NOTE TO CHAPTER VIII

Group Marriage

The idea that 'group marriage' exists among the dusky natives of Australia, and that 'the group is the social unit as regards marriage' (as explained in the earlier part of this book), was introduced by Messrs. Howitt and Fison in their Kamilaroi and Kurnai (1880). Messrs. Spencer and Gillen, in their Natives of Central Australia (1899), support the views of Messrs. Fison and Howitt. 'Under certain modifications group marriage still exists as an actual custom, regulated by fixed and well recognised rules, amongst various Australian tribes' (p. 56). 'Individual marriage does not exist either in name or practice in the Urabunna tribe' (p. 63). Mr. Crawley argues, on the other hand, that individual marriage does exist among the Urabunna, 'though slightly modified' (Mystic Rose, p. 482). For each 'slight modification,' the husband's consent must be obtained. The system is regarded by Mr. Crawley, not as a survival of promiscuity, more or less modified, but as an 'abnormal development.' He believes in individual marriage, as, from the earliest known times, 'the regular type of union of man and woman.' 'One is struck by the high morality of primitive man' (pp. 483-484).

What Mr. Atkinson meant by saying that 'marriage is communal,' I do not understand, as, on his theory, sexual jealousy must have prevented each man of a generation, in a group, from being equally the husband of each woman, not his sister. The young braves are supposed to bring in women captives from without, and to marry them 'communally,' Then what becomes of jealousy? They ought rather to have fought for their captive, on the principles of a golf tournament, the survivor and winner taking the bride. Mr. Atkinson never saw his work except in his manuscript, and might have made modifications on such points as this, where he seems to me to lose grasp of his idea, as in his theory of recognition of the children of 'the outside suitor,' he seems to bring male descent into action at a period when, as he asserts elsewhere, it was not yet recognised by customary law. On the Keddies (p. 287) I have no information, the author giving no reference. A. L.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

ORIGIN OF TOTEMISM

In the following village sobriquets from the south-western counties of England the people are styled 'eaters of' this or that.[1]

ENGLISH VILLAGE SOBRIQUETS

Eaters

Ashreigney—Dog-eaters

Morchard—'Burd'-eaters

Roseash—Whitpot-eaters

Sandford—Cheese-eaters

Moreton—Tatie-eaters

Paignton—Pudding-eaters

Churston—Liver-eaters

Compare with these the following sobriquets of Siouan old totem kins, counting descent in the male line.

SIOUAN NAMES OF GENTES

Eaters Eat the scrapings of hides Eat dried venison Eat dung Eat raw food

Among the Sioux we have also noted the sobriquets

Non-Eaters of Deer Buffalos Swans Cranes Blackbirds, etc.

These sobriquets of non-eaters are probably totemic: the Deer kin does not eat deer, nor does the Crane kin eat cranes, and so on. Totem kins are named from what they do not eat; many totem kins with male descent are nicknamed from what they do eat, or are alleged by their neighbours to eat.

GROUP SOBRIQUETS IN ORKNEY.

In the following letter, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Duncan Robertson, we read that, in Orkney and Shetland, local sobriquets are derived from what the people are alleged to eat. The tradition is, Mr. Robertson informs me, that each group is named after the edible plant or animal which it brought when engaged in building the Cathedral of Kirkwall.

Crantit House, St. Ola, Orkney, Jan. 29, 1903.

Dear Mr. Lang,—My tyrannical doctor won't let me out yet, so that I have not been able to collect all the information I should like to get for you about the Orkney nicknames—or 'bye-names,' as they are called here.

Here follows the list as taken from Tudor's The Orkneys and Shetland, with alterations:

I. MAINLAND OR POMONA

KirkwallStarlings

St. AndrewsSkerry-scrapers

DeemessSkate-rumples

HolmHobblers

OrphirYearnings

FirthOysters

StromnessBloody-puddings

SandwickAssie-pattles

HarrayCrabs (of old, sheep)

BirsayHoes = dog-fish

EvieCauld kail

RendallSheep-thieves

II. SOUTH ISLES

HoyHawks, Auks or Tammynories

WallsLyars (Manx Sheer-water)

BurrayOily Bogies = the skin

buoys used for herring

nets

South Ronaldshay

a.GrimnessGruties

b.HopeScouties (Skuas)

c.WidewallWitches

d.HerstonHogs

e.SandwickBirkies

f.South ParishTeeacks (Lapwings)

III. NORTH ISLES

GairsayBuckies

WyreWhelks

EgilsayBurstin Lumps

RousayMares

ShapanseySheep

StronsayLimpets

SandayGruelly Belkies

North RonaldshaySelkies = Seals (also called 'Tangie Whessos') and 'Hides'

EdayScarfs = Shag or small Cormorant

WestrayAuks = the common Guillemot

Papa WestrayDoundies = spent Cod

These are all the names I know or can hear of in Orkney. I wrote to Mr. Moodie Heddle of Cletts on the subject, as I knew him to take a great and intelligent interest in all such topics; and I have a most interesting letter from him, of which I shall give you the gist. He says he has no doubt that the origin of the names is that which you suggest, though some of the names do not at first sight appear to bear this out. Kirkwall 'Starlings' are easily accounted for, assuming that there have always been as many starlings about Kirkwall as there are now. They may well have been eaten by the townsfolk. I have tried them, and their breasts are not at all bad.

Skerry-scrapers.—The allusion here is to men who live off shell fish, 'dilse,' etc. off the skerries. There are—or were—excellent oysters on the St. Andrews skerries. Mr. Heddle tells me he has heard a woman insulting a man by saying she supposed he would soon leave no limpets in a certain bay, meaning that he was too lazy to work for his living.

Skate-rumple is, of course, the skate's tail. Deemess is the nearest land to a famous piece of water for skate, known as 'the skate-hole.'

Holm 'Hobblers' I do not understand, but shall make some further inquiries. I have an idea it is a reference to some bird; Mr. Heddle thinks it has something to do with seals, but neither of us knows.

Yearnings are, of course, the dried stomachs of calves used for making cheese.

Oysters.—The bay of Firth was famous for its oysters till the beds were overfished and destroyed some thirty years ago.

Stromness 'Bloody-puddings'—Mr. Heddle suggests that the people bled their cattle twice or thrice a year and made 'puddings' of the blood. This, of course, was done in the Highlands at one time.

Assie-pattles.—Either those who lay in the ashes or, Mr. Heddle suggests, who ate cakes baked in the ashes. Before iron girdles came much into use cakes were baked on flat stones; and there is a hill, known as 'Baking-stone Hill,' where the people used to come for stones that would not split in the fire. The peats used in Sandwick have a very red ash, which colours all persons and things near it.

Harray 'Crabs.'—Harray is the only parish in Orkney which does not touch the sea, and the name is given in irony. The old 'tee-name' is said to have been 'sheep.' The story is told that some fishermen passing through Harray dropped a live crab. The men of Harray could not make it out at all, and sent for the oldest inhabitant, who was brought in a wheel-barrow. After gazing at the monster for a few moments he exclaimed: 'Boys, hid's a fiery draygon; tak' me hame!'

I suspect there is some other tee-name than 'sheep-thieves' for the Rendall people, but will try to find out and let you know.

Hoy 'Hawks'—Mr. Heddle, who was formerly proprietor of Hoy, says he thinks 'auks' must have been the original word, as he believes 'tammy-nories' was the old name. 'Auk' is Orcadian for the common guillemot, and a 'tammy-norie' is a puffin. Both of these birds abound in Hoy.

Mr. Heddle also tells me that the old name of 'Lyars' for the people of Walls was to a great extent replaced by 'Cockles.' The 'lyars' were very common in Walls at one time, and were esteemed a great delicacy, but, Mr. Heddle tells me, were to a great extent killed out by the brown rat. He himself remembers men being bitten by rats when putting their hands into holes to look for young 'lyars.' Some three generations back enormous numbers of cockles were taken and eaten by the people of Walls, and they seem to have been called 'Cockles'—or, I presume, 'eaters of cockles'—in consequence.

Oily Bogies.—I hardly see how this can have been 'eaters of.' There might have been some old story to the effect that the Burray men stole and ate these buoys, but I never heard it.

South Ronaldshay has names for every district, which no other island but the Mainland has.

Gruties is, Mr. Heddle says, equivalent to 'Skerry-scrapers'—people who get their living from the 'grut' or refuse left in bights by the tide. ('Grut,' see Norse gröde = porridge or gruel.)

Scouties may be derived from the skua, though Mr. Heddle gives an unpresentable derivation. The word Birkies he did not know the meaning of, but asked two or three people, who all said the Sandwick people were so called 'because Sandwick was such a place for tangles coming ashore, and the people had such a habit of eating what they called "birken" tangles, i.e. the stout or lower ends of the large thick tangles.'

Burstin Lumps are a sort of preparation of oatmeal, once a very favourite dish in the Isles.

Rousay 'Mares'—There is an old tale of a Rousay man who, being a coward, killed his mare and hid inside her from his enemies. Mr. Heddle sends me an old rhyme on the subject:

As the Rousay man said to his mare: 'I wish I were in thee, for fear o' the war; I wish I were in thee without any doubt, Were it Martinmas Day before I cam' out.'

The North Ronaldshay people did eat seals. Why Hides I do not know. Mr. Heddle here suggests it may have had to do with witchcraft, in which skins and especially seals' flippers were much used. Within the last ten years a man pulled down and rebuilt his byre because of some 'ongoings with a selkie flipper.'

The names are very old and must be of Scandinavian origin.

Yours sincerely, DUNCAN J. ROBERTSON.

In addition to these names of 'eaters,' simple names of animals, we have shown in the text, are as commonly given to English villages as totemic names are given to the totem groups of savages.

ANCIENT HEBREW VILLAGE NAMES

In Robertson Smith's Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (p. 219) he says: 'I have argued that many place-names formed from the names of animals are also to be regarded as having been originally taken from the totem clans that inhabited them.' Now where totemism is a living institution I know no instance in which a locality is named from 'the totem clan that inhabits it.' The thing cannot be where female descent prevails, as many totems are then everywhere mixed in each local group. Where male descent prevails we do, indeed, get localities inhabited by groups mainly of the same totem name. But their tendency is to let the totem name merge in the territorial title, the name of the locality, as Messrs. Spencer and Gillen prove for the Arunta and Mr. Dorsey for the Sioux.

Having found no instance where a totemic group gives its totem name to the locality which it inhabits, I was struck by a remark of Dean Stanley in his Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church (p. 319, 1870). He there mentions the villages of Judah which were the scenes of some of Samson's adventures (Joshua xv. 32, 33; Judges i. 35). The villages of Lebaoth, Shaalbim, Zorah, respectively mean Lions, Jackals, and Hornets. Nobody eats any of these three animals, and they may be names of totem groups transferred to localities—though of this usage I know no example among savage totemists—or they may merely be old Hebrew village sobriquets, as in England and France.

On consulting the Encyclopædia Biblica, under 'Names' (vol. iii. 3308, 3316) we find that 'there can be no doubt that many place-names' in Palestine 'are identical with names of animals.' Those 'applied to towns' (we may read villages probably) are much more common in the south than in the north. We have Stags, Lions, Leopards, Gazelles, Wild Asses, Foxes, Hyænas, Cows, Lizards, Hornets, Scorpions, Serpents, and so on. These may have been derived from old totem kins, though I think that theory improbable, or from the frequency of hornets or scorpions in this or that place, or the villagers' sobriquet may have become the village name. The last hypothesis has hitherto been overlooked. The frequency of animal and plant names in the Roman gentes, Fabii (Beans), Asinii (Asses), Caninii (Dogs), is an instance that readily occurs. These may be survivals of totemism or of less archaic sobriquets, while the totem names themselves, as we have argued, may have had their origin in sobriquets.

APPENDIX B

THE BA RONGA TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP

The hypothesis that the Australian terms of relationship, as they now exist, really denote status in customary law, may perhaps derive corroboration from the classificatory system as it appears among the Ba Ronga, near Delagoa Bay. Here the natives are rich, industrial, commercial, and polygamous to the full extent of their available capital. Polygamy, male kinship, and wife purchase, with elaborate laws of dowry and divorce, have modified and complicated the terms of relationship. They are described by an excellent authority, M. Henri Junod, a missionary.[1]

M. Junod has obviously never heard of the 'classificatory system' among other races, and his explanation of certain 'avoidances,' such as between the husband and his wife's brother, father, and mother, is probably incorrect (turning, as it does, on the laws of wife-price and divorce), though it appears now to be accepted by the Ba Ronga themselves. But what more concerns us is the nature of terms of relationship. These terms denote status in customary law, determined by sex and seniority. Among the Basuto, 'a man is otherwise related to his sister than to his brother; his children are related to their paternal otherwise than to their maternal uncles and aunts,' and to their cousins in the same style. Relative seniority, entailing relative social duties, is also expressed in the terms of relationship. The maternal aunt, senior to the mother, is 'grandmother.' The children of my father's brother and of my mother's sister, are my 'brothers' or 'sisters;' the children of my maternal uncle and paternal aunt are not my 'brothers' and 'sisters.' The children of a man's inferior wives call the chief wife 'grandmother,' and the other wives, not their mother, 'maternal aunts.'[2] The son of my wife's sister is my 'son,' because I may succeed to her husband on his death, and his father calls me 'brother.' The maternal uncle is the mere butt of his nephew, the uncle's wives are the nephew's potential wives: he is one of the heirs to them. This kind of uncle (maternal) is not one of the tribal 'fathers' of the nephew, but the paternal uncle is, and is treated with the utmost respect. In brief, each name for a 'relationship' is a name carrying certain social duties or privileges, dependent on sex and seniority.

We have no such customary laws, and need no such names—the names are the result and expression of the Basuto customary laws. Had we such ideas of duty and privilege, then they would be expressed in our terms of relationship, which would be numerous. My maternal uncle would have a name denoting the man with whose wife I may flirt. The wife of my brother-in-law is the woman whom I must treat with the most distant respect. If I am a woman, my father's sister's husband (my 'uncle by marriage') is a man whose wife I may become, and so forth endlessly. Consequently there is a wealth of terms of relationship, just because of the peculiarities of Ba Ronga customary law.

INDEX

ABORIGINAL man, Mr. Darwin's view of, 209; Mr. Atkinson on, 220 Affinity, degrees of, prohibiting marriage, 188; most stringently applied by least civilised races, 2; differences of opinion among students of the question, 2; existing laws not an indication of primitive rules, 2; Australian anomaly, 88 Age distinction and the classificatory system, Mr. Atkinson on, 290 Altruism, possible germ of, in nascent man, 232 American ethnological terms, 10 Andrews, Judge, on Hawaiian marriage relationships, 98 Animal guardians among savages, 131 Annamese family relationships, Dr. Westermarck on, 240 Anomaly, totem, among the Arunta, 85 Anthropoid adult males unsocial, 220 Aristotle and early human society, 7 Arunta tribe of Central Australia, 2, 11; descent reckoned in the male line, 15, 69; supposed ignorance of procreation, 20; a 'marriage ceremony,' 24; reincarnation superstition, 31, 139; totem marriage-prohibition now extinct, 41; totem common to both phratries, 46, 56; totem groups preceded phratries, 61; Mr. Spencer on the introduction of exogamy, 61; totem influence, 61; traditions as to change of custom, 67; Mr. Frazer's opinion of the tribe, 68; intermarry with the Urabunna, 69; theory of evolution, 70; totemism, 70; belief in reincarnation, 71; totem eating, 71; Dr. Durkheim's views, 72; opinion of Spencer and Gillen, 73; marital relationship, 74; relations of totems and phratries, 74; myths, 75; Dr. Durkheim on, 75; Messrs. Spencer and Gillen's opinions, 76, 77; institution of marriage regulations, 78; phratries and totems, 81; Dr. Durkheim's views on the phratry, 82; totemic divisions, 83; origin of the anomalous marriage system, 85; philosophy of souls, 86; relationships prohibiting marriage, 88; curiosities of affinity, 88; terms of relationship, 93; relationship customs, 96; legislation, 108; legend regarding marriage limits, 108; class system with male descent, 120; totems and magic, 196, 198 Atkinson, Mr., his speculations on human origin, 3; on primitive man's polygamy, 4; his theories and the Biblical account, 7; disbelief in early promiscuity, 9; views on the effect of sexual jealousy, 9, 18, 30; his opinion on exogamy and totemism, 17; his exogamous marriage hypothesis, 18; his 'primal law,' 19; on the origin of the 'classificatory system,' 108; on New Caledonian totems, 136; and the custom of avoidance, 212, 264; on the origin of exogamy, 212, 238; aboriginal man polygamous, 220; man's distinction in the primal law, 225; prolonged infancy in nascent man, 230; origin of maternal love, 231; possible germ of altruism, 232; earliest evolution of law, 236; wives procured by capture, 244; editor's note thereon, 248; development from the group to the tribe, 250; effect of female sexual jealousy, 256; extinction of the patriarchal family, 261; survivals of transition period, 264; clan (phratry) relationship, 269; editor's note on avoidances, 278; the classificatory system, 280, 285; on the original purpose of totems, 282; on local contiguity constituting relationship, 289; on age distinction and the classificatory system, 290; on group marriage and the classificatory system, 292 Attic plant names, 205 Australia, marriage divisions in, 38; consanguineous marriages forbidden, 40; tribal variations of custom, 41 Australian group marriage, Messrs. Spencer and Gillen on, 293 Australian, native, society not primitive, 3; complexity of social rules, 3, 4; low state of culture, 4; divinities, 5; languages and customs, 6; commerce, 6 Australian tribal division, Mr. Fison on, 42; the author's view, 43 Australian sex protectors, 144 Avebury, Lord, on racial customs, 12; on totemism, 122; on totem origin, 123; on communal marriage, 124; vague terminology, 126, 130; on relationships, 128 'Avoidance,' custom of, Mr. Atkinson on, 212; origin of, 276 Avoidance between father-in-law and son-in-law, 268; its origin, 269 Avoidance of mother-in-law, 270, 277; Mr. Crawley on its origin, 278 BACHOFEN'S views on maternal kin-names, 9 Baiame, Australian divinity, 5, 29, 138, 184 Banks Island, two class divisions in, 178 Ba Ronga terms of relationship, 301 Barter between Australian tribes, 6 Basuto customary law, 301 'Bisection' a misleading term, 36 Bishop, Rev. A., on Hawaiian marriage relationships, 98 Blood kinship implied by totem name, 193 Breeding between sire and daughter, effect of, 223 British Columbia clan totems, Mr. Hill Tout on, 152 Brother-and-sister 'avoidance,' 213; in Australia, 216 Brother-and-sister 'avoidance,' Dr. Westermarck on, 240 Brother-and-sister marriage, primitive, Mr. Morgan on, 281 Bull-roarer, palæolithic, 5; miniature, discovered in France, 5; Mr. Frazer's bibliography of, 5 n CALABAR 'bush-souls,' 143 Camerons of Glen Nevis properly MacSorlies, 8. Chattan, Clan, crest of the, 163 Clan, definition of, 11 Clan (phratry) relationship, Mr. Atkinson on, 269 Clandestine intercourse preliminary to marriage, 265 Class system, the, 35; and Mr. Morgan, 89 Class system with male descent among the Arunta, 120 Class and generation correspond, 112 Class names, Herr Cunow on, 113, 118; Dr. Durkheim on, 118; Mr. Mathews on, 119 Classes, Mr. Morgan's view of their origin, 92 Classificatory system, Mr. Atkinson on the, 108, 285; division by generations the most natural one, 286; age distinction, 290; and group marriage, 292 Classificatory terms, 100 Codrington, Dr., and totem descent, 135; on Melanesian ancestor-worship, 150; on social systems in Melanesia, 177; his totem theory controverted, 181 Commerce, Australian inter-tribal, 6 Communal marriage, Mr. Morgan's theory, 90; Lord Avebury on, 124 Consanguineous marriages forbidden among Australian tribes, 40 Contiguity, local, constituting relationship, Mr. Atkinson on, 289 Crawley, Mr., on promiscuous sexual relationship, 9; on the origin of prohibited marriages, 18; on jealousy in the family, 19; on the matriarchal theory, 20; his theory of exogamy, 23; his view of marriage among savages, 24; on the prevention of incest, 26; on terms of relationship, 95; on marriage by capture, 249; on mother-in-law avoidance, 278 Cult of the totem, 136 Cunow's, Herr, opinion on 'class' and 'phratry,' 37, 112; on class names, 113; regards the 'horde' as the original stage of society, 114; his theory of exogamy, 115; on local totem groups, 116; his class-name theory opposed by Dr. Durkheim, 118 DARAMULUN, Australian divinity, 5 Darwin, Mr., his theory of primitive polygamy, 4; his views on sexual jealousy, 9; opposed to theory of promiscuity, 99; on primitive man, 209 Dieri, the, 41; myths, 65, 66, 91, 139, 159, 163; piraura custom, 95, 105 Diet, effect of, on sexual appetite, 227 Distribution of totems in the 'phratries,' 55 Divine intervention, savage and civilised ideas, 91 Domesticated animals in palæolithic age, 4, 5 Dorsey, Mr., his definition of clan, 11; on totem descent, 135; and North American Indian group names, 172 Dual relationship, tribal and individual, 88 Durkheim, Dr., on marriage relationship, 19 n; on blood and totem superstition, 57 n; on Arunta totemism, 72; on Arunta 'phratries' and marriage, 73; on the relation of totem and phratry, 74, 82; on Arunta legends, 75; on totemic divisions, 83; on Arunta anomalous marriage system, 85; opposes Herr Cunow's theory of class names, 118; on totem descent, 135 EARLY belief in mutual danger of mankind, 24 Eguilles, Marquis d', and Kanaka relationship names, 137 Egypt, royal intermarriage, 1, 262 Egyptian totemic myths, 201 Endogamy, meaning of, 12 English village sobriquets, 173, 295 Erman, Adolf, on Yakut avoidance, 275 Euahlayi, the, 29; Mrs. Langloh Parker on the, 186 n; myth, 66 Evolution of primal law of avoidance, Mr. Atkinson on the, 210 Exchange, commercial, among Australian tribes, 6 Exogamy, meaning of the term, 10; anterior to totems, opinions on, 17; Mr. McLennan's theory, 21; Mr. Crawley's theory, 23; Dr. Westermarck's theory, 33; Mr. Morgan's theory, 33; the author's theory, 34; the result of evolution, 53; Mr. Frazer's earlier ideas on, 57; objections to, 59; his later theory, 62; advantages of the system now proposed, 63; ignored by theorists on group totemism, 160; Mr. Atkinson on origin of, 212, 238; earlier view quoted, 212 Exogamy among the Arunta, 61 Exogamy and totemism, Mr. Taylor's view, 17 Exogamy, local, origin of, 31 FAMILY, the, its antiquity, 1; secured by dread of aberrations, 1; laws and customs vary, 1; uncivilised races and prohibited marriages, 2; present-day institutions no guide to prehistoric customs, 2; conjectures as to primitive state, 4; patriarchal family the original social unit, 7; descent counted through the maternal line, 8, 21; suggestions as to early promiscuity, 9; promiscuity prevented by sexual jealousy, 9; totemism, 14; family group or 'fire circle,' 14, 17; exogamous tendencies, 17; Mr. Crawley on the effect of jealousy, 19; matriarchal theory, 20; Mr. McLennan's theory of family exogamy, 21; Mr. Crawley's theory, 23 Father—and—daughter avoidance, Veddah, 274 Father-in-law and daughter-in-law, customs concerning, 272, 275 Father-in-law avoidance, Mr. Atkinson on, 263, 277 Female infanticide in first stages of society, 21 Fijian 'totem gods,' 137 Fison, Mr., on Kamilaroi marriage laws, 28; and the class system in Australia, 37; on Australian tribal division, 42; controverted by the author, 43; on the origin of totems, 45; on the change of totems, 48; on the origin of exogamy, 65, 97; his suggestion of Divine intervention, 91; on terms of relationship, 95; quotes Mr. Lance on communal marriage, 106 Fison and Howitt, Messrs., on totemism, 16; their theories insufficient, 51; hypothesis as to Greek totemism, 203 Fletcher, Miss Alice, on totem origin, 151; on Omaha magical societies, 198 Folk-lore illustrative of totem group names, 169 France, miniature palæolithic bull-roarers found in, 5 Frazer, Mr., bibliography of the bull-roarer, 5; regards the Arunta as primitive, 20, 68; his early ideas of the exogamous phratry, 57; objections to them, 59; his later theory of exogamy, 62; his view that totems did not influence marriage, 68; on the arrangement of totems in phratries, 74; on Arunta legends, 76; names several varieties of totem, 132; his theories as to totem origin, 143; on the group totem, 144; on the personal totem, 145 Freeman, Mr., and the patriarchal family, 7 GAIDOZ AND SÉBILLOT MM., on unfriendly sobriquets, 168 Ganowanian gentes, 92 Ghost-worship, Melanesian, 182 Gillen, Mr., see Spencer Gournditch Mara tribe, 195 Greek totemic myths, 201 Greek totemism, Messrs. Fison and Howitt's hypothesis, 203 Grey, Sir George, on totems in Western Australia, 144 Group marriage, 89; supposed survivals of, 104 Group marriage and the classificatory system, Mr. Atkinson on, 292; editor's comments, 293 Group marriage, Australian, Messrs. Spencer and Gillen on, 293 Group names, theory as to, 166; originated outside the group, 168, 171 Group totem, the hereditary, 160 Group totems, Mr. N. W. Thomas on, 148 Guatemala Indian nagual, 144 HADDON, Mr., on totem origin, 156 Hawaiian marriage relationships, 98 Hawaiian terms of relationship, 93 Hebrew village names, ancient, 300 Hesiod and early human society, 7 Horde, the foundation of Herr Cunow's theory, 114; its division, 115 Hose and McDougall, Messrs., on Sarawak beliefs, 153 Hottentot marriages, Dr. Westermarck on, 240 Howitt, Mr., his ethnological nomenclature, 10 n; and the class system in Australia, 37; his opinion on Australian marriage customs, 41; his views on the primary class divisions, 46; considers totemism too old for theorising, 49; regards the undivided commune as a probable hypothesis, 65; see also Fison Human origin, Mr. Atkinson's speculations on, 3; Biblical account differs from Mr. Atkinson's, not from Mr. Morgan's hypothesis, 7 Human society, limit of historical research into origins of, 2; progress of, 3; obscurity of the subject, 3 Hunter River totems, Mr. Rusden on, 148 INCAS of Peru, royal intermarriage, 1 Incest to marry within totem name, 16 Incest, prevention of, Mr. Crawley's theory, 26 Individual totems, Mr. N. W. Thomas on, 148 Infancy prolonged in nascent man, Mr. Atkinson on, 230 Infanticide, female, and exogamy, 21 JEALOUSY the cause of exogamy, 19 Jealousy, sexual, the motive power in social changes, 272 Jevons, Mr., on totems, 134; on the Attic social system, 206 Junod, M. Henri, and the Baronga terms of relationship, 301 KAMILAROI, the, 35 n Kamilaroi group laws, Mr. Mathews on, 46 Kamilaroi interphratry marriages, 56 Kamilaroi marriage laws, Mr. Mathews on, 27; Mr. Fison on, 28 Keddies (Southern India), marriage custom among, 286 Kennedys of Galloway, 7 Kin name, maternal, 8 Kingsley, Miss, on the Calabar 'bush-souls,' 143 Kinship among the earliest human groups, 19 Kurnai women and the sex totem, 146 Kyontha social customs, Dr. Westermarck on, 246 n Kyonthas, avoidance among the, 275 LANCE, Mr., on communal marriage survival, 106 Lang, Mr. G. S., quoted by Lord Avebury, 126 Lifu terms of relationship, 94, 100 Local exogamy, its origin, 13 Long's, J., mention of 'totam,' 131 n MACDONNELLS of Moidart and Glengarry, 7 McGee, W. J., his ethnological terminology, 11 n; his views on the evolution of society, 52 McLennan, Mr. Daniel, on the origin of exogamy, 63; on the phratries of Northern Victoria tribes, 64 McLennan, Mr. Donald, on exogamy and totemism, 14, 16, 17 McLennan, Mr. J. F., 3; his views on maternal kin-names, 9; his definition of exogamy, 10, 12; his view of the most archaic marriage law, 13; his opinion of kinship, 19, 20; his theory of exogamy, 21; the theory untenable, 22; his views of 'primitive groups,' 31; and exogamous phratries, 37; considers totemism anterior to exogamy, 44; on totem kins, 55; on terms of relationship, 95; on marriage by capture, 267; his criticism of Mr. Morgan's classification theory, 284; remarks thereon by Mr. Atkinson, 284 MacSorlies part of Clan Cameron, 8 McUlrigs (Kennedys) of Galloway, 7 Magical societies, 197 Maine, Sir Henry, his 'Ancient Law,' 7; on the evolution of tribes and states, 7 Malayan relationship system, Mr. Morgan on, 90, 281 Mandeville, Sir John, referred to, 24 Man's distinction from other creatures, Mr. Atkinson on, 225 Marital relations among the Arunta 74 Marriage among savages, Mr. Crawley's view of, 24 Marriage by capture, Mr. Atkinson on, 244, 266; editor's remarks on Mr. Atkinson's views, 248; Mr. McLennan on, 267 Marriage ceremony, Arunta, 24 Marriage, communal, Mr. Morgan's theory, 90; Lord Avebury on, 124 Marriage custom of the Keddies of Southern India, 286 Marriage divisions in Australia, 38 Marriage, group, 89; supposed survivals of, 104 Marriage laws, totemic and civilised, 87 Marriage regulations among the Arunta, 78 Marriage within the totem name prohibited, 16 Maternal kinship, 8 Maternal love, origin of, Mr. Atkinson on, 231 Mathews, Mr. John, on aboriginal jealousy, 9 n Mathews, Mr., on Australian inter-tribal barter, 6; on prohibited marriages, 27; on group marriages, 35 n; on marriage divisions in Australia, 38; on class names, 119; on totem names, 120 Matriarchal theory, 20 Melanesian ghost-worship, 182; sacrifices, 183 Melanesian social system, 176 Menomini myth, 66 Mincopies (Andamanese), 9 Modern theories of totem origin: Mr. A. H. Keane's theory, 140; Mr. Max Müller's theory, 141; Mr. Herbert Spencer's theory, 142; Mr. Frazer's theories, 143; Mr. N. W. Thomas's theory, 148; Dr. Wilken's theory, 150; Miss Alice Fletcher's theory, 151; Mr. Hill Tout's theory, 152; Messrs. Hose and McDougall's theory, 153; Mr. Haddon's theory, 156: an objection to these theories, 159; the author's conjecture, 161 Modification of sexual habit, Mr. Atkinson on, 227 Morgan, Mr., on human origin, 7; his criticism of Mr. McLennan's terms, 13 n; his theory of exogamy, 33; and exogamous phratries, 37; his theory quoted by Mr. Fison, 65; and the class system, 89; his theory of communal marriage, 90; the theory inexplicable, 91; his views on the origin of classes and totems, 92; on terms of relationship, 93; on communal marriage in Hawaii, 98; his theory opposed by Darwin, 98; on primitive brother-and-sister marriage, 281 Mother kin, 20 Mother-and-son avoidance, Veddah, 274 Mother-in-law, 'avoidance' of, 277; Mr. Atkinson on, 213; Mr. Crawley on its origin, 278 Mother-in-law, customs concerning, 272, 273, 275 Müller, Mr. Max, and totem origin, 141 Mungun-ngaur, Australian divinity, 5 Munro, Dr., on primitive man, 4 Myth, savage, and scientific hypothesis, coincidence of, 76 Myths, Arunta, 75; Greek and Egyptian totemic, 201 NAIRS of Malabar, 22 Narrinyeri totem eaters, 179 Nascent man a solitary polygamous male, 220; younger males expelled from family, 220; absence of a paring season, 226; effect of diet on sexual function, 227; prolonged infancy, 230; maternal love, 231; retention of adult son in family, 232; distinction between females in the family circle, 236; rule of 'avoidance,' 237; primal law the parent of exogamy, 238; the editor's view, 238; sexual relations between sire and daughter, 251; widows of the polygamous husband, 252; introduction of outside males, 254; effect of female sexual jealousy, 256; recognition of cousinship, 257; interchange of sisters, 258; division of the group, 260 Nature-worship, Lord Avebury's synonym of totemism, 122 New Caledonia, separation of brother and sister, 214; infanticide of twins, 215; avoidance in, 275 New Caledonia totems, 136 New Caledonian totem belief, 143 New Caledonian tribes, hostility between, 167 New Hebrides, North, class divisions in, 178 Nooreli, Australian divinity, 5, 138 North American Indian group names, 172 Northern Victoria, tribal tradition of, 64 Nyarongs, Sarawak, 153 OMAHA magical societies, 197; Miss Alice Fletcher on, 198 Omaha manitus, Miss Fletcher on, 152 Omaha totem groups, 196 Origin of avoidance, Mr. Atkinson on, 276 Origin of classes and totems, Mr. Morgan's view, 92 Origin of totemism, theories regarding the, 49, 50; Lord Avebury on, 123 Orissa, avoidance in 275 Orkney, group sobriquets in, 296 PALÆOLITHIC man, Dr. Munro on, 4, 5; possessed religous belief, 5 Palæolithic remains found in France, 5 Parker, Mrs. Langloh, on the Euahlayi, 186 n. Patriarchal family first social unit, 7; Sir Henry Maine's opinion, 7; Mr. Freeman's concurrence, 7; absent from 'non-Aryan' races, 8 Persian royal marriages, 262 Peruvian Incas' marriages, 1, 262 Pfeil, Count von, on inter-tribal hostility, 168 Phratria, the Attic, 205 Phratries, 35; intended to produce exogamy, 53 Phratries and totem groups, relative antiquity, 35 Phratries and totems of the Arunta, 81 Phratries and totems, relations of, 74 Phratry, Herr Cunow on the development of, 116 Phratry names usually totemic, 116 Phratry, origin of the, Mr. McGee's view, 52; Mr. Howitt's theory, 53; Mr. Frazer's ideas, 57 Piets, royal, counted descent through female line, 21 Pinaru, Dieri headman's title, 105 Piraungaru arrangement, 105; among the Urabunna, 106 Pirmaheal, Australian divinity, 5 Plant names, Attic, 205 Pollux on the Attic genos, 206 Polyandry in Malabar, 22 Polyandry supposed origin of maternal kin-name, 9 Polygamy probable institution of primitive man, 4 Polygyny and monogamy, Mr. Darwin's group basis, 64 Powell's, Major, ethnological terminology, 10 n; use of the word 'totem,' 132 'Primary divisions' totemic and exogamous, 43; Mr. Howitt's hypothesis, 46; probably the result of amalgamation, 181 Primitive brother-and-sister marriage, Mr. Morgan on, 281 Primitive man, opinions on, 4 Pristine groups necessarily small, 164; governed by sexual jealousy, 165 Prohibited marriages, Arunta, by affinity, 88 Pundjel, Australian divinity, 5 QAT, Melanesian object of prayer, 184 RELATIONSHIP by generations, 90; Mr. Morgan's theory, 93 Relationship constituted by local contiguity, Mr. Atkinson on, 289 Relationship terms, origin of, 102; difference of meaning between savage and civilised, 102; family and tribal significance, 103; express status, 129 Relationships, Lord Avebury on, 128 Relationships, Arunta, which preclude marriage, 88; curious distinctions, 88 'Religion,' Mr. Crawley's definition of, 23 Reverence for totems, nyarongs, and naguals, 186 Ridley, Rev. W., and Australian exogamous phratries, 37 Robertson, Mr. Duncan, on group sobriquets in Orkney, 296 Roman traditions as to tribal origin, 8 Roth, Dr., and Australian native customs, 6 n; on the evolution of classes, 114 Rusden, Mr., on the Hunter River totems, 148 SACRED animals in savage society, 131 Sacrifices, Melanesian, 183 Samoan 'totem gods,' 137 Sarawak, nyarongs in, 153 'Second master,' Urabunna wife's, 104; not a survival of communal marriage, 105 Selwyn, Bishop, quoted as to Melanesian ghost-worship, 182 Sex protector, Australian, 144 Sex totem, killing a, 146 Sexes mutually dangerous, savage beliefs, 19, 24 Sexual family relations common to all animals, 224 Sexual functions, modification of, Mr. Atkinson on, 227 Sexual jealousy, Mr. Atkinson on, 220, 272, 276 Sexual jealousy the pause of exogamous marriage, 18 Siouan gentes, Mr. Dorsey on, 172 Siouan gentes, names of, 295; probably totemic, 175 Siouan tribes, 11 Smith, Mr. Robertson, and totemism, 17; on prohibited marriages, 27 Sobriquets, English village, 295; Siouan, 295; Orkney and Shetland, 296; Ancient Jewish, 300 Social changes the result of sexual jealousy, Mr. Atkinson on, 272 Social rules, growth of, in the tribe, 107 Social system of Melanesia, 176 Solomon Islands, no division into kindreds, 178; exogamous groups, 179 Son-in-law, customs concerning, 272, 273, 275 Spencer, Mr., on the origin of totemism, 60, 142; on exogamous groups in the Arunta tribe, 61; his reason for their introduction, 62; inconclusive statements, 62; his latest hypothesis regarding totemism, 68 Spencer and Gillen on aboriginal jealousy, 9; on totem groups, 15 n, 16; on Urabunna descent, 20; and the Arunta marriage ceremony, 24; on the class system in Australia, 37; on changes of tribal custom, 67; and 'communal marriage,' 69; on Arunta totem eating, 73; on Arunta marital relations, 74; on totems and phratries, 74; on Arunta legends, 76, 77; on marriage regulations, 78; on tribal and individual relationships, 89; on terms of relationship, 95; on 'classificatory' terms, 100; on Urabunna customs, 101; on totem origin, 141; on brother-and-sister 'avoidance,' 216; on Australian group marriage, 293 State, origin of the, Sir H. Maine on, 7 Status implied by relationship terms, 101 'Stealthy' intercourse preliminary to marriage, 265 Supremacy of women, supposed period of, 9 Sutherland crest, 163 TANKERVILLE, LORD, on the Chillingham Park bulls, 222 Terminology, the author's, 37 n; Mr. Fison's, 38 n Terminology, confusing, 10, 44, 126, 130 Terms of relationship, Mr. Morgan on, 93; origin of, 102; family and tribal significance, 103 Thlinket ideas of totems, 139 Thomas, Mr. N. W., on totemism, 148 Totem, restricted meaning of the word, 133; original word doubtful, 135; cult, the, 136; origin probably not religious, 137 Totem alliance, Mr. Jevons on, 134 Totem eating, Arunta, 71 Totem group names, folk-lore illustrative of, 169, Totem groups, local, 15; heterogeneous, 30; Mr. Morgan on the origin of, 92 Totem groups and magic, Arunta, 196, 198 Totem groups and phratries, relative antiquity, 35 Totem influence among the Arunta, 61 Totem kindreds, 10, 12 Totem name a bar to marriage, 16; liable to change, 48; origin forgotten, 184; implies blood kinship, 193 Totem prohibition of tribal marriage, 35 Totemic divisions of the Arunta, 83 Totemic influence on the Keddies' marriage customs, 287 Totemic myths, ancient Greek and Egyptian, 201 Totemic rules differ from civilised marriage laws, 87 Totemic system and exogamy, 80 Totemism, Lord Avebury on, 122 Totemism among the Arunta, 68 Totemism and exogamy, 16 Totemism dying in Melanesia, 184 Totemism, group, exogamous, the author's conjecture, 161 Totemism, origin of, 14, 131; theories regarding, 49, 50; Mr. Spencer on, 60 Totems and phratries, relations of, 74 Totems, classification of, by Mr. Frazer, 132 Totems, distribution of, in the 'phratries,' 55 Totems, Mr. Fison on the origin of, 45 Totems, original purpose of, Mr. Atkinson on, 282 Tout, Mr. Hill, on totem origin, 152 Tribal and individual relationship, 88 Tribal custom, Messrs. Spencer and Gillen on, 67 Tribal divisions totemic in origin, 54 Tribal heterogeneousness, 8 Tribe, origin of the, Sir H. Maine on, 7; definition of the word, 11; an aggregation, not a division, 98; not a primitive institution, 103; growth of social rules in the, 107 Turanian gentes, 92 Tylor, Mr., on exogamy and totemism, 17; considers descent through female line the more archaic, 21; his researches into laws of marriage and descent, 109; on the word 'totem,' 131 n; on Fijian and Samoan totemism, 137; supports Dr. Wilken's theory of totem origin, 150 URABUNNA tribe of Central Australia, 1, 10; tribal divisions, 11; marriage restrictions, 12; descent through the female line, 20, 69; exogamous and totemic division, 54; intermarry with the Arunta, 69; communal marriage among, 69; less developed than the Arunta, 75; terms of relationship, 93; status implied by relationship terms, 101; Spencer and Gillen on customs, 101; marriage laws, 104; 'second masters' of married women, 104; Piraungaru custom, 105 VEDDAHS, avoidance of father and daughter, 274; of mother and son, 274 Victoria, Northern, tribal tradition of, 64 Village names, ancient Hebrew, 300 Village sobriquets, English, 173, 295 WESTERMARCK, DR., on promiscuous sexual relationship, 9; on the matriarchal theory, 20; on ape etiquette, 25; his theory of exogamy, 33; on terms of relationship, 95; on brother-and-sister avoidance, 240; on Annamese and Hottentot relationships, 240; on marriage by Rapture, 248 Western Australia totem, Sir George Grey on, 144 Wilken's, Dr., theory of totemic origin, 150; depends on the patriarchal theory, 151 Witchetty Grub, Australian totem, 170 Woeworung, the, 41; myths, 66, 139, 159, 163 Women, supremacy of, supposed period of, 9 Women, dominion of, 20 YAKUTS, avoidance among the, 275 ZAPOTECS and their tona, 144 Zulu superstition, 136, 143