INDEX

Ægean Sea, 33

Africa, circumnavigation of, by the Phœnicians, 21;

in early map, 124;

geographical knowledge of, 130

Agricola, 67

Alectus, 78

Alfred, sailors in time of, 17

Algiers, pirates of, 224

Amber, Phœnicians and, 26

Ambleteuse, 73

America, North, the Vikings and, 90, 91

Amundsen, Capt. Roald, 204

Amyntas III and shipbuilding materials, 46

Anchor work, 258

Anchors, metal, Athenian Navy, 44;

of the king’s galleys, middle ages, 146;

Spanish iron for, 180;

of men-o’-war, early 19th century, 278

Andersen, Capt. Magnus, 90

Anglo-Dutch wars, 208, 229, 230, 235, 237–40, 267

Anne, Queen, seamen in days of, 249

Anson’s voyage round the world, 131, 251

Antipater of Sidon quoted, 32

Antiphilus quoted, 33

Arabians, the, as navigators, 122

Arctic Circle, voyaging to, 116

Argand lamp, 244

Armada, the great, and seamanship, 184;

wages of seamen at time of, 208;

tactics against, 218;

the pirate and, 222

Arthur’s, King, conquests, 116

Artillery introduced, 180;

knowledge of, 181;

of an Elizabethan ship, 191;

17th century, 228;

18th century, 261;

on men-o’-war, 276, 283

Asia, kings of, build large warships, 43

Askoma, 31

Assyrian sculptures, Phœnician biremes in, 19

Assyrians, the, and the sea, 16

Astrolabe, the, need for, 172;

its origin and name, 172;

its use described, 173;

improved for the sea, 174;

and Columbus, 175;

importance of those who could use it, 175;

superseded, 212

Astronomers, the ancients as, 115

Astronomical measurements in navigation, 27

Athenian Navy, the, 44;

inventories of Athenian dockyards, 47

Atlantic, the, Arab name for, 154

Atlas, the first (Wagenaer’s), 214

Audley, Thomas, “Book of Orders,” 182

Augustus, 68

Australia, rush to, 288

Avery, David, 244

Ayscue, Sir George, 239, 242

Azores, the, 212, 217

Baffin’s Bay, 88

Bailak Kibdjaki, 150

Ballast in ancient Greek ships, 32;

loose ballast, 289

Baltimore, piracy at, 223

Barometer, the, 259

Bayeux tapestry, ships in the, 137, 138

Beachy Head, battle of, 243

Beacons, 243

Beaver, Lieut. Philip, 267

Beazley, Mr. Raymond, quoted, 126

Bedford, Duke of, First Lord of Admiralty, and naval uniforms, 272

Behaim, Martin, improves the astrolabe, 174

Bells, ships’, 215, 254

Benbow, Admiral John, 266

“Better to break owners than orders,” 263

Birds, observations by, 88

Biremes, Phœnician, 19;

succeeded by trireme, 38;

number of oars, 40

Biscay, the Bay of, 117

“Bittacle” (i.e. binnacle), 214, 253

“Bitter end,” the, 278

Bitts, 278

Bitumen caulking, 19

“Black Book of the Admiralty,” 183

Black Deeps, the, 227

Blaeu, Wm. J., “The Sea Mirrour,” 215

Blake, Admiral Robert, and Tunisian pirates, 224;

sea commander, 229;

and discontent on his ships, 236;

defects in his ships, 237;

tactics, 238, 239;

battle off Portland, 240, 241

Boarding in naval warfare, 62, 183, 218

Boatswain, 146

Böckh’s “Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum,” 47

Booms in Ancient Rhodes, 53

Borough, Admiral William, 217

Boteler’s “Dialogues,” 230

Boulogne (Gesoriacum), 67, 70, 72, 79

Bourne, William, on the cross-staff, 175;

“Arte of Shooting,” 191;

“Inventions or Devises,” 193;

“Regiment for the Sea,” 209;

first English book on navigation 211;

on the earth as a globe, 213;

“Treasure for Traueilers,” 216;

method of registering speed, 216

Bowline, to sail on a, 168

Boxhauling, 252

Bridport, Lord, 267

Brigg’s logarithms, 248

Bristol Channel pilot cutters, 31

Britain, Roman invasion of, 72–7

British fleet in Roman times (Classis Britannica), 67

British Navy, reorganised in 1618, 224;

under the Commonwealth, 229;

fashionable, 229;

captain’s pay at end of 17th century, 230;

probable strategy of to-day, 238;

ballast, 289.

See also Elizabethan, Tudor

British seamanship and British supremacy, 219

Buoys, 214, 226, 244

Burgh, Hubert de, 143

Bushnell, Edmund, “Complete Ship-Wright,” 224

Bytharne, Jehan, “Book of War,” 183

Cables of Viking ships, 108;

hemp and chain, 277, 278

Cabot, Sebastian, 133

Cadiz, 235;

mutiny of, 267

Cæsar and the invasion of Britain, 5;

and his fleet, 69;

its tactics, 70;

invasion of England, 70–7;

seamanship, 74;

landing, 76;

knowledge of Gaul and Britain, 77

Calais, 72

Calicut, 135

California gold rush, 288

Caligula, 81

Callis (pirate), 222

Cambridge, Trinity College, MS. of pilgrim voyage, 147

Canary Isles, 118, 121

Cannon. See Artillery

Cape Barfleur, 138

Cape Blanco, 134

Cape Bojador, 134

Cape Nun, 134

Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and, 22;

doubled, 134;

named, 136

Cape St. Vincent (Holy Promontory), 125, 127, 217

Cape Verde Islands, 134

Captains, tyrannical, 249

Carausius, 78, 79

Carpenter, 146

Cartagena, 266

Carthaginian fleet, the, 62

Cartography. See Map-making

Catholic Church, the Portuguese and the, 131

Catteville, the race of, 138

Chain cables, 277

Chanca, Dr., of Columbus’s fleet, 165

Chaplains on Elizabethan ships, 199;

of French Navy, 230;

18th century, 249

Charles I, mutinies of the Navy, 236

Charles II, Navy in time of, 229;

officers, 230;

and sea charts, 243

Charles V, 133, 170

Charts, compilation of, 171;

Wagenaer’s, 214, 219;

Charles II and James II and, 243;

of British coast, 18th century, 256;

English, 257

Chatham, 184;

dockyard, 226, 274

Chavez, Alonso and Hieronymo de, 138, 171

Chelsea pensioners on Anson’s voyage, 251

China tea trade, 288–9

Chinese, the, and the compass, 119;

voyages of, 119

Chios, battle of, 52

Chronometer, the coming of the, 178, 254

Church services in Navy, 17th century, 227

Cinque Ports, 140

Circle, great, sailing, 178, 211, 213

Civil War, the Navy during the, 236

Classis Britannica, 67, 79

Claudius, 67

Clerk, John, “Naval Tactics,” 269

Clinton (pirate), 222

“Close-fights,” 188

Clothing, seamen’s, 18th century, 264

Cockpit, 282

“Code de la Mer,” 151

Colbert, Jean B., 230

Colliers, London, of the 18th century, 251

Collins, Greenville, 243

Colonies, the, and seamanship, 230

Colosseum, the, 69

Colours of men-o’-war, 279;

internal, 246, 280

Columbus, Bartolomeo, 156

Columbus, Christopher, effect of Prince Henry’s work, 131;

his place, 136;

his log, 155;

his ships and navigation, 155;

his studies, 156;

and the Vikings, 156;

sets sail on first voyage, 157;

speed, 158;

his helmsman, 158;

reckonings, 159;

sights land, 160;

homeward bound, 160;

wreck of the Santa Maria, 161;

details of the ship, 163–4;

food, 164;

crew, 164;

religious atmosphere, 165;

subsequent voyages, 165;

third voyage, 166;

on the shape of the earth, 166;

fourth voyage, 167;

and navigating, 167;

as seaman and navigator, 169;

his achievements, 169;

reckoning by tonnage, 197

Compass, the, use by the Chinese, 119;

by Arabians, 119;

introduced to Europe, 119;

suspension of the needle, 120;

the fleur-de-lys, 120;

its early use, 124;

liquid compass anticipated, 150;

variation recorded by Columbus, 158;

variation, 212, 213;

Elizabethan names for the, 214

“Confessio Amantis,” 146

Congo River, 135

Constable, 146

Constantinople, 152

Cook, Capt., 263

Copper sheathing, 275

Corinth, triremes built at, 42;

shipbuilding at, 46

Corn-ships of Egypt, 57

Cortes, Martin, 171, 211

Court-martial instituted, 218

Craft, the working of, 5

Cretan pirates, 53

Crew, ship’s, of the 13th century, 141, 146

Cross-staff, the, 174;

its use described, 176;

improved, 212

Crusades, the, 117, 119, 121;

Crusaders’ journey from Dartmouth, 138–40

Cyprus, temple in, commemorating a large ship, 43

Dartmouth, 138

Davis, John, as navigator, 155;

and circle sailing, 178;

nautical expressions in his logs, 203;

extracts from his “Traverse-Booke,” 205;

“Seaman’s Secrets,” 210

Davis’s quadrant, 246

Davits, 226

Deal, Cæsar’s landing at, 73, 74

Deane, Admiral, 240

Decks, 142

Deptford, seamen’s guild, 133, 171;

dockyard, 181, 226, 274

Diaz, Bartholomew, 135

Dock, dry, the first, 180

Docks at Rome, 62

Dockyards, Royal, 181, 226, 274

Dover, 67, 72, 76;

Roman Pharos, 243

Dover, Straits of, 72, 77

Drake, Sir Francis, 5;

influence of Prince Henry the Navigator, 131;

as navigator, 155;

Cadiz expedition, 217;

as strategist, 217

“Drift-sail,” 226

Duff, Capt., of H.M.S. Mars, 279

Duncan, Admiral, 267, 270

Dungeness, 77, 236, 289, 290

Dungeness beacon, 243

Dunnage, 289

Dutch as shipbuilders, 231

Dutch and English seamen, 16th century, 206

Dutch wars. See Anglo-Dutch wars

East India Company’s service, 284–287;

monopoly abolished and fleet disbanded, 287

Ecnomus, battle of, 43, 62

Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed, 272

Edgar, King, 116

Edward II, 144

Edward III, poem on pilgrim ship of the time of, 147

Edward VI, 133

Egyptian corn-ships, 4, 57

Egyptian kings of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. build large warships, 43

Egyptians, the ancient, and the sea, 11, 12;

Egyptian ships, 13;

and naval warfare, 14;

navigation of, 14;

ships and boats in the life of the people, 14;

shipbuilding, 15;

not instinctively seamen, 16

Einar Thambarskelfir, 108

Elizabethan galleons, 5

Elizabethan Navy, training of the seamen, 184;

seamanship, 186;

supremacy and colonial expansion, 186;

clumsy warships, 186;

types of vessels, 186;

obstacles to boarding, 188;

the tumble-home, 188;

colours of ships, 188;

steering, 189;

arrangements of the ships, 188–91;

sails, 190;

armament, 191–4;

the captain, 194;

punishments of seamen, 194;

the lieutenant, 194;

duties of the crew, 195;

watches, 196;

food, 198–202;

health, 198;

chaplain and trumpeter, 199;

life on board, 199;

contemporary account of sailing, 199;

sea terms in Elizabethan literature, 203;

their slowness, 206;

life of a captain, 207;

neglect of the seamen’s comfort, 207;

bad treatment, 208;

wages at time of the Armada, 208;

men of the service, 208;

flag saluting, 208;

cause of the impetus of the time, 209;

navigation books, 211–16;

instruments, 211, 212;

strategy, tactics, and discipline, 217;

court-martial, 218;

fleet tactics, 218;

seamanship, 219–20

Elizabethan seamen as nautical experts, 171

Emigration sailing ships to U.S.A., 283, 284

English as shipbuilders, 231

English Channel, winds, 72;

the Romans in the, 72;

tides, 74, 76;

John Davis and, 211;

piracy, 222

Equator, the, 178

Eric, son of Hakon, 109

Ericson, Thorstein, 87

Erith Dockyard, 181

Erling Askew, 94, 101

Erling Skialgson, 94

Eruli, 91

Espagnols sur Mer, Les, battle of, 144

Eudoxus, 27

Euphrates, shipbuilding on the, 17

Euripides, terms in, 36

Eustace the Monk, 143

Exmouth, Admiral Lord, and pirates of Algiers, 224

Exploration, claims in, 121

Faroe Isles, 116

Fenner, Capt., 217

Fighting instructions, 270

Fighting tops, 110

Figureheads, 102, 280

Fire, braziers of, used by Rhodians, 53

Fireships, 53

Flag, national, use of, by ancient Greeks, 48

Flag saluting, 208

Flamborough, 243

Flamstead, John, 212

Flemming (pirate), 222

Fleur-de-lys on the compass, 120

Flintshire, 243

Flogging, 265, 286

Fog signalling, 228

Forelands, beacons on the, 243

Forest of Dean, 275

“Fothering,” 262

Francesco da Barberino, 151

Fraser, Edward, “Greenwich Royal Hospital,” 272

French as shipbuilders, 231

French Government and longitude, 254

Froissart quoted, 145

Galiotæ (galley-men), 141, 146

Gama, Vasco da, 22, 131, 132, 134, 136

Gambia, River, discovered, 134

Gaul, Cæsar and, 77

Genoa and the Genoese, 118, 121, 156, 180

Geography, Phœnician influence on Greek geography, 26;

Pytheas and geographical knowledge, 27;

Greek and Roman, 114;

Ptolemy and, 116

George II establishes Naval Academy, 250;

and naval uniform, 272

Germany, 238

Gibson, Richard, 240

Gillianez, 134

Gillingham Reach, 184

“Glorious First of June,” A.D. 1794, 270, 271, 279

Gloucester, 67

Gnomon, the, 27

Gogstad Viking ship replica, 90

Gonzales, A., 134

Goodwin Sands, 77

Grapnels for boarding, 63, 101, 103

Greece, Phœnician losses at invasion of, 20

Greek fire, 142

Greek ships, galley, 5;

how built, 29, 35;

warships and ramming, 30, 32;

colouring and sails, 30;

warships, oar-propelled, 31, 37;

ballast, 32;

their shape, 34;

timber employed, 35;

other details, 35–7;

sailing seasons, 37;

manning of warships, 37;

biremes and triremes, 38–40;

anchors, 44;

quickly built, 46;

materials for, 46;

shipbuilding yards, 46;

naval tactics, 47;

seamen, 47;

diekplous and periplous, 48;

admiral’s ships, 48;

signalling, 49;

seamanship, 50;

officers, 50;

a penteconter, 50–1;

summary, 51

Greek words used in connection with ships, 34–7, 39–41

Greeks, Phœnician influence on the, 26

Greenland, Venetian voyage to, 122

Greenwich Observatory founded, 230

Gregory, ship of, 101

Guilds, seamen’s, 133, 171

Gulf Stream, the, 88

Gunnery at time of Armada, 219;

at time of French wars, 280.

See also Artillery

Gunnstein, 109

Gunpowder, 262

Gunter’s scale, 248

Haddock, Capt., 242

Hadley’s quadrant, 254

Hadrian’s wall, 67

Hair, human, for ropes, 54

Hakluyt, Richard, quoted, 116, 171, 212

Hakon, King, 98, 101, 109, 110

Hales, Dr., 283

Halogaland, 97;

the Halogalanders as seamen, 105

Halley, Edmund, on lead, latitude, and look-out, 253;

quadrant, 212

Hamblyn, Robert, 244

Hammocks introduced by Columbus, 164

Hannibalian War, slaves as oarsmen, 64

Hanseatic League, 180

Harald, King, 93, 98, 112

Harald Hairfair, 93

Harek of Thiotta, 94, 100

Harrison, John and William, invent the chronometer, 254

Harwich beacon, 243

Hatsopsitu’s, Queen, expedition to Punt, 12

Hawke, Lord, 230, 268, 273

Hawkins, Sir John, and payment for his men, 222

Hawse-pipes, 278

Heave to, 160

Heimskringla, the, 105

Hellespont, bridge of boats across the, 23

Henry VII, 170;

encourages shipbuilding, 179

Henry VIII, 133, 170;

decoration of his ships, 181, 182

Henry, Prince, the Navigator, 6;

and Madeira, 122, 134;

his influence, 126, 132, 133;

settles at Sagres, 127;

and the reaching of India, 127;

his naval college, 128;

his work, 129;

sea route to India, 127, 129, 130;

and the spread of the Catholic Church, 130;

the results of his work, 131;

the work of his pupils, 132;

his discoveries, 134

Herodotus on the Phœnicians, 21

Hiero II of Syracuse, mosaics on ship of, 52

Hipparchus, 115, 175

Holland, States of, and longitude, 254

Holmes, Mr. T. Rice, quoted, 69

Homer, references in, to ships, 34;

ship of Homer, 35

Hood, Admiral, 265, 270

Houlding, Capt., 241

Hour-glass, Vikings and the, 89;

hour and half-hourly glasses, 215, 254

Howard, Lord, of Effingham, tactics of, 218;

and the plague on his ships, 222

Howe, Lord, tactics of, 270, 271

Hull, Kingston-on-, 133;

seamen’s guild, 171

Hutchinson, William (“Practical Seamanship”), on a tyrannical captain, 249;

on seamanship, 250;

on the men of the merchant service, 251;

on colliers, 252, 257;

on boxhauling, 252;

on the steering wheel, 256;

on the barometer, 259;

on squaresails, 260;

pilots, 260;

method of stopping leaks, 263;

of scrubbing ship’s bottoms, 263;

sails, 264

Hynmers, Richard, 215

Hypozomata, 30

Iceland, 116

India, sea path to, 118;

Prince Henry the Navigator and sea route to, 127, 129, 130;

the opening of the sea route to, 134;

Portuguese expeditions to, 135;

Vasco da Gama’s voyage, 136;

Drake and the East Indian trade, 217

Indian Ocean, 119

Ingi, King, 93

Irish Sea, pirates in the, 223

Jamaica trade, 249

James, St., shrine of, 147

James I and pirates, 223, 224;

ships of his time, 228

James II, Navy in the time of, 229;

and sea charts, 243

Jervis, Admiral. See St. Vincent, Lord

“Jimmy Green,” 265, 283

Jordaine, Sir Joseph, 242

Kempenfelt, Capt., 269

Keppel, Admiral, 266

Kingsdown, 76

Kingston-upon-Hull. See Hull

Knut, King, 94, 98, 106

Korumba, 46

L’s, the five, 252

Lagos, 127, 128

Lanterns, poop, of Stuart vessel, 246

Launching, 17th century, 225;

of the Prince Royal, 232 et seq.;

cf. “wooden walls,” 275

Laws, maritime, of Rhodes, 55;

Medieval codes, 151;

Venetian, 153

Lawson, Sir John, 241

Leaks, methods of stopping, 262

Lebanon timber for Phœnician ships, 18

Leif, son of Eric the Red, 91

Leonidas of Tarentum quoted, 33

Lestock, Richard, 266

Levant, The, 118

Liburnians, the, of Dalmatia, 66

Lieutenants, 17th century, 229;

18th century, 251

“Light of Navigation, The,” 228

Lightbody, James, “Mariner’s Jewel,” 189, 225;

on bittacles, 214

Lighthouses, ancient Greek, 45;

beacons, 243;

the Argand lamp, 244

Lights on promontories in the Middle Ages, 145, 243

Lightships, 244

Line of battle, 242

Lisbon, 156

Live stock on sailing ships, 283

Liverpool pilots, 260

Loadstone, the, 115

Log-book, 256

Log-line, introduction of the, 178, 216;

patent log, 217

Longitude, 211, 253;

rewards for instruments, 254;

by lunar observations, 254;

the chronometer invented, 254

Look-out, the, 228

Lotus plant, the, in Egyptian ships, 15

Lowestoft, battle of, 242;

beacon, 243

Lucian, 3, 57

Lulli, Raymond, 129

Macedonia, King of, builds large warships, 43

Macham, discoverer of Madeira, 122

Machico, 122

Madeira, discovery of, 122;

rediscovery, 134

Magazines on men-o’-war, 277

Magellan, Ferdinand, 131

Magister, 146

Magnus, ship of, 112

Magnusson, Dr. Eirikr, quoted, 105, 107

Mahan, Admiral, quoted, 268

Malaga, battle of, 267

Malocello, 118, 121

Man, Isle of, 243

Manger, 278

Map-making, Ptolemy and, 116;

early Venetian, 124;

portolani, 124

Marinelli (mariners), 141, 146

Maritime arts only among seafaring people, 11

Maritime discovery, the ancients and, 114

Maritime progress, Prince Henry the Navigator and, 133

Markham, Sir Clements, quoted on Seville training in navigation, 178

Martin V, Pope, 134

Maskelyne, Dr., Astronomer Royal, 254

Maspero, Prof., on the Egyptians and the sea, 11

Masts, length of, 17th century, 225

Match-tubs, 282

Matthews, Admiral Thomas, 266

Mediterranean, the, Egyptian ships on the, 12;

Phœnicians in the, 22

Medway, the, 184

Melinda, 136

Men-o’-war. See Wooden walls.

Mercator, Gerard, “Mappemonde,” 219;

chart, 248

Meridians, converging, Ptolemy and, 116

Messahala on the astrolabe, 175

Meteorology. Virgil’s description of weather, 83–4

Midshipmen, 18th century, 251

Minnes, Vice-Admiral, 242

Misenum, 66

Missionaries as geographical discoverers, 117

Monck, Admiral, 229, 241

Monson, Sir William, “Naval Tracts,” 194, 198, 226

Moon-dial, the, 248

Moore’s “Midshipman’s Vocabulary,” 263

Moorish pirates, 223

Mozambique, 136

Mutinies at Spithead, the Nore, etc., 267

Mykenæans, the, and decorated sails, 51

Myonnesos, battle of, 52

Nansen, Dr., on Pytheas, 28;

on the Vikings, 85, 90, 92

Napier, John, and logarithms, 224

Narrow Seas, the, 214, 219

Nature, man and the forces of, 10

Naumachia, 68

Nautæ (sailors), 141, 146

“Nautical Almanac,” 254

Nautical words. See Sea terms

Naval Academy, Portsmouth, 250

Naval education in Portugal, 128 et seq.;

in England, 229;

in France, 230;

17th century, 248;

18th century, 250

Naval warfare in England, early, 144;

as a science, 182;

18th-century tactics, 267, 268.

See also Tactics

Navigation, the beginning of, 5;

of the ancient Egyptians, 14;

of the Phœnicians, 19, 22;

Pytheas and, 27;

as described by Virgil, 83;

by instinct, 86;

of the Vikings, 86–90;

the ancients and, 114;

the Arabians and, 122;

Prince Henry the Navigator and, 128 et seq.;

first book on, by an Englishman, 211;

early English books, 211–16;

instruments of the Elizabethans, 211, 212;

in the 17th century, 224;

in the 18th century, 253;

methods of 18th-century coasters, 257

Navy, Royal. See British Navy

Neco, King of Egypt, and the circumnavigation of Africa, 21

Nelson, Lord, signal at Trafalgar, 271;

the battle of St. Vincent, 271;

the Victory, 275;

cost of a man-o’-war in his time, 276;

colours of his ships, 280

Nemi, Lake, Roman boats, 78, 81

Nesiar, battle of, 101

New Forest, 275

Newcastle colliers, 230, 251, 256

Newcastle-on-Tyne Seamen’s Guild, 133, 171

Nile, the, 12

Nile barge, huge, 43

Nocturnal, the, 248

Nore Lightship, 244

Nore, mutiny at the, 267

Norse discoveries, 117

Norsemen, the, and navigation, 2.

See also Vikings

North Foreland, battle off the, 242

North-West Passage, 204

Norwood, Richard, “Seaman’s Practice,” 216

Nunez, Pedro, 178

Oak for men-o’-war, 275

Oarsmen on triremes, 39 et seq.;

on Viking ships, 112

Octher, 116

Officers of Navy of 18th century, 266

Olaf Tryggvason, King, 94, 96, 100, 101, 103

Oleron, laws of, 151

Oppenheim, Mr. N., quoted, 182, 188

Orfordness, 243

Ostend, 241

Palinurus, the pilot, 83

Palos, 156

Pavia University, Columbus at, 156

Pay of Navy, mutinies, 267

Pedro, Prince, 127

Peloponnesian War, 38

Penn, Admiral Sir William, 241

Pentekontoroi (Greek warships), 37, 50, 51

Pepys, Samuel, 229

Petrie, Prof. Flinders, on shipbuilding in Egypt, 15, 51

Pett, Sir Phineas, 231

Petts, the, as shipbuilders, 231

Philip II, neglect of, in saluting, 209

Philip III of Spain, 254

Phœnicians, the, as seamen, 12, 16;

build a fleet for Sennacherib, 17;

a race of seamen, 18;

their ships and crews, 18;

their navigation, 19, 22;

biremes, 19;

their losses, 20;

piracy, 20;

their voyages, 21;

circumnavigation of Africa, 21;

the first great seamen, 23;

engineers, 23;

Xenophon’s record of their ships, 23;

influence on the Greeks, 26

Pilgrim ship of Edward III, 147

Pilgrims as discoverers, 117

Pilot, grand, of England, 133, 226

Pilot major, 133, 170

Pilots, 170; “loadsmen,” 172;

Mersey, 260;

Tyne, 260

Piracy, Phœnician, 20;

in Roman times, 66;

in Tudor times, 184

Pirates, Mediterranean, 152;

in Elizabethan times, 222;

17th century, 223;

Moorish, 223;

Tunisian, 224;

Algerian, 224

Plymouth Dockyard, 274

Plymouth Sound, brig in, 257

Pole, North, Pytheas and the, 27

Polo, Marco, 130

Popham, Admiral Edward, 229

Popham’s, Sir Home, code, 271

Portland, battle off, 1653, 240

Portland beacon, 243

Portolani, 124

Portsmouth, first dry dock at, 180;

dockyard established, 181;

ships from, wintered on Medway, 184;

dockyard, 226, 274;

Naval Academy, 250

Portuguese, their maritime knowledge, 125, 128;

influence of, on seamanship, 133;

concession to the King of Portugal, 134;

their discoveries, 134, 135;

discoverers able to keep at sea, 154;

enterprise in shipbuilding, 219;

as navigators, 219

Post, Roman imperial, 57

Powder-monkeys, 282

Premiums on speed of tea clippers, 289

Pressgang, the, 251

Prester John, 135

Privateering in Tudor times, 184;

in 18th century, 261;

tactics, 262

Prize, division of, Elizabethan times, 197

Provisioning by live stock, 283

Ptolemy, 115, 116

Ptolemy Philopator builds huge ship, 43

Punic Wars, 62, 64

Punt, Land of, 12

Purser, 146

Pursser (pirate), 222

Pytheas of Massilia, the pioneer of navigation, 6, 27;

his voyages of discovery, 28

Quadrant, Davis’s, 212;

Flamstead’s, 212;

Halley’s, 212

Quadriremes and quinquiremes, 38, 42–3

Rameses II, galleys of, 12

Ramming, Greek warships and, 30, 41;

method of, by Rhodians, 52;

in the Middle Ages, 143

Raud the Unchristened, 104

Ravenna, 66

Ravens used by the Vikings, 87

Rawlinson, Professor George, on biremes, 19;

on Phœnician navigation, 22

Reckonings, 256

Rectores (masters), 141, 146

Red Sea, the, 12

Reef, 145

Renaissance, the, and cartography, 124;

and shipping, 170

Rhodes, ancient, ships of, 52;

celoces, 52;

naval tactics, 52;

ramming, 52;

naval organisation, 53;

shipbuilding, 53;

sea prowess, 54;

as a port, 54;

sea law, 55;

“Code Navale des Rhodiens,” 151

Rhumb-lines, 213

Richard I and his Crusader fleet, 139;

his naval tactics, 143

Richardson, Wm., “A Mariner of England,” 264

Rigging, wire, 289

Rochelle, action off, 273

Rodney, Admiral Lord, 230;

signals, 266;

Battle of the Saints, 268;

victories of, 270

Roman boat found at Westminster, 78–81

Roman galley, 5;

shipowners, 56–7;

merchants and barge-owners, 57;

corn-ships, 57;

warships, 61, 65;

docks, 62;

the fleets, 62, 66, 67;

naval warfare, 62;

squadrons, 64;

standing navy abolished, 64;

Romans not seamen, 64;

naval officers, 64;

piracy, 66;

the classiarii, 67;

influence of the navy on land, 68;

Cæsar’s fleet, 69;

its tactics, 70;

invasion of Britain, 72–7;

as shipwrights, 77–82;

Romano-British ships, 79;

boat found at Westminster, 78–81;

Lake Nemi boats, 78, 81–2;

Virgil’s descriptions, 82–4

Roman pharos at Dover, 243

Rome, victualling of, 56;

docks at, 62

Romney Marsh, 77

Ropes, ancient Greek, 31

“Rosa Solis,” 207

Royal Naval College, 250

Royal Navy. See British Navy

Rudders of Viking ships, 107;

change of position of rudders, 146, 152

Rupert, Prince, 242

Ruyter’s, Admiral de, 242

Sagas, descriptions from the, 92 et seq.

Sagres, 127–9

Sailing season, 151

Sailors. See Seamen

Sails, ancient Greek, 30;

in the Middle Ages, 137, 145;

of the Elizabethan ships, 190;

18th century, 264;

spritsails, 265;

beginning of the 19th century, 283

St. Albans (Aldhelm’s) Head light, 145, 243

St. Andrew’s cross, 209

St. George’s ensign, 183, 209

St. Vincent, Admiral Lord, 230, 270

St. Vincent, battle of, 271

Saints, Battle of the (1782), 265, 268, 270

Salamis, battle of, triremes at, 38

Saluting by flag, 208

Sandgate, 76

Sandwich, Earl, 240, 242

Sandwich, 276

Scandinavians as sailors, 93

“Scarfing,” 282

Schey, Rear-Admiral, 243

Scribes on Mediterranean ships, 153

Scuppers, 278

Sea, humanity’s debt to the, 6;

fear of the, 11

Sea sayings, 263

Sea sense, the, 8

Sea terms in Homer, etc., 35 et seq.;

in Elizabethan literature, 203;

in current use, 206

Seamanship becoming a lost art, 4;

slowness of advance in early times, 120;

of the Middle Ages, 137 et seq.;

first book on, 151;

of time of Columbus, 160;

early treatises on, 171;

East India Company’s service and, 287;

in the 19th century, 274

Seamen, hardships of, 3, 7;

the want of consideration for, 7;

the seaman character, 8;

bond between, 8;

of the 18th century, 251, 266

Sennacherib and his fleet, 16

Senofern and shipbuilding in ancient Egypt, 15

Seppings, Sir Robert, 282

Sesostris, sacred barge of, 16;

huge Nile barge, 43

Seville, Contractation House, 170

Seville training in navigation, 178

Sextant, the, 174, 254

Seyffert, Dr. Oskar, and Greek ships, 38

Shakespeare and sea terms, 203

Sheathing with copper, 226, 275

Sheer hulk, 275

Sheerness Dockyard, 274

Ship of the 13th century described, 140;

fighting methods, 142

Shipbuilding in ancient Egypt, 15;

earliest English book on, 224;

of wooden ships under cover, 282

Shipowners, Roman, servants of the State, 52–3

Ships, ancient Egyptian, 13–16

Ships, measuring of, 224;

construction of, 17th century, 227;

painted red internally, 246, 280

Ship’s bottoms, scrubbing, 263

Ships named:

Association, 273

Assurance, 240

Bison, 103

Blanche Nef, 138

Capitana, 165

Centaur, 82

Chimæra, 82

Crane, 96, 101, 104

Dorsetshire, 273

Dragon, 104

Eagle, 273

Edinburgh, 273

Elizabeth, 204

Fairfax, 241

Falcon, 288

Fiery Cross, 288

George, 237

Goddess Isis, 59

Great Harry, 181

Helene, 204

Long Worm, 96, 101

Marigalante, 197

H.M.S. Mars, 279

Mary (Charles II), 5, 241

Mauretania, 4

H.M.S. Minerva, 264

Nina, 155, 157 et seq.

Olympic, 4

Pinta, 155, 157 et seq.

Prince Royal, 231–5

Pristis, 82

Radians, 79

Red Lion, 204

Royal James, 242

Ruby, 241

San Felipe, 217, 218

Santa Maria, 155 et seq.;

described, 163

Scylla, 82

Seaforth, 289

Short Worm, 97, 101, 103, 104

Sovereign of the Seas, 244

Speaker, 241

Sunneshine, 204

Swiftsure, 237

Taeping, 290

Triumph, 240, 241

Vanguard, 241

Victory (Nelson’s), 275

Worm, 97, 101, 103, 104

Ships, types of, named:

Aphraktos, 65

Barque, 204

Bireme, 19, 40, 66

Brig, 252, 257

Carabela (caravel), 128, 137, 157, 168

Carack, 219

Celox, 52

Ceol, 110

Clipper, 274, 288, 289

Cock-boat, 199

Collier, 251, 256

Dieres, 52

Dragon, 96, 112

Dromon, 94

East Indiaman, 249, 274, 284

Frigate, 276

Galleon, 199

Galley, 12, 46

Kataphraktos, 65

Kaupskip, 95

Keel, 110

Knörr, 95

Lateener, 168

Lembus, 65, 66

Liburnian, 66

Man-o’-war, “high charged,” 186;

“wooden walls,” 274

Navis aperta, 66

Navis tecta, 65

Pentekontoros, 37, 38, 50, 51, 65

Penteres, 52

Pinnace, 190

Privateer, 261

Quadrireme, 42, 51, 65

Quinquireme, 38, 43, 51, 62, 64–6

Skeid, 95

Skuta, 95

Snekkja, 95

Tea clipper, 274, 288, 289

Three-decker, 276, 283

Tetreres, 52

Triemiolia, 52

Triremes, 24, 38–40, 50, 51, 54, 62, 65, 66, 79

Shoreham, battle of, 183

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, wreck of, 254;

on Great Storm, 272

Sicily, King of, builds large warships, 43

Sidney, Sir Philip, 190

Sidon, sailors of, 17, 20, 22

Signal book, 270

Signalling, ancient Greek, 49;

in Tudor times, 183;

17th century, 227

Signals, Rodney’s, 266, 268

Sigurd, King, 93, 95, 100, 106

Sigurd, Bishop, 104

“Skipper,” 206

Skopti, 109

Slave trade, Phœnician, 20

Sluys, battle of, 144

Smith, Capt. John, “Accidence,” 195;

account of life aboard an Elizabethan ship, 199;

on pirates, 222

Sofala, 136

Solebay, battle of, 242

Sounding lead, Vikings use, 89

South Pole, 204

Southampton Water, 263

Spain and iron supplies, Tudor times, 180;

jealousy of, in Elizabethan days, 209

Spaniards and gunnery, Armada, 219

Spanish warships, sailors cook for themselves on board, 153;

signalling in the, 183

Spars, steel, 289

Speed recording without log, 158

Spithead, mutiny at, 267

Spritmast, 283

Squaresails, 260

Starboard, 108

Statham’s “Privateers and Privateering,” 261

Steel, Robert, and Son, Greenock, 288

Steering wheels, 256, 272–3

Sterns, decorated, 280, 282

Stokes Bay, 239

Storm, great, of 1703, 272

Strabo on the Sidonian navigation, 22

Stuart seamanship, 235

Stuart warships, 244;

rig and sails, 244;

decks and armament, 245–6;

workmanship and decoration, 245–8

Sturmanni (steersmen), 141, 146

Suez Canal, 288

Surgeons, 282

Svein, King, 93, 101, 108

Swearing, 265

Swin Channel, 214, 258

Syria, 152

Tacking, the art of, 10

Tactics, naval, 17th century, 238;

in Anglo-Dutch war, 239;

line-ahead, 239;

schools of, 240;

18th century, 268;

French, 268;

Clerk’s “Naval Tactics,” 269;

Lord Howe’s changes, 270;

Jervis’s tactics, 271

Tampion’s portable barometer, 259

Tartaglia, Nicholas, “Arte of Shooting,” 216

Tea clippers, 288, 289

Tetricus the Elder, 78

Texel, mutiny off the, 267

Thames estuary, 77, 214, 258

Thames, Roman boat found in the, 78–81

Thames waterman as seaman, 12

Thanet, 77

Themistocles and a navy, 38

Thole-pins, 35

Thorburg Shavehewer, 96, 97

Thorleif the Sage, 109

Thorowgood, Capt. Thomas, 236

Tides, the, Pytheas and, 28;

in the English channel, 74, 76

Tigris, shipbuilding on the, 17

Tillers, steering, in use, 1703, 272

Timber of ancient Greek vessels, 35

Time as recorded by Elizabethans, 215

Tin, Phœnicians and, 21, 26

Tonnage, reckoning by, 197

Torr, Mr. Cecil, quoted, 45, 49, 54

Torres, Capt. Antonio de, 197

Torrington, Lord, 243

Tower of London, 184

Trade routes, ancient, and the Phœnicians, 26

“Trade” wind, 207

Trafalgar, battle of, 279;

Nelson’s signal, 271

“Trani, Loi de,” 151

Travel, desire for, 121

Traverse board, 256

Trestle-trees, 207

Triremes, Greek, 38;

arrangement of, 39;

number of oars, 40;

rigging, 42

Tristan, 134

Tromp, Marten, 238, 239

Trumpeter on Elizabethan ships, 199

Tudor colours, the, 181

Tudor period, sailors in the, 17

Tudor ships, life on, 179;

victualling, 179;

health, 179;

shipbuilding, 180;

naval weapons, 180;

foreign shipbuilding for Henry VIII, 180;

artillery, 181;

decorated ships, 181, 182;

crew of the Great Harry, 181;

rate of pay, 182;

fleet orders, 182;

signalling, 183;

tactics, 183

Tunisian pirates, 224

Tyne, the, 257;

Tyne pilots, 260

Uniforms originate in France, 230;

adopted in English Navy, 271;

how blue and white originated, 272

Union Jack, 245

United States, emigration sailing ships to, 283;

length of voyage, 284

Veneti, the, 69

Venetian maps, 124;

shipping season restricted, 152;

shipping laws, 153;

and the Atlantic, 154;

position on the sea, 154;

decline, 154

Venetians, the, 118, 122

Venice, Arsenal at, 180

Ventilation of ships, 283

Vikings, the, ships, 4, 5;

as seamen, 16;

as warriors and explorers, 85;

their sea sense, 86;

sense of time, 87;

navigation methods, 87–90;

and discovery of North America, 90;

replica of Gogstad ship’s voyage, 90;

extent of voyages, 90;

provisioning, 91;

descriptions from the Sagas, 92–5;

moving of ships, 93;

winter sailing, 92, 93;

species of craft, 95;

building a ship, 96;

fitting-out season, 100;

naval tactics, 101;

sails, 105;

steering, 107;

cables, 108;

precedence for berthing, 109;

row-boats, 109;

mooring, 110;

fighting tops, 110;

awnings, 110;

messing, 111;

bailing, 112;

oarsmen, 112;

fighters and seamen, 113;

as discoverers, 117, 121

Virgil’s description of ships and sea, 82–4

Vivaldi, 118

Volusenus, 72

Voyages without navigational methods, 6

Wagenaer’s atlas, 214;

charts, 219

War and shipbuilding, 85

War vessels, ancient, 43, 44

Wars of the Roses, 85

“Watches” in Elizabethan ships, 196

Water-compass, 119

West Indies, 170. See also Columbus

Westminster, Roman boat found at, 78–81

Whales, observations by, 88

Whipstaff, 189

William the Conqueror, 5, 138

Winds, waves, and tides, awe of, 10

Wissant, 75

Wolf the Red, 97

“Wooden walls,” 274;

oak for the, 275;

the life of, 275;

building, 275;

rig, description, and cost, 276;

cables, 277, 278;

colours of, 279, 280;

gunnery, 280

Woolwich Dockyard established, 181, 226, 274

Woolwich, launch at, in 1610, 232

Wright, Edward, “Haven-finding Art,” “Certaine Errors in Navigation,” 212

Xenophon on Phœnician ships, 23

Xerxes and the Phœnicians, 23

Yarmouth Roads, 257

Young, Capt., and neglect of Dutch to salute, 208

Zamorano, Roderigo, 133, 171

Zeno, the brothers, 122

WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD. PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH

I. Body Plan, etc., of an Early Nineteenth-Century 74-Gun Ship.

(Larger)

II. A Portable Crab Winch of the Early Nineteenth Century.

III. Longitudinal Plan of an Early Nineteenth-Century 74-Gun Ship.

(Larger)

IV. A 330-Ton Merchant Ship of the Early Nineteenth Century.

Upper illustration shows method of framing. Lower illustration gives plan of upper deck, indicating positions of windlass, masts, hatches, capstan, pump, etc. (See Chapter X.)

V. Shrouds of Mainmast, Early Nineteenth-Century Ship.

VI. Design of the Stern of an Early Nineteenth-Century 330-Ton Merchant Ship.

VII. Midship Section of 330-Ton Merchant Ship of the Early Nineteenth Century.

VIII. Longitudinal Plan of an Early Nineteenth-Century 330-Ton Merchantman.

Length between perpendiculars, 108 ft. 3¼ in. Extreme breadth, 27 ft. 6 in. Depth, 12 ft. Length on keel, 82 ft.

IX. Plans of an Early Nineteenth-Century 74-Gun Ship.

(Larger)

X. Iron Clipper Sailing Ship “Lord of the Isles.”

Length between perpendiculars, 185 ft. Extreme breadth, 29 ft. 1000 tons displacement.

XI. The Wooden Clipper Ship “Schomberg.”

Length between perpendiculars, 262 ft. 6 in. Extreme breadth, 45 ft. 2600 tons burthen.

Plan XI, left and right sides