Note 7 — URBIS RŌMAE VIRĪ INLŪSTRĒS Complete text as printed

39.7 clāde adfēcisset = ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf. eō genere . . . adficiēbātur, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.

39.8 Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the future participle being exactly equivalent to ut with the subjunctive. See p. xviii, E 5; quasi = ‘as if,’ and is contrasted with rē vērā, ‘in reality.’

39.9 The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also p. xx, G 3.

39.10 exorior.

39.11 idem . . . esse: ‘the same thing ought to be done to him.’ The gerundive with esse denotes either physical necessity (‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’).

39.12 abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655: A 250: G 403: B 223. paucīs annīs is a sort of temporal adverb with ante.

40.1 Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two past actions the prior is expressed by the pluperfect tense; of two future actions the prior is expressed by the future perfect tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if you do.’

40.2 Join with meliōrēs, and cf. p. 39, n. 12.

40.3 i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind Pūnica fidēs was a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great Hannibal that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic treachery.’ For Āfrīs, see p. 10, n. 18.

40.4 pār . . . referrī = ‘retaliation.’ How literally?

40.5 ‘consistent with.’

40.6 prīmus . . . trāiēcit: cf. p. 38, n. 1.

40.7 indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’ Sēscentī and mīlle are often used in the same way.

40.8 = et nōn (cf. l. 13).

40.9 ēlīdō.

40.10 dūrissimā . . . repellente: what does the abl. abs. express?

40.11 Cōnfugiendum . . . ad: impersonal passive: ‘they had to resort to.’ Cf. p. 39, n. 11.

40.12 The ballistae and catapultae were the artillery of antiquity. It is said that from the ballistae stones weighing one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.

40.13 velut . . . mūnīta: to be taken with what follows.

40.14 opprimō.

40.15 cōgō.

40.16 acc. of extent (cf. p. 12, n. 1) with longum.

40.17 rēs bene gestās: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrast rē male gestā, XVI, 31, and note.

41.1 Cf. p. 18, n. 17.

41.2 occāsiōnem nactum (nancīscor): ‘seizing the opportunity.’

41.3 īnstrūmentō rūsticō: ‘his farming implements.’

41.4 Join with successor, and cf. p. 26, n. 5.

41.5 unde . . . alerentur: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc.

41.6 subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for which see p. 13, n. 10.

41.7 colendum: ‘to be tilled’ (cf. p. 2, n. 18), for Regulus’ benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally between owner and tenant.

41.8 alimenta . . . praebuit: i.e. they were supported at public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No salary was given to Roman officials.

41.9 contundō.

41.10 abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399: B 220, 1.

41.11 ut . . . redīret gives the purpose of the Carthaginians in exacting the oath.

41.12 subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: Sī nōn impetrāverō, . . . redībō.

41.13 sententiam . . . recūsāvit: ‘he refused to express his opinion.’ recūsāre is construed (1) with the simple infinitive; (2) with nē and a subjunctive of purpose; (3) with quīn or quōminus and a subjunctive of result.

41.14 quamdiū . . . senātōrem: indirect discourse = ‘(saying that) as long as,’ etc.

41.15 negāvit esse ūtile: ‘he said that it was not expedient.’ In such sentences negāre rather than nōn dīcere is used. The subject of esse is the clause captīvōs . . . reddī.

42.1 ‘exhausted.’

42.2 Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown by tamen: see p. xxii, J.

42.3 Sc. esse, and cf. p. 39, n. 11.

42.4 Sc. eum: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view the whole narrative as fictitious.