Part 6 — CHAPTER XXIII ENVOY
Cedar Paul translation
STRANGE has been the rhythm of this man's life, surging again and again in passionate waves against the time, sinking once more into the abyss of disappointment, but never failing to rise on the crest of faith renewed. Once again we see Romain Rolland as prototype of those who are magnificent in defeat. Not one of his ideals, not one of his wishes, not one of his dreams, has been realized. Might has triumphed over right, force over spirit, men over humanity.
Yet never has his struggle been grander, and never has his existence been more indispensable, than during recent years; for it is his apostolate alone which has saved the gospel of crucified Europe; and furthermore he has rescued for us another faith, that of the imaginative writer as the spiritual leader, the moral spokesman of his own nation and of all nations. This man of letters has preserved us from what would have been an imperishable shame, had there been no one in our days to testify against the lunacy of murder and hatred. To him we owe it that even during the fiercest storm in history the sacred fire of brotherhood was never extinguished. The world of the spirit has no concern with the deceptive force of numbers. In that realm, one individual can outweigh a multitude. For an idea never glows so brightly as in the mind of the solitary thinker; and in the darkest hour we were able to draw consolation from the signal example of this poet. One great man who remains human can for ever and for all men rescue our faith in humanity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WORKS BY ROMAIN ROLLAND I CRITICAL STUDIES
Les origines du théâtre lyrique moderne. (Histoire de l'opéra en Europe avant Lully et Scarlatti.) Fontemoing, Paris, 1895.
Cur ars picturae apud Italos XVI saeculi deciderit Fontemoing, Paris, 1895.
Millet. Duckworth, London, 1902 (has appeared in English translation only).
Vie de Beethoven. (Vie des hommes illustres.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, série IV, No. 10, Paris, 1903; Hachette, Paris, 1907; another edition with woodcuts by Perrichon, J. P. Laurens, P. A. Laurens, and Perrichon, published by Edouard Pelletan, Paris, 1909.
Le Théâtre du Peuple. Cahiers de la quinzaine, série V, No. 4, Paris, 1903; Hachette, Paris, 1908; enlarged edition, Hachette, Paris, 1913; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.
Paris als Musikstadt. Marquardt, Berlin, 1905 (has appeared in German translation only).
La vie de Michel-Ange. (Vie des hommes illustres.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, série VII, No. 18; série VIII, No. 2, Paris, 1906; Hachette, Paris, 1907. Another edition in Les maîtres de l'art series, Librairie de l'art, ancien et moderne, Plon, Paris, 1905.
Musiciens d'autrefois, Hachette, Paris, 1908. 1. L'opéra avant l'opéra. 2. Le premier opèra joué à Paris: L'Orféo de Luigi Rossi. 3. Notes sur Lully. 4. Gluck. 5. Grétry. 6. Mozart.
Musiciens d'aujourd'hui, Hachette, Paris, 1908. 1. Berlioz. 2. Wagner: Siegfried; Tristan. 3. Saint-Saëns. 4. Vincent d'Indy. 5. Richard Strauss. 6. Hugo Wolf. 7. Don Lorenzo Perosi 8. Musique française et musique allemande. 9. Pelléas et Mélisande. 10. Le renouveau: esquisse du movement musical à Paris depuis 1870.
Paul Dupin. Mercure musical. S. J. M. 15/12, 1908.
Haendel. (Les maîtres de la musique.) Alcan, Paris, 1910.
Vie de Tolstoi. (Vie des hommes illustres.) Hachette, Paris, 1911.
L'humble vie héroique. Pensées choisies et précédées d'une introduction par Alphonse Séché. Sansot, Paris, 1912.
Empédocle d' Agrigente. Le Carmel, Geneva, 1917; La maison française d'art et edition, Paris, 1918.
Voyage musical aux pays du passe. With woodcuts by D. Glans. Edouard Joseph, Paris, 1919; Hachette, Paris, 1920.
Ecole des Hates Etudes Socials (1900-1910). Alcan, Paris, 1910.
II
POLITICAL STUDIES
Au-dessus de la mêlée. Ollendorff, Paris, 1915.
Les précurseurs. L'Humanité, Paris, 1919.
Aux peuples assassinés. Jeunesses Socialistes Romandes, La Chaux-de-Fonds, 1917; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.
Aux peuples assassinés (under the title: Civilisation). Privately printed, Paris, 1918.
Aux peuples assassinés. As frontispiece a wood-engraving by Frans Masereel. Restricted circulation. Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.
III
NOVELS
Jean-Christophe. 15 parts 1904-1912. Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série V, Nos. 9 and 10; Série VI, No. 8; Série VIII, Nos. 4, 6, 9; Série IX, Nos. 13, 14, 15; Série X, Nos. 9, 10; Série XI, Nos. 7, 8; Série XIII, Nos. 5, 6; Série XIV, Nos. 2, 3; Paris, 1904 et seq.
Jean-Christophe. 10 vols. 1. L'aube. 2. Le matin. 3. L'adolescent 4 La révolte. (1904-1907.)
Jean-Christophe à Paris. 1. La foire sur la place. 2. Antoinette. 3. Dans la maison. (1908-1910.)
Jean-Christophe. La fin du voyage. 1. Les amies. 2. Le buisson ardent 3. La nouvelle journée. (1910-1912.) Ollendorff, Paris.
Colas Breugnon. Ollendorff, Paris, 1918.
Pierre et Luce. Le Sablier, Geneva, 1920; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.
Clerambault. Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.
IV
PREFACES
Introduction to Une lettre inédite de Tolstoi, Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série III, No. 9, Paris, 1902.
Haendel et le Messie. (Preface to Le Messie de G. F. Haendel by Félix Raugel.) Dépôt de la Société coöpérative des compositeurs de musique, Paris, 1912.
Stendhal et la musique. (Preface to La vie de Haydn in the complete edition of Stendhal's works.) Champion, Paris, 1913.
Preface to Celles qui travaillent by Simone Bodève, Ollendorff, Paris, 1913.
Preface to Une voix de femme dans la mêlée by Marcelle Capy, Ollendorff, Paris, 1916.
Anthologie des poètes contre la guerre. Le Sablier, Genera, 1920.
V
DRAMAS
Saint Louis. (5 acts.) Revue de Paris, March-April, 1897.
Aërt. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1898.
Les loups. (3 acts.) Georges Bellais, Paris, 1898.
Le triomphe de la raison. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1899.
Danton. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1900; Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série II, No. 6, 1901.
Le quatorze juillet. (3 acts.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série III, No. 11, Paris, 1902.
Le temps viendra. (3 acts.) Cahiers de la quinzaine, Série IV, No. 14, Paris, 1903; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.
Les trois amoureuses. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1904.
La Montespan. (3 acts.) Revue de l'art dramatique, Paris, 1904.
Théâtre de la Révolution. Les loups. Danton. Le quatorze juillet. Hachette, Paris, 1909 (now transferred to Ollendorff).
Les tragédies de la foi. Saint Louis. Aërt. Le triomphe de la raison. Hachette, Paris, 1909 (now transferred to Ollendorff).
Liluli (with woodcuts by Frans Masereel). Le Sablier, Geneva, 1919; Ollendorff, Paris, 1920.
TRANSLATIONS
English
Millet. Translated by Clementina Black. Duckworth, London, 1902.
Beethoven. Translated by F. Rothwell. Drane, London, 1907.
Beethoven. Translated by Constance Hull. With a brief analysis of the sonatas, symphonies, and the quartets, by A. Eaglefield Hull, and 24 musical illustrations and 4 plates and an introduction by Edward Carpenter. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1917.
The Life of Michael Angelo. Translated by Frederic Lees. Heinemann, London, 1912.
Tolstoy. Translated by Bernard Miall. Fisher Unwin, London, 1911.
Some Musicians of former Days. Translated by Mary Blaiklock. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1915.
Handel. Translated by A. Eaglefield Hull. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1916.
Musicians of To-day. Translated by Mary Blaiklock. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1915.
The People's Theater. Translated by Barrett H. Clark. Holt, New York, 1918; C. Allen & Unwin, London, 1919.
Go to the Ant. (Reflections on reading Auguste Sorel.) Translated by De Kay. Atlantic Monthly, May, 1919, New York.
Above the Battlefield. With an introduction by G. Lowes Dickinson, Bowes, Cambridge, 1914.
Above the Battlefield. With an introduction by Rev. Richards Roberts, M. A. Friends' Peace Committee, London, 1915.
Above the Battle. Translated by C. K. Ogden. G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1916.
The Idols. Translated by C. K. Ogden. With a letter by R. Rolland to Dr. van Eeden on the rights of small nations. Bowes, Cambridge, 1915.
The Forerunners. Translated by Eden & Cedar Paul. G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1920; Harcourt, Brace, U. S. A., 1920.
The Fourteenth of July and Danton: two plays of the French Revolution. Translated with a preface by Barrett H. Clarke. Holt, New York, 1918; G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1919.
Liluli. The Nation, London, Sept 20 to Nov. 29, 1919; Boni & Liveright, New York, 1920.
Jean Christophe. Translated by Gilbert Cannan. Heinemann, London, 1910-1913; Holt, New York, 1911-1913.
Colas Breugnon. Translated by K. Miller. Holt, New York, 1919.
Clerambault. Translated by K. Miller. Holt, New York. 1921.
German
Beethoven. Translated by L. Langnese-Hug. Rascher, Zurich, 1917.
Michelangelo. Translated by W. Herzog. Rütten & Loenig, Frankfort, 1918.
Michelangelo. Rascher, Zurich, 1919.
Tolstoi. Translated by W. Herzog. Rütten & Loenig, Frankfort, 1920.
Den hingeschlachteten Völkern, translated by Stefan Zweig. Rascher, Zurich, 1918.
Au-dessus de la mêlée. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort.
Les précurseurs. Rütten & Loeing, Frankfort, 1920.
Johann Christof. Translated by Otto & Erna Grautoff. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort, 1912-1918.
Meister Breugnon. Translated by Otto & Etna Grautoff. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort, 1919.
Clerambault. Translated by Stefan Zweig. Rütten & Loening, Frankfort, 1920.
Die Wölfe. Translated by W. Herzog. Müller, Munich, 1914.
Danton. Translated by Lucy von Jacobi and W. Herzog. Müller, Munich, 1919.
Die Zeit wird kommen. Translated by Stefan Zweig. "Die Zwölf Bücher," Tal, Vienna, 1920.
Spanish
Vie de Beethoven. Translated by J. R. Jimenez, à la Residentia de Estudiantes de Madrid, 1914.
Au-dessus de la mêlée. Delgado & Santonja, Madrid, 1916.
Jean-Christophe. Translated by Toro y Gomez. Ollendorff, Paris-Madrid, 1905-1910.
Colas Breugnon. Agence de Librairie, Madrid, 1919.
Italian
Au-dessus de la mêlée. Avanti, Milan, 1916.
Aux peuples assassinés. Translated by Monanni with drawings by Frans Masereel. Libreria Internationale, Zurich, 1917.
Jean-Christophe. Translated by Cesare Alessandri. Sonzogno, Milan, 1920.
Vie de Michel-Ange. Translated by Maria Venti Felice le Monnier, Florence. [In the press.]
Russian
Théâtre de la Révolution. Translated by Joseph Goldenberg, St. Petersburg. 1909.
Théâtre du Peuple. Translated by Joseph Goldenberg. St. Petersburg. 1909.
Empédocle d'Agrigente. [In the press.]
Jean-Christophe. Unauthorized translation in 4 vols. Vetcherni Zvon, Moscow, 1912.
Jean-Christophe. Authorized translation by M. Tchlenoff.
Danish
Vie de Beethoven. Branner, Copenhagen, 1915.
Tolstoi. Branner, Copenhagen, 1917.
Musiciens d'aujourd'hui. Denmark & Norway, 1917.
Au-dessus de la mêlée. Lios, Copenhagen, 1916.
Jean-Christophe. Hagerup, Copenhagen, 1916.
Colas Breugnon. Denmark & Norway; Norstedt, Stockholm, 1917.
Czech
Vie de Michel-Ange. Translated by M. Kalassova. Prague, 1912.
Danton. 1920.
Polish
Vie de Beethoven. Jacewski, Warsaw, 1913.
Jean-Christophe. Translated by Edwige Sienkiewicz. Vols.
I & II, Bibljoteka Sfinska, Warsaw, 1910; the remaining vols., Maski, Cracow, 1917-19—.
Swedish
Vie de Beethoven. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1915.
Vie de Michelange. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.
Vie de Tolstoi. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.
Händel. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.
Millet. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1916.
Musiciens d'aujourd'hui. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1917.
Musiciens d'autrefois. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1917.
Voyage musical au pays du passé. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1920.
Au-dessus de la mêleé. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1915.
Les précurseurs. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1920.
Théâtre de la Révolution. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1917.
Tragédies de la foi. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1917.
Le temps viendra. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm.
Liluli. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1920.
Jean-Christophe. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Bonnier, Stockholm. 1913-1917.
Colas Breugnon. Translated by Mrs. Akermann, Norstedt, Stockholm. 1919.
Clerambault In course of preparation. Bonnier, Stockholm.
Dutch
Vie de Beethoven, Simon, Amsterdam, 1913.
Jean-Christophe. Brusse, Rotterdam, 1915.
L'aube. Special edition, W. F. J. Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle, 1916.
Colas Breugnon. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, 1919.
Japanese
Tolstoi Seichi Naruse, Tokyo, 1916. And many other unauthorized translations.
Greek
Beethoven. Translated by Niramos. 1920.
WORKS ON ROMAIN ROLLAND
French
Jean Bonnerot. Romain Rolland (Extraits de ses œuvres avec introduction biographique), Cahiers du Centre, Nevers, 1909.
Lucien Maury. Figures littéraires. Perrin, 1911.
J. H. Retinger. Histoire de la littérature française du romantisme à nos jours. B. Grasset, 1911.
Jules Bertaut. Les romanciers du nouveau siècle. Sansot, 1912.
Paul Seippel. Romain Rolland, l'homme et l'œuvre. Ollendorff, 1913.
Marc Elder. Romain Rolland. Paris, 1914
Robert Dreyfus. Maîtres contemporains. (Péguy, Claudel, Suarès, Romain Rolland.) Paris, 1914.
Daniel Halévy. Quelques nouveaux maîtres. Cahiers du Centre. Figuière, 1914.
G. Dwelshauvers. Romain Rolland. Vue caractéristique de l'homme et de l'œuvre. Ed. de la Belgique artistique et littéraire, Brussels, 1913 or 1914.
Paul Souday. Les drames philosophiques de Romain Rolland. Emile Paul, Paris, 1914.
Max Hochstätter. Essai sur l'œuvre de Romain Rolland. Fischbacher, Paris; Georg & Co., Geneva, 1914.
Henri Guilbeaux. Pour Romain Rolland. Jeheber, Geneva, 1915.
Massis. Romain Rolland contre la France. Floury, Paris, 1915.
P. H. Loyson. Etes-vous neutre devant le crime? Payot, Paris and Lausanne, 1916.
Renaitour et Loyson. Dans la mêlée. Ed. du Bonnet Rouge, 1916.
Isabelle Debran. M. Romain Rolland initiateur du défaitisme. (Introduction de Diodore.) Geneva, 1918.
Jacques Servance. Réponse à Mme. Isabelle Debran. Comité d'initiative en faveur d'une paix durable, Neuchâtel, 1916.
Charles Baudouin, Romain Rolland calomnié. Le Carmel, Geneva, 1918.
Daniel Halévy. Charles Péguy et les Cahiers de la Quinzaine. Payot, Paris, 1918 et seq.
Paul Colin. Romain Rolland, Bruxelles, 1920.
P. J. Jouve. Romain Rolland vivant, Ollendorff, 1920.
Other Languages
Otto Grautoff. Romain Rolland, Frankfurt, 1914.
Winifred Stephens. French Novelists of To-day. Second series. J. Lane, London and New York, 1915.
Albert L. Guerard. Five Masters of French Romance. Scribner, New York, 1916.
Dr. J. Ziegler. Romain Rolland in "Johann Christof," über Juden und Judentum. v. Dr. Ziegler, Rabbiner in Karlsbad. Vienna, 1918.
Agnes Darmesteter. Twentieth Century French Writers. London, 1919.
Blumenfeld. Etude sur Romain Rolland, en langue yiddisch. Cahiers de littérature et d'art. Paris, 1920.
Albert Schinz. French Literature of the War. Appleton, New York, 1920.
Pedro Cesare Dominici. De Lutecia, Arte y Critica. Ollendorff, Madrid.
Papini. Studii di Romain Rolland. Florence, 1916.
F. F. Curtis. Die literarischen Wegbereiter des neuen Frankreichs. Kiepenheuer, Potsdam, 1920.
Walter Küchler. Vier Vorträge über R. Rolland, Henri Barbusse, Fritz v. Unruh. Würzburg, 1919.
Music Connected With Romain Rolland's Writings
Paul Dupin. Jean-Christophe. (Trois pièces pour piano.)
1. L'oncle Gottfried (dialogue avec Christophe).
2. Méditation sur un passage du "Matin."
3. Berceuse de Louisa. Chant du Pélerin (piano et chant). Paroles de Paul Gerhardt Ed. Demets, Paris, 1907.
Paul Dupin. Jean-Christophe. (Suite pour quatuor à cordes.)
1. La mort de l'oncle Gottfried.
2. Bienvenue au petit Ed. Senart et Roudanez, Paris, 1908.
Paul Dupin. Pastorale, Sabine. 1. Dans le Jardinet. Piano et quatuor. Transcription pour piano et violon. Ed. Senart et Roudanez, Paris, 1908.
Albert Doyen. Le Triomphe de la Liberté. (Scène finale du Quatorze Juillet). Prix de la ville de Paris, 1913. (Soli, Orchestre et Choeurs.) Ed. A. Leduc, Paris.
INDEX
Above the Battle, 266, 290, 291, 293-6, 297, 305, 329. Abbesse de Jouarre, l', 125. Aërt, 66, 73, 77-8, 83-5, 87, 112. Aërt, 77-8, 83-5, 121, 125, 161, 198, 244, 260, 347. Antoinette, in Jean Christophe, 4, 165, 175, 212, 224. Arcos, René, 312, 313. Art, love of, and love of mankind, 20; epic quality in Rolland's, 63-66, 67 ff; moral force in Rolland's, 63 ff; Tolstoi's views on, 18-20; universality of, 26. Au-dessus de la mêlée, see Above the Battle. Aux peuples assassinés, 332. Bach, Friedemann, 173. Bach, Johann Sebastian, 173, 245. Ballades françaises, 250. Balzac, 64, 65, 169, 177, 250. Barrès, Maurice, 59, 62. Baudouin, Charles, 313. Beethoven, 50, 137 ff, 140-3, 150. Beethoven, 10, 18, 19, 40, 45, 67, 104, 140-143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 161, 163, 172, 174, 175, 182, 245, 252, 325, 328; festival, 35, influence of, on Rolland's childhood, 5 ff; Jean Christophe's resemblance to, 173. Beginnings of Opera, The, 34. Belgique sanglante, la, 282. Berlioz, 10, 150. Bibliography, 357 ff. Biographies, heroic, 133-53; unwritten, 150-3. Bonn, 35, 140, 141. Brahms, 174. Bréal, Michel, 35. Breugnon, Colas, in Colas Breugnon, 241-53, 319; spiritual kinship of, with Jean Christophe, 244-48; see Colas Breugnon. Brunetière, 16. Burckhardt, Jakob, 16. Byron, 275. "Cahiers de la quinzaine," 20, 40, 43, 50, 143. Caligula, 73. "Carmel, le," 313. Carnot, 99. Claes, in Aërt, 87. Clamecy, birthplace of Rolland, 3, 4, 99. Claudel, Paul, 89, 44, 59. Clerambault, l'histoire d'une conscience libre pendant la guerre, 339-347. Clerambault, Agenor, in Clerambault, 310, 339-347. Clerambault, Maxime, 343 ff. Clifford, General, in A Day Will Come, 120, 121, 125. Colas Breugnon, 241-253, 337; as an artistic production, 249-51; gauloiseries in, 249-51; origin of, 241-43. Comédie Française, 71, 74. Conscience, story of, in Clerambault, 339-47; see Freedom of conscience. Corneille, 91, 92. Couthon, 99. Credo quia verum, 16, 17. Corinne, in Jean Christophe, 211. Cycles, of Rolland, 67-71. D'Alembert, 87. Danse des morts, 312. Danton, 41, 101, 106-9, 113, 117. Danton, 99, 106-9, 113, 126. Debrit, Jean, 313. Debussy, 35, 175. Declaration of the independence of the mind, 351-354. Decsey, Ernest, 174. Defeat, significance of, in Rolland's philosophy of life, 61, 62, 83 ff, 110 ff, 134 ff, 139. "Defeatism," 297-303. De Maguet, Claude, 313. "Demain," 313. Deprès, Suzanne, 175. Desmoulins, 126. Desprès, Fernand, 312. Deutscher Musiker in Paris, Ein, 174. "Deutsche Rundschau, Die," 305. Don Carlos, 101. Dostoievsky, 2, 346. Doyen, 105. D'Oyron, in The Wolves, 114. Drama, and the masses, see People's Theater; erotic vs. political, 127 ff; Drama of the Revolution, 69, 70, 86-99, 100-18. Dramatic writings, of Rolland, 25, 32, 39, 41, 57-130; craftsmanship of, 127-130; cycles, 67-71; Drama of the Revolution, 100-130; People's Theater, 85-130; poems, 28; tragedies of faith, 76-85; unknown cycle, 71-75. Drames philosophiques, 125. Dreyfus affair, 38, 39, 106, 115, 119, 133. Dunois, Amédée, 312. Duse, Eleanore, 175. Empédocle d'Agrigente et l'âge de la haine, 72, 333 ff. Etes-vous neutre devant le crime, 283. Faber, in Le triomphe de la raison, 111, 114, 309. Faith, in Rolland's philosophy of life, 77-79, 81 ff, 166-71, 244 ff; tragedies of, 76-85. Fellowship, of free spirits, during the war, 273 ff, 311-316: 351, 354. Fêtes de Beethoven, les, 141. "Feuille, la," 313. Flaubert, 37, 58, 80, 177. Forerunners, The, 290, 339-334 Fort, Paul, 250. Fourteenth of July, The, 101-2, 103-5, 109. France, after 1870, 57; picture of, in Jean Christophe, 211-216 France, Anatole, 58, 84, 169. Frank, César, 175. Frank, Ludwig, 321. Freedom, of conscience, 287 ff, 257-9, 119, 274, 285-8, 298 ff, 320 ff, 339-47; vs. the fatherland, see The Triumph of Reason. French literature, state of, after 1870, 37, 58 ff. French Revolution, 68, 98 ff, 100-120, 121, 122; see Drama of theRevolution; also People's Theater. French stage, after 1870, 86-89. Galeries des femmes de Shakespeare, 6. Gamache, in Jean Christophe, 175. "Gauloiseries," 250. Generations, conflicting ideas of the 229-234. Geneva, during the Great War, 268 ff. Germany, picture of, in Jean Christophe, 217-220. Girondists, in The Triumph of Reason, 110 ff, 121, 129, 169, 260. Gli Baglioni, 73, 74. Gluck, 173, 175, 212. Goethe, 64, 72, 97, 118, 150, 155, 169, 175, 177, 180, 211, 184, 193, 219, 230, 263, 275, 278, 305, 330, 332. Gottfried, in Jean Christophe, 204. Grautoff, 166, 168. Grazia, in Jean Christophe, 175, 200-202, 205. Greatness, will to, in Rolland's philosophy, 63. Great War, The, 1, 65, 257-355, 253, 264 ff, 339-347. Greek tragedy, method of, 128 ff Grüne Heinrich, Der, 169. Guilbeaux, Henri, 281, 313. Haendel, 34. Handel, 150, 173, 175, 245. Hatred Holland's campaign against, 297-304; Verhaeren's attitude of, during the war, 281-4. Hauptmann, 92, 276; Rolland's controversy with, 277-280. Hardy, Thomas, 64. Hassler in Jean Christophe, 174, 204. Hebbel, 73, 123. Hecht, in Jean Christophe, 175. Heroes of suffering, 133-153. Heroic biographies, 133-153. Herzen, 26. Historical drama, see People's Theater. History, and the People's Theater, 95 ff; Rolland's conception of, 95 ff; sense of, in early writings, 32. Hoche, General, 150. Hölderlin, 73. Hugot, in The Triumph of Reason, 63, 111, 114. Hugo, Victor, 37, 64, 92, 121. Idoles les, 299. "Iliad of the French People," see People's Theater. Illusions perdues, les, 65. Inter Arma Caritas, 297. Iphigenia, 118. Italy, picture of, in Jean Christophe, 221-3. Idealism, in Rolland's philosophy, 60 ff, 85, 123, 166-71; characterization of Germany, 211-216; of Italy, 222. Internationalism, 207-10, 255, 285-8, 351-4; see Above the Battle; Fellowship, of free spirits; Hatred, Rolland's campaign against Ibsen, 126 ff. Italy, Rolland's sojourn in, 23-28, 71. Jaurès, 13, 41, 109, 346. Jean Christophe, 18, 30, 36, 49, 65, 70, 130, 143, 157-237, 165, 257, 300, 305, 311, 318, 339, 340; as an educational romance, 166-71; characters of, 172-5; enigma of creative work, 181-7; France, picture of, in, 211-16; generations, conflicting ideas of, in 229-34; Germany, picture of, in, 217-220; Italy, picture of, in 221-3; Jews, the, in, 224-8; message of, 157-159; music, form and content of, 177-80; origin of 162-5; writing of, 43-44, 162-5. Jean Christophe, 26, 31, 38, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 65, 68, 76, 97, 153, 157-237, 241, 246, 257, 258, 260, 317, 336, 340, 342; and Grazia, 200-1; and his fellow men, 203-6; and his generation, 229-36; and the nations, 207-10; apostle of force, 189 ff; as the artist and creator, 188-94; character of, 172-75; contrast to Olivier, 195 ff. Jouve, 287, 312, 313. Justice, problem of, considered by Rolland in Dreyfus case, 39; vs. the fatherland, see The Wolves. Kaufmann, Emil, 174. Keller, Gottfried, 169, 177. Kleist, 73, 92. Kohn, Sylvain, in Jean Christophe, 212, 224. Krafft, Jean Christophe, see Jean Christophe. Language, as obstacle to internationalism, 229 ff. Lazare, Bernard, 39, 143. Lebens Abend einer Idealistin, Der, 27, 73. Légende de Saint Julien l'Hospitalier, 80. Letters, of Rolland, during war, 317-19. Lévy-Coeur, in Jean Christophe, 175, 205, 224. Le 14 Juillet, see Fourteenth of July, The. Liberty, characterization of France, 211-16. Life of Michael Angelo, The, 40, 144-46. Life of Timolien, 131. Liluli, 300, 335-338, 339. Loups, les, see The Wolves. Lux, Adams, 101, 111, 112, 309. Lyceum of Louis the Great, 8. Madame Bovary, 64. Mahler, Gustave, 35, 175. Mannheim, Judith, in Jean Christophe, 226. Marat, 101. Martinet, Marcel, 312. Masereel, Franz, 313. Maupassant, 13, 37, 58, 64, 91. Mazzini, 26, 150, 151, 222. Meistersinger, Die, 92. Mesnil, Jacques, 312. Meunier, 87. Meutre des élites, le, 297. Meyerbeer, 212. Michelangelo, 67, 71, 144-6, 147, 148, 151, 161, 182, 245. Michelet, 13. Millet, 87, 50. Mirbeau, 85. Molière, 92. Monod Gabriel, 13, 16, 26, 73. Mon Oncle Benjamin, 3. Montespan, la, 73, 119. Mooch, in Jean Christophe, 224. Moreas, 175. Mornet, Lieutenant, 306. Mounet-Sully, 74. Mozart, 5, 173. Music, early influence of, on Rolland, 4; form and content in Jean Christophe, 177-80; part of Rolland's drama, 104 ff; Rolland's love of, 47; Rolland's philosophy of, 132-3; Tolstoi's stigmatization of 19. Musiciens d'autrefois, 34, 35, 183. Nationalistic school of writers 59, 60, 62. Nationalism, 208 ff; 217-20, 225, 226. Naturalism, 15. "Neues Vaterland," 306. Nietzsche, 2, 26, 37, 162, 174, 177, 217-20, 255, 332. Niobé, 73, 74. Nobel peace prize, 270. Normal School, 10, 11, 12-17, 13, 14, 23, 29, 32, 162. Notre prochain l'ennemi, 297. Novalis, 169. Offenbach, 212. Olivier, in Jean Christophe, 61, 68, 76, 78, 84, 176, 179, 195-9, 200, 201, 205, 214 ff, 220, 224, 225, 233, 244, 246, 257, 260, 264, 267, 283, 309, 318, 336 340. Olivier, Georges, in Jean Christophe, 233. Offiziere, Die, 85. Oration on Shakespeare, 72. Orfeo, 33. Origines du théâtre lyrique moderne, les, 32, 183. Orsino, 72, 74. Oudon, Françoise, in Jean Christophe, 75. Pacifism, 262 ff. Paine, Thomas 9, 7, 150. Parsifal, 30, 31, 62, 191. Péguy, Charles, 14, 20, 38, 39, 59, 115, 143. People's Theater, The, 41, 65, 133, 68, 88, 94-97. Philippe, Charles Louis, 44, 91. Philosophy of life, of Rolland, see Art of Rolland; Conscience; Defeat, significance of; Faith; Freedom of Conscience; Greatness will to; Hatred, campaign against; Idealism; Internationalism; Justice; Struggle, element of; Suffering, significance of. Picquart, 39, 115. Perrotin, in Clerambault, 344. Pioch, Georges, 312. Polichinelle, in Liluli, 337. Précurseurs, les, see The Forerunners. Prêtre de Nemi, le, 125. Prinz von Homburg, Der, 92. Provenzale, Francesco, 34. Quesnel, in Les Loups, 114. Racine, 91, 92. Räuber, Die, 92. Red Cross, in Switzerland, 268 ff, 269 ff. Renaissance, 24, 25, 68, 71. Renaitour, 312. Renan, 12, 13, 25, 37, 125 ff, 176, 196, 214, 309. "Revue de l'art dramatique," 35, 88. "Revue de Paris," 25, 141. Robespierre, 99, 101, 108, 113, 117, 126. Rolland, Madeleine, 3. Rolland, Romain, academic life of, in Paris, 32-35, 42; adolescence of, 3-11; ancestry of, 3; and his epoch, 57-62; and the European spirit, 52, 53; appeal to President Wilson, 348-50; as embodiment of European spirit, 52-3; art of, 63-6; at Paris, 32-5, 36; attitude of, during the war, 257-355; campaign of, against hatred 297-303; childhood of, 3-7; controversy of, with Hauptmann, 277-80; correspondence of, with Verhaeren 281-4; cycles of 67-75; diary of, during the war, 327-28; drama of the revolution, 100-30; dramatic writings, 25, 28, 57, 130; Dreyfus case, 38-47; fame, 49, 50, 51, 48; father of, 6; friendships, 13-15, 25, 26-28, 311-316; heroic biographies, 133-153; humanitarianism of, 307 ff; idealism of, 60 ff; influence of, during the war, 320-326, 355-6; influence of Tolstoi on, 19-22; Jean Christophe, 157-237; letters of, during the war, 317-319; marriage of, 35, 41, 73, 134; mass suggestion in writings of, 261, 266, 329-47; mother of, 3, 27; newspaper writing of 289-292; opponents of, during the war, 304-10; portrait of, 46, 47; rôle of, in fellowship of free spirits during the war, 273 ff; Rome, 23, 28; schooling of 5-17; seclusion, 43, 44, 45-7, 48-49, 324; significance of life work, 2; tragedies of faith, 76-85; unwritten biographies, 150-153. Rossi, Ernesto, 24. Rossi, Luigi, 33. Rostand, 117. Rouanet, 312. Rousseau, 275. Roussin, in Jean Christophe, 176. Route en lacets qui monte, la, 330. St. Christophe, 157. Saint-Just, pseud., 39, 84, 101, 108, 113, 126. Saint Louis, 77-8, 80-82, 83, 125, 244. Salviati, 24. Suarès, André, 14, 15, 39. Scarlatti, Alessandro, 34. Schermann, 330. Scheurer, Kestner, 39, 115. Schiller, 73, 86, 87, 90, 92, 95, 97, 100-1, 123, 155, 193, 196. Schubert, 175, 180. Schulz, Prof. in Jean Christophe, 174, 204. Seippel, Paul, 50, 165, 172. Sévérine, 312. Shakespeare, 5, 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 23, 24, 15, 64, 69, 72, 92, 100, 123, 125, 150. Sidonie, in Jean Christophe, 213. Siege de Mantoue, le, 73. Sorbonne, 32, 33. Souvenirs d'enfance et de jeunesse, 12. Spinoza, 10, 13, 18. Stendhal, 169, 177. Strauss, Hugo, 35. Strindberg, 2, 126 ff. Struggle, element of, in Rolland's philosophy, 222, 246 ff. Suffering, significance of, in Rolland's philosophy, 133-136, 181-7, 188-94; 204 ff; heroes of 133-53. Switzerland, refuge of Rolland during the war, 264-7. "Tablettes, les," 313. Tasso, 118. Teulier, in The Wolves, 114, 115, 121, 310. Théâtre du peuple, le, see People's Theatre. Thiesson, Gaston, 312. Tillier, Claude, 3. Tolstoi, 18, 20, 21, 23, 15, 24, 53, 60, 64, 67, 82, 86, 87, 90, 92, 94, 135, 138, 147-149, 151, 161, 165, 170, 175, 176, 182, 204, 245, 255, 265, 300, 317, 320, 333. To the Undying Antigone, 27. Tragédies de la foi, les, see Tragedies of Faith. Tragedies of Faith, 69, 76-83, 76. "Tribunal of the spirit," see Fellowship. Triumph of Reason, The, 63, 101, 102, 113, 114, 119. Trois Amoureuses, les, 173. Truth, in Liluli, 337. Unknown dramatic cycle, 71-75. Verhaeren, 44, 77, 175, 276, 311; Rolland's correspondence with, 281-84. Vie de Beethoven, see Beethoven. Vie de Tolstoi, see Tolstoi. Vie de Michel-Ange, la, see Life of Michael Angelo, The. Vie des hommes illustres, 301. Von Kerich, Frau, in Jean Christophe, 173, 204. Von Meysenbug, Malwida, 26, 27, 28, 29, 29-31, 73, 150, 162. Von Unruh, Fritz, 85. Vorreden Material im Nachlass, 255. Vous êtes des hommes, 312. Wagner, 2, 9, 10, 14, 26, 29, 30, 31, 37, 64, 92, 162, 174, 212. Wahrheit und Dichtung, 175. War and Peace, 64, 170. War, dominant theme in Rolland's plays, 28; of the generations, 229-234; in Rolland's writings, 260 ff. Weber, Die, 92, 277. Weil, in Jean Christophe, 224. What is to be Done? 18. Wilhelm Meister, 155, 168. William the Silent, 66. Wilson, President, 348-50. Wolf, Hugo, 35, 150, 174. Wolff's news agency, 277. Wolves, The, 39, 101, 102, 113, 114. Zola, 15, 58, 85, 87, 39, 91, 115, 177.