Book 2 — INDEX

Abatements, Income Tax, 36, 297

Accidents, Industrial: Engineering Works, 137 Factories and Workshops, 127, 128 Mines, 133 Railways, 136 Ships, 137 Total, all Trades, 138

Advertising, 253

Afforestation, 248

Aged Poor, 272

Agricultural Labourers' Wages, 109, 155

Agricultural Land, Value of, 62, 68

Agriculture, as Field for Employment, 240

Anderson, Miss A. M., on Maternity Funds, 180

Andrew, George, Report on German Schools, 192

Anthrax, 130

Area, Control of, 242

Area, Distinguishing Attribute of Land, 81

Area of United Kingdom, 81

Army Material, Value of, 66

Ashby, Dr Hy., on Poor Mothers, 174

Asquith, H. H., Death Duties, 321 Differentiates Income Tax, 303 Old Age Pensions Act, 284

Average Wage, 29

Back-to-Back Houses, 214

"Back to the Land," 242

Bateman, John, on Landowners, 82

Bathing in Schools, 193

Baxter, Dudley, on Conditions of Labour in 1868, 333 On Income Tax Evasion, 13 On Loss of Wages, 26 On National Income in 1867, 330

Beaulieu, M. Leroy, on Eliminating Middlemen, 254

Beer Consumption, 332

Belgian State Railways, Success of, 265

Bentham, Jeremy, Suggested Exemption of Small Incomes from Taxation, 317

Births, in United Kingdom, 173

Board of Trade, Estimate of Wages, 30 Wage Census, 21

Boot Trade, 147, 156

Bournville Garden City, 223

Bowley, A. L., Estimate of Wages, 30 On Loss of Wages, 26 On Wages in 1867, 330

Boy Labour in Mines, 136

Bradford School Children, Condition of, 194

Bread, Fall in Price of, 332

Bricklayers' Wages, 108

British Association, Committee on Small Incomes, 21

British Government, Poverty of, 326

Budget, Is an Annual Debate Necessary?, 315 Tradition of Secrecy Unnecessary, 315

Building Societies' Funds, 56

Burns, John, Housing Act, 221

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir H., on Poverty, 5

Canals, Value of, 64

Capital, In Few Hands, 79 In Relation to Housing, 229 Of United Kingdom, 62 Of Working Classes, 57, 80 Waste of, 158

Capitalization of Usury, 101

Carpenters' Wages, 108

Casual Workers, Earnings, 27

Census, Inadequacy of, 123 Of Incomes, Importance of, 308, 312, 315 Of Wages, 21

Charity Organization Society, Thought Old Age Pensions Too Costly, 283

Children, National Responsibility for, 173 Should be the Chief Care of the Reformer, 173 Underfed, 196

Clerks, 18 Number of, 253

Coal Distribution, should be Municipal, 269 Miners, Number of, 268 Production, 267

Collectivism, Assisted by Joint-Stock Principle, 344 By Economizing Labour Creates Individual Freedom, 345 Necessity of, 343 And Revenue, 326

Combination Accentuating Error of Distribution, 269

"Comfortable" Persons, Number of, 48

Commercial Travellers, 19 Number of, 252

Commons, Value of, 66

Company Promotion, 166

Competition Disappearing, 269 Waste through, 255

Compositors' Wages, 109

Consumption of Food, Growth of, 332

Continuation Schools Advocated, 204

Co-operative Societies' Funds, 56

Cost of Living, 115

Cotton Trade, 143

Criminals, Decline of, 332

Crowley, Dr R. H., on Bradford School Children, 193

Cunningham, Professor D. J., on Physical Deterioration, 173

Customs Duties, 3

Death Duties: And Length of Life, 73 Assessments, Stationariness of, 76 Avoidance of, 53, 54, 77 Described, 320 Do they Waste Capital?, 323 Still Low, 323

Death-rate, Fall of, 332

Deaths from Mining Accidents, 132

Deaths in United Kingdom, 54

Declaring Incomes, Importance of, 308

Differentiation of Income Tax, 303

Diseases of Occupations, 129

Distribution, Combination in, 256 Of Capital, 79 Of Income, 32, 47, 48 Of Land, 82, 83 Of Wealth in Practice Illustrated, 94

Doctor, in the School, 193

Dressmaking, 151

Dundee, Physical Deterioration, 139

Education, 181, 190 Children should be Trained in Expression, 201 Continuation Schools Necessary, 204 Importance of Training in Observation, 199 Science Teaching, 202

Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 198

Eichholz, Dr A., on Poor Children, 174

Electricity Should be Publicly Controlled, 257

Employers Compelled to Disclose Employees' Incomes, 311

Engineers, Unemployment amongst, 28 Wages, 109

Estate Duties. See Death Duties

Estates, 1904-1908, 52 Classified by Nature, 78 Classified by Size, 52, 74 Passing Per Annum, 52, 55 Of Rich and Poor, 51

Expectation of Life, 211

Expenditure Directs Labour, 141

Factories, Accidents in, 127

Factory and Workshop Act, 125 And Maternity, 178

Factory Inspection, 126

Farmers' Capital, 63, 69 Profits, 19

Finance Act, 1907, 14, 302

Fiscal Policy, 3

Food, Consumption, Growth of, 332 Duties for Revenue, 289 Expenditure on, 154 Price of, 115

Foreign Competition and Education, 202, 204

Foreign Investments, 14

Fox, Arthur Wilson, on Agricultural Wages, 155

Friendly Societies' Funds, 56

Furniture, Value of, 64, 70

Gas Companies' Profits, 105

Gas Works, Value of, 64

Genius not a Class Possession, 191

George, Henry, on Necessary Monopolies, 255

Germany, Large Revenue from Socialism, 328

Giffen, Sir Robert, Estimate of Aggregate Wages, 1886, 25 On Wages, 22 On Waste of Capital, 341

Government by the Rich, 270

Growth of National Income, 17

Hackney, Unemployed in, 119

Harcourt, Sir Wm., Death Duties, 321

Horsfall, T. C., on Town Planning, 221

Houses, Clue to Income Tax Payers, 42 In Great Britain, 40, 43 Value of, 62, 68

Housing, 88, 209 Loans Proposed, 231

Hunter, Robert, on American Poverty, 5

Hygiene Should be Taught in Schools, 181

Income, Average in 1908, 32

Income Tax, Abatements, 36, 297 As it is, Illustrated, 307 Assessments, 12, 33 Assessments, 1893-1908, 10 Chapter on, 291 Differentiation, 14, 303 Evasion, 13 Graduation Advocated, 312 History of, 291 Origin of Schedules, 292 Payers, Growth of, 37, 112 Payers Measured by House Rent, 42 Payers, Number of, 44 Payers over £700, 44 Provisions Summarized, 306 Reaches Unearned Increment, 296 Reforms Advocated, 308 Schedule A Described, 298 Schedule B Described, 299 Schedule C Described, 300 Schedule D Described, 300 Schedule E Described, 302 Successor of "Land Tax," 291

Incomes, between £160 and £700, 39 Of Lower Middle Classes, 20 Of Middle Classes, 36 Revealed by Employers, 311

Individual Freedom through Collectivism, 345

Industrial Accidents, 125

Infant Mortality, 177

Inhabited House Duty, 40, 89 Described, 302

Inter Vivos Avoidance of Death Duties, 77

Interest and Distribution, 93

Invalidity Insurance, 286

Inventions, Foreign Progress, 202

Iron Works, Value of, 64

Ironfounders' Wages, 109

Jews and Maternity, 185

Labour Exchanges, 124

Labour Party and Unemployment, 124

Land, and Town Planning, 218 Nationalization, 242 Of United Kingdom, 81 Recovery in Agricultural Values, 246

Land-Tax, was an Income Tax, 292

Land Values, 86

Landowners, 82, 83

Lead Poisoning, 130

Legal Profession, Persons Employed, 254

Levi, Leone, on Manual Labourers' Earnings in 1866, 330 On Unemployment, 25

Living, Cost of, 115

Lloyd George, D., Death Duties, 321 Grants Special Abatement in Respect of Children, 314 Income Tax Reforms, 303

Local Loans, 62, 67

London, Area of, 92

Lower Middle Classes, Incomes of, 17

Luxuries, Expenditure on, 160

McCleary, Dr G. F., on Milk Supply, 260

Mackenzie, Dr Leslie, on Milk Supply, 260

Malins, Dr E., on Poor Children, 174

Manual Workers, Number of, 21

Marshall, Professor A., on Waste, 158

Maternity amongst Poor, 178

Maternity Fund, Suggestion for a National, 184, 185

Medical Officers of Health, 183

Middle Classes, Small Incomes of, 36

Middlemen, Waste through, 253

Milk Distribution, Waste in, 259

Milk Supply, Should be Publicly Owned, 261

Mill, John Stuart, on Principle of Graduation, 317

Miners' Wages, 108

Mines, Value of, 64

Mining, Accidents, 130 Employment, 268 Royalties, 85

Misdirection of Labour, 150

Monopoly, Economy of, 256

Monopoly of Capital, 72

Monopoly of Wealth a Danger to the State, 141, 158, 324

Multiple Shops, 19, 254

Municipal Trading, Case for, 264 Success of, 262

National Capital, 61

National Debt, 62, 63, 67

National Dividend, how Distributed, 47, 48

National Housing Loans Proposed, 231

National Income, Growth of, 50 How Distributed, 47, 48 In 1908, 31 What it is, 8

National Medical Service, 183

National Property, 62, 65

Nationalization of Land, 219, 242

Navy, Value of, 66

Notification of Births, 184

Occupations Influenced by Wealth Distribution, 141

Old Age Pensioners, Number of, 285

Old Age Pensions, 272 Cost of Not "Expenditure," 286

Old Age Pensions Act, 284

Organization of Industry, 124, 250

Overcrowding, 212

Oversea Investments, 14, 65, 160

Paupers, Day Counts of, 274 Decline of, 332 Relieved in a Year, 275, 276

Physical Deterioration, 139

Physical Training, 192

Poor, Property of, 57

Population, Growth of, 332

Poverty, Campbell-Bannerman quoted, 5 In Old Age, 272 Line, 153 Measured, 49, 50 Now Unnecessary, 347 Of British Government, 340 Shortens Life, 211

Power Supply, Should be National, 256

Prices, Fall of, 332 Index Number, 332

Production, Combination in, 256

Production and Waste, 251

Profits Examined, 94 Growth of, 111, 112

Progress since 1867, 332

Prosperity and Fiscal Policy, 3

Prussian State Railways, 329

Public Ownership, the only Path to Equitable Distribution, 262

Public Works and Unemployment, 124

Railway Capital, Watering of, 102 Fares under Nationalization, 266 Servants, Accidents, 136

Railways, Value of, 63

Rates, in Nature of Rent-charge, 90

Rent, and Profit, 97 Estimate of Aggregate, 84, 85, 86 Why Small Relatively to Profits, 86

Revenue without Taxation, 326

Rich, Estates of, 58 Number of, 48, 50

Right to Work Bill, 123

Roads, Value of, 66

Rowntree, Poverty Line, 153

Rural Depopulation, 234

Ruskin, John, His modern version of the Beatitudes, 339

Savings, 55, 56, 80 Growth of, 332

Savings Banks' Funds, 56

Science, Important to Teach, 202

Seamen, Accidents, 137

Segregation of Unfit, 187

Shop Assistants, 18

Shopkeepers, 18, 254

Site Value, 87

Smith, Adam, on Taxation, 287

Socialism, Reduces Taxation, 328

Super-Tax, 305

Taft, President, on Inheritance Duties, 324

Taxation and Distribution, 289 Direct, Advocated, 318 Doctrine of Ability, 288 Indirect, Deprecated, 317 Not the Only Means of Revenue, 326 Should be Simplified, 318

Teachers, 18

Thrift Institutions, 56

Town Planning, 217, 221

Trade Capital, Value of, 63, 69

Trade Unions, Expenditure on Unemployment, 121 Funds, 56 Superannuation, 280 Unemployment, 116

Tradesmen, 254

Transport should be a National Function, 256

Trust Rule, 269

Unemployed, Probable Number of, 122

Unemployment, 28, 107 Amongst Trade Unionists, 116 Cost of, 121 During 40 Years, 337 In America, 5 In Middle Classes, 122 Insurance, 123 Only to be Remedied by Public Ownership, 270 "Remedies" for, 123, 124

Unfit, Segregation of, 187

United Kingdom, Area, 81

United States, Industrial Fatalities, 6 Poverty of, 5

Usury, 101

Wage Census, 21

Wage Earners, Number of, 21

Wage, Average, 29, 331 Growth of, 332

Wages, 115 Aggregate in 1908, 29 Average in 1908, 27 In 1886, 23 Movement of, 27, 108, 111, 112 Not Raised by High Profits, 101 Stationariness of, 50

Waste of Labour, 251

Waterworks, Value of, 64

Wheat, Imports of, 245

Wheat Prices, 247

Whitehaven Colliery Explosion, 131

Woollen Trade, 145

Women Health Inspectors, 182

Women Workers in America, 6

Workhouse Inmates Classified, 281

Working Class "Capital," 80

Working Classes, Material Progress of, 330