Front matter
Reading edition
King Richard III. From a picture in the National Portrait Gallery
RICHARD III: HIS LIFE & CHARACTER
REVIEWED IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESEARCH
BY SIR CLEMENTS E. MARKHAM, K.C.B.
AUTHOR OF 'THE LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX' AND 'THE FIGHTING VERES'
WITH A PORTRAIT
LONDON: SMITH, ELDER, AND CO. 15 WATERLOO PLACE. 1906
(All rights reserved)
PREFACE
There are periods of history when the greatest caution is called for in accepting statements put forward by a dominant faction. Very early in my life I came to the conclusion that the period which witnessed the change of dynasties from Plantagenet to Tudor was one of these. The caricature of the last Plantagenet King was too grotesque, and too grossly opposed to his character derived from official records. The stories were an outrage on common-sense. I studied the subject at intervals for many years, and in the course of my researches I found that I more or less shared my doubts with every author of repute who had studied the subject for the last three centuries, except Hume and Lingard. My own conclusions are that Richard III. must be acquitted on all the counts of the indictment. The present work is divided into two parts, the first narrating the events of his life and times, and the second examining the various accusations against him. I did not contemplate publication because I thought that in these days prejudices were too strong to make it possible that a fair and candid hearing should be given to the arguments. But I determined to consult some historical friends, and I was pleased to find that to a great extent I was mistaken.
In the first place, I wrote a full abstract of my arguments, for publication in the 'Historical Review,' acting under the advice of my old schoolfellow, Professor Freeman, to whom I sent it in the first instance. It so happened that Mr. Freeman had given attention to part of the subject. He upset some odious fabrications of the chroniclers affecting the character of Margaret of Anjou, by proving that she was in Scotland at the time when the battle of Wakefield was fought. Freeman seldom wrote on so late a period of our history, and we owe this modern excursion to a visit to Mr. Milnes Gaskell at Thornes.
After reading what I sent him, Professor Freeman wrote on August 13, 1890: 'Your abstract has set me a-thinking. It is only a Robert of Bellême who does that kind of thing. On your main point I will talk to Gardiner and Stubbs. Meanwhile, I have shown your manuscript to Sidney Owen, who read it and held it to be what lawyers would call considerable. Owen had been at those times, and holds Henry VII. to be at least capable of it.
'It would be a self-denying ordinance in Gairdner if he accepted your view, for he has gone more straight at that time than anybody else. Gardiner has written to him, and he is a little fierce, as was to be expected, but if you are like me, no man's fierceness will hinder you from dining and sleeping as well as usual. The matter is at all events worth discussing.'
Professor York Powell read my manuscript, and wrote: 'I have read the manuscript and think there is something worth looking into. Henry's conduct to Tyrrell is exceedingly suspicious. Either Richard or Henry might have put the boys to death, but it would be interesting for many reasons to know which it was. I am not convinced by Markham, but I do not think Gairdner has the right to be cocksure. The Morton suggestive idea is very ingenious and pretty, and quite probable. It has interested me much to read Markham's letter, for I remember my difficulties in the matter and the point I got to, that the great men did not, for a time, hold the now vulgate view of the murder of the princes. I should rejoice should Markham light upon additional evidence in favour of his thesis, which à priori is by no means unlikely. There is something about Richard's character, ability, and reign which, I think, attracts every real student of history, and gives one a feeling that he has been unfairly dealt with.'
In 1891, the abstract of my work was published in the 'Historical Review,' and Bishop Creighton, who was then the editor, wrote: 'Thank you for your paper, which I have read with great interest. It certainly makes out a strong case.'
There were two rejoinders from Mr. Gairdner, which enabled me to recast and improve parts of my work by the light of his criticism.
I lost my adviser, Mr. Freeman, in 1892. One of the last things he did was to warn me of an objection taken by Miss Edith Thompson, which enabled me to meet it.[1]
After careful revision I showed my manuscript to the late Sir Archibald Milman, who had given close attention to those times. On December 27, 1897, he wrote: 'It is your bounden duty to tell your story of Richard III., giving the date for every fact. It is only by sticking to dates that you get at truth in criminal causes, and the same method must be followed at the bar of history. It would be a pleasure to think that the last Plantagenet was not a cruel scoundrel. By giving dates and authorities for them, you render a great service. Richard's loyalty and able administration in the north seem inconsistent with such ferocity. I was much interested in one of your facts, that, according to the story put forward by Henry VII., the bodies of the little princes were taken up from the place of hasty interment and placed in consecrated ground. But lo! they remained under the staircase, where they were found in Charles II.'s reign.'
In consequence of Sir A. Milman's letter I made another close scrutiny of dates given by various authorities for the same events with important results. I also went very carefully over the ground of the battlefields of Wakefield, Towton, Barnet, Tewkesbury, and Bosworth; and I added some chapters to the work.
The correspondence to which I have referred has led me to the conclusion that students of history are not, as I once believed, unwilling to reconsider the questions which form the subject of the present work, when they are presented from new points of view; and that the well-known arguments which were supposed to suffice for the defence of the Tudor stories in the past are in these days insufficient. The numerous points now raised and submitted for the judgment of students are at all events worth discussing. The present work is about as complete as very frequent revision can make it.
CONTENTS
PAGE PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
PART I
CHAPTER I BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD
Description of Fotheringhay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Possessions of the Duke of York. Marriage . . . . . . . . 2, 3 Birth of Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Letter of Edward and Edmund to their father . . . . . . . 4 Children of the Duke of York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Richard a prisoner of war aged 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Refuge in John Paston's chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CHAPTER II
DEATH OF RICHARD'S FATHER AND BROTHER AT THE BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD
The Duke of York declared Heir-Apparent . . . . . . . . . 9 The Duke and his family united at Baynard's Castle . . . . 10 March to Sandal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Description of Sandal Castle and its neighbourhood . . . . 12, 13 Battle of Wakefield. Death of the Duke . . . . . . . . . 14, 15 Death of Edmund, Earl of Rutland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16 Cruelty and inhuman folly of the Lancastrians . . . . . . 17 Edward's victory at Mortimer's Cross . . . . . . . . . . . 18 George and Richard sent to Holland for safety . . . . . . 18, 19
CHAPTER III
THE CROWNING VICTORY OF TOWTON
Description of Edward IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Edward proclaimed King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22 March to the north. Yorkist leaders . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Lancastrian leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Sir Andrew Trollope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Description of the country round Towton . . . . . . . . . 26 Surprise at Ferrybridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chase and death of Clifford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Yorkists march to Saxton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30 Marshalling of the Lancastrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Battle of Towton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33 Flight of Henry and his partisans. Edward at York . . . . 34 Coronation of Edward IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Edward's generous treatment of his foes . . . . . . . . . 36 Chapel built by Richard at Towton . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CHAPTER IV
THE CROWN LOST AND WON--BATTLE OF BARNET
Return of George and Richard from Holland . . . . . . . . 38 Their Dukedoms, Earldoms and Richard's K.G. . . . . . . . 38 Richard chief mourner at his father's obsequies . . . . . 39 Military training under Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Description of Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Treason of Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Flight of Edward and Richard to Holland. . . . . . . . . . 42, 43 Expedition fitted out at Veere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Landing at Ravenspur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Edward's brilliant campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 47 Richard's negotiation with Clarence . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Battle of Barnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 52
CHAPTER V
MARGARET OF ANJOU AND HER SON EDWARD
Birth and marriage of Margaret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54 Birth of Edward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Adventures in the wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 59
Home at Koeur-la-Petite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Edward's conversations with the Chief Justice . . . . . . 61, 66 Agreement with Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Description of young Edward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
CHAPTER VI
THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY
Margaret and Edward land at Weymouth . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Advance to Bristol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 King Edward's plan of campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Description of the battle field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 March of King Edward's army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Battle of Tewkesbury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 75 Death of Edward of Lancaster on the battle field . . . . . 75 Execution of some leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Pardon of the rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Death of Henry VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Ransom of Margaret. Her death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
CHAPTER VII
MARRIED LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICES OF RICHARD DUKE OF GLOUCESTER
Richard's march to Sandwich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Marriage of Richard and Anne Nevill . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 82 Richard with his brother in France . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Description of Middleham Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Home life at Middleham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 83, 84 Public duties. Frequent visits to York . . . . . . . . . 84 Warden of the Marches. Scottish campaign . . . . . . . . 84, 86 Death of Edward IV. Lady Grey. Children . . . . . . . . 86, 87
CHAPTER VIII
ACCESSION OF RICHARD III
Conspiracy of the Woodvilles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Richard made Protector by his brother's will . . . . . . . 89 Arrest of Rivers and his colleagues . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Queen Dowager in sanctuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Richard and his mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Disclosure of Bishop Stillington . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Account of Bishop Stillington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94-95 Foundation of the College at Acaster . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Children of Edward IV. illegitimate . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Hastings-Woodville conspiracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 99 Execution of Rivers and his colleagues . . . . . . . . . . 99, 100 Richard's title to the crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Accession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CHAPTER IX
CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE
Results of the Lancastrian usurpation . . . . . . . . . . 103 Effects of the Wars of the Roses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 No destruction of the nobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Scenery. Country life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Castles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Hunting and hawking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 The Peerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Town residences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Magnificence of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Wealth of merchants. City Companies . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Introduction of printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Caxton's works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115 Literary noblemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 116 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Bishops. Clergy. Monasteries. Pilgrimages . . . . . . . 118-119 Lawlessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Manor houses. Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Condition of the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-123 Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
CHAPTER X
REIGN OF RICHARD III
Description of the King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Treatment of his nephews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Coronation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126-127 Claim of Buckingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Royal Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129-130 Rebellion of Buckingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131-132
List of traitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-133 Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Reforms. Revenue. Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Convocation. Agreement with the Queen Dowager . . . . . . 136 Death of the Prince of Wales. His tomb . . . . . . . . . 137 Edward Earl of Warwick made Heir-Apparent . . . . . . . . 138 King Richard's popularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Conspiracy of Henry Tudor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 The King assembled troops at Nottingham . . . . . . . . . 141 Proclamation against Henry Tudor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Peerage of Richard III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Ministers of Richard III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Commissioners for Peace with Scotland . . . . . . . . . . 145 Judges and Law Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Knights of the Garter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Knights of the Bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
CHAPTER XI
THE BATTLE OF BOSWORTH
Treachery of the Stanleys explained . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 149 King Richard's military talent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 English pluck displayed by Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Loyal men flocking to the King's standard . . . . . . . . 151 Description of the country round Bosworth . . . . . . . . 152 Positions of the two armies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 King Richard leads his men to the encounter . . . . . . . 154 Treachery of Lord Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 The King's gallant charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Death of the King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155-156-157 Richard buried at Leicester. Memorials . . . . . . . . . 158 Character of King Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 His generosity. Arbitrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Able administration. Building operations . . . . . . . . 161 Literary tastes. Founded the Heralds' College . . . . . . 162 Comparison of Richard and the Tudors . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 163 His married life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Contemporary Sovereigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
PART II
CHAPTER I
THE AUTHORITIES
The Plantagenet Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Character and position of the accusers . . . . . . . . . . 167 Extravagance of their caricature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Writers in the pay of the Tudors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 The notorious pamphlet by Morton . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168-171 Bernard André . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Polydore Virgil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171-172 Rous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Warkworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Continuators of the Croyland Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . 175-178 Official documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Hall, Grafton, Holinshed, Stow, Buck . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Reaction. Modern authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Miss Halsted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Upholders of the Tudor stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182-183
CHAPTER II
EXAMINATION OF THE CHARGES AGAINST RICHARD
Reckless profusion of abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Deformity. Statement of Rous and Morton . . . . . . . . . 185 The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Object of the calumny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Tewkesbury. The truth told by all contemporaries . . . . 188-189 Fable by Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Polydore Virgil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Subsequent embellishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Silence of Morton and Rous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191-192 Henry VI. Insinuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Warkworth and Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194-195 The Croyland Monk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Polydore Virgil contradicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 All unworthy of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Evidence of the accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Evidence of a contemporary writer . . . . . . . . . . 198 The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Marriage. Richard and Anne really attached . . . . . . . 200 Attack of Miss Strickland, a specimen of the sort of arguments used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Countess of Warwick. False statement of Rous . . . . . . 201 The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Death of Clarence. Charge absolutely groundless . . . . . 202 Another specimen of argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
CHAPTER III
FURTHER CHARGES AGAINST RICHARD III
Some account of Morton, the chief accuser . . . . . . . . 205-207 Misrepresentation of events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208-210 Cunning misrepresentations respecting Hastings . . . . . . 210-212 Falsification of dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215-217 The accession. The true claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Attempt of Henry VII. to destroy the evidence . . . . 219 Polydore Virgil's version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Morton's version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Further falsification of dates . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Buckingham's treason. False reason given for his discontent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 The truth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Morton's account of conversations . . . . . . . . . . 225, 226 Second coronation. Statement disproved . . . . . . . . . 227 Death of the Queen. Slanders of Polydore and Rous . . . . 228 Elizabeth of York. Absurd rumour spread . . . . . . . . . 229 Elizabeth's letter to the Duke of Norfolk . . . . . . 229-230 Intrigues of Henry's mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Lord Strange. The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
CHAPTER IV
THE MAIN CHARGE AGAINST RICHARD III
Rests on the truth or falsehood of previous crimes . . . . 233 Richard's antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Nothing to fear from his nephews . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Treatment of others in the same position . . . . . . . . . 236 His nephews were probably members of his household . . . . 236 Bill, in March 1485, for the elder nephew . . . . . . . . 237 Conduct of the mother and sister . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238-239 Alleged rumours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240-242 Assertion of the French Chancellor . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Statements of Fabyan, Rous, Polydore, André . . . . . . . 244 Sir William Stanley's conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Baseless rumours promulgated by Henry . . . . . . . . . . 245
CHAPTER V
HENRY TUDOR IN THE DOCK
Description of Henry VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 His lawless executions after Bosworth . . . . . . . . . . 247 Responsible for the lives of royal children . . . . . . . 248 Henry's character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Necessity to strengthen his position . . . . . . . . . . . 250 His Parliament of outlaws. Unjust attainders . . . . . . 251 Loyal men attainted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Silent about the late King's nephews. Were they missing? 253 If alive, Henry's marriage necessitated their deaths . . . 254 Henry's treatment of other victims in his way . . . . . . 255 The fate of the princes, if alive, was sealed by the marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Imprisonment of the Queen Dowager . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Henry put forward a story, in Polydore Virgil . . . . . . 258 A more detailed story, published by Rastell and Grafton 260-263 Rewards alleged to have been given by Richard to murderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 265 Confession of Tyrrel and Dighton fabricated . . . . . . . 267 Genesis of these stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Some account of Sir James Tyrrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Henry's grant to John Green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Tyrrel taken into favour. His two pardons . . . . . . . . 269 Murder of the two Princes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Relations silenced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270-271 Hush money to 'Black Will' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Reward to Dighton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Rewards and employments for Tyrrel . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Treacherous arrest and hurried execution of Tyrrel . . . . 273 Dighton to reside at Calais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 The story put forward and generally accepted . . . . . . . 274
Judicial murder of the Earl of Warwick . . . . . . . . . . 275 Henry's remorse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Elizabeth saw the cruel treatment of her mother and cousin Her death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Henry's design to kill the Earl of Suffolk . . . . . . . . 277 His death. Successful as this world counts success . . . 278 Things unexplained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 280
CHAPTER VI
MR. GAIRDNER'S RICHARD III
Mr. Gairdner's view of the alleged crimes . . . . . . . . 281 Views stated in Mr. Gairdner's preface . . . . . . . . . . 282 Richard's character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Richard acquitted of several charges . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Tudor fables irreconcileable with Richard's character . . 285 Mr. Gairdner's latest view of the Tewkesbury charge . . . 286-287 On Edward IV.'s proceedings after Tewkesbury . . . . . . . 289-290 His view of the Henry VI. charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 His rejection of the evidence of the writer in Fleetwood . 292 Acquits Richard of responsibility for the death of Clarence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294-295 Position with regard to the title to the crown . . . . . . 296 Believes in the Duchess of York slander . . . . . . . . . 297 His reason for the belief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Murder of the Princes. Story admitted to be full of inaccuracies and improbabilities . . . . . . . . . . 298 Richard could not have been a cool, calculating villain . 298 Must have been headstrong and reckless . . . . . . . . . . 298 Such a man might have committed the crime on a sudden impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 The rising in Kent supposed to be the motive . . . . . . . 299 But the murders are stated to have been in August, the rising in October. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Thus Mr. Gairdner's theory fails . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Mr. Gairdner supplies proofs of the King's popularity . . 300 Richard was the victim of the perfidy of a few traitors . 300 Mr. Gairdner's testimony to Richard's good qualities . . . 300 Great value of Mr. Gairdner's work . . . . . . . . . . . . 300-301 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
GENEALOGICAL TABLES
SEIZE QUARTIERS OF EDWARD IV. AND RICHARD III. . . . to face page 6 SEIZE QUARTIERS OF ANNE NEVILL . . . . . . . . . . . " " 82
MAP
BATTLE OF BOSWORTH FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . to face page 328