INDEX.
Moses Gaster translation
A
Aaron, The rod of, 204
Abbott, G. F., 21
Abel, The burial of, 178
Abner and David, 358
Abraham, 319
Achish and David, 358
Adam, Language of, 13; and Eve, 79; and the burial of Abel, 178; and Eve and the devil, 210; and the cat and dog, 361
Æsop, 29; “Life” of, 30; transmission of Æsopian fables, 31
Afanasiev’s Russian Tales, 22, 195, 293, 326, 331
Ahikar, The story of, 29–31; Rumanian version of, 355
Alans, 15
Alaric, King, 43, 45
Albanians, 15, 18
Albigenses, The, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 123
Alexander the Great, 57, 125; and the knight (cricket), 207; and the two brothers, 284; destroys the dog-men, 285; his conquests, 285; Romance of, 286; “Letter to Aristotle,” 286
Allegorical use of animal tales, 31
“Alphabet of Ben Sira, or Pseudo Sirach,” 209, 213, 357
Amazons, 285
Amber, Fly in, simile for transmission of folk-tales, 37
Ambrose, St., of Milan, and the Ambrosian chant, 48
Anadan, 355
Andersen, Hans C., 35
Angelic sparks, i.e. glow-worms. See Glow-worms.
Angels, The fall of the, 38, 39; among men, 73; become stars, 74; the angel in love, 74, 78; St. Peter casts out the little devil, 75; angels who refused to help St. Elias (bull-flies), 103
Angromainya, 27
Animals, Man and, relations between, 2; as disguised human beings, 2, 23; animals humanised, 2, 28; substitution of local animals in stories, 6, 12; not humanised in Rumanian fables, 28; incantations against animal illnesses, 348
Animism, 2
Anne, St., and the magician, 203
Ant, The, Origin of, and why it is cut in the middle, 283; the grandchild of God, 283; protected by the Virgin, 283; the red ant the Virgin’s tears, 283; remedy against toothache, 283
Ants, The, and the cricket, 207
Ape, The, and the dog, 361. See Monkey
Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, etc., 25
Apollo, 244
Apostles, The, 39; on earth, 76; and St. Peter, 130
Apples, Worms in, 122
Arabians feed Elijah, 280
Arabic literature, Animal tales in, 31; the raven in, 279
Arianism and Manichaeism, 41; and the Goths, 41–43; and the Bible, etc., in the vernacular, 44; and the Catholic Church, 45; Gothic, 48; and the Greek Church, 51
Arius and religious minstrelsy, 47
Arkir, Stories from, 355
Armenian, The, and the hoopoe, 288
Armenians, 15
Arnica, 283
Asia Minor, 10, 30
Asiatic folk-lore, 2
Ass, The, lion frightened by, 331; length and manner of life, 336; why he mixes his water, 360
Autos-da-fé, 45
Avesta, The, 26; the bull in the, 96
Avianus, 32
B
Babrius, 32
Balkans, Races of the, 15; animal tales and the, 36, 38; the Goths in the, 42; the Slavs, 43; the Bulgars, 44; heretical sects in the, 52
Barlaam legend, 6, 16, 25
Basil, The Hexameron of, 28
Basile, St., 257
Bear, The, and the tom cat, 333
Bear, The Great (constellation), 80
Bee, The, 25, 38; “the Bee and Creation,” 27; outwits the Devil, 63, 71, 72; becomes black, 63, 71; becomes narrow waisted, 64, 71; gives honey and wax, 64; given its sting, 64; the mole and, 65; outwits the mole, 67; feeds on itself, 68; the brick-carrier daughter, 70; made first, 135; stolen by the Gipsy, 135; belongs to the Rumanians, 136, 137; God’s blessing on, 138
Beetle, Nun, 132, 134
Beetles, Horned, 102; red beetles, 107, 108
“Belief” in fairy tales, 3
Beliefs, Ancient, in folk-tales, 37, 39
Ben Sira, Hebrew alphabet of, Animal stories from, 357
Benfey, Pantschatantra, 324, 326. See Panchatantra
Benjamin, Bishop, of Moldavia, 120
Berachya, 32
Bible, The, in the vernacular, Arians, 44; the Cathars, 47; forbidden by the Catholic Church, 47
Biblical legends, 57, 278, 319
Bird of heaven, The, 256
Birds, The king of the, 151; singing of the, 151; the colouring of the, 148, 156; the king of the (wren), 300; (eagle), 302; and the sparrow-hawk, 303; accuse man, 339; plead for man, 340
Black One, The, 241
Black Sea, The, 247, 248
Blackbird, The, 151
“Bluebeard” 34; Bluebeard story parallel, 261
Bogomilism, 25, 26, 31, 36, 44; in Rumania, 52; in Russia, 53
Bogomils, 50, 51
Boris, King, 44
Bosnia, 46, 52
Broadside, Political animal, 33
Brick-carrier daughter, The (bee), 69
Bubureaza, 113
Buddha, 25
Buddhist teaching of metempsychosis, 23
Buffalo, The, and the gnat, 310; race with the hare, 315; walks slowly and treads lightly, 316
Bugs, Charms against, 223
Bukovina, 58; Bukovina peasants and beetles to produce milk, 109
Bulgaria, Survivals in, 10; the saints in, 40; Bogomilism and, 51; creation stories, 65
Bulgaro-Vallachian kingdom, 51
Bulgars, 15; Tartarian language of the, 18; in the Balkans, 44; Christianity among, 44; unity with Rumanians, 51
Bull, The, in the Avesta, 96
Bullfinch, The origin of the, 158
Bull-fly, The, 102
Bulls or cows of the Lord, 103, 107, 109
Burgundy, Arianism in, 43
Bush, The wonderful, and the cuckoo, 164
Butterflies with the sign of St. Anne’s ring, 203
Byzance, 31, 51, 53
Byzantine myths, 12
C
Cain, Children of, 139
Calf, The “wise,” 275; charm for a suckling calf, 350
Cannibal innkeeper, The, 259
Car, The Great (Great Bear), 80
Cards, Playing, The gipsies and, 24
Carnation, The, as test of sex, 282
Carpenters, The, and the Cross, 184, 190
Carpocapsa pomonella, 123
Cat, The, the animal of the devil, 123; enmity with the dog and mouse, 208, 209, 360; eats the devil as mouse, 212, 214; basks in the sun on the doorstep, 214; as priest (popa), 312; the tom cat and the vixen, 332; fights the wolf, etc., 334; and the carcase of the horse, 335; and man, 339; why it eats mice, 359; why he does not recognize his master, 362; and the mouse in the ark, 363
Cathars, The, 26, 31, 41, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 123
Catholic Church and Arianism, 45; and the Bible, 47; and Mariolatry, 49; and persecution of heretics, 53
Catholic countries, The saints in, 40
Ceremonies and customs, 36
Cerna, 117
Charles II., 55
Charms, 58; bull-flies’ horns against evil eye, 103; saw-fly, to obtain abundant milk, 109; hornets to make a dog savage, 140; crow water for philtres, 175; children’s teeth and crows, 175; against the mole wart, 179; the Lady Mary, mouse, and spider, 186; against the sparrow, 197; insect egg ring, 204; against fleas, etc., 221; generally, 222; against bugs, 223; against the illness of animals, 348–354
Charon, 21, 244
Cherries, Lady Mary and the, 202
Children in the wood, 225
Christ, 39; and the goat’s knees, 88; and the thrush, 153; curses the sparrows, 195; and the yellow bird, 205. See also Jesus
Christian, The first, executed for heresy by Christians, 46
Christian tales, Apocryphal, 344
Christianity and the unity of folk-lore, 11; and ancient myths, 12; the Goths and, 42; in Rumania, 52
Christians and the heathen, 130
Christmas, Old (person), 346
Christmas carols, Mystical, 57; the shepherd and the sheep (God and the lamb), 94; the hart and the making of the world, 95; the devil stealing the sun, 99; the wooing of the sister of the sun, 245; the sun legend in, 246; the wooing of a fairy, 247; the swan maiden, 256; the Lord’s justice, 346
Christophorus, 287
Church, Animal satires and the, 32
Churches, Eastern and Western, The division between, 44
“Cinderella,” 34; Cinderella story variant, 275
Civilization, The, of the near East, 56
Clergy, Satire of, in animal tales, 32
Cloot, Pierre, 33
Clouds, The, and the rat, 318
Clovis, King, 43, 45
Coccinella septempundata, 113
Cock Robin cycle, 55
Colouring, The, of animals, 148, 156
Comparisons in folk-lore, Haphazard, 12
Constantinople, 52; evergreen oak in, 88
Continuity in folk-tales, 10, 15, 16
Conybeare, Prof., 30
Cosmogonic legends, 26, 38
Cosquin’s Tales, 57, 258, 266
Cossack Tales (Bain), 335
Cow, Charm for a, against the evil eye, 350; against snakebite, 351; called by the names of days, 350 n.
Cow-fly, The, 102
Cowherd, The rude, and the gad-fly, 114, 116
Cox, Miss, Cinderella, 34
Creation, Conception of, 39
Creation of man, 38
“Creation” tales, 1, 4, 22, 34, 35, 57; their date, 27; in Russia, 53
Cricket, The, origin, 205, 206, 207
Cricket, The little, 107
Crow, The, the ugliness of fledglings, 170, 172; the hawk as godmother, 172; hatred of the hawk, 174; crow charms, 175; tom cat and the, 334
Crown of paradise, The, 256
Crucifixion, The, 184, 190, 195
Crusades, The, 41
Cuckoo, The legend of the, 49; steals St. Peter’s horses, 77; and glow-worms, 77; Ballad of the knight and the dragon, 117; and the hoopoe, 162, 164; its origin, 164; and the wonderful bush, 164; headman, judge, and emperor, 165; and a palace for the goldfinch, 168; silent in winter, 169; why it says “cuckoo,” 226, 286; lends its tuft to the hoopoe, 229; captain of Alexander’s army, 285; his Amazon wife, 286; and the Armenian, 288; pleads for man, 340
“Cuckoo’s ring”, 204
Culex pipiens, 199
“Culture,” 2
Cumans, 15, 18
Cunning of the weaker animals, 22
Czechs, 22
D
Dacian survivals, 10
Dacians, 15
Dähnhardt (Oskar) Natursagen named, 26, 27, 65, 72, 83, 84, 87, 88
Dalmatia, 46, 52
Danube, The, 120
Days as divinities, 274
Death, The angel of, 365
Demon husband, The, 267, 282
Devil, The, belief in, 38; Rumanians and the, 40; and the seed of the earth, 61; and the bee, 63, 71; and the sun, 71; the fall of, 78; makes the wolf, 79, 82; and the car, the mill, and fire, 80; power of the wolf over, 80; the hairs of the wolf, 80, 81, 82, 83; fires the eyes of the wolf, 81, 82; becomes a wolf, 84; ate by the wolf, 85; goats and his fire, 86; creates the goat, 88; depicted with goat’s horns and hoof, 89; helps Noah to plant the vine, 92; strife with God, 97, 100; St. George leads against, 97; loses Paradise, 98; stealing the sun, 99; and the clever men, 122; and Eve, 210, 213, 219; as snake, 211; as mouse, 211, 213, 214; contract with God for the dead, 216; and the St. Peter’s foot, 217; and the Archangel Michael’s foot, 217
Devil worship. See Dualism
Devil’s daughter as nun, 134
Devil’s horse, The (dragon-fly), 97
Dib-dib, The, 331
Dionysios, St., 92
Dog, The, and the wolf, 79; enmity with the cat, 208, 209; three-headed, 242; two-headed, 243; the magic dog and the demon, 267; with a headache and the snake, 327; challenges the wolf, 335; length and manner of life, 337; and man, 339; why it fights the cat, 360
Dog-headed people, 284; saint, 287
Dogma, 38
Dogs and cats, Men changed into, 122
Dogs, St. Peter’s. See Wolf, The
Doomsday, 85
Dositheus, Archbishop, 120
Dove, The, in legendary tales, 275; the three white doves, 276; its origin, 277; the raven imitates its walk, 363. See also Turtle dove
Dragon, The, of Cerna, 118
Dragon-fly, The (devil’s horse), 97
Drunkenness, Animal characteristics, 92, 93
Dualism, 25, 36, 38, 39, 49; Iranian, 26; in Russia, 53; and devil worship, 54, 55
Duck, The, The girl who becomes a duck, 261; why ducks are fat and feed on refuse, 261; the wild duck accuses man, 339
E
Eagle, The, 139; greedy brothers changed to eagles, 231; the spell under which it is a bird of prey, 234; and the wren, 300; as king of the birds, 302
Earth, God and the making of the, 62, 65, 67; the ends of the, 232
Easter beetle, 107
Easter eggs and orchard worms, 123
Eastern and Western civilization, 56
Eastern Church and persecution, of Hellenism and paganism, 50; and heretical sects, 52; and saint with a dog’s head, 286
Ebionite conception of Jesus, 48
Education and the destruction of folk-lore, 55
Egypt, 30
Egyptian ideas of the passage of the soul, 344
Egyptian influences, 23
Elephantine, The Papyri of, 29
Eliezer, Chapters of, 178
Elijah. See Ilie
Emperor, The, and God, 126
Enchantments. See Charms
Enoch, Book of, 39
Europe, Animal stories of, 2
European folk-lore, Animal tales the earlier stages of, 3, 8
European languages, 13
European nations a spiritual unit, 2; their antiquity and character, 11
Eutemias Zygabenos, 51
Eve and the devil, 210, 213, 219
Evil, Origin of, 110
Evil eye, Charms against the, 103, 348, 349, 350, 351
Evil One, Evil creations of, 49
Evil Spirit, The, 22, 25, 26. See also Devil
F
Fables, Animal, 1, 4, 22, 28, 29, 57
Fairy, The wooing of a, 247
Fairy tales, 1; belief in, 3; world-wide range of, 4; migration and transmission, 4; connection of animal tales, 33; reason and meaning, 34; their primitiveness, 35; similarity of, 35
Fates, 274
Fathers, The Christian, and the Physiologus, 28
Fauns, 89
Fenrir, 84
Finch, Thistle, and ruffled feathers, 156
Fire, The Devil and, 80, 86, 87
Fish, The, and his seven wings, 182; and the ring, 271
Flea, The, and the gnat, 306
Fleas, Origin of, 219; the devil’s horse, 220; charms against, 221
Flies on the dead, 215; which live only one day, 357
Flint, The, and sparks, 87
Flood, The, 90
Floria and the king of the storks, 263
Flower under pillow to test sex, 267, 282
Flute, The magic, 251
Folk-lore, Problems, 1; haphazard comparisons, 12; analogy with comparative philology, 14, 16; its investigation, 14; survivals, 9, 12, 15, 16, 36; concentric investigation, 19; written and oral, 20; a product of peaceful times, 24; Western European, 54; of the nearer East, 55; and the “man of science,” 55; and education, 55; and the heresy hunter, 56
Foot, Origin of instep, 215; why it is arched, 217
Foreign elements in languages, 17 et seq.
Fox, The, the “clever” outwitted, 22; fox fables in Jewish literature, 28; the partridge and the hound, 290; becomes monk, 313; seven-witted, 320; and the hedgehog, 322, 323; and the leopard, 331; the vixen and the tom cat, 332; not among the creatures of the sea, 365; beguiles the fishes about his heart, 367
France, The Goths in, 41
French Reynard cycle, 33
Frere, Mary, 28
Friars, The mendicant, 41
Frog, The, and the Lady Mary, 190; King Log and King Stork, 304; and the hare, 314
G
Gabriel, The Archangel, 99, 101, 104; wager with Voinic, 105
Gad-fly, The, and the cattle, 114, 116
Gaster, M., Chrestomatie Romăna, 58; Exempla of the Rabbis, 126; Literatura Populara Română, 204, 348; Chronicles of Jerahmeel, 319
Genoese and Venetian traders and St. George, 120
George, St., and the dragon legend, 16, 98, 101; fights the devil, 97; his horse, 97; and the dragon, variant, 120
George, St., Life of, 120
Ghirosana, Ana, 117
Giants, The, 90; destruction of the, 215
Gimlet, The, 218
Gion, 287
Gipsies, 15, 17; and transmission of folk-tales, 24; as villain and fool, 24; and the bee and wasp 135, 137; greed of, 161; and the nails for the Crucifixion, 190
Gipsies’ bird, The (wagtail), 161
Gipsy, The, and the swan queen, 249
Giurgiu, 121
Glass mountain, 237, 241
Glove, The fur, becomes a cat, 212, 213, 214
Glow-worms, 25, 38; angelic sparks, 39, 74, 75; light St. Peter’s way, 77; and the cuckoo, 77
Gnat, The, and the flea, 306; and the lion, 307; and the buffalo, 310
“Gnat and the Lion, The,” 22
Gnostic legends, 25, 48
Gnosticism, 39, 51
Goat, with wings, 86; tries to steal God’s fire, 86; why its knees are bare, 86, 88; devil’s beast, 87, 88; God gives it life, 87, 88; its intelligence, 87; without tail, 88; with the devil’s eyes, 89; the goat-devil in popular belief, etc., 89; Noah and the, 90; leads Noah to discover the vine, 90
Goat’s knees, The, 27
God, 26, 38, 39, 48; and the sun, 71; makes the dog, 79; and the devil, 79–81; gives life to the wolf, 80, 82, 83, 85; and the devil’s fire, 86, 87; and the lamb (carol), 94; strife with the devil, 97, 100; his herds and flocks (the bull-fly), 102; and the rude cowherd, 114, 116; and the polite shepherd, 115, 116; and the false teachers, 122; and the young animals and birds, 170; and young crows, 170; and the old woman who became a tortoise, 180; and the mosquito’s food, 200; allots the span and manner of life, 336; rewards the good man, 346; and the angel of death, 365
Goddesses of fate, 21
“God’s hens” (swallows), 274
Gods, The heathen, rob Paradise, 99
Goldfinch, The, elected king of birds, 168; and the cuckoo, 169
Gonzenbach’s Tales, 57
Goths, 15; Arianism, 41, 43; their kingdom, 41; their original home and migration, 42; adopt Christianity, 42; their conquests, 43; conversion of rulers to Catholicism, 43; beliefs and practices, 43; and the Teutonic language, 45; and the dissemination of heretical myths, 49
Grape vine, The. See Vine
Grasshopper, The mower, 127; origin of, 129
Greece, Bogomilism in, 51
Greek Church. See Eastern Church
Greek folk-lore, 50
Greek, Modern, folk-lore, 20, 21
Greek mythology, 244
Greek myths, 12
Greeks, 15
Grimm’s Tales, 49, 57, 88, 167, 178, 235, 293, 309, 324, 331
H
Haemus, Mount, 42
Hahn, J. G. von, Albn. Märchen, 21, 57, 78, 85, 93, 313, 324, 326
Haltrich’s Transylvanian Tales (Volksmärchen), 22, 293, 309, 335
Hanauer, Folk Lore of the Holy Land, 219, 230, 331
Hare, The, and the frogs, 314; race with the buffalo, 315; and the pointer and setter, 317; and the tom cat, 333
Harris, J. Rendel, 30; Story of Ahikar, 356
Hart, The, and the making of the world (carol), 95
Hawk, The, and the young crows, 172; hatred of the crow, 174
Heaven and hell, 111
Hebrew and the origin of languages, 13
Hedgehog, 64; and the fox, 322, 323
Helias, 101
Hell, Creation of, 111
“Hell, The Harrowing of,” 101
Heresy and the Reynard cycle, 33; of the tales, 39
Heresy-hunting in Greek Church, 50; as a popular distraction, 55
Heretical myths, The Goths and, 49
Hero tales, 57
Heron, The, and the digging of wells, 176
Hesperides, The golden apples of, 248
Hills, The creation of, 65
Homiliary, The, 120
Hoopoe, The legend of the, 49; and its greed, 160, 164; and the cuckoo, 162, 164; its ambition, 162, 166; borrows the cuckoo’s tuft, 229; Solomon’s gift of the tuft, 230; and the Armenian’s horse, 288; beliefs attached to its cry, 289
Hornet, The, curse on, 138, 139; charm to make dogs savage, 140; nest as sign of winter season, 140
Horse of St. George, 98
Horse, The, of the Sultan, 329
Horses, St. Peter’s, 76
Hound, The, and the fox, 290
Hungarian language, 18
Hungarians, 15
Huns, 15
Husband, The, under a spell, 237
Hymns, Greek (or Syriac), 48
Hypoderma bovis, 115
I
Ialdabaoth, 48
Iana, sister of the Sun, 245
Iblis, 219
Ileana Cosinziana and Voinic, 104
Ilie, St. (Elijah), 99, 101, 103, 279
Illyricum, 41, 50
Incantations. See Charms
Indian fables, 29
Indian literature, Animal tales in, 28
Indices Expurgatoria, 52, 53
Indo-European languages, 14
Innkeeper, The brutish, becomes a bullfinch, 158; the cannibal, 259
Inquisition, The, 42, 89, 123; and destruction of legends and tales, 54; and sorcery, 55
Instep of foot, Origin of, 215
Ion Creanga, 58
Iorgovan, Ioan, the knight, 118, 121
Iran, 26
Italy, Survivals in, 10; and saints, 40; the Goths in, 41
J
Jerahmeel, Chronicles of, 78
Jesus, Ebionite idea of, 48; birth of, 108; and the giant mower, 127
Jewish literature, Fox fables in, 28
John, St., 99, 184, 257, 346
Josaphat, 25
Joseph, St., 127
Joshua and the ox, 359
“Judgment of the Animals,” 31
Judgment, The, of the soul of man, 339
Judgment, The throne of, stolen, 99
K
Kalila and Dimna, 6, 330
Ketzer, 41
Kieff, 25
King god, Annual, The slaying of, 10
King Log and King Stork, 304
King of all the birds, 238
Kite, The, and the digging for water, 178
Knight, The, and the dragon (ballad), 117
Kolumbatsch, The poison-fly of, 117
Krauss, Friedrich S., South Slavonic Tales, 22, 88, 209, 293, 308, 323, 330, 334
Kutzo-Vlachs of Macedonia, 58, 193
Kynokephaloi, 286
L
Lady-bird, The, 113
La Fontaine’s Fables, 312
Lamb, The wolf and the, 27; and the goat, 87
Language, National, 13
Lark, The, wedding, 228, 229; how it got its tuft, 236; why the tuft is dishevelled, 238; its origin (Little Light), 240, 243; and the ploughman’s wife, 296
Legend or creation stories, 4
Legends, Adaptation of, 143
Leopard, The, and the fox, 331
Ler, 245
Letts, 22; creation stories, 65
Leviathan, 366
Life allotted to man and animals, 336
Light, Little, 240
Lightning, 66
Lion, The, Blood of, to water the vine, 92; bone of, for vine, 93; in his castle, 232; and the gnat, 307; and the tiger, 308; and the Sultan’s horse, 329; and the ass, 331; and the tom cat, 333
Lithuanians, 22
“Little horse” (locust), 127
“Little master” (thistle-finch), 157
Locust, Mower (Locusta viridissima), 128
Locusts, Plague of, 125
Loki, the God of Fire, 84
Lombards, The, 43, 45
Lot and Abraham, 204
Lucanus cervus (bull-fly), 103
Lucidaria, 52
Lygaeus equestris, 107
M
Macedonia, Bird tales in, 20; tales from, 58
Magic, The Gipsies and, 24
Magpie, The, aids the devil, 216
Maiden, The wicked, and the Archangel Michael, 111
Man and animals, Relation between, 2; and his years taken over from animals, 336; and his good and evil angels, 339; his treatment of the animals recorded for and against his soul, 339; the pilgrimage of the soul, 341; the reward of the good man, 346
Mangiuca, S., 58
Manichaean teaching in Russia, 53
Manichaeism, 25, 26, 31, 36, 41, 44, 48, 51
Mantissa religiosa, 132, 134
Marian, S. Fl., Ornitologia and Insectele, 58
Marie de France, 32
Mariolatry, 49
Mary, the Virgin, 39; and the gift of milk, 108; and the “mower,” 129; curses the plover, 183; curses the spider, 184, 185; search for her Son, 184, 190; blesses the swallows, 185; curses the mouse, 185; mourning after the crucifixion, 186; turns the mother-in-law into a swallow, 188; and the frog, 190; and the tortoise, 192, 193, 194; and the silkworm, 193; and the Emperor Pic, 199; and the cherries, 202; and the little yellow bird, 205; at the fountain, 343; the willow tree, 344; helps the beasts, 349
“Metamorphoses” in Greek mythology, 21
Metempsychosis, 23, 25, 49
Michael, Archangel, 99, 101, 110; and the wicked maiden, 111; loses part of the sole of his foot, 217
Midrash Abkhir, 92
Migration of folk tales, 4, 6, 7
Milham, The bird, 365
Milk, The Holy Mother and the gift of, 108; beetles as food to produce milk, 109
Mill, The devil and the, 80
Miracles, 204
Mithras, The bull of, 96
Mohammedans, Heretics become, 46; Cathars become, 52
“Moirai,” 21, 274
Mole, The, and the making of the earth, 65, 67; outwitted by the bee, 68; why it lives underground, 68; its hills and burrows, 179
Mongol invasion, Influence of, 23–27
Monkey, The, Length and manner of life of, 337. See Ape
Moon, The Sun and, 72; stolen, 99; the new, and a charm against bugs, 224; slanders the Sun, 359
Moral character of the stories, 58
“Morals” to animal tales, 1, 8, 28, 29
Mosquito, The, origin (Emperor Pic), 199; a blood-sucker, 200; the smoke of the devil’s pipe, 201; as blood taster, 219
Mother-in-law, The wicked, becomes a swallow, 188
Mountains, The origin of, 66; that knock one against the other, 263
Mouse, The, cursed by the Holy Mother, 185, 186; enmity of cat against, 208, 209; the devil as, 211, 214; the town, and the field mouse, 311; slanders the cat, 359; why there is a seam in its mouth, 362
“Mower” (locust), 127, 129
Mugur, 285
Mummers, Fair of the, 221
Musca Columbaca, 118
Mythology, Heathen and Christian, 244
Myths, Ancient, Survival of, 12, 37
N
Nadan, 30
Naxia, 92
Neculea, The land of, 256
Nessus, The Shirt of, 299
New Testament, Animal tales and the, 30
Nica, the shepherd, 94
Nicaea, Council of, 42
Nicodemus, The Gospel of, 101
Nightingale, The colour of the, 148; how it learned to sing, 149; the best singer, 152; tales of its origin, 152
Nimrod, 319
Noah and the animals in the ark, 90; and the drunken goat, 90; eats grapes and is drunk, 91; recovers and kills the goat, 91; Noah, the ark, and the devil, 213, 214, 218; and the seam in the mouth of the mouse, 363; and the raven, 364
Nornes, 274
Northern mythology, The raven in, 279
“Nun,” the messenger, 131
Nun beetle, The, 132, 134
O
Oak, The, and sparrow, 196
Oaks without leaves, 88
Occult practices and the Gipsies, 24
Ockley, Simon, 31
Odin, The ravens of, 279
Olt, The River, 95
Omens of the raven, 280
“Oral” literature, 19; of Rumania, 52
Orchard worms, 123
Origins of folk tales, 5, 7, 36
Owl, The, and the wren, 301; one-witted, 320
Ox, The, why it has no hair on its nose, 359
Oxen of the Lord, 109
P
Pachytylus migratorius, 125
Panchatantra, The, 6, 29, 324, 326, 330. See Benfey
Pann, Anton, Proverbs and Tales, 29, 31, 58
Pannonia, 43
Paradise, Satan loses, 98; the heathen gods rob, 99; the gate of, 111; the entry into, 286; “Journey to Paradise,” 286; flowers of, 343
Parallelism in folk tales, 6, 12
Parker, H., 28
Partridge, The, why she is mottled, 155; the fox, and the hound, 290; and her young, 294
Peacock, The, in sun myths, 245
Pelasgian survivals, 10
Pelasgians, 15, 18
Pelican, The, and its pouch, 145
“Perfecte,” 123
Persian Empire, 26
Petchenegs, 15
Peter and Asan, 51
Peter, St., and the fallen angel, 75; his establishment and horses, 76; horses stolen by the cuckoo, 77; God and the Devil, 80; Feast of, and the wolves, 81; gets sparks inside the flint, 87; The Devil stealing the sun (carol), 99; God, St. Peter, and the lazy shepherd, 114; and clever women, 131; and the nun beetle, 132; and vermin, 143; and the boastful thrush, 153; recovers the contract with the devil, 216; sole of his foot injured, 217; apple tree of, 343
Peter the Great, 55
Philology, Comparative, Analogy of, with folk-lore, 14, 16
Philomela and Halcyon, 21
Philtres, 175, 222
Physiologus, 27
Pic, The Emperor, the sun, and Lady Mary, 199
Pine, The, and the soul, 341
Planudes, 30
Plover, The, and Our Lady, 183
Pobres, 26
Pointer, The, 317
Poison-fly of Kolumbatsch, 117, 120
Poles, The, 22
Political animal broadsides, 33
Politis, N., 88
Polycrates, 272
Polyphemus, 262
“Popa” (priests), 125
Por, Emperor, 124
Porus, King, 125
Poultry, Charm against the illness of, 349
Prehistoric survivals, 10
Priests and nuns, The Emperor Por and, 124; priests as locusts, 125
Priscillianites of Spain, 45, 49
Priscillianus, 46
Provence, 41
Proverbs, 29
Pumpkins, The titmouse and, 146
Q
“Questions and Answers” (Lucidaria), 52
R
Ralston, Russian Folk Tales, 65, 178, 195, 213, 219
Rat, The, journeys to God, 318; and the daughter of the sun, 318
Raven, The, 170; croaking omen, 175; and drought, 178; and burial of Abel, 178; of Noah’s ark, 278; turns black and feeds on carcases, 279; eggs hatched by frost, 279; the bird of oracle, 279; in mythology, 279; Rumanian popular beliefs, 280; a bird of ill-omen, 280; the young of the, 357; why it hops in its walk, 363; why it mates differently, 364
Recared, 45, 47
Religious character of Rumanian animal tales, 1, 5; religious beliefs, 3; religious cause for unity of folk-lore, 11; religious sectarians and use of animal tales, 31; propaganda and popular rhymes, 47; popular religious songs, 48
Reverence, Lack of, in the stories, 39
Reynard cycle, 54
Reynard the Fox, 8, 31; and the clergy, 33
Ring, The, and the fish, 271
Roads and pathways, 179
Romans, 15
Rosebush, The, and the soul, 341
Royal Asiatic Society, Journal, 30, 356
Rumania, The saints in, 40
Rumanian animal tales, Characteristics of, 1; religious character, 3; the interest of their study, 4; their two groups, 4; similarity with those of other nations, 6; their origins, 7, 17, 36; their survival, 9; parallels, 20; fables not found among the, 23; not local, survivals, or isolated, 23; their source, 25, 26; fables not “humanised,” 28; their moral nature, 58; syncretism, 59
Rumanian language, Slavonic in, 17, 18; and the gipsies, 17; of Latin origin, 17; purity of, 17; elements of other languages in, 18; no old Teutonic words in, 50
Rumanian peasantry, Superstitions of, 55
Rumanian Popular Literature, History of, 30. See Gaster
Rumanians of Latin origin, 10; how long in Rumania, 50; unity with the Bulgarians, 51; and the wasp and bee, 135, 137
Rushava, 117
Russia and the transmission of folk-tales, 24; the saints in, 40; heterodox sects, 53
Russian tales, 22, 26, 27; animal tales, 53
Ruthenians, 22
S
Sahula, 31
Saineanu, L., Basmele Române, 72, 258
St. George, 121. See also George, St.
Saints, The, 39, 40; on earth, 76
Saints, Lives of the, 120
Samodiva. See Sila.
Sanziana, 117
Sarcophaga canaria, 215
Satan. See Devil, The
Satan worship, 89
Satires, Animal, 31, 32
Saturday, Holy Mother, 236
Satyrs, 89
Saul and David, 358
Saw-fly, why is it red? 104; why does it live in stables? 108
Saxons, 15
Scapegoat, The, 89
Schott, A. and A., 58
Scripture characters, legends of, 57
Sea, The, divided, 268
Sects, Influence of, 55
Seed of the earth, The devil and, 61
Seirim, 89
Semitic languages, 14
Serpent as deceiver of Eve, 219; bites the swallow’s tail, 220
Seth, The dog dwells with, 362
Setter, The, 317
Sevastos, 319
Śezatoarea, 58
Sheba, Queen of, 239
Sheep, made by the Devil, 22, 88; given to Adam, 79; the shepherd and the (God and the lamb), 94; and the gad-fly, 115, 116; God’s blessing on, 138; and the dog, 361
Shepherd, The polite, and the gadfly, 115, 116
Shirt, The poisoned, 299
Sicily, Survivals in, 10
Sila Samodiva, 238
Silkworm, The, its origin, 193
Sin arises among men, 110
Sindbad the Sailor, 262
Singing of the birds, 151
Skeat, Walter, 28
Slavonic language and the Rumanian language, 17; in Rumania, 51
Slavonic tales, Parallels with Rumanian, 22, 33
Slavs, 15, 50; and saints, 40; in the Balkans, 43
“Sleep” ring, 204
Smiths, The, and nails for the Crucifixion, 184
Snake, The, 82; the Devil as Eve’s house-snake, 211; stops up holes in the ark, 218; saved from the burning tree, and King Solomon, 325; with a headache, 327
Snake-bite, Charm for a cow against, 351; charm against, 353
Solomon, King, gift of the tuft to the hoopoe, 230; Solomon’s ring, 272; as judge between the man and the snake, 325
Songs and ballads, Religious, 48
Sorcery, 55
Soul, The pilgrimage of the, after death, 341; Egyptian ideas on, 344
Spain, The saints in, 40; the Goths in, 41; Arab conquest of, 46
Sparrow, Christ’s curse on, 195; age of, 196; and the sapling, 196; charms against, 197; accuses man, 339
Sparrow-hawk, The, 302
Spider, The sullen, 70; and the Holy Mother, 184, 185, 186; hangs on a thread, 185, 186; David and the use of, 358
Spiritual unification in religion, 11
Stag, The, and the maiden, 95
Starling, The, variant of Partridge, fox, and hound story, 293
Stars, The, fallen angels, 74; the Great Bear or Car, 80; the stolen, 99
Steel, Mrs. F. A., 28
Step-mother, The wicked, 225
Stone, The, eats the Devil and becomes a wolf, 84
Stork, The, and the waters of life and death, 263; lose their tails, 265; King of the frogs, 304; and the tomtit, 305; pleads for man, 340
Sultan’s horse, The, 329
Summer, The thrush and the making of, 153
Sun, The, stolen, 99; The Devil and the, 71; marriage of the, 72; and moon, 72; and God’s oxen (bull-flies), 102; and the Emperor Pic, 199; and the young knight (cricket), 207; and the princess Little Light (lark), 240; and the rat, 318; slandered by the moon, 359
Sun, Festival of the, 246; Mother of the, 242, 244; Sister of the, 245, 247, 248
Sunday, Holy Mother, 237, 273
Survivals in folk-tales, 9, 12, 15, 16, 19, 36, 37, 38
Swallow, The, and the Holy Mother, 185, 186; a sacred bird, 188; its origin and forked tail, 188, 220; guardian spirit of the knocking mountains, 265; the demon’s wife becomes a swallow with red breast and divided tail, 271; servant of Holy Sunday, 273; a sacred bird, 274; pleads for man, 340
Swan, The, The king and swan maiden, 249; origin of, 254; “Song of the dying swan,” 254; legend of the swan maiden (carol), 256
Swine, Blood of, to water the vine, 92
Sword, The, and the threads, 269
Synaxarium, 120
Syntipas, 330
Syria, 30, 31, 36
Syrians, 15
T
Tannhäuser legend, 204
Tartarian language of the Bulgars, 18
Tartars, 15, 24
Teeth of children, Crows and, 175
Temple, R. C, 28
Temple, The burning of the, and the swallows, 188
Teodorescu, G. Dem., 58
Teutonic mythology, 49
Theodosius and Arianism, 42
Thessaly, 116
Thieves, 76
Thrace, 10, 24, 26, 50
Thrush, The yellow, 151; the boastful, 153
Thumb, A., Bulletin of John Rylands Library, 93
Thunder, 66
Thursday, Holy Mother, 236
Tiger, The, and the lion, 308
Titmouse, The, and the pumpkin, 146
Titus the wicked, 357
Toads, 82
Tobit, Book of, 30
Toledo, Council of, 47
Tomtit, The, and the stork, 305
Toothache, The ant as a remedy against, 283
Tophail, Ibn, 31
Tortoise, The, Origin of, 180; as almoner of the Virgin, 192, 194; in the procession to Golgotha, 193
Totemism, 2
Toulouse, 41; Council of, 47
Transmigration of the soul into animals. See Metempsychosis
Transmission of folk-tales, 4, 6, 7, 16, 36
Transylvania, Saxon colony in, 22; tales collected from Rumanians in, 58
“Tree, The world,” 49
Tristram and Isolde, 248
Turkish conquest, 52
Turks, 15
Turtle dove and its song, 149; and its love for its mate, 299; its tears, 299
Twilight, The stolen, 99
Tylor, E. B., on beast tales in his Primitive Culture, 8
U
Ulfilas, 42, 44
Ulysses, 262
V
Valens, Emperor, 42
Vallachia, 51
“Vegetation god,” 10
Vermin, St. Peter and, 144; charms against, 221
Vilas, 21
Vine, The, none before the flood, 90; Noah discovers the grapes, 91; St. Dionysios and bones of bird, lion, and donkey, 92
Virgin, The. See Mary
Visions of St. Peter, Paul, and the Lady Mary, 344
Vitae Sanctorum, 120
Vixen, The, and the tom cat, 332
Voinic inflorit, 104
Volga, The, 44
Volsunga Saga, 47
Vultures, 302
W
Wagtail, The gipsies’ bird, 161; “half a bird,” 161; its borrowed tail and why it wags it, 228
Wanderer, Poems of the, 15
Wart, Mole, charm against, 179
Wasp, The, as the Gipsy’s bee, 135, 137; David and the use of, 358
Water, The birds dig for, 176, 178
Waters made holy by Baptism, 80; of life and death, 263
Weasel, Charm if bitten by a, 354; not among the creatures of the sea, 366
Weaver son, The (spider), 69
“Wedding Feast of Tom, The,” 22
Wells, The birds dig, 176, 178
Wesselofsky, A. N., 53, 101
Wheelwrights (bull-flies), 103
“Who killed Cock Robin?” 33. See also Cock Robin
“Who killed the cat?” 33
Widow, The, and her two children, 69
Wife, Bad, Charm against, 132
Willow tree, The, St. Mary, 344
Wind, The, 126; and the rat, 318
Wine, Noah and, 91; St. Dionysios and, 93
Witchcraft, 54, 55; and the illness of animals, 348
Witches, 89; philtres and spells of, 175
Wlislocki’s Zigeuner-märchen, 65, 87
Wolf, The, 25; and the lamb, 27; myths of the, 49; St. Peter’s dogs, 77, 81; why the wolf is ferocious, 79; made by the devil, 79, 82, 83, 85; power over the devil, 80; the devil’s hairs, 80, 81, 82, 83; the eyes fired by the devil, 81, 82; the devil becomes a wolf, 84; eats the devil, 85; God’s dogs, 88; kills the goats, 88; the boasting, 309; and the pointer and setter, 317; and the Sultan’s horse, 329; and the lion, 329, 331; and the tom cat, 332; challenges the dog, 335; in stories from Ahikar, 355; and the dog, 361
Woman, Inquisitive old, who became the woodpecker, 141; the greedy old, who became the tortoise, 180
Women, The lark and the taming of, 296
Woodpecker, Origin of the, 141
World-wide range of fairy lore, 4
Worms in apples, 122; Day of the worms, 123; that eat the cherries, 202; charms against worms in beasts, 352, 353
Wren, The, lends its tail to the wagtail, 228; becomes king by a trick, 300; a furtive bird, 301
Y
Ygdrasil, The Northern, 345
Z
Zanas, 21
Zoroastrianism, 26
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