ILLUSTRATIONS

RIDING

By EDWARD L. ANDERSON

The Gallop-change from Right to Left. The horse, having been in gallop right, has just gone into air from the right fore leg. The right hind leg was then planted, which will be followed in turn by the left hind leg, then the right fore leg, and lastly the left fore leg, from which the horse will go into air; the change from gallop right to gallop left having been made without disorder or a false step Frontispiece

FIGURE FACING PAGE

1. Race-horse in Training. Photograph by R. H. Cox 5

2. Dick Wells. Holder of the world's record for one mile. Photograph by R. H. Cox. 5

3. Thoroughbred Mare, L'Indienne. Property of Major David Castleman. Photograph by the author 7

4. Cayuse. Photograph by W. G. Walker 7

5. Abayan Koheilan. Arab stallion, bred by Amasi Hamdani, Smyri, Sheik of the District of Nagd. Property of Sutherland Stock Farm, Cobourg, Canada 7

6. Norwegian Fiord Stallion. Imported by the author 9

7. Mafeking, 16.2, by Temple out of a Mare by Judge Curtis. The property of Colin Campbell, Esq., Manor House, St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. This splendid animal has been hunted for three seasons with the Montreal Fox Hounds. He shows great power and quality, and is master of any riding weight 9

8. Prize-winning Charger. Property of Major Castleman. Photograph by the author 9

9. Morgan Stallion, Meteor. Property of Mr. H. P. Crane. Photograph by Schreiber & Sons 9

10. Mademoiselle Guerra on Rubis, a Trakhene Stallion 10

11. Highland Denmark. Property of Gay Brothers, Pisgah, Kentucky. The sire of more prize winners in saddle classes than any other stallion in America. Photograph by the author 10

12. Brood Mare, Dorothy. Owned by General Castleman. This mare has a record of first prize in nearly seventy show rings 12

13. Cecil Palmer, American Saddle-horse, Racking. Owned and ridden by Major David Castleman. Photograph by the author 12

14. The Cavesson. Photograph by the author 23

15. The Horse goes about the Man at the Full Length of the Cavesson Rein. Photograph by the author 23

16. Elevating the Head of the Horse with the Snaffle-bit. Photograph by M. F. A. 26

17. Dropping the Head and Suppling the Jaw. Photograph by M. F. A. 26

18. Bending Head with Snaffle. Photograph by M. F. A. 28

19. A Leg Up. Photograph by M. F. A. 28

20. Silvana. An English half-bred mare, imported by the author. Photograph by M. F. A. 37

21. Montgomery Chief, Champion Saddle Stallion of America. Property of Ball Brothers, Versailles, Kentucky. Photograph by the author 37

22. Riding-house of the Author 44

23. Garrard. Two years old. Owned and ridden by Major David Castleman. Photograph by the author 51

24. Carbonel. Four years old. Owned and ridden by Major David Castleman. Photograph by the author 51

25. High Lassie. Two years old. Owned by Gay Brothers, Pisgah, Kentucky. Photograph by the author 53

26. Mares and Foals. Gay Brothers. Photograph by the author 53

27. Stirling Chief. Property of Colonel J. T. Woodford, Mt. Stirling, Kentucky. Photograph by the author 55

28. Stirling Chief in the Trot. Photograph by the author 55

29. Double Bridle Fitted. Photograph by the author 58

30. Mounting with Stirrups. Photograph by M. F. A. 58

31. Mounting without Stirrups. Photograph by M. F. A. 60

32. Mounting without Stirrups. Photograph by M. F. A. 60

33. Dismounting without Stirrups. Photograph by M. F. A. 60

34. Jockey Seat. Photograph by R. H. Cox 62

35. Pointing the Knees above the Crest of the Horse. Photograph by M. F. A. 62

36. Dropping the Knees to take the Seat without Stirrups. Photograph by M. F. A. 65

37. The Seat. Photograph by M. F. A. 65

38. Leaning Back. Photograph by M. F. A. 65

39. German Cavalry. Photograph by O. Anschutz 67

40. Monsieur Leon de Gisbert. Photograph by the author 69

41. Monsieur H. L. de Bussigny. Formerly an officer of the French Army 69

42. Chasseurs d'Afrique 71

43. Spahis. Arabs in the Algerian army of France 71

44. A French Officer. Good man and good horse 73

45. French Officers 73

46. Italian Officers. The horsemanship here exhibited is above criticism. Courtesy of the Goerz Co. 73

47. Italian Officers 73

48. An Italian Officer. The pose of the horse proves the truth of the photograph 73

49. Trooper Royal Horse Guards. Photograph by F. G. O. Stuart 76

50. Scots Grays. Tent Pegging. Photograph by F. G. O. Stuart 76

51. General Castleman 78

52. Mr. C. Elmer Railey 80

53. A Rider of the Plains. Photograph by W. G. Walker 80

54. Colonel W. F. Cody, "Buffalo Bill." Photograph by Stacy 83

55. An American Horseman 83

56. Troopers of the Fourth and the Eighth Cavalry, United States Army. Photograph by the author 85

57. Captain W. C. Short. Instructor of Riding at Fort Riley. Photograph by the author 85

58. Three Officers at Fort Riley. Photograph by the author 87

59. The Small Pony is but a Toy. Photograph by Mary Woods 90

60. Up to Ten or Twelve Years of Age Girls should ride in the Cross Saddle to learn the Effects of the Aids. Photograph by the author 90

61. The Alertness of In Hand. Photograph by R. H. Cox 92

62. In Hand in Walk. Photograph by M. F. A. 92

63. United Halt, between Heels and Hand. Photograph by M. F. A. 94

64. In Hand in Trot. Photograph by M. F. A. 94

65. Preventing the Horse rearing by bending the Croup to One Side. Photograph by M. F. A. 97

66. Rearing with Extended Fore Legs. Photograph by Walker 97

67. Major H. L. Ripley, Eighth Cavalry, United States Army. Horse rearing with bent fore legs 101

68. Rolling up a Restive Horse 101

69. Closely United. Photograph by M. F. A. 102

70. Half-halt. Photograph by M. F. A. 102

71. The Scratch of the Spur. Photograph by M. F. A. 108

72. Halt with the Spurs. Photograph by M. F. A. 108

73. Direct Flexion of the Jaw. The snaffle holds the head up. The curb-bit, with the reins drawn toward the chest of the horse, induces the animal to yield the jaw, when the tension upon the reins is released and the animal so rewarded for its obedience. Photograph by M. F. A. 112

74. The Result of the Direct Flexion of the Jaw. Photograph by M. F. A. 112

75. Bending Head and Neck with the Curb-bit. Photograph by M. F. A. 115

76. Bending Head and Neck with the Curb-bit. Photograph by M. F. A. 115

77. Carrying the Hind Legs under the Body. Photograph by M. F. A. 117

78. Croup about Forehand, to the Right. Photograph by M. F. A. 117

79. Croup about Forehand, to the Right. The left fore leg the pivot. The head bent toward the advancing croup. Photograph by M. F. A. 119

80. In Hand in Place. Photograph by H. S. 119

81. The Indirect Indication of the Curb-bit. To turn the horse to the right by bringing the left rein against the neck of the horse. The rider's hand carried over to the right, the thumb pointing to the right shoulder 122

82. The Indirect Indication of the Curb-bit. To turn the horse to the left. The rider's hand is carried over to the left, the thumb pointing to the ground over the left shoulder of the horse 122

83. Reversed Pirouette, to the Left. The hind quarters are carried to the left, about the right fore leg as pivot, the head bent to the left 124

84. Passing on Two Paths to the Right. The forehand slightly in advance of the croup. The head of the horse slightly bent in the direction of progress 124

85. The Gallop. The horse in air 126

86. The Hind Legs are committed to a Certain Stride in the Gallop before the Horse goes into Air 126

87. Gallop Right. The change must be begun by the hind legs as soon as they are free from the ground. The last seven photographs by M. F. A. 126

88. The Wheel in the Gallop. In two paths, the hind feet on a small inner circle 131

89. The Pirouette Wheel. The inner hind leg remains in place as a pivot 131

90. Backing. Taking advantage of the impulse produced by the whip tap to carry the mass to the rear. Photograph by M. F. A. 135

91. Backing. The same principles are observed. Photograph by M. F. A. 135

92. Jumping In Hand. Photograph by M. F. A. 138

93. The Narrow Hurdle. Photograph by M. F. A. 138

94. Jumping In Hand. Photograph by M. F. A. 138

95. Jumping a Narrow Hurdle. Photograph by M. F. A. 142

96. Jumping a Narrow Hurdle. Photograph by M. F. A. 142

97. Hurdle-racing. Photograph by R. H. Cox 151

98. Thistledown. Four years old. Property of Mr. A. E. Ash brook. Record of seven feet one and three-quarters inches. Photograph by E. N. Williams 151

99. Denny Racking. Property of Mr. J. S. Neane. Photograph by the author 154

100. Denny at the Running Walk. Photograph by the author 154

101. Casting a Horse without Apparatus. Photograph by M.F.A. 154

DRIVING

By PRICE COLLIER

PLATE

I. Protorohippus 167

II. Development of Horse's Foot From Toes to One 167

III. Neohipparion 170

IV. Skull of Horse Eight Years Old 170

V. Teeth of Horse 195

VI. Teeth of Horse 197

VII. Polo Pony 199

VIII. Light-harness Horse 199

IX. Harness Type 202

X. Flying Cloud, Harness Type 202

XI. Children's Pony 204

XII. Children's Pony 204

XIII. Good Shoulders, Legs, and Feet 206

XIV. Heavy-harness Types 206

XV. Stable Plan 219

XVI. Skeleton of the Horse 245

XVII. Internal Parts of the Horse 245

XVIII. External Parts of the Horse 252

XIX. Foot of the Horse 252

XX. Bridoon Bit; Double-ring Snaffle-bit; Half-cheek Jointed Snaffle-bit 261

XXI. Bit found on Acropolis; date, 500 b.c. 261

XXII. Single Harness 263

XXIII. Elbow-bit; Liverpool Bit; Buxton Bit; Gig-bit 266

XXIV. Swale's Patent Bit 268

XXV. Brush Burr 268

XXVI. Plain Burr 268

XXVII. Hambletonian 293

XXVIII. George Wilkes 293

XXIX. Driving a Pair 341

XXX. Driving a Pair 348

XXXI. Positions of Whip 357

XXXII. Driving Four 364

XXXIII. Pony Tandem 391

XXXIV. Tandem Dog-cart 394

XXXV. High and Dangerous Cocking-cart 394

XXXVI. Tandem of Mr. McCandless 404

XXXVII. Tandem of Mr. T. Suffern Tailer 404

RIDING

By EDWARD L. ANDERSON

RIDING