Legion II. ACANTHARIA, (continued 5)

The most characteristic and the most voluminous part of the acanthinic skeleton in all Diploconida appears as the diploconical or nearly cylindrical solid "mantle" giving them their name and odd appearance (Pl. 140). Usually this mantle is broader on its two opposite terminal openings than in its more or less constricted middle part. This latter is now more spherical or ellipsoidal, now more lenticular, and usually separated from the two cones by two slight transverse strictures. On the surface of this middle part twelve to eighteen radial spines, which in Diplocolpus are rudimentary or absent, are visible in Diploconus. The longitudinal axis of this shell is constantly occupied by a very large pair of opposite stout prismatic or cylindrical principal spines, which are united in the centre and usually more or less prominent with their distal apex over the two openings of the double cone.

In my first communication on the Diploconus (1862, loc. cit.) I correctly compared these two large spines in the prolonged main axis of the shell to the principal equatorial spines of Amphilonche (or to the "hydrotomical spines," c1, c3); but my explanation of the two peculiar cones enveloping them was erroneous. I supposed at that time that they were formed by the eight flattened and leaf-shaped curved tropical spines, so that around each principal spine the four neighbouring tropical spines (two of the northern and two of the southern hemisphere) had grow together by their edges and formed the peculiar conical sheath. I can now say that this opinion (afterwards adopted also by Hertwig) was quite erroneous, the two conical or funnel-shaped sheaths being the enlarged basal sheaths of the two hydrotomical spines, which we have already seen in the Hexalaspida (Pl. 139). But whilst in these latter all six principal spines of the hydrotomical meridian plane are hypertrophied (two equatorial and four polar spines), in the nearly allied Diploconida only the two opposite equatorial spines are developed, whilst all other eighteen spines are more or less atrophied or quite rudimentary. In Diploconus the latter are more or less evident, whilst in Diplocolpus they disappear externally.

The true lattice-shell of the Acanthophracta (constantly composed of the meeting apophyses of twenty radial spines) is therefore represented in the Diploconida by the small roundish middle part of the whole shell, which is usually much smaller than the two opposite cones, and separated from them by the two slight transverse strictures. Usually this small but most important middle part of the shell is very dark and opaque, on account of its very thick wall and small pores; but in some species it is clear enough to ascertain that the structure of this lattice-shell is the same as in the lenticular Hexalaspida, there being a network of thick crests on the outer surface and small pores in the dimples between them. Indeed, in many (and probably in all) Diploconida the forty aspinal pores are present which we found in all Hexalaspida, Belonaspida, and Diporaspida, so that these four families of Acanthophracta represent one continuous phylogenetical series; Phractaspis among the Diporaspida is at the beginning, and Diplocolpus among the Diploconida at the end of this remarkably transformed morphological series.

The twenty radial spines in all Diploconida are probably united very firmly (or even perfectly grown together) in the centre of the small thick-walled lattice-shell, the inner space of which is extremely reduced. Probably, too, the sutures between the meeting apophyses of the thick radial spines are often (or even constantly) obliterated by concrescence, so that the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin. But I regret that I cannot ascertain these and other points in the structure of the shell, as the small number of specimens observed did not permit an anatomical examination to be made. I have no doubt, however, that the structure of the whole of the middle main part of the shell is quite the same as in the lenticular shell of the thick-walled Hexalaspida, and that in both families each of the twenty radial spines bears originally only two opposite apophyses.

The characteristic mantle of the double cone of the Diploconida, or the basal sheath of their two large, perfectly developed principal spines is usually much larger than the shell itself, and more or less compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis. Therefore the transverse section of the two cones is usually elliptical, more rarely circular. Their widest part is generally the distal opening; more rarely this is a little constricted. The thin transparent lamella of acanthin, representing the mantle of the double cone, is commonly ribbed or furrowed by longitudinal, parallel or divergent crests, and elegantly denticulated on the edge of the distal opening.

The two conical or cylindrical halves of the mantle are connected with the two enclosed principal spines not only at the base, where they arise from the small central lattice-shell, but also throughout a certain part of their length, by means of two, four, or six wings or leaves, which lie opposite and in pairs in the meridian planes of those spines. These meridian wings are more or less triangular (with broader concave outer bases), and connected by their axial edge with the spine and by their peripheral edge with the mantle. They separate two, four, or six conical spaces or pyramidal compartments in each cone. But these aspinal compartments and the separating septa are not new productions of the Diploconida, but are inherited from their ancestral family, the Hexalaspida (compare above, p. 873).

The eighteen smaller spines in Diploconus are either of nearly equal size or more or less differentiated. The eight tropical spines are often much larger than the eight polar spines. The two geotomical spines, (or the two opposite equatorial spines of the shortened geotomical axis) are often quite rudimentary. In Diplocolpus the external part (outside the shell) is in all eighteen smaller spines rudimentary or atrophied.

The Central Capsule, as shown by Hertwig, contains numerous small nuclei, and is divided into three parts by the above named two transverse strictures; the smaller central part (in the original lenticular lattice-shell) and the two opposite larger parts, filling up the greater part of the two conical or cylindrical sheaths, and more or less adopting their form. Corresponding to the shell itself the enclosed capsule is often more or less flattened, being compressed at both poles of the geotomical axis. The pseudopodia seem to proceed only from the two large polar apertures of the sheaths, and form therefore two opposite conical tufts or bunches.

Synopsis of the Genera of Diploconida.

All twenty spines more or less developed (sometimes eight of them rudimentary), 380. Diploconus.

Only the two hydrotomical spines developed (all the eighteen others rudimentary), 381. Diplocolpus.

Genus 380. Diploconus,^[420] Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 404.

Definition.—Diploconida with two very large spines (opposite in the hydrotomical axis) and ten to eighteen other much smaller spines externally visible.

The genus Diploconus must be derived from Hexacolpus (among the Hexalaspida) by the stronger development of the two hydrotomical spines and their large sheaths; all the other eighteen spines are much smaller, and usually devoid of prominent sheaths. Sometimes the eight tropical spines are rudimentary.

Subgenus 1. Diploconulus, Haeckel.

Definition.—Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse section therefore circular.

1. Diploconus amalla, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 1).

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed, its transverse section circular; its contour little convex; its surface nearly smooth; its distal margin regularly denticulated. Diameter of its mouth twice as large as the equatorial diameter of the shell and one-third as long as its total length. The two large spines prismatic, one-fourth longer than their conical sheath. The eighteen smaller spines very thin, about half as long as the former, a little curved.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.05, polar breadth 0.1.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, station 271, surface.

2. Diploconus cyathiscus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 3).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular; its contour strongly convex; its surface with six stronger and many smaller ribs; its margin with numerous straight and long, parallel denticles. Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell and one and a half times as long as its equatorial diameter. The two principal spines one-fourth longer than their conical sheath. The eighteen smaller spines about half as long, thin, straight. Both geotomical spines thick and short.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.2; equatorial breadth 0.07, polar breadth 0.1.

Habitat.—West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.

3. Diploconus cylindrus, n. sp.

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, dark, cylindrical, not compressed; its transverse section circular; its contours straight, parallel; its surface with strong parallel straight longitudinal ribs; its margin irregularly dentated. Diameter of its mouth one-fifth as long as the whole shell and two-thirds as long as the diameter of the equatorial intumescence. The two principal spines prismatic, nearly twice as long as their cylindrical sheath. The smaller spines about half as long, thin, conical, straight. (Resembles the medial part of Hexacolpus trypanon, Pl. 140, fig. 11.)

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.25; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar breadth 0.05.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 241, surface.

Subgenus 2. Diploconium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.

4. Diploconus fasces, Haeckel.

Diploconus fasces, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 405, Taf. xx. figs. 7, 8.

Diploconus fasces, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 28, Taf. ii. fig. 3.

Mantle of the double cone compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; its surface with numerous longitudinal furrows; its margin finely denticulated. Diameter of its mouth two-fifths as long as the whole shell and three times as broad as its equatorial diameter. The two main spines one-third longer than their conical sheath, four-edged. The eighteen smaller spines thick and short, cylindrical or a little compressed.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.18; equatorial breadth 0.025, polar breadth 0.07.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.

5. Diploconus cotyliscus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 4).

Mantle of the double cone compressed, thin walled, with elliptical transverse section; its contour convex; surface and margin nearly smooth. Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole shell and twice as long as its equatorial diameter. The two main spines scarcely longer than their hemispherical sheath. The smaller spines conical, straight, nearly of the same length.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar breadth 0.15.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface,

6. Diploconus saturnus, Haeckel.

Diploconus saturnus, Haeckel, 1879, Natürl. Schöpfungsgesch., Aufl. vii. p. 706, Taf. xvi. fig. 11.

Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical transverse section; its contour convex; its surface with numerous deep and irregular longitudinal furrows and marginal incisions. Diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and twice as broad as its equatorial diameter. The two hydrotomical spines short, scarcely longer than their sheath. The eighteen other spines thin, cylindrical, nearly of the same length, curved. (Resembles a sheaf.)

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.24; equatorial breadth 0.04, polar breadth 0.07.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 300, surface.

7. Diploconus hexaphyllus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 2).

Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; surface with six stronger and numerous smaller straight ribs and six marginal denticulate incisions. Diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and somewhat smaller than the equatorial diameter. Hydrotomical spines about twice as long as their sheath, pyramidal, with emarginate point and six wings. Geotomical spines short and strong, pyramidal. Sixteen other spines thin, straight, conical.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.11, polar breadth 0.1.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

Genus 381. Diplocolpus,^[421] n. gen.

Definition.—Diploconida with only two developed, very large spines (opposite in the hydrotomical axis); all the other eighteen spines quite rudimentary or externally atrophied.

The genus Diplocolpus is the last and the most modified genus among the Acantharia. The eighteen smaller spines of Diploconus are here quite rudimentary or have even perfectly disappeared by atrophy, so that the shell seems to consist only of the large hydrotomical spines and their enveloping sheaths.

Subgenus 1. Diplocolpulus, Haeckel.

Definition.—Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse section therefore circular.

1. Diplocolpus costatus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 7).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular or nearly hexagonal; its contour little convex; surface with six thick longitudinal equidistant ribs and many thinner ribs between them; margin denticulate. Transverse diameter of the shell one-third as long as the longitudinal. The two hydrotomical spines thick and short, little prominent over the polar mouth. No rudiments of other spines visible externally.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.15; equatorial and polar breadth 0.05.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.

2. Diplocolpus cristatus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 6).

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular or hexagonal; its contour nearly straight; surface with six thick prominent longitudinal equidistant ribs; margin irregularly dentated. Transverse diameter of the shell half as long as the longitudinal. The two hydrotomical spines very thick and short, pyramidal, little prominent. Short rudiments of the eighteen other spines present, bristle-shaped.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 335, surface.

Subgenus 2. Diplocolpium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.

3. Diplocolpus serratus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 5).

Mantle of the double cone thick walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its surface with numerous delicate ribs; contour little convex; margin regularly serrate. Hydrotomical spines short, pyramidal, with six serrate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell nearly twice as great at the polar mouth as at the equator and half as long as the whole shell.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.15; breadth on the equator 0.035, on the poles 0.07.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.

4. Diplocolpus dentatus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 9).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; surface with six deeper and numerous shallower furrows; margin denticulated, with six triangular prominent larger teeth. Hydrotomical spines very large prismatic, pyramidal at the ends. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than at the equator and half as long as the whole shell.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.2; breadth on the equator 0.08, on the poles 0.1.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.

5. Diplocolpus sulcatus, n. sp. (Pl. 140, fig. 8).

Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight; surface with twelve to sixteen deep longitudinal furrows, which are separated by thin, undulating, double edged ribs; margin little dentated. Hydrotomical spines short, pyramidal, with six dentate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than at the equator, about one-third of the whole length of the shell.

Dimensions.—Length of the shell 0.17; breadth on the equator 0.05, on the poles 0.06.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 291, surface.

Notes.

[1]

The numbers preceded by L. N. refer to the list of names of authors in the Bibliography on p. clxxvi.

[2]

Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, February 16, 1883.

[3]

Loc. cit.

[4]

Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1858, p. 28.

[5]

Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. ii. p. 253.

[6]

Histologie der Radiolarien, pp. 43-73, Taf. iii.-v.

[7]

Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, February 16, 1883.

[8]

Actissa = Radiant, ἀκτίς.

[9]

Thalassolampe = Sea-scum; θάλασσα and λάμπη.

[10]

Thalassopila = Sea-ball; θάλασσα, πίλα.

[11]

Thalassicolla = Sea-jelly, θάλασσα, κόλλα.

[12]

Thalassophysa = Sea-bladder; θάλασσα, φῦσα.

[13]

Collozoum = Jelly-animal; κόλλα, ζῶον.

[14]

Thalassosphæra = Sea-sphere; θάλασσα, σφαῖρα.

[15]

Atlantic, vol. i. p. 233, fig. 51, 1877.

[16]

Thalassoxanthium = Sea-burdock; θάλασσα, ξάνθιον.

[17]

Physematium = Small vesicle; Φυσημάτιον.

[18]

Thalassoplancta = Floating on the sea; θαλασσόπλαγκτα.

[19]

Compare Thalassoplancta cavispicula, Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, p. 261, Taf. iii. figs. 10-13.

[20]

Lampoxanthium = Scum-burdock; λάμπε, ξάνθιον.

[21]

Loc. cit., Taf. xxxii., xxxiii.

[22]

Belonozoum = Needle-animal; βελόνη, ζῶον.

[23]

Sphærozoum = Spherical animal; σφαῖρα, ζῶον.

[24]

Rhaphidozoum = Needle-animal; ῥαφίς, ζῶον.

[25]

Ethmosphærida = Liosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida anacantha.

[26]

Cenosphæra = Hollow sphere; κενός, σφαῖρα.

[27]

Stigmosphæra = Sphere with central point; στίγμα, σφαῖρα.

[28]

Ethmosphæra = Sieve-sphere; ἠθμός, σφαῖρα.

[29]

Sethosphæra = Sieve-sphere; σῆθος, σφαῖρα.

[30]

Carposphærida = Liosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida anacantha.

[31]

Carposphæra = Fruit-shaped sphere, καρπός, σφαῖρα.

[32]

Liosphæra = Smooth sphere; λεῖος, σφαῖρα.

[33]

Thecosphærida = Liosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida anacantha.

[34]

Thecosphæra = Capsule-sphere; θήκη, σφαῖρα.

[35]

Rhodosphæra = Rose-sphere; ῥόδον, σφαῖρα.

[36]

Cromyosphærida = Liosphærida tetraplicia = Tetrasphærida anacantha.

[37]

Cromyosphæra = Onion-sphere; χρόμυον, σφαῖρα.

[38]

Caryosphærida = Liosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida anacantha.

[39]

Caryosphæra = Nut-sphere; κάρυον, σφαῖρα.

[40]

Plegmosphærida = Liosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida anacantha.

[41]

Styptosphæra = Hemp-sphere; στυπτός, σφαῖρα.

[42]

Plegmosphæra = Sphere of wicker-work; πλέγμα, σφαῖρα.

[43]

Spongoplegma = Spongy wickerwork; σπόγγος, πλέγμα.

[44]

Spongodictyon = Spongy network; σπόγγος, δίκτυον.

[45]

Loc. cit., pp. 17, 55, 1858.

[46]

Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 55, 1858.

[47]

Loc. cit., p. 530, 1862.

[48]

Loc. cit., pp. 30, 133, 1879.

[49]

Loc. cit., p. 471, 1881.

[50]

Loc. cit., p. 535, Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1.

[51]

Collosphæra = Jelly-sphere; κόλλα, σφαῖρα.

[52]

Tribonosphæra = Cloak-sphere; τρίβων, σφαῖρα.

[53]

Pharyngosphæra = Throat-sphere; φάρυγξ, σφαῖρα.

[54]

Buccinosphæra = Trumpet-sphere; βυκάνη, σφαῖρα.

[55]

Acrosphæra = Pointed-sphere; ἄκρος, σφαῖρα.

[56]

Odontosphæra = Teeth-sphere; ὀδούς, σφαῖρα.

[57]

Chœnicosphæra = Shell with coronel trepans; χοινίκη, σφαῖρα.

[58]

Siphonosphæra = Sphere with tubes; σίφων, σφαῖρα.

[59]

Mazosphæra = Teat-sphere; μαζός, σφαῖρα.

[60]

Trypanosphæra = Auger-sphere; τρύπανον, σφαῖρα.

[61]

Caminosphæra = Chimney-sphere; κάμινος, σφαῖρα.

[62]

Solenosphæra = Sphere with tubules; σωλήν, σφαῖρα.

[63]

Otosphæra = Shell with ears; ὀτοσφαῖρα.

[64]

Coronosphæra = Coronal-sphere; κορόνη, σφαῖρα.

[65]

Clathrosphæra = Lattice-sphere.

[66]

Xanthiosphæra = Burdock-sphere; ξάνθιον, σφαῖρα.

[67]

Stylosphærida = Sphæroidea dissacantha, Prodromus, p. 449.

[68]

Xiphosphæra = Sword-sphere; ξίφος, σφαῖρα.

[69]

Xiphostylus = Sword style; ξίφος, στῦλος.

[70]

Saturnalis = Similar to Saturnus, with a ring.

[71]

Stylosphæra = Sphere with styles; στῦλος, σφαῖρα.

[72]

Sphærostylus = Sphere with styles; σφαῖρα, στῦλος.

[73]

Saturnulus = Small Saturnus, with a ring.

[74]

Amphisphæra = Sphere with spines on both poles; ἀμφί, σφαῖρα.

[75]

Amphistylus = Shell with styles on both poles; ἀμφί, στῦλος.

[76]

Saturninus = Similar to Saturnus, with a ring.

[77]

Stylocromyum = Onion with styles; στῦλος, κρόμυον.

[78]

Cromyostylus = Onion with styles; κρόμυον, στῦλος.

[79]

Spongolonchis = Spongy shell with spears; σπόγγος, λογχίς.

[80]

Spongostylus = Spongy shell with styles; σπόγγος, στῦλος.

[81]

Spongostylidium, diminutive of Spongostylus.

[82]

Staurostylida = Staurosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida tetracantha.

[83]

Staurosphæra = Cross-sphere; σταυρός, σφαῖρα.

[84]

Staurostylus = Cross-style; σταυρός, στῦλος.

[85]

Stylostaurus, Style-cross; στῦλος, σταυρός.

[86]

Staurolonchida = Staurosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida tetracantha.

[87]

Staurolonche = Crossed spear; σταυρός, λόγχη.

[88]

Staurancistra = Crossed fish-hook; σταυρός, ἄγκιστρα.

[89]

Staurolonchidium = Diminutive from Staurolonche.

[90]

Stauroxiphos = Sword with cross; σταυρός, ξίφος.

[91]

Stauracontida = Staurosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida tetracantha.

[92]

Stauracontium = Crossed dart; σταυρός, ἀκόντιον.

[93]

Staurocromyida = Staurosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphærida tetracantha.

[94]

Staurocromyum = Cross-onion; σταυρός, κρόμυον.

[95]

Cromyostaurus = Onion-cross; κρόμυον, σταυρός.

[96]

Staurocaryida = Staurosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida tetracantha.

[97]

Staurocaryum = Cross-nut; σταυρός, κάρυον.

[98]

Staurodorida = Staurosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida tetracantha.

[99]

Staurodoras = Crossed spear; σταυρός, δόρας.

[100]

Hexastylida = Cubosphærida simplicia = Monosphærida hexacantha.

[101]

Hexastylus = Shell with six styles; ἕξα, στῦλος.

[102]

Hexastylarium = Shell with six styles; derivation from Hexastylus.

[103]

Hexastylidium = Shell with six styles; derivation from Hexastylus.

[104]

Hexalonchida = Cubosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida hexacantha.

[105]

Hexalonche = Shell with six spears; ἑξαλόγχη.

[106]

Hexancistra = Shell with six fish-hooks; ἑξάγκιστρα.

[107]

Hexaloncharium = Shell with six spears; derivation from Hexalonche.

[108]

Hexalonchidium = Shell with six spears; derivation from Hexalonche.

[109]

Hexacontida = Cubosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida hexacantha.

[110]

Hexacontion = Shell with six darts; ἑξακόντιον.

[111]

Hexadendron = Shell with six trees; ἑξαδένδρον.

[112]

Hexacontarium = Shell with six darts; derivation, from Hexacontion.

[113]

Hexacromyida = Cubosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphærida hexacantha.

[114]

Hexacromyum = Onion with six rays; ἕξα, κρόμυον.

[115]

Hexacaryida = Cubosphærida multiplicia = Polysphærida hexacantha.

[116]

Cubosphæra = Sphere with three axes of a cubus; κῦβος, σφαῖρα.

[117]

Hexacaryum = Nut with six spines; ἕξα, κάρυον.

[118]

Hexadorida = Cubosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida hexacantha.

[119]

Cubaxonium = Shell with three axes like those of a cube; κῦβος, ἀξώνιον.

[120]

Hexadoras = Shell with six spears; ἑξάδορας.

[121]

Hexadoridium = Shell with six small spears; derivation from Hexadoras.

[122]

Acanthosphæra = Spiny sphere; ἄκανθα, σφαῖρα.

[123]

Heliosphæra = Sun sphere; ἥλιος, σφαῖρα.

[124]

Conosphæra = Sphere with cones; κῶνος, σφαῖρα.

[125]

Coscinomma = Sieve eye; κόσκινον, ὄμμα.

[126]

Cladococcus = Nucleus with branches; κλάδος, κόκκος.

[127]

Elaphococcus = Shell with harts' horn-shaped spines; ἔλαφος, κόκκος.

[128]

Haliommida = Astrosphærida duplicia = Dyosphærida polycantha.

[129]

Haliomma = Sea-eye; ἅλς, ὄμμα.

[130]

Heliosoma = Sun-body; ἥλιος, σῶμα.

[131]

Elatomma = Pine-eye; ἐλάτη, ὄμμα.

[132]

Leptosphæra = Delicate sphere; λεπτός, σφαῖρα.

[133]

Diplosphæra = Double sphere; διπλόος, σφαῖρα.

[134]

Drymosphæra = Woody sphere; δρυμός, σφαῖρα.

[135]

Astrosphæra = Star-sphere; ἄστρον, σφαῖρα.

[136]

Actinommida = Astrosphærida triplicia = Triosphærida polyacantha.

[137]

Actinomma = Radiant eye; ἀκτίς, ὄμμα.

[138]

Echinomma = Urchin-eye; ἐχῖνος, ὄμμα.

[139]

Pityomma = Pine-eye; πίτυς, ὄμμα.

[140]

Cromyommida = Astrosphærida quadruplicia = Tetrasphæria polyacantha.

[141]

Cromyomma = Onion-eye; κρόμυον, ὄμμα.

[142]

Cromyechinus = Onion-shaped Urchin; κρόμυον, ἐχῖνος.

[143]

Cromyodrymus = Onion with trees; κρόμυον, δρυμός.

[144]

Caryommida = Astrosphærida multiplica = Polysphæria polyacantha.

[145]

Caryomma = Nut-eye; κάρυον, ὄμμα.

[146]

Arachnopila = Cobweb ball; ἀράχνη, πῖλος.

[147]

Arachnopegma = Cobweb-building; ἀράχνη, πῆγμα.

[148]

Arachnosphæra = Cobweb-sphere; ἀράχνη, σφαῖρα.

[149]

Spongiommida = Astrosphærida spongiosa = Spongosphærida polyacantha.

[150]

Spongiomma = Spongy-eye; σπόγγια, ὄμμα.

[151]

Spongodrymus = Spongy wood; σπόγγος, δρῦμος.

[152]

Spongechinus = Spongy Urchin; σπόγγος, ἐχῖνος.

[153]

Spongothamnus = Spongy shrub; σπόγγος, θάμνος.

[154]

Spongopila = Spongy ball; σπόγγος, πῖλος.

[155]

Rhizoplegma = Root-shaped wicker-work; ῥῖζα, πλέγμα.

[156]

Lychnosphæra = Lantern-sphere; λύχνος, σφαῖρα.

[157]

Centrocubus = Shell with a central cube; κέντρον, κῦβος.

[158]

Octodendron = Shell with eight trees; ὄκτω, δένδρον.

[159]

Spongosphæra = Spongy sphere; σπόγγος, σφαῖρα.

[160]

Rhizosphæra = Root-sphere; ῥῖζα, σφαῖρα.

[161]

Cenellipsis = Hollow ellipsoid; κενός, ἔλλειψις.

[162]

Axellipsis = Ellipsoid with an axial beam; ἄξις, ἔλλειψις.

[163]

Ellipsidium = Small ellipsoid; ἐλλειψίδιον.

[164]

Ellipsoxiphus = Ellipsoid with swords; ἔλλειψις, ξίφος.

[165]

Axoprunum = Plum with axis; ἄξις, προῦνον.

[166]

Ellipsostylus = Ellipsoid with styles; ἔλλειψις, στῦλος.

[167]

Lithomespilus = Siliceous medlar; λίθος, μέσπιλος.

[168]

Lithapium = Siliceous pear; λίθος, ἄπιον.

[169]

Pipettella = Small pipette.

[170]

Druppula = Small drupe or δρύππα, ripe Olive.

[171]

Druppocarpus = Olive-fruit; δρύππα, κάρπος.

[172]

Prunulum = Little-plum.

[173]

Prunocarpus = Plum fruit; προῦνον, κάρπος.

[174]

Cromyodruppa = Onion-olive; κρόμυον, δρύππα.

[175]

Cromyocarpus = Onion fruit; κρόμυον, κάρπος.

[176]

Lithatractus = Spindle of silex; λίθος, ἄτρακτος.

[177]

Druppatractus = Spindle-like olive; δρύππα, ἄτρακτος.

[178]

Stylatractus = Spindle with styles; στῦλος, ἄτρακτος.

[179]

Xiphatractus = Sword-spindle; ξίφος, ἄτρακτος.

[180]

Cromyatractus = Onion-spindle; κρόμυον, ἄτρακτος.

[181]

Pipetta = Small pipe.

[182]

Pipettaria = Pipetta-like.

[183]

Spongellipsis = Spongy ellipsoid; σπόγγος, ἔλλειψις.

[184]

Spongurus = Spongy tail; σπόγγος, ὀυρά.

[185]

Spongocore = Spongy puppet; σπόγγος, κόρη.

[186]

Spongoprunum = Spongy plum; σπόγγος, προῦνον.

[187]

Spongodruppa = Spongy olive-fruit; σπόγγος, δρύππα.

[188]

Spongatractus = Spongy-spindle; σπόγγος, ἄτρακτος.

[189]

Spongoliva = Spongy olive; σπόγγος, ἐλειά.

[190]

Spongoxiphus = Spongy sword; σπόγγος, ξίφος.

[191]

Artiscus = Small loaf; ἀρτίσκος.

[192]

Stylartus = Bread with styles; στῦλος, ἄρτος.

[193]

Cannartus = Leaf with tubes; κάννα, ἄρτος.

[194]

Cyphanta = Κύφαντα, Mediterranean port in Laconia.

[195]

Cyphonium = Roundish vessel; κύφωνιον.

[196]

Cypassis = κυπασσίς; A girl's girdle.

[197]

Cyphocolpus = Vaulted-bosom; κύφος, κόλπος.

[198]

Cyphinus = κύφινος; derivation from κύφος = roundish vessel, a kind of fruit.

[199]

Cyphinidium = Small Cyphinus; κυφινίδιον.

[200]

Cannartiscus = Small loaf with tubes; κάννα, ἀρτίσκος.

[201]

Cannartidium = Small loaf with tubules; κάννα, ἀρτίδιον.

[202]

Panartus = quite bread-like; πάναρτος.

[203]

Peripanartus = Panartus with mantle; περιπάναρτος.

[204]

Panicium = A kind of bread.

[205]

Peripanicium = Panicium with mantle.

[206]

Panarium = Bread-basket.

[207]

Peripanarium = Panarium (or bread-basket) with mantle.

[208]

Ommatocampe = Caterpillar with eyes; ὄμμα, κάμπη.

[209]

Ommatartus = Loaf with eyes; ὄμμα, ἄρτος.

[210]

Desmocampe = Chain-like caterpillar; δεσμός, κάμπη.

[211]

Desmartus = Chain-like loaf; δεσμός, ἄρτος.

[212]

Zygocampe = Caterpillar with paired joints; ζυγόν, κάμπη.

[213]

Zygartus = Loaf with paired joints; ζυγόν, ἄρτος.

[214]

Cenodiscus = Hollow disk; κενός, δίσκος.

[215]

Zonodiscus = Disk with girdle; ζώνη, δίσκος.

[216]

Stylodiscus = Disk with styles; στῦλος, δίσκος.

[217]

Theodiscus = Divine disk; θεός, δίσκος.

[218]

Crucidiscus = Disk with cross.

[219]

Trochodiscus = Wheel-disk; τροχός, δίσκος.

[220]

Sethodiscus = Sieve-disk; σηθός, δίσκος.

[221]

Phacodiscus = Lenticular disk; φακός, δίσκος.

[222]

Periphæna = Shell with transparent girdle; περιφαῖνα.

[223]

Perizona = Shell with surrounding girdle; περί, ζώνη.

[224]

Sethostylus = Sieve with styles; σηθός, στῦλος.

[225]

Phacostylus = Lens with styles; φακός, στῦλος.

[226]

Triactiscus = Shell with three rays; τριακτίσκος.

[227]

Sethostaurus = Sieve-cross; σηθός, σταυρός.

[228]

Phacostaurus = Lens with cross; φακός, σταυρός.

[229]

Distriactis = Shell with twice three rays; διστριακτίς.

[230]

Heliosestrum = Sun-sieve; ἥλιος, σῆστρον.

[231]

Astrosestrum = Stellated sieve; ἄστρον, σῆστρον.

[232]

Heliodiscus = Sun-disk; ἥλιος, δίσκος.

[233]

Heliodrymus = Sun-forest; ἥλιος, δρῦμος.

[234]

Astrophacus = Star-lens; ἄστρον, φακός.

[235]

Lithocyclia = Circular stone; λίθος, κύκλιον.

[236]

Coccodiscus = Disk with nucleus; κόκκος, δίσκος.

[237]

Stylocyclia = Circular shell with styles; στῦλος, κύκλιον.

[238]

Amphicyclia = Circular shell with spines on both sides; ἀμφί, κύκλιον.

[239]

Trigonocyclia = Triangular shell with circular rings; τρίγονον, κύκλιον.

[240]

Staurocyclia = Circular shell with four crossed spines; σταυρός, κύκλια.

[241]

Astrocyclia = Stellated circular shell; ἄστρον, κύκλιον.

[242]

Coccocyclia = Circular shell with nucleus; κόκκος, κύκλιος.

[243]

Diplactura = Stellated shell with double tail; δίπλους, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[244]

Amphiactura = Stellated shell with tail on both sides; ἀμφί, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[245]

Trigonactura = Triangular shell with three rays; τρίγονον, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[246]

Hymenactura = Star-shaped shell with membrane between the rays; ὑμήν, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[247]

Astractura = Star-shaped shell with many rays; ἄστρον, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[248]

Stauractura = Cruciform shell with four rays; σταυρός, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[249]

Pentactura = Stellated shell with five rays; πέντε, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[250]

Echinactura = Echinus-like shell with five rays; ἐχῖνος, ἀκτίς, ὀυρά.

[251]

Archidiscus = Primordial disk; ἀρχιδισκος.

[252]

Axodiscus = Disk with certain axes; ἄξις, δίσκος.

[253]

Porodiscus = Porous disk; πόρος, δίσκος.

[254]

Perichlamydium = Shell surrounded by a mantle; περί, χλαμύδιον.

[255]

Ommatodiscus = Disk with eyes; ὄμμα, δίσκος.

[256]

Stomatodiscus = Disk with openings; στόμα, δίσκος.

[257]

Xiphodictya = Net with swords; ξίφος, δίκτυον.

[258]

Tripodictya = Net with tripod; τρίπους, δίκτυον.

[259]

Staurodictya = Cross-net; σταυρός, δίκτυον.

[260]

Stylodictya = Net with styles; στῦλος, δίκτυον.

[261]

Stylochlamydium = Shell with styles and mantle; στῦλος, χλαμύδιον.

[262]

Amphibrachium = Shell with two arms; ἀμφί, βραχίων.

[263]

Amphymenium = Shell with veil on both sides; ἀμφί, ὑμήνιον.

[264]

Amphirrhopalum = Shell with clubs on both sides; ἀμφί, ῥόπαλον.

[265]

Amphicraspedum = Shell with borders on both sides; ἀμφί, κράσπεδον.

[266]

Dictyastrum = Reticulated star; δίκτυον, ἄστρον.

[267]

Rhopalastrum = Club-star; ῥόπαλον, ἄστρον.

[268]

Hymeniastrum = Membranous star; ὑμήν, ἄστρον.

[269]

Euchitonia = Nice shell; εὖ, χιτωνία.

[270]

Chitonastrum = Star-shell; χιτωνία, ἄστρον.

[271]

Trigonastrum = Triangular star; τρίγωνον, ἄστρον.

[272]

Stauralastrum = Crossed sea-star; σταυρός, ἅλς, ἄστρον.

[273]

Hagiastrum = Holy starrulet; ἅγιον, ἄστρον.

[274]

Histiastrum = Star with enveloping tissue; ἱστιόν, ἄστρον.

[275]

Tessarastrum = Starrulet with four rays; τέσσαρα, ἄστρον.

[276]

Stephanastrum = Garland-starrulet; στέφανος, ἄστρον.

[277]

Dicranastrum = Fork-starrulet; δίκρανον, ἄστρον.

[278]

Myelastrum = Medullary starrulet; μύελος, ἄστρον.

[279]

Pentalastrum = Little sea-star with five rays; πέντε, ἅλς, ἄστρον.

[280]

Pentinastrum = Starrulet with five rays; πέντε, ἴνος, ἄστρον.

[281]

Pentophiastrum = Starrulet with five snakes; πέντε, ὄφις, ἄστρον.

[282]

Hexalastrum = Little sea-star with six rays; ἕξα, ἅλς, ἄστρον.

[283]

Hexinastrum = Starrulet with six rays; ἕξα, ἴνος, ἄστρον.

[284]

Triolena = Shell with three arms; τρία, ὠλένη.

[285]

Triopyle = With three gate-openings; τρία, πύλη.

[286]

Triodiscus = Disk with three openings; τριοδίσκος.

[287]

Pylolena = Disk with alternating gates and arms; πύλη, ὠλένη.

[288]

Hexapyle = With six gate-openings; ἕξα, πύλη.

[289]

Pylodiscus = Disk with gates; πύλη, δίσκος.

[290]

Discozonium = Disk with girdle; δίσκος, ζωνίον.

[291]

Discopyle = Disk with gate; δίσκος, πύλη.

[292]

Spongodiscus = Spongy disk; σπόγγος, δίσκος.

[293]

Spongophacus = Spongy lens; σπόγγος, φάκος.

[294]

Spongolonche = Spongy disk with spontoons; σπόγγος, λόγχη.

[295]

Spongotripus = Spongy disk with tripod; σπόγγος, τρίπους.

[296]

Spongostaurus = Spongy disk with crossed spines; σπόγγος, σταυρός.

[297]

Stylotrochus = Wheel with styles; στῦλος, τροχός.

[298]

Spongotrochus = Spongy wheel; σπόγγος, τρόχος.

[299]

Spongolena = Spongy disk with two arms; σπόγγος, ὠλένη.

[300]

Spongobrachium = Spongy shell with two arms; σπόγγος, βραχίων.

[301]

Rhopalodictyum = Network with clubs; ῥόπαλον, δίκτυον.

[302]

Dictyocoryne = Net with clubs; δίκτυον, κορύνη.

[303]

Spongasteriscus = Spongy star; σπόγγος, ἀστερίσκος.

[304]

Spongaster = Spongy star; σπόγγος, ἀστήρ.

[305]

Cenolarcus = Hollow basket; κενός, λάρκος.

[306]

Larcarium = A kind of basket; λαρκάριον.

[307]

Coccolarcus = Basket with kernel; κόκκος, λάρκος.

[308]

Larcidium = Little basket, diminutive of Larcus; λαρκίδιον.

[309]

Spongolarcus = Spongy basket; σπόγγος, λάρκος.

[310]

Stypolarcus = Hemp basket; στύπη, λάρκος.

[311]

Larnacilla = Little chest, diminutive of Larnax; λάρναξ.

[312]

Larnacidium = Little chest, diminutive of Larnax; λάρναξ.

[313]

Larnacalpis = Tankard-shaped chest; λάρναξ, κάλπις.

[314]

Larnacantha = Chest with spines; λάρναξ, ἄκανθα.

[315]

Larnacoma = Shell of chest form; λάρναξ.

[316]

Larnacospongus = Spongy chest; λάρναξ, σπόγγος.

[317]

Larnacostupa = Chest with hemp envelop; λάρναξ, στύπη.

[318]

Monozonium = With one girdle; μονοζωνίον.

[319]

Dizonium = With two girdles; διζωνίον.

[320]

Trizonium = With three girdles; τριζωνίον.

[321]

Amphipyle = With one gate on both sides; ἀμφί, πύλη.

[322]

Tetrapyle = With four gate-openings; τετραπύλη.

[323]

Octopyle = With eight gate-openings; ὀκτώ, πύλη.

[324]

Pylonium = Building with gates; πυλώνιον.

[325]

Amphipylonium = With one large gate on either side; ἀμφί, πυλώνιον.

[326]

Tetrapylonium = Building with four gates; τέτρα, πυλώνιον.

[327]

Pylozonium = Shell with gates and girdles; πύλη, ζωνίον.

[328]

Tholartus = Cupola-bread; θόλος, ἄρτος.

[329]

Tholodes = Cupola-shaped; θολώδης vel θολοειδής.

[330]

Amphitholus = Shell with two opposite cupolas; ἀμφί, θόλος.

[331]

Amphitholonium = Small shell with two opposite cupolas; ἀμφί, θολώνιον.

[332]

Tholostaurus = Cross of four cupolas; θόλος, σταυρός.

[333]

Tholoma = Dome-building; θολῶμα.

[334]

Alternating, μεταλλάσσων.

[335]

Staurotholus = Cupolas cross-wise disposed; σταυρός, θόλος.

[336]

Staurotholonium = Small shell with cupolas cross-wise disposed; σταυρός, θολώνιον.

[337]

Tholocubus = Cube with six cupolas on its sides; θόλος, κῦβος.

[338]

Tholonium = Shell with cupolas; θολώνιον.

[339]

Cubotholus = Shell with cupolas disposed on six cube-sides; κῦβος, θόλος.

[340]

Cubotholonium = Small shell with cupolas disposed on the six sides of a cube; κῦβος, θολώνιον.

[341]

Zonarium = Small girdle; ζωνάριον.

[342]

Zoniscus = Elegant girdle; ζωνίσκος.

[343]

Zonidium = Little girdle; ζωνίδιον.

[344]

Spirema = Convolution, turning; σπείρημα.

[345]

Lithelius = Stony sun; λίθος, ἥλιος.

[346]

Larcospira = Spiral basket; λάρκος, σπεῖρα.

[347]

Pylospira = Spiral shell with internal gates; πύλη, σπεῖρα.

[348]

Tholospira = Shell with spiral domes; θόλος, σπεῖρα.

[349]

Spironium = Shell with spiral structure; σπειρώνιον.

[350]

Streblonia = Screw-shell; στρεβλώνιον.

[351]

Streblacantha = Screw-shell with spines; στρέβλη, ἄκανθα.

[352]

Streblopyle = Screw-shell with gates; στρέβλη, πύλη.

[353]

Phorticium = Small vessel; φορτικίον.

[354]

Spongophortis = Spongy vessel; σπόγγος, φορτίς.

[355]

Soreuma = σώρευμα, heap.

[356]

Sorolarcus = Basket heap; σωρός, λάρκος.

[357]

Actinelius = Radiant sun; ἀκτίς, ἥλιος.

[358]

Astrolophus = Star-like bunch; ἄστρον, λόφος.

[359]

Actinastrum = Radiant star; ἀκτίς, ἄστρον.

[360]

Litholophus = Stony brush; λίθος, λόφος.

[361]

Chiastolus = With crossed arms; χιαστός, ὦλος.

[362]

Acanthochiasma = Spine-cross; ἄκανθα, χίασμα.

[363]

Acanthometron = Spine proportion; ἄκανθα, μέτρον.

[364]

Zygacantha = Spines opposite in pairs; ζυγά, ἄκανθα.

[365]

Acanthonia = Spiny article; ἄκανθα, ὤνια.

[366]

Lithophyllium = With stony leaves; λίθος, φύλλιον.

[367]

Phractacantha = Spines enclosed by a hedge; φρακτός, ἄκανθα.

[368]

Doracantha = Spear-like spine; δόρυ, ἄκανθα.

[369]

Astrolonche = Star-spear; ἄστρον, λόγχη.

[370]

Xiphacantha = Sword spine; ξίφος, ἄκανθα.

[371]

Stauracantha = Cruciate spine; σταυρός, ἄκανθα.

[372]

Phatnacantha = Spine with fretwork; φάτνη, ἄκανθα.

[373]

Pristacantha = Saw-spine; πριστός, ἄκανθα.

[374]

Acanthostaurus = Spine-cross; ἄκανθα, σταυρός.

[375]

Belonostaurus = Needle cross; βελόνη, σταυρός.

[376]

Lonchostaurus = Spear-cross; λόγχη, σταυρός.

[377]

Zygostaurus = Pair-cross; ζυγόν, σταυρός.

[378]

Quadrilonche = Square-spear.

[379]

Xiphoptera = Sword-wing; ξίφος, πτερόν.

[380]

Lithoptera = Stone wing; λίθος, πτερόν.

[381]

Amphilonche = With two opposed spears; ἀμφί, λόγχη.

[382]

Amphibelone = With two opposed needles; ἀμφί, βελόνη.

[383]

Acantholonche = Spiny spear; ἄκανθα, λόγχη.

[384]

Sphærocapsa = Spherical capsule; σφαῖρα, κάψα.

[385]

Astrocapsa = Star-capsule; ἄστρον, κάψα.

[386]

Porocapsa = Porous capsule; πόρος, κάψα.

[387]

Cannocapsa = Tubular capsule; κάννα, κάψα.

[388]

Cenocapsa = Hollow Capsule; κενός, κάψα.

[389]

Phractaspis = Hedging shield; φρακτός, ἀσπίς.

[390]

Pleuraspis = Shield formed by ribs; πλεῦρα, ἀσπίς.

[391]

Dorataspis = Spear on the shield; δόρυ, ἀσπίς.

[392]

Diporaspis = Shield with two pores; δίπορος, ἀσπίς.

[393]

Orophaspis = Roof shield; ὄροφος, ἀσπίς.

[394]

Ceriaspis = Dimply shield; κηρίον, ἀσπίς.

[395]

Hystrichaspis = Porcupine-shield; ὑστριξ, ἀσπίς.

[396]

Coscinaspis = Sieve-shield; κόσκινον, ἀσπίς.

[397]

Acontaspis = Shield with spears; ἀκόντιον, ἀσπίς.

[398]

Stauraspis = Cross-shield; σταυρός, ἀσπίς.

[399]

Echinaspis = Urchin with shields; ἐχῖνος, ἀσπίς.

[400]

Zonaspis = Shell with a girdle of shield; ζώνη, ἀσπίς.

[401]

Dodecaspis = Shell with twelve shields; δώδεκα, ἀσπίς.

[402]

Tessaraspis = Shield with four pores; τέσσαρα, ἀσπίς.

[403]

Lychnaspis = Lantern-shield; λύχνος, ἀσπίς.

[404]

Icosaspis = Shell with twenty shields; εἴκοσι, ἀσπίς.

[405]

Hylaspis = Forest shield; ὕλη, ἀσπίς.

[406]

Phractopelta = Hedging shield; φρακτός, πέλτη.

[407]

Pantopelta = Shell everywhere with shields; πάντη, πέλτη.

[408]

Octopelta = Shell with eight shields; ὄκτω, πέλτη.

[409]

Dorypelta = Spear with a light shield; δόρυ, πέλτη.

[410]

Stauropelta = Cross-shield; σταυρός, πέλτη.

[411]

Thoracaspis = Cuirass-shield; θώραξ, ἀσπίς.

[412]

Belonaspis = Arrow-shield; βελόνη, ἀσπίς.

[413]

Dictyaspis = Net-shield; δίκτυον, ἀσπίς.

[414]

Coleaspis = Shield with sheaths; κολεός, ἀσπίς.

[415]

Phatnaspis = Panel-shield or fretwork; φάτνη, ἀσπίς.

[416]

Hexalaspis = Shield with six wings; ἕξαλος, ἀσπίς.

[417]

Hexaconus = Shell with six cones; ἕξα, κῶνος.

[418]

Hexonaspis = Shield with six auricles; ἕξονος, ἀσπίς.

[419]

Hexacolpus = Shell with six bosoms; ἕξα, κόλπος.

[420]

Diploconus = Double cone; διπλόος, κῶνος.

[421]

Diplocolpus = Double bosom; διπλόος, κόλπος.