oyster-shell, (53)

Scale-like leaves, (19)

Scarlet oak, (76)

Sciadopitys verticillata, (123)

Scolytus quadrispinosus, (85)

Scotch pine, (9), (11)

Screening trees, (128)

Season, influence of, (116)

Seasons for spraying trees, (137)

Seedling trees, planting forests with, (189)

Shade trees, pruning, (166)

Shagbark hickory, (83)

Shellbark hickory, (85)

Silver maple, (38)

— poplar, (53)

Soft maple, (40)

— pines, (224)

“Softwoods” or conifers, (224)

Soil erosion, forests prevent, (187)

—, influence of, on trees, (112)

— of wooded areas, preserving, (206)

—, physical character of, important for production of trees, (114)

Soulange’s magnolia, (121)

Specifications for street tree, (131)

Specimens of wood, how to identify, (222)

Split trees, (176)

Spray trees, how to, (138)

Spraying apparatus, (138)

— foliage, (141)

— for caterpillars, (145)

— for fungous diseases, (160)

— material, (138) arsenate of lead, (138) kerosene emulsion, (139) lime-sulfur wash, (139) tobacco water, (139) whale-oil soap, (139)

— trees, seasons for, (137)

— trees, thoroughness essential, (138)

Spruce and hemlock, description of, (11)

—, black, (15)

—, blue, (123)

—, Oriental, (122)

—, Norway, (13)

—, white, (15)

Spruces, (224)

Star-shaped leaves, (93)

Stem, (106)

Stomata, (117)

Streets, trees for, (123)

Structure of trees, (106)

— of woods, (217)

Sucking insects, (4), (134)

Sugarberry, (71)

Sugar maple, (37), (121)

— maple borer, (37)

Suggestions for forming tree clubs, (242)

— for outdoor study of trees, (234)

— for planting little trees, (211)

— for safety of tree climbers, (167)

— for tree nursery, (132)

Surface wounds, (168)

Swamp maple, (43)

— white oak, (74)

Sweet birch, (66)

— gum, (93), (231)

Sycamore, (230)

— maple, (44)

— tree, (59), (60), (123), (230)

Tamarack, (29), (225)

Taxation, forest lands exempt from, (216)

Taxodium distichum, (30)

Taxus baccata, (123)

Thuja occidentalis, (22)

Tilia americana, (95)

— microphylla, (119)

Tobacco water, (139)

Tools used in pruning, (166)

Toxylon pomiferum, (105), (128)

Training a child to recognize trees, (237)

— children in observation and precision, (237)

Trametes pini, (27)

Treating surface wounds, (168)

Tree, ailing, how to tell an, (153)

— and nature study, value of, (235)

—, beech, (59), (128), (231)

—, birch, (59)

—, blue beech, (59)

— climbers, suggestions for safety of, (167)

— clubs, suggestions for forming, (242)

—, coffee, (120)

— diseases, (153)

— diseases, effects of, as destroyers and up-builders, (239)

— growth, conditions for, in different localities, (119)

—, hackberry, (59)

—, iron wood, (59)

—, nettle, (71)

— nursery, suggestions for, (132)

—, plane, (60)

— repair, (168)

—, sycamore, (59), (230)

—, tulip, (126), (231)

—, weeping willow, (46), (59)

Trees and character building, (235)

—, care of, (134)

—, care to be exercised in location of, (130)

—, civic lessons reflected in, (239)

—, community life of, (239)

—, coniferous, (122)

—, crowding, (203)

—, deciduous, (119)

—, effect of frost on, (116)

—, effect of heat on, (116)

—, enemies of, (239)

— for lawns, (119)

— for screening, (128)

— for streets, (123)

— for woodland, (126)

—, general observations about, (235)

—, hickories, walnut, and butternut, (83)

—, how to identify, (1), (25), (83)

—, how to mark for removal, (212)

—, how to plant, (130)

—, how to spray, (138)

—, improperly pruned, (161)

—, individuality of (1), (182), (239)

—, influence of light on, (114)

—, influence of moisture on, (110)

—, influence of soil on, (112)

—, insects injurious to, (134)

—, measuring diameter of, (183)

—, methods of planting little, (211)

—, methods of removing, (212)

—, nature and habits of individual, (185)

—, needs that nature or man must supply, (117)

—, outdoor lesson on, (234)

—, physical character of soil important for production of, (114)

—, planting, on land unsuitable for crops, (207)

—, pruning, fundamental principles, (160)

—, —, how to cut properly, (162)

—, quality, (129)

—, rapidity of growth of different species, (186)

—, requirements of, (110)

—, seasons for spraying, (137)

—, setting, (130)

—, structure of, (106)

—, study of rings of various species, (186)

—, suggestions for outdoor study of, (234)

—, suggestions, for planting little, (211)

— suitable for the soil, care in selecting, (210)

—, tendency to split, (176)

—, thoroughness essential in spraying, (138)

—, time for pruning, (162)

— told by their bark or trunk, (59)

—, training a child to recognize, (237)

—, value of, as health givers and moral uplifters, (237)

—, what to plant and how, (119)

—, when and how to procure, (129)

—, when to plant, (129)

—, when to spray, (137)

—, wooded areas improved by planting new, (207)

—, yew, (57)

Tsuga canadensis, (17), (128)

Tulip poplar, (92)

— tree, (90), (126), (231)

Tussock moth, (143)

Ulmus americana, (47), (119), (125), (126)

— campestris, (50)

Umbrella pine, Japanese, (123)

— tree, (100)

Value of plant study for children, (235)

— of tree and nature study, (235)

— of trees as health givers and moral uplifters, (237)

Walnut, (83)

—, black, (87)

Wasteful lumbering, (193)

Weeping willow tree, (46), (59)

Western catalpa, (104)

Whale-oil soap, (139)

White ash, (35), (126), (227)

— birch, European, (68), (120)

— cedar, (24)

— elm, (50)

— flowering dogwood, (104)

Whiteheart hickory, (87)

White maple, (40)

— mulberry, (105)

— oak, (72)

— oak, swamp, (74)

— or gray birch, (64)

— pine, (4), (122), (126)

— pine weevil, (4)

— poplar, (53)

— spruce, (15)

Whitewood, (92), (98), (231)

Willow, weeping, (58)

—, pussy, (59)

Wood, diffuse-porous, (221), (233)

—, diseased, disposal of, (212)

—, early, (220)

— fibers, (222)

—, how to identify specimens, (222)

—, how to judge quality of, (233)

—, late, (220)

— medullary rays, (220)

— parenchyma, (222)

— resin ducts, (222)

—, ring-porous, (221)

— spring, (220)

—, structure, of, (217)

— summer, (220)

Woodland, care of the, (203)

— how to improve by removing trees, (211)

— how to judge, unfavorable conditions, (203)

— trees, (126)

Woodlands, other means of protecting, (216)

Woodlot, small cost of well-selected young trees for the, (208)

Wood, structure of, (217)

Wooded areas improved by planting new trees, (207)

— areas, preserving soil of, (206)

Woods, identification, properties and uses of common, (217)

—, ring-porous, (221), (226)

— with large and conspicuous rays, (226)

— with pores, (226)

— with resin ducts, (224)

— with small and inconspicuous rays, (227)

— without pores, (224)

— without resin ducts, (225)

Wounds, importance of covering, (164)

—, methods of covering, (164)

—, treating surface, (168)

Xerophytes, (111)

Yellow birch, (68)

— locust, (101)

— oak, (76)

— poplar, (92), (231)

Yew, English, (123)

Yew trees, (57)

Young trees for the woodlot, small cost of well-selected, (208)