INDEX

Abolitionists, in America, i. 414.

Aborigines, in Australia, i. 549.

Achaean League, i. 204.

Adoption, by Indian princes, i. 37; in Indian law, i. 124; by Roman emperors, ii. 482.

Adultery, a crime in Indian Penal Code, i. 126; in Roman law, ii. 403.

Aeschylus, quoted, i. 167.

Afghanistan, i. 20.

Agricola, i. 15; ii. 405.

Alabama case, i. 416.

Alarich II, laws of, ii. 356, 483.

Algeria, i. 293.

Alsace, annexation of, i. 305.

Althing, or general assembly, in Iceland, i. 322-332, 347, 354.

Althusius, on sovereignty, ii. 85.

Amendment of constitution, i. 151, 205-217; in Australia, i. 523-525.

America. See United States.

American Commonwealth, referred to, i. 201, 211, 377; ii. 41.

Analytic school of jurisprudence, ii. 178-184.

Anarchism, ii. 28, 170.

Areopagus, i. 92.

Argentina, constitution of, i. 212, 253.

Aristocracy and flexible constitutions, i. 178-185.

Aristotle, i. 155, 430; ii. 2, 125, 317, 484.

Armenia, i. 20.

528Army of Rome and India, i. 17, 18, 45.

Asiatic peoples, ii. 16-18.

Augustus, ii. 26, 61, 67, 68, 257, 289, 404, 405.

Austin criticized, ii. 89-97, 127, 180-184.

Australia: constitution of the Commonwealth, i. 468-553; movement for federation, 471-482; conditions favouring federation, 483-489; character of federation, 489-491; distribution of powers between Commonwealth and States, 491-494; position of States under constitution, 494-498; differences from United States and Canada, 498-501; few restrictions on powers of Commonwealth, 501-504; the legislature, 504-507; the executive, 508; the judiciary, 508-512; dependence of executive upon legislature, 513-516; provisions against deadlocks, 516-518; relations of the two Houses, 518-521; miscellaneous provisions, 521-523; amendment of constitution, 523-525; relations of Commonwealth to British crown, 525, 526; comparison with United States and Canada, 527-530; general observations, 531-535; democratic character, 535-539; political parties, 539-541; future political issues, 542-546; possible entrance of new States, 547-551; 529future relations to Britain, 551-553.

Austro-Hungary, constitution of, i. 203, 284, 470; ii. 91, 92; divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Bacon, i. 261; ii. 96, 480.

Baker, Newton D., ii. 446.

Banns, publication of, ii. 417.

Basilica, of Leo, ii. 341, 378.

Belgium, divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Bentham, criticized, ii. 3, 44-48, 88-97, 127, 179-184.

Bernier, on Mogul empire, i. 10.

Betrothal, in Roman law, ii. 393.

Beyrut, law school of, ii. 264, 320.

Bills, in House of Commons, ii. 325, 499.

Bishops, in Iceland, i. 327.

Bismarck, ii. 25.

Blackstone, i. 118; ii. 77, 166, 181, 265, 427, 430, 491.

Blood feuds, i. 321; ii. 212.

Bodin, on sovereignty, ii. 84, 85.

Bologna, law school of, i. 105; ii. 219, 231.

Bosnia, ii. 102.

Boss system in America, i. 417; ii. 30.

Bowen, Lord, ii. 199, 266.

Bracton, ii. 261, 332.

Brand, President, i. 463.

Breach of promise, action for, ii. 394.

Brehon law, i. 111; ii. 188.

Bulgaria, constitution of, i. 210, 211; ii. 102.

Cabinet government, in England, i. 177; under the Australian constitution, i. 513-516.

Cairns, Lord, ii. 199, 266.

Cairo, university of, ii. 219-231.

Calhoun, i. 395; ii. 105.

Canada, constitution, i. 197, 198, 203; 530compared with Australian, i. 470, 478, 488, 492, 495, 497, 498-501, 527-530; law of divorce, ii. 443.

Canning, Lord, i. 37.

Canon Law, growth of, i. 105, 106; ii. 245; regulation of marriage and divorce by, ii. 414, 416-420, 433-435.

Cape Colony, i. 432.

Capital, of United States, i. 406; of Australian Commonwealth, i. 523.

Caracalla, edict of, i. 48, 99; ii. 147, 354.

Case law, compared with praetorian edict, ii. 281-293.

Caste, i. 68.

Catullus, i. 27, 53; ii. 393.

Caucus, the, i. 177.

Celibacy, discouragement of, at Rome, ii. 401, 409; of clergy, ii. 414.

Centripetal and centrifugal forces, their action on political constitutions, i. 255-311; interest and sympathy, 263-265; race and religion, 265-267; how constitutions may utilize centripetal forces, 271-281; and how modify centrifugal forces, 281-295; illustrations from United States, 295-298; probable results in the future, 300-311; effect of conquest and family succession, 303-307.

Chancellor, the Lord, as builder of equity, ii. 164-166; as law-maker, ii. 271, 279-281.

Character, of conquering races, i. 59-61.

Chartism, i. 175, 238.

Chastisement of wife by husband, ii. 426.

Christianity, unifying influence of, i. 3; persecution of, i. 53; in India, i. 69; introduction into Iceland, i. 350, 351; 531as affecting growth of law, ii. 242-246, 352; influence on Roman law of divorce, ii. 406-409.

Church, identified with State, ii. 240.

Cicero, against Verres, i. 27, 89, 94; ii. 275; on the Law of Nature, ii. 133-138, 173; on the Twelve Tables, ii. 347, 494; divorced his wife, ii. 404.

Citizenship under Roman empire, i. 48, 90.

Clarendon, Constitutions of, ii. 360.

Claudian, quoted, i. 75.

Claudius, Emperor, ii. 411.

Climate, effect of, on Roman and Indian empires, i. 63, 64.

Clive, i. 9, 13, 28, 60.

Codicilli, ii. 289.

Codification, of Roman law, i. 104; of French law, i. 107, 388; ii. 376; of German law, i. 108; ii. 377, 479; of Indian law, i. 121-133; of Icelandic law, i. 341-343.

Coemptio, Roman marriage by, ii. 388-390.

Coke, Lord, ii. 199, 260.

Collectivism, i. 309.

Colonies, of England, i. 4.

Colour of Race, effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 64-67, 291-294.

Comitia, ii. 297-303.

Commands, laws as, i. 334; ii. 3, 44-48, 194.

Committee stage, in English legislation, ii. 328.

Commonwealth. See Australia.

Comparative method of jurisprudence, ii. 170, 186-190.

Concubinage, ii. 413.

Confarreatio, Roman marriage by, ii. 388-390.

532Congress, as a legislative body, ii. 323-326.

Conquest, formation of empire by, i. 8-16; extension of Roman law by, i. 88; ii. 78; effect of, as a centripetal force, i. 303-307.

Consistorium, ii. 314.

Consolidation: of law in India, i. 131; of law in America, ii. 326; of English law, ii. 331, 499.

Constantinople, law school of, ii. 264, 320.

Constituta, of Roman emperors, i. 99; ii. 311.

Constitutions: of Rome and England, i. 145-150; proposed new classification, 150-159; origin of flexible, 159-162; strength and weakness of flexible, 162-178; aristocracies, 178-185; influence on the mind of a nation, 185-193; capacity for territorial expansion, 193-196; origin of rigid, 196-205; enactment and amendment of rigid, 205-217; definiteness of rigid, 217-221; stability of rigid, 221-228; interpretation of rigid, 228-234; democracies, 234-242; future of flexible and rigid, 242-249; possibility of new types, 249-252; classes of governments, 253, 254.

Contract code, in India, i. 128-130.

Contractualists, the, ii. 1-5, 163.

Convention, for amendment of constitution, i. 211, 213, 216, 476.

Cousins, intermarriage of, ii. 411.

Criminal law, i. 92; ii. 334.

Croatia, i. 268.

Cromwell, Oliver, i. 8, 200; ii. 60, 68.

533Crown colonies, i. 5.

Custom: source of Icelandic law, i. 334-337; of law generally, ii. 211, 251, 268, 334.

Customs duties, in Australian constitution, i. 522.

Dacoity, i. 25.

Dante, i. 379; quoted, ii. 80, 158, 310.

Dartmouth college case, i. 496.

Darwin, i. 366; ii. 150.

Deadlocks, provisions against, in Australian constitution, i. 516-521.

Deceased wife’s sister, marriage with, under Roman law, ii. 412.

Decemviral legislation, at Rome, ii. 341.

Declaration of Independence, ii. 35, 139, 163.

Deference, as ground of political obedience, ii. 9, 14.

Delegations, in Austro-Hungary, ii. 92.

Democracy and rigid constitutions, i. 234-242.

Democratic character of Australian constitution, i. 535-539.

Demosthenes, quoted, ii. 126, 158.

Denmark, acquisition of Iceland by, i. 357; constitution of, ii. 61, 63; divorce in, ii. 450.

Dicey, Prof. E., i. 157; ii. 267, 506.

Dictator, i. 170; ii. 55.

Diet, of empire, i. 323, 355, 376.

Diocletian, ii. 319, 342, 352.

Divorce: in Ireland, ii. 370, 382, 438; in Scotland, 382, 435-438; in Roman law, 402-406; influence of Christianity on Roman law, 406-408; under canon law, 433-435; later law in England and Scotland, 435-438; 534laws in United States, 439-443; American statistics, 443-449; in modern European countries, 450-453; connexion with conjugal infidelity, 461-463; does English law need amendment? 465-469.

Donatio propter nuptias, ii. 398, 407, 432.

Dos, in Roman law, ii. 397, 406, 432.

Dower, ii. 420, 427, 432.

Drayton, quoted, ii. 150.

Droit Naturel, ii. 169, 173-178.

Duck, Arthur, ii. 160, 477.

Dutch law, in South Africa, i. 86, 109, 439.

Dutch republics, in South Africa, i. 430-467.

Ecclesia, of Greek cities, i. 183; ii. 297.

Ecclesiastical courts, ii. 420, 421, 435.

Edict of the praetor, i. 91, 92; ii. 275, 282-285, 291.

Edictum perpetuum, ii. 288.

Education, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 57, 73.

Edward I, legislation of, ii. 360.

Egypt, political position of, i. 35, 70, 102, 267, 282; ii. 61, 103.

El Azhar, mosque and university, ii. 219-231.

Elegance, in Roman law, ii. 198, 495.

Emancipation of women, ii. 401, 458-460, 470.

Empedocles, quoted, ii. 126.

Emperor: as sovereign in middle ages, ii. 80; as source of law at Rome, ii. 308-321.

England: Roman empire compared with British empire in India, i. 1-84; extension of English law throughout the world, i. 85-144; 535the constitution, i. 145-147, 152, 155-158, 165, 168, 171, 172, 174, 183, 191, 192, 194, 206, 230, 244-249, 272; sovereignty of Parliament, ii. 57, 61, 68, 90, 109; conception of equity as affected by law of nature, ii. 164-167; analytic school of jurisprudence, ii. 178-184; want of elegance in English law, ii. 199; legal writers as sources of law, ii. 260-269; judges as sources of law, ii. 270-272, 278-281; case law, ii. 281-291; legislation by Parliament, ii. 321-331; five epochs of legal change, ii. 343; outline of progress of legal changes, ii. 358-366; comparison with Roman law, ii. 367-375; private law least affected, ii. 377-380; law of marriage, ii. 419-424; property relations of consorts, 424-427; gradual amendment of law, 423-427, 468, 499; law of divorce, 433-438; does law of divorce need amendment? 465-469.

English language in India, i. 74.

Ennius, quoted, ii. 181.

Epicurus, ii. 127.

Equality theory of marriage, ii. 431-433, 470.

Equity, in Roman law, ii. 143; in English law, ii. 164; in Indian law, ii. 166; as amending law of wife’s property, ii. 427, 428.

Erastianism, ii. 210.

Eurasians, in India, i. 66, 69, 136.

Euripides, quoted, ii. 384.

European influence over rest of world, i. 1.

Evidence Code, in India, i. 128.

536Executive, the: at Rome, i. 191, 192; in Australian constitution, i. 508, 513.

Executive Council, the: in the Orange Free State, i. 438, 457, 459, 464; in the South African Republic, i. 445, 457, 459.

Family, its influence on Roman law, ii. 367; as religious organism, ii. 211.

Family succession: effect of, as a centripetal force, i. 303-307.

Fathers of the Church, ii. 244, 484.

Fathers of the Republic, i. 365, 381.

Fear, as ground of political obedience, ii. 1-5, 12-14, 20.

Federal courts: in the United States, i. 399, 419, 420; in Australia, i. 508-512.

Federalist, The, i. 360, 366-374.

Federation: types of, i. 469, 470, 489-492; sovereignty in, ii. 104-108; of British empire, i. 245-249, 553.

Fetwa, ii. 241.

Finance: in Roman and Indian empires, i. 37-42; in Australian constitution, i. 478, 522.

Finland, autonomy of, i. 288.

Flag, the, in the United States, i. 298, 418.

Flexible and rigid constitutions, i. 145-252; is the Transvaal constitution flexible? i. 449-451.

Folk Mot, i. 161, 162, 316, 353, 434; ii. 297.

Formulae, ii. 334.

France: constitution of the republic, i. 152, 202; legal history, ii. 375-377; divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Franks, the, ii. 22.

537Free State. See Orange Free State.

Free Trade, ii. 26.

French law, codification of, i. 107.

French Republic, constitution of, i. 152, 214.

Frontiers, of Roman and Indian empires, i. 14-20.

Fundamental statutes, i. 206.

Fusion: of races in Roman empire, i. 62, 74; of Roman and provincial law, i. 96-98.

Future life, belief in, ii. 459.

Fylki, in Norway, i. 353.

Gaius, ii. 142, 145, 153, 260, 264, 296, 304, 354, 390, 392, 512.

Gardiner, S. R., i. 200.

Gens, meaning of, ii. 131.

Gentili, Alberico, ii. 167, 507.

German empire, constitution of, i. 196, 204, 215, 470; divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

German law, codification of, i. 108; history of, ii. 375-377.

Ghosts, legal ejectment of, in Iceland, i. 345, 346.

Gierke, Prof. Otto, ii. 85, 159.

Gilman, President, i. 382.

Glanvill, ii. 261, 332.

Goethe, quoted, ii. 160.

Goði, or priest-chieftain, in Iceland, i. 317-322, 325, 326, 332, 344, 352-354.

Gortyn, laws of, i. 89.

Grace, opposed to law, ii. 209.

Graduation, at El Azhar, ii. 225.

Grammar, in Musulman university, ii. 224, 225.

Gratian, ii. 157.

Greece, constitution of, i. 209.

Greek Civilization, spread of, in ancient world, i. 2.

Greek law, i. 89, 102; ii. 145, 202.

Greenland, colonized from Iceland, i. 333.

538Grondwet, the: of the South African Republic, i. 442-447; was it a rigid constitution? i. 449-455.

Grotius, ii. 167, 168.

Group, defined, i. 257; parliamentary, i. 541.

Growth, phenomena of, ii. 114.

Grueber, Dr. E., ii. 506.

Gunnlaug’s Saga, i. 348, 349.

Habit, as governing action, ii. 14, 45, 65.

Haiti, constitution of, i. 211.

Hamilton, Alexander, chief writer in The Federalist, i. 360, 365, 366, 369-381, 427; ii. 105.

Hand power, in Roman marriage law, ii. 387-391.

Hannen, Lord, ii. 465.

Harrison, Frederic, on Austin, ii. 111.

Harvard University, ii. 230.

Hastings, Warren, i. 29, 77, 459.

Hatts, promulgated by the Sultan, ii. 253.

Hawaiian Islands, i. 2, 292, 417.

Hegel, ii. 108, 177.

Henry II, influence on English law, ii. 358-360.

Heraclitus, ii. 124.

Herodotus, ii. 120.

High Court: in India, i. 46; in Australia, i. 508-512.

Hindu Law, administered in India, i. 113-119.

Hindustani language, i. 72.

Historical school of jurisprudence, ii. 184-186.

Hobbes, criticized, ii. 85-88, 106, 162.

Holland, constitution of, i. 210, 214; divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Holland, Dr., ii. 173.

Holmes, Chief Justice, ii. 192, 264.

Home Rule, for Ireland, i. 207.

539Homer, i. 160, 318; ii. 47, 124, 212, 521.

Homicide, penalty for, in Iceland, i. 321, 344.

Horace, i. 66; quoted, ii. 350.

House of Representatives, the: its position in the United States, i. 368, 371, 375, 377, 401, 421; in the Australian Commonwealth, i. 504-507, 514-521, 537.

Hungary, constitution of, i. 155.

Husband and wife, identity of, in English law, ii. 424, 425. See also Marriage.

Hustings, i. 316.

Iceland, i. 312-358; discovery and settlement, 312-316; beginnings of a polity, 316; the priest-chieftain, 317-320; first political constitution, 320-322; organization and powers of the Althing, 322-327; the speaker of the law, 327; Thingvellir, 329-332; character of the republic, 332, 333; character and growth of the law, 334-341; sources of our knowledge of the law, 341-343; illustrations of the law, 343-349; introduction of Christianity, 349-351; reflections on early history, 353-356; fall of the republic, 356; union with Denmark, 357; independence, i. 284; ii. 26.

Ihering, Rudolf von, ii. 186, 516.

Ilbert, Sir C. P., i. 29, 67, 86, 118; ii. 167, 322, 326.

Imperium, of praetor, ii. 277.

Inaugural lecture, ii. 475-503.

India: British conquest, i. 5-8; military character of empire, 13, 14; natural frontiers, 16-18; roads and railways, 21, 22; 540internal peace, 24, 25; character of administration, 28-34; protected states, 37; fiscal system, 37-42; native army, 45; native civil service, 46; private civil rights, 50; legislative councils, 51; religious usages, 56; education, 57; influence of climate, 63; influence of colour, 64-67; influence of religion, 67-69; influence of language and literature, 72-74; no fusion of races, 75; little influence on England, 76-78; probable future of British power, 82-84; legal systems found by the English, 113-116; English continued existing systems of law, 116-120; ii. 133; codification, i. 121-124; merits and working of the codes, 127-131; probable future of legal development, 138-141; as governed by Englishmen, ii. 16.

Indian tribes, in United States, i. 377, 408; ii. 16.

Individualism, ii. 36, 463.

Indolence, as ground of political obedience, ii. 6-9, 14.

International law: sovereignty in, ii. 101-104; natural law in, ii. 167-169.

Interpretation of rigid constitutions, i. 228-234.

Inter-state commission, i. 509.

Ireland, law of, i. 111; political forces in, i. 264, 285; little influence on English law, ii. 369; no divorce in, ii. 438.

Irish, in Iceland, i. 313, 316.

Irrigation, in Australia, i. 474, 478, 522, 545.

Isidore of Seville, ii. 157.

Islam, law of, i. 85, 87; administered in India, i. 113-119; 541characteristics of, ii. 218, 233-241.

Italy, constitution of, i. 155, 196, 202, 208.

Iudex, in Roman law, ii. 257.

Ius, contrasted with lex, i. 149; ii. 294.

Ius gentium, in Roman law, i. 97; ii. 128-135, 144-148, 348.

Ius honorarium, ii. 133.

Ius non scriptum, i. 148.

Ius respondendi, in Roman law, ii. 257-260.

Jackson, President, i. 395, 406, 411.

Japan, constitution of, i. 197, 253; ii. 70; divorce in, ii. 444.

Jay, Chief Justice, i. 360, 365.

Jefferson, i. 363, 365, 366, 373; ii. 98.

Jewish law, ii. 214, 242; of divorce, ii. 437.

Joint stock companies, law of, ii. 336, 366, 494.

Jointure, in lieu of dower, ii. 427.

Judges, the, as makers of law, ii. 269-281.

Judicature Act, ii. 479, 489, 517.

Judiciary, the: its position in the United States, i. 399, 419, 420; in the Orange Free State, 439; in the South African Republic, 446, 453, 462; in the Australian Commonwealth, 508-512; as makers of law, ii. 269-281.

Julian, jurist, i. 219; ii. 76, 205, 249, 288.

Julius Caesar, i. 176.

Jurists, as makers of law, ii. 155, 255-261; difference between the action of Roman and English, 261-269, 496.

Justinian, his codification of Roman law, ii. 355-357; 542change in law of divorce, ii. 408.

Kadi, Muhammadan judge, ii. 226, 239, 253.

Kant, ii. 108, 177.

Kent, Chancellor, ii. 265.

Khalifs, the, ii. 62, 240, 241.

King’s Proctor, ii. 437.

Kissing, as test of prohibited degrees, ii. 411.

Koran, the, ii. 59, 223, 226, 231, 235, 237, 253.

Kotzé, J. G., i. 441.

Kovalevsky, ii. 426.

Kruger, President, i. 465.

Labeo, ii. 138, 260, 264.

Labour Party, in the United States, i. 418; in Australia, i. 541.

Laissez-faire, ii. 28, 36.

Land, its influence on English law, ii. 368.

Land Revenue, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 37-39.

Landesgemeinde, i. 160, 434.

Langdell, Prof. C. C., i. 112; ii. 512.

Language, effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 70-74.

Laos States, in Siam, i. 276.

Law Reports, compared with Roman treatises, ii. 266-269.

Law Speaker, in Iceland, i. 327-329, 330, 332, 337.

Lawyers, power of, in America, i. 405.

Legal development at Rome and in England, ii. 338-380: five chief epochs of legal change at Rome, 341-343; five epochs of legal change in England, 343-345; outline of legal changes at Rome, 345-358; outline of legal changes in England, 358-366; differences between development of Roman and English law, 367-375; 543observations on France and Germany, 375-377; private law least affected, 377-380.

Legal profession, as a maker of law, ii. 269-281.

Legislation. See Methods of law-making.

Legislative Councils, in India, i. 51.

Legitimation, of children born before marriage, ii. 414.

Leibnitz, on Mogul empire, i. 10.

Leo, Emperor-Philosopher: Basilica of, ii. 341, 378; abolishes divorce by consent, ii. 408, 413.

Lex, meaning of, ii. 294-296, 301, 302.

Libel, punishment for, in Iceland, i. 345.

Liberty, love of, ii. 24-26.

Liberty of the press, in South African republics, i. 440, 443.

Limitation of sovereignty, ii. 71.

Literature, effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 70-73.

Lithuania, Roman law in, i. 110.

Littleton, ii. 261.

Livy, quoted, ii. 131, 255, 347.

Liwan, or hall of prayer, ii. 223.

Locke, ii. 163.

Lögberg, or Hill of Laws, in Iceland, i. 330.

Lögsögumaðr, or Law Speaker, in Iceland, i. 327-329, 330, 332, 337.

Lords, House of, ii. 322-325, 329.

Louis Napoleon, i. 213; ii. 26, 65.

Lyall, Sir A. C., i. 37, 55.

Macaulay, codification of Indian law by, i. 121, 127; ii. 290.

544Madison, President, i. 360, 365, 366, 375; ii. 105.

Magistrates, as makers of law, ii. 269-281.

Maine, Sir H. S., i. 167; ii. 111, 140, 146, 215, 495, 506, 524.

Maitland, Prof., ii. 322, 420, 421, 425, 426, 434.

Manipur, i. 25.

Mansfield, Lord, ii. 133, 181, 199, 266, 276, 279, 477, 478.

Mantle children, ii. 415.

Manus, in Roman marriage, ii. 387-390.

Maoris, the, in New Zealand, i. 293, 550.

Marcian, ii. 120, 142, 158.

Marquardt, i. 32.

Marriage and divorce under Roman and English law, ii. 381-474: diversity of law of marriage in different countries, 381-383; character of marriage in early law, 383-385; early form of Roman marriage law, 386-389; change to later system, 389-392; personal relations of consorts, 392-395; pecuniary relations of consorts, 395-400; Roman conception of marriage, 400, 401; divorce in Roman law, 402-406; influence of Christianity on divorce, 406-409; encouragement of marriage, 409; discouragement of second marriage, 410; prohibited degrees, 410-412; natural marriage, 412; concubinage, 413-415; marriage under canon law, 416-420; English law of marriage, 420-424; property relations of consorts, 424-427; gradual amendment of English matrimonial law, 427-433; divorce under canon law, 433-435; later law of divorce in England and Scotland, 435-438; 545divorce laws of United States, 439-443; statistics of divorce in America, 443; divorce in modern European countries, 450-453; comparison of change at Rome with modern world, 453-457; tendencies affecting permanence of marriage tie, 457-464; influence of church and law, 464; does English law need amendment? 465-469; changes in theory and sentiment regarding marriage, 469-474.

Martial, quoted, ii. 405.

Martyrs, the Christian, ii. 24.

Mastery theory of marriage, ii. 431-433.

Maurer, Konrad, writer on Iceland, i. 319.

Mellish, Lord Justice, ii. 199.

Mensa et torus, divorce from, ii. 435, 436.

Merriam, C. E., jun., ii. 111.

Merwing kings, ii. 22.

Metaphysical basis of law, ii. 169, 174-178.

Methods of law-making in Rome and in England, ii. 247-337: law-making authorities in general, 248-255; jurists as makers of law, 255-261; difference between action of Roman and English jurists, 261-269; magistrates and judges as makers of law, 269-281; praetorian edicts compared with English case law, 281-293; direct legislation at Rome (a) the popular assembly, 293-303; (b) the senate, 303-308; (c) the emperor, 308-321; direct legislation in England—Parliament, 321-331; reflections suggested by the history of legislation, 331-337.

546Methods of legal science, ii. 172-208: metaphysical or a priori, 174-178; analytic, 178-184; historical, 184-186; comparative, 186-190; value of each, 190-192; utility for legal study, 192-197.

Mexico, constitution of, i. 198, 204.

Military Character of Roman and Indian empires, i. 13, 14.

Milton, quoted, ii. 36, 363; on divorce, ii. 436.

Mitteis, Dr. L., i. 100, 102; ii. 147.

Modestinus, ii. 258, 354, 400, 483.

Mogul emperors, i. 6, 10; ii. 17, 62.

Mommsen, ii. 395, 516.

Money bills, i. 158, 173, 518.

Monroe Doctrine, the, i. 414, 481.

Montenegro, an autocracy, i. 155, 251, 253.

Montesquieu, i. 145, 379.

Mormons, ii. 384.

Mosaic law, ii. 217, 242.

Mosque of El Azhar, ii. 219-231.

Mufti, ii. 226, 253.

Muhammadan law, administered in India, i. 113-119; characteristics of, ii. 218, 233-241.

Muirhead, ii. 147, 257.

Municipalities, in India, i. 33.

Musulman law, administered in India, i. 113-119; characteristics of, ii. 218, 233-241.

Napoleon, codes of, i. 107.

Natal, i. 433, 434.

National sentiment, as a political force, i. 282-286; ii. 34.

Nations, in academical usage, ii. 227, 298.

Natural marriage, ii. 412, 417.

547Nature, Law of, ii. 112-171: origin of idea of Nature as a ruling force, 112-120; origin of conception of Natural Law, 120-128; Roman ius gentium or Law of the Nations, 128-135; connexion of Law of Nature with Law of the Nations, 135-144; relation of Law of Nature to general customary law, 144-148; meaning attached by Roman jurists to Nature, 148-157; Law of Nature in middle ages, 157-161; in modern times, 161-171.

Naturrecht, ii. 169, 173-178.

Negotiable instruments, law of, ii. 335, 365; in Germany, ii. 377.

Negro question in United States, i. 293, 363, 374, 393, 408, 416, 426.

Nettleship, Prof. H., ii. 131.

Newman, W. L., ii. 144.

New Testament, law in, ii. 79, 209, 216, 243, 434, 482.

New Zealand, outside Australian Commonwealth, i. 548-550.

Non-regulation provinces, in India, i. 35.

Norman feudalism, influence on British constitution, i. 192.

Norway, constitution of, i. 209; relations with Sweden, i. 284; settlement of Iceland from, i. 314-316; subjection of Iceland to, 356, 357; divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Novels of Justinian, ii. 320.

Nuncomar, execution of, i. 120.

Obedience, political, ii. 1-48: theories regarding, 1-6; grounds of, 6-26; future of, 26-45; theory of, applied to jurisprudence, 44-48.

548Obiter dicta, ii. 268, 282.

Ohio, divorce in, ii. 446.

Old Age Pensions, specifically mentioned in Australian constitution, i. 478, 479, 494, 536.

Olympian games, as unifying influence, i. 280.

Oppressed nationalities, ii. 34.

Orange Free State, i. 430-467: early history, 432-436; constitution of the republic, 436-441; observations on its working, 455-463; recent history, 463, 466.

Orders in Council, i. 172; ii. 270.

Organs of law-making, ii. 249-254.

Orthodox Church, in Russia, i. 279.

Outlawry, ii. 213.

Oxford, ii. 219, 227, 230, 231, 523-525.

Papinian, ii. 205, 266, 275, 302, 314, 354, 483.

Parke, Baron, i. 340.

Parliament, as source of law in England, i. 152; ii. 321-331; sovereignty of, i. 152; ii. 57, 90; marriages dissolved by, ii. 436.

Parsis, in Parliament, i. 50.

Partnership theory of marriage, ii. 432.

Party organization, in the United States, i. 370, 374, 393, 396, 413, 417, 420, 541; in Australia, i. 539-541.

Patagonia, i. 249.

Patria Potestas, i. 101; ii. 198, 215, 482.

Paul, jurist, ii. 354, 393.

Penal Code, in India, i. 121, 127; ii. 290, 334.

Pension system, in United States, i. 376, 422.

549People, the, as a source of law, ii. 249-251; at Rome, 293-303.

Peregrini, aliens, in Roman law, i. 90, 93, 134; ii. 129, 348.

Persia, i. 12; ii. 104, 234, 236.

Philippine Islands, occupation of, by United States, i. 2, 34, 79, 417; ii. 35.

Philosophy of law, ii. 169, 173-178, 193-196.

Pilgrim’s Progress, The, ii. 210.

Pitso, of Kafirs, i. 160, 316; ii. 297.

Plato, i. 384, 396; ii. 1, 125.

Plebiscite, amendment of constitution by, i. 153, 213.

Pliny, the elder, ii. 150.

Plutarch, ii. 411.

Poland, partition of, i. 284; Roman law in, i. 109, 110.

Political Science Quarterly, The, ii. 518.

Pollock, Sir F., ii. 109, 111, 128, 166, 322, 415, 420, 421, 425, 426, 434.

Polyandry, in ancient times, ii. 383.

Polybius, i. 9, 145.

Polygamy, among Eastern peoples, i. 140; ii. 383, 384, 469.

Pontifices, oversight over marriage, ii. 419.

Pope, the, as sovereign, ii. 80; jurisdiction over marriage, ii. 419, 434.

Popular assembly, as source of law at Rome, i. 152; ii. 293-303.

Population, growth of, ii. 38.

Portuguese empire, i. 55, 294.

Possession, in Roman and English law, ii. 192, 195, 482.

Post-graduate studies, ii. 522.

Praetorian edict compared with case law, ii. 281-293.

550Praetorian prefect, ii. 314, 315.

Praetors, the, ii. 133, 187, 201, 274-278, 282-285, 291-293, 348.

Pre-contract, impediment to marriage, ii. 422, 435.

President, the: his position in the constitution of the United States, i. 367, 372, 373, 377, 399, 412, 419; ii. 55; in the Orange Free State, i. 438, 440, 457, 460, 463; in the South African Republic, i. 444, 445, 457, 460, 465.

Press, influence of the, i. 184, 400, 418; ii. 37.

Priests, in Iceland, i. 317.

Primary assemblies, i. 160, 316, 434; ii. 297.

Privy Council, appeal to, i. 113, 117, 125, 172, 276; ii. 365; under Australian constitution, i. 510-512.

Procedure Codes, in India, i. 122, 127.

Procedure, law made through, ii. 280.

Procopius, i. 60.

Profession of law, at Rome and in England, ii. 263.

Prohibited degrees of marriage, ii. 410-412, 420.

Protected states, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 5, 36, 37; ii. 102.

Protective tariff, in the United States, i. 393, 411; in Australia, i. 539.

Protectorate, the, in England, i. 163, 176, 200; ii. 60, 68.

Protestantism, ii. 15, 32.

Province, meaning of the word, i. 36; in Canada, i. 492, 493.

Provincial government, under Roman empire, i. 27, 30, 32, 91.

551Prussia, constitution of, i. 202; ii. 25.

Public schools, ii. 21.

Puerto Rico, acquisition of, by United States, i. 233, 417.

Puritanism of New England, i. 363, 393.

Quaestiones perpetuae, ii. 334.

Queensland, i. 265.

Quorum, for amendment of constitution, i. 210.

Rabbis, the, ii. 217.

Racial feeling, as political force, i. 265.

Railways, in India, i. 14, 21; in United States, i. 416; in Australian constitution, i. 522, 548.

Rajputs, i. 64, 65.

Ratio decidendi, ii. 282.

Reason, as ground of political obedience, ii. 1-5, 12-14; of the Stoics, ii. 126.

Referendum, the, i. 152, 212, 417, 475, 524; ii. 71.

Reformation, influence on law, ii. 361; on marriage law, ii. 418, 435, 450.

Regular marriage, ii. 417.

Religion, relations of law to, ii. 209-246: apparent antagonism, 209, 210; close connexion in early times, 210-215; differences between different peoples, 215; Jews in Roman times, 216; primitive Christianity, 217; illustrations from El Azhar, 219-229; mediaeval universities, 229-233; arrested development of Musulman universities, 233-242; differences in Christianity, 242-246.

Religious feeling: in ancient and modern world, i. 52-57; effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 67-70; 552no obstacle to spread of Roman law, i. 103; as political force, i. 266, 277-279, 283, 406.

Reports, in English law, ii. 266-268.

Representative Government: no place in the ancient world, i. 32; or in India, i. 50.

Rescripts of Roman emperors, ii. 311.

Resolutions (besluite) of Transvaal Volksraad, i. 451-455.

Responsa, in Roman law, ii. 257, 262.

Restitution of conjugal rights, ii. 431.

Rhodesia, Southern, ii. 171.

Rights of Man, i. 287; ii. 163.

Rigid and flexible constitutions, i. 145-252.

Ritchie, D. G., ii. 111, 128.

Rivers, importance of, in Australia, i. 478, 522.

Riwaks, at El Azhar, ii. 227, 228.

Road builders, Roman and English, i. 21-23.

Romano-Germanic empire, i. 106, 196, 267, 283, 301, 530; ii. 57, 80-82, 162, 375.

Rome: Roman empire compared with Indian empire, i. 6-77; diffusion of Roman law by conquest, i. 88-99; establishment of one law for the empire, i. 99-104; extension of Roman law after fall of western empire, i. 104-110; Roman law compared with Indian law, i. 133-138; present position of Roman and English law, i. 142-144; constitution of, i. 145, 146, 155-158, 164, 169-171, 174, 181, 189-191; political religion, i. 277; ii. 23; few national revolts, i. 282; no race prejudices, i. 291, 294; 553empire established by conquest, i. 306; succession of emperors, ii. 67; Roman views of sovereignty, ii. 74-79; Roman conception of ius gentium, ii. 128-148; meaning of Nature in Roman jurists, ii. 148-157; philosophical treatment of Roman law, ii. 197-208; jurists as makers of law, ii. 255-268; magistrates as makers of law, ii. 269-293; legislation by popular assembly, ii. 293-303; legislation by senate, ii. 303-308; legislation by emperor, ii. 308-321; chief epochs of legal change, ii. 341-343; outline of legal changes, ii. 345-358; legal development compared with England, ii. 367-374; early form of marriage law, ii. 386-389; change from earlier to later system, ii. 389-392; later marriage law, ii. 392.

Romilly, i. 121; ii. 479.

Rousseau, criticized, ii. 2-5, 163.

Rules, by delegated authority, ii. 269.

Russia: extension of dominion by, i. 2, 8, 58, 79; adoption of Roman law by, i. 86, 109; fundamental laws of the empire, i. 160; influence of Orthodox Church, i. 279; sovereignty in, ii. 52, 253; marital right of chastisement, ii. 426; divorce, ii. 451.

Sacrament of marriage, ii. 413, 417, 434.

Sagas, i. 341, 351.

Sale of wife by husband, ii. 387, 426.

Sallust, ii. 131.

554Salt tax, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 40.

Sand River Convention, i. 433.

Sassanid kings of Persia, i. 12, 20, 53, 283; ii. 384.

Savigny, i. 132; ii. 203, 204, 495, 501, 516.

Scaevola, Q. Mucius, i. 341; ii. 136, 264.

Scandinavia, extension of Roman law to, i. 110.

Scientific frontiers, i. 18-20.

Scotland: has adopted Roman law, i. 86, 107; national life, i. 288; little influence on English law, ii. 370; marriage law, ii. 423; law of divorce, ii. 435, 438, 451.

Scribes, the, ii. 216.

Second marriage, discouraged by early Christianity, ii. 410.

Second Volksraad, in Transvaal, i. 447.

Self-help, ii. 36.

Senate, the: its position in Rome, i. 181, 182; ii. 75; in the United States, i. 368, 375, 401, 421, 504, 518, 521; in Australian Commonwealth, i. 504-507, 514-521, 537; as source of law at Rome, ii. 303-308.

Senatus consulta, ii. 306-309.

Seneca, quoted, ii. 405.

Separate property, of wife, ii. 428-430.

Separation of husband and wife, ii. 436.

Septennial Act, ii. 91.

Servia, constitution of, i. 210, 211.

Settlement, prenuptial, ii. 428.

Sheik ul Islam, the, ii. 58, 221, 241, 313.

Siam, i. 19, 276.

Sidgwick, H., ii. 111.

Sigismund, laws of, ii. 356.

555Signore, of Italian city, i. 170; ii. 47.

Sikkim, i. 25.

Slavery: in Iceland, i. 343; in the United States, i. 224, 363, 374, 393, 409, 416, 426; forbidden by Transvaal constitution, ii. 443; in Roman law, ii. 145, 198.

Slavonic law, i. 109.

Smith, Goldwin, i. 200; ii. 524.

Smith, John William, ii. 200, 267, 288.

Smith, Sir Thomas, ii. 109.

Social contract, ii. 2-5, 163.

Social Democrats, ii. 170.

Socrates, ii. 124.

Sonderbund, war of the, i. 283, 477.

Sophocles, quoted, i. 252; ii. 123.

South Africa, constitution of the two Dutch Republics, i. 155, 198, 430-467; ii. 103.

South American republics, i. 198, 211, 249, 253; ii. 48, 60, 66-68.

South Carolina, no divorce, ii. 440.

Sovereignty, ii. 49-111: confusions regarding the term, 49-51; legal or de iure sovereignty, 51-59; practical or de facto sovereignty, 59-64; relations of legal to practical sovereignty, 64-73; Roman and mediaeval views, 73-82; modern theories, 82-94; questions liable to be confounded, 94-101; in international relations, 101-104; in a federation, 104-108; recent discussions, 110, 111.

Spain, constitution of, i. 208; ii. 58.

Spanish Empire, in America, i. 6, 8, 41, 55, 58, 294, 426.

Spinoza, ii. 162.

556Spoils system, in United States, i. 374, 378, 417.

Sponsalia, ii. 393.

St. Augustine, ii. 159.

St. Chrysostom, quoted, ii. 158.

St. German, Christopher, ii. 165.

St. Leonards, Lord, ii. 136, 199, 260.

St. Paul, quoted, i. 69; ii. 79, 158, 209.

St. Peter, quoted, ii. 79.

St. Thomas Aquinas, ii. 80, 158.

Statistics of divorce in America, ii. 443-449.

Statute de donis, ii. 360.

Statute of Frauds, ii. 363.

Statute of Uses, i. 113; ii. 289, 361.

Statute of Wills, ii. 361.

Statute quia emptores, ii. 360, 368.

Stephen, Sir J. F., codification of Indian law by, i. 129.

Stephen, Leslie, ii. 182.

Stoics, the, ii. 126.

Story, Justice, ii. 265.

Stowell, Lord, ii. 266, 417, 423.

Stubbs, Bishop, ii. 43.

Suetonius, i. 53; ii. 304, 306, 384, 404.

Sulla, i. 163.

Sultan of Turkey, ii. 58, 62.

Suzerainty of England over Transvaal, i. 464.

Swiss Confederation, constitution of, i. 152, 231, 298, 470, 501, 503, 525; divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Sympathy, as ground of political obedience, ii. 10.

Tacitus, quoted, i. 313, 318; ii. 384, 411.

Tacking of bills, prohibited in Australian constitution, i. 519.

Teaching of law: at Rome, ii. 264; at Oxford, ii. 473-525.

557Ten Commandments, ii. 46.

Territorial expansion, capacity of constitutions for, i. 193-196.

Teutonic law, i. 110, 342; ii. 189, 375, 419.

Theal, Dr., i. 432, 435.

Theodorich, edictum of, ii. 356.

Theodosius II, code of, i. 104; ii. 148, 354.

Theology, identified with law, ii. 211-219, 236.

Thing, or assembly, in Iceland, i. 316-322; ii. 297.

Thingvellir, in Iceland, i. 322, 329-331.

Thucydides, ii. 60.

Thuggi, i. 25.

Thule, i. 313.

Tocqueville, Alexis de: his Democracy in America, i. 381-429; his insufficient knowledge of England, 385; his preoccupation with France, 387; his description of the United States, 397-415; examination of his views, 415-425.

Torts, law of, in India, i. 116, 118, 123.

Trade, as a consolidating influence, i. 263, 413, 479.

Trade Unions, in America, ii. 30, 36.

Trajan, i. 10, 30; ii. 311.

Transvaal, the, i. 198, 430-467: constitution of the South African Republic, 441-448; observations, 449; is it a rigid or a flexible constitution? 449-455; observations on its working, 455-464; recent history, 464-467.

Transylvania, i. 291.

Trebatius, ii. 289.

Trent, Council of, ii. 418.

Tribonian, ii. 76, 265, 355-357.

Tribute, in Roman, but not in Indian empire, i. 41, 42.

558Trusts, commercial, i. 240; ii. 30.

Trusts, in law, i. 124; ii. 289.

Tunis, ii. 103.

Twelve Tables, the, i. 181, 338; ii. 301, 341, 345-347, 350.

Tyrant, in Greece, ii. 47, 90, 98.

Ukase, ii. 311.

Ulfljot, founder of the Althing in Iceland, i. 322, 341.

Ulpian, quoted, i. 158; ii. 143, 144, 150, 153, 205, 275, 354, 381.

Ulster custom, ii. 253.

United States: law of, i. 113; constitution of, i. 147, 197, 203, 209, 211, 212, 214, 216, 220, 222, 224, 226, 231, 235, 239, 274, 285, 289, 293, 295-298; constitution as seen in the past, i. 359-429; constitution as seen in The Federalist, 361-366; predictions of the opponents of the constitution, 366-369; views of the supporters of the constitution, 369-374; criticism of both opinions, 374-381; the Democracy in America of Tocqueville 381-392; his views and impressions, 392-415; examination of them, 415-425; subsequent history, 427; constitution compared with South African republics, i. 441, 459, 460; compared with Australian Commonwealth, i. 476, 477, 487, 492, 495, 496, 499, 502, 504-507, 512, 516, 518, 527-530, 533; boss system, trade unions, trusts, ii. 30; growth of population and wealth, 38; divided sovereignty, 53, 55, 58, 93, 104-108; legislation by Congress, 323-326; marriage law, 382; 559varying laws of divorce, ii. 439-443; statistics of divorce, 443-449.

Universities, Musulman and mediaeval, ii. 229-233; in India, i. 57, 73; in Germany, i. 280; ii. 219; in America, i. 417.

Urbs became orbis, i. 133; ii. 342.

Utility, ii. 127, 179, 180.

Vacarius, at Oxford, ii. 476, 507.

Valedictory lecture, ii. 504-525.

Vangerow, Dr. K. A. von, ii. 204, 486, 516.

Verres, i. 27, 29, 94.

Veto: none in South African republics, i. 440, 456; under Australian constitution, i. 526, 537; of crown in parliament, ii. 77, 302.

Vigfússon, Guðbrand, i. 330.

Vikingry, i. 321.

Village Councils, in India, i. 33.

Villiers, Melius de, i. 436.

Vinerian professorship at Oxford, ii. 265, 478, 491, 506.

Vinculum matrimonii, divorce from, ii. 434, 436.

Virgil, i. 72; quoted, i. 315; ii. 78, 146.

Voigt, Moriz, ii. 128.

Volksraad, the: of the original Dutch emigrants, i. 434; of the Orange Free State, i. 436-438; 560of the South African Republic, i. 443-445; the Second Volksraad, i. 447; predominance of the Volksraad in the constitution, i. 456, 461.

Wages, rise of, ii. 38.

Wakf (= endowments), at El Azhar, i. 114, 229.

Wapentake, in Iceland, i. 347.

Washington city, i. 411.

Washington, George, i. 361, 362, 365, 539.

West Indies, under English law, i. 86.

Whig party, in United States, i. 414, 420.

Wife. See Marriage.

Will, as a political force, ii. 15.

Willcox, W. F., ii. 444, 449.

Wills, in Musulman law, ii. 221; Hindu law of, i. 125.

Women’s suffrage, in Australia, i. 507, 536, 544.

Wordsworth, quoted, ii. 119.

Written constitutions, i. 148.

Xenophon, quoted, ii. 125.

Yelverton, ii. 165.

Zollverein, i. 263, 275.

THE END

561OXFORD

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

BY HORACE HART, M.A.

PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

Transcriber’s Note

Lapses in punctuation in the Index have been addressed with no further notice here.

Any references in the footnotes to other notes have been changed to reference the re-sequenced note numbers.

The reference at 85.19 to Romans 8.1, regarding the basis of civil law in the Law of God, should be more plausibly made to Romans 13.1.

Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original.

13.2 should be supported [r]ather than Added.

54.32 interrupted, or rather overrid[d]en, Inserted.

232.31 during the great age in Bagdad[,] in Spain Added.

276.32 Ascon. in Cic. Pro Cornelio, 58.[)] Added.

339.6 except,[ ]perhaps, Added.

376.19 imper[ /i]al cities, Restored.

401.12 no liability is incurred[.] Added.

439.14 A statute of that year,[ ]amended Added.