TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Reading edition
CHAPTER I. Page.
Raw Materials Used in Soap Making 1-30
1. Soap Defined 1
2. Oils and Fats 1-2
3. Saponification Defined 2-3
4. Fats and Oils Used in Soap Manufacture 3-4 Fullers' Earth Process for Bleaching Tallow 4-6 Method for Further Improvement of Color in Tallow 6 Vegetable Oils 6-9 Chrome Bleaching of Palm Oil 9-12 Air Bleaching of Palm Oil 12-16
5. Rancidity of Oils and Fats 16-18 Prevention of Rancidity 18
6. Chemical Constants of Oils and Fats 18-19
7. Oil Hardening or Hydrogenating 19-21
8. Grease 21-22
9. Rosin (Colophony, Yellow Rosin, Resina) 22-23
10. Rosin Saponification 23-24
11. Naphthenic Acids 24-25
12. Alkalis 25-26 Caustic Soda 26 Caustic Potash 26-28 Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) 28-29 Potassium Carbonate 29
13. Additional Material Used in Soap Making 29-30
CHAPTER II.
Construction and Equipment of a Soap Plant 31-34
CHAPTER III.
Classification of Soap Making Methods 35-46
1. Full Boiled Soaps 36-42
2. Cold Process 43-44
3. Carbonate Saponification 45-46
CHAPTER IV.
Classification of Soaps 47-104
1. Laundry Soap 48 Semi-Boiled Laundry Soap 49-50 Settled Rosin Soap 50-54
2. Chip Soap 54-55 Cold Made Chip Soap 55-56 Unfilled Chip Soap 56
3. Soap Powders 56-59 Light Powders 60-61
4. Scouring Powders 61
5. Scouring Soap 61-62
6. Floating Soap 62-65
7. Toilet Soap 65-68 Cheaper Toilet Soaps 68-69 Run and Glued-up Soaps 69-71 Curd Soap 71-72 Cold Made Toilet Soaps 72-73 Perfuming and Coloring Toilet Soaps 73-75 Coloring Soap 75-76
8. Medicinal Soaps 76-77 Sulphur Soaps 77 Tar Soap 77 Soaps Containing Phenols 77-78 Peroxide Soap 78 Mercury Soaps 78 Less Important Medicinal Soaps 78-79
9. Castile Soap 79-81
10. Eschweger Soap 81-82
11. Transparent Soap 82-84 Cold Made Transparent Soap 84-87
12. Shaving Soaps 87-90 Shaving Powder 90 Shaving Cream 90-93
13. Pumice or Sand Soaps 93-94
14. Liquid Soaps 94-95
15. Use of Hardened Oils in Toilet Soaps 96-98
16. Textile Soaps 98 Scouring and Fulling Soaps for Wool 98-100 Wool Thrower's Soap 100-101 Worsted Finishing Soaps 101 Soaps Used in the Silk Industry 101-103 Soaps Used for Cotton Goods 103-104
17. Sulphonated Oils 104-105
CHAPTER V.
Glycerine Recovery 105-126
1. Methods of Saponification 105-106 Recovery of Glycerine from Spent Lye 106-113 Twitchell Process 113-118 Autoclave Saponification 118 Lime Saponification 118-120 Acid Saponification 120-121 Aqueous Saponification 121 Splitting Fats with Ferments 121-123 Krebitz Process 123-125
2. Distillation of Fatty Acids 125-126
CHAPTER VI.
Analytical Methods 127-164
1. Analysis of Oils and Fats 128 Free Fatty Acids 128-130 Moisture 130 Titer 130-132 Determination of Unsaponifiable Matter 132-133 Test for Color of Soap 133-134 Testing of Alkalis Used in Soap Making 134-137
2. Soap Analysis 137-138 Moisture 138-139 Free Alkali or Acid 139-142 Insoluble Matter 143 Starch and Gelatine 143-144 Total Fatty and Resin Acids 144 Determination of Rosin 144-147 Total Alkali 147-148 Unsaponifiable Matter 148 Silica and Silicates 148-149 Glycerine in Soap 149-150 Sugar in Soap 150
3. Glycerine Analysis 150-151 Sampling 151 Analysis 151-154 Acetin Process for the Determination of Glycerol 155-156 The Method 156-159 Ways of Calculating Actual Glycerol Contents 159-160 Bichromate Process for Glycerol Determination Reagents Required 160-161 The Method 161-162 Sampling Crude Glycerine 162-164
CHAPTER VII
Standard Methods for the Sampling and Analysis of Commercial Fats and Oils 165-195
1. Scope, Applicability and Limitations of the Methods 165-166 Scope 165 Applicability 166 Limitations 166 Sampling 166-169 Tank Cars 166-167 Barrels, Tierces, Casks, Drums, and Other Packages 168
2. Analysis 169-183 Sample 169 Moisture and Volatile Matter 170-172 Insoluble Impurities 172-173 Soluble Mineral Matter 173 Free Fatty Acids 174 Titer 174-175 Unsaponifiable Matter 176-177 Iodine Number-Wijs Method 177-181 Saponification Number (Koettstorfer Number) 181 Melting Point 181-182 Cloud Test 182-184
3. Notes of the Above Methods 184-196 Sampling 183 Moisture and Volatile Matter 184-187 Insoluble Impurities 187 Soluble Mineral Matter 187-188 Free Fatty Acid 188-189 Titer 189 Unsaponified Matter 190-193 Melting Point 193-196
Plant and Machinery 198-219 Illustrations of Machinery and Layouts of the Plant of a Modern Soap Making Establishment 198-219
Appendix 219-237
Useful Tables
Index 239