PART I. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE BAZAAR MEDICINES AND INDIAN MEDICAL PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK. (continued 2)

168.

Hydrocotyle Asiatica.

Linn.

Vallári (Hind., Duk.), Thal-kuru (Beng.), Valláraí (Tam.), Mandúka-bramha-kúraku, Pinna-éaki-chettu, Bokkudu-chettu (Tel.), Kutakan, Kodogam (Mal.), Von-delagá (Can.), Hingotu-kola (Cing.), Mink-hua-bin (Burm.), Dawoon-punga-gah (Malay).

169. This small, low-growing plant, common in moist localities in many parts of India, has obtained considerable repute in European practice as a remedy for Leprosy. It is prepared as follows: The leaves having been carefully separated, as soon as possible after the plant is gathered, should be spread on a mat in the shade, and then freely exposed to the air, but not to the sun. In preparing the powder for use, avoid using any heat, as this dissipates all its virtues. They lose about nine-tenths of weight by drying. When thoroughly dried they should be finely powdered and kept in well corked or stoppered bottles. Of this powder the dose is from 3 to 5 grains thrice daily. At the same time some of the powder may be sprinkled on the ulcers, or, which is better, poultices made of the fresh leaves bruised into a paste, may be applied. Under its use the patient, in the course of a few weeks, improves in all respects. After continuing its use for some time, this remedy causes great itching of the skin over the whole body; under these circumstances it should be discontinued for a week, aperients administered, and then recommence giving the medicine. Though it may not effect a cure, it often does a great deal of good. It may also be tried in Scrofula and Syphilis.

170. Chronic Ulcerations of Syphilitic and Scrofulous origin often show a marked improvement under the internal and local use of this remedy, but it requires to be steadily persevered in.

171.

Sulphate of Iron.

Hirá-kasis, Kashish (Hind.), Hírá-kashísh (Duk.), Hirákos, Hírá-kosis (Beng.), Sang-i-sabz (Punj., Kash.), Híra-kasis (Guz.), Anná-bédi, Anná-bhédi (Tam., Tel., Mal., Can.), Madu-kolpa (Malay).

172. Sulphate of Iron, in a more or less pure state, is met with in most Indian bazaars; that only should be selected for medicinal use which occurs in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses of a pale green colour, wholly soluble in water. The dirty yellowish powder usually associated with it in bazaar specimens, as well as the flat whitish-yellow cakes sold under the same native names as the Sulphate, should be rejected. It is a valuable tonic and astringent in doses of from ¼ grain to 2 grains. In solution it forms a useful external application.

173. Remarks on the Use of this and other Preparations of Iron.

a. Under its use the stools become black and offensive, but they resume their natural characters when the medicine is discontinued. The tongue also, if iron has been taken in solution, becomes black.

b. In order to judge fairly of its effects, it requires to be persevered in for weeks or longer.

c. No advantage is gained by giving it in large doses. The fact of the stools becoming deeply black is an indication that the dose may be diminished.

d. Purgatives increase its efficacy; a dose of castor oil, or other aperient, every week or ten days, is advisable during a course of Iron.

e. Acids and acidulous fruits should be avoided during its use.

f. Children may take it not only with safety, but with advantage.

174. In that form of Constitutional Debility termed Anæmia, when the body is apparently bloodless, when, especially in natives, the inner surface of the eyelids, the tongue, and the palms of the hands, become very pale or white, the Sulphate proves very valuable. It is best given in solution as follows: Take of Sulphate of Iron, 4 grains, Omum water and Infusion of Chiretta, of each 6 ounces; of this the dose is a wineglassful thrice daily for adults, and from a teaspoonful to a table-spoonful for children, according to age. Anæmic females, suffering from Leucorrhœa (Whites) and Amenorrhœa (Suspension of menstrual discharge), may advantageously take it combined with Aloes as advised in paragraph 18.

175. In Intermittent Fever the Sulphate often proves of great service, especially in obstinate or long-standing cases, where the patient has become weak and anæmic. It may be given as follows: Take of Sulphate of Iron, finely powdered, 24 grains; powdered Black Pepper, 30 grains; Beat them into a mass with a little honey, and divide into twelve pills. Of these two should be taken twice or thrice daily, with a wineglassful of Infusion of Chiretta (98), or Gulancha (352). Whilst taking these pills, all acids and acidulous fruits should be avoided, and the bowels kept open. They are inadmissible when the stomach is very irritable, or when diarrhœa exists.

176. Long-continued or repeated attacks of Intermittent Fever are often accompanied by a swelling or hardness under the ribs of the left side; this constitutes the affection termed Enlargement of the Spleen or Ague Cake. In these cases the treatment advised in the last paragraph may be resorted to with benefit, with the addition of a good active purgative once or twice a week. Local pain may be relieved by Turpentine stupes or mustard poultices over the affected part.

177. In Neuralgic or Rheumatic Faceache, recurring periodically, especially when occurring in the weak and anæmic (174), Sulphate of Iron, in 2 or 3 grain doses thrice daily, produces excellent effects; it may be given in the form of pill, with a little Cinnamon powder and Honey, or in solution with Infusion of Chiretta (98), or Gulancha (352). Chorea and other Nervous Affections occurring in anæmic females are often greatly benefited by the Sulphate, conjoined with Aloes (18). Paralysis and Rickets, associated with anæmia, are likewise benefited by it.

178. In Dropsy attended with Anæmia (174) and Debility, two grains of the Sulphate of Iron in a quart of water sweetened to taste, and taken in divided doses as an ordinary drink during the day, is a useful adjunct to other treatment.

179. In Bleeding Piles, especially when the patient is much debilitated by the discharge, daily enemas of the Sulphate, of the strength of 3 grains to 1 ounce of water, often prove of great service. The same treatment is well adapted for Prolapsus (Descent) of the Rectum.

180. Obstinate Hooping Cough, which resists Alum (28) and other remedies, sometimes yields to Sulphate of Iron in small and continued doses.

181. In Chronic Diarrhœa and Dysentery of Childhood in weak anæmic children the following mixture has been used with great advantage; Sulphate of Iron, 4 grains; Laudanum, 6 drops; Omum water, 10 drachms. Of this the dose is two teaspoonfuls every six hours for a child of one year of age, and so on in proportion.

182.

Jatamansi or Indian Spikenard.

The root of Nardostachys Jatamansi, D.C.

Jatámásí, Bal-chír (Hind., Punj.), Jhatá-mansí (Duk.), Játámámsí (Beng.), Bhút-jatt, Kúkil-i-pót (Kash.), Jatámáshi (Tam., Tel.), Jetá-mánchi (Mal.), Jetá-mávashí (Can., Mah.), Jatamánsi, Jaramánsi (Cing.).

183. These roots, met with in most bazaars, occur in the form of short pieces of an underground stem, about the thickness of a goose quill, covered towards its tapering extremity, or almost entirely, with coarse, dark, hairlike fibres; odour, peculiar and fragrant; taste, aromatic and bitterish. In selecting specimens for medical use, care should be taken that they are fresh and of good quality; much of the drug sold in the bazaars being old, worm-eaten, and worthless.

184. Jatamansi is held in high repute by the natives as an antispasmodic, and trials made with it by Europeans tend to show that in this character it is a good substitute for the officinal Valerian; hence it is worthy of trial in Hysterical Affections, especially in Palpitation of the Heart, Chorea, Flatulence, &c. It may be given in infusion (2 drachms of the bruised root to half a pint of boiling water, macerated for an hour and strained), in doses of a wineglassful twice or thrice daily. A Tincture was ordered in the Bengal Pharmacopœia (5 ounces of bruised Jatamansi, Proof Spirit, 2 pints), of which the dose is from 1 to 2 drachms. In all cases it may be advantageously combined with camphor, ammonia, and other remedies of the same class.

185.

Kala-dana.

The seeds of Pharbitis Nil, Choisy.

Kálá-dánah (Hind., Punj.), Kali-zirki-ká-bínj (Duk.), Kálá-dáná, Nil-kolomi (Beng.), Hub-úl-níl (Punj., Kash.), Kodi-kakkatán-virai, Jiriki-virai (Tam.), Jiriki-vittulu, Kolli-vittulu (Tel.).

186. Kala-dana seeds are black, angular, a quarter of an inch or more in length, weighing on an average about half a grain each, having the form of the segment of an orange; of a sweet and subsequently rather acrid taste, and heavy smell.

187. The powdered seeds, in doses of from 30 to 50 grains, act as a safe and effectual purgative, forming an excellent substitute for Jalap, though not quite so active in its operation. When the ingredients are available, the following powder is preferable to the powdered seeds by themselves: Powdered Kala-dana seeds, 7 drachms; Rock Salt, or Cream of Tartar, 7 drachms; powdered Ginger, 1 drachm. Rub them well together in a mortar, and pass the powder through a fine sieve. Of this, the dose, as a purgative for an adult native, is from 60 to 90 grains. Somewhat smaller doses suffice for Europeans.

188.

Kamala or Kamela.

The powder from the capsules of Mallotus Phillippiensis, Müller.

Kaméla, Kamúd (Hind.), Kaméla (Beng.), Kamélá-mávu, Kápila-podi (Tam.), Kápila-podi (Tel.), Kaméla (Guz.), Hampirilla-gedivella-buvá (Cing.), Rúlyá, Kamíla (Punj.), Káim-bil (Kash.).

189. Kamala, much employed by the natives as a dye, is met with in most bazaars in the form of a beautiful purplish-red powder; it should be free from sand or earthy impurities. In medicine, it has attained considerable repute as a remedy for Tænia or Tape worm. It has little or no effect on other forms of intestinal worms. The dose for an adult is from 2 to 3 drachms in honey, or a little aromatic water; no other medicine being necessary before or after. In the above doses it acts freely on the bowels, causing, in many instances, considerable nausea and griping, though not generally more than is caused by other remedies of the same class; the worm is generally expelled in a lifeless state in the third or fourth stool. Should the first trial not prove successful, it may be repeated after the interval of a week; but should this be a failure also, it will be useless to continue its use farther; then other remedies may be tried.

190.

Kariyat or Creyat.

The dried stalks and root of Andrographis paniculata, Nees.

Charàyetah, Mahá-títá, Kiryat (Hind.), Charàyeta, Kalaf-náth (Duk.), Cherota, Mahá-tita (Beng.), Shirat-kúch-chi, Nila-vémbu (Tam.), Néla-vému (Tel.), Nila véppa, Kiriyáttu (Mal.), Nela-bevinágidá (Can.), Chiráyita (Mah.), Kiryáta, Kiryáto (Guz.), Binko-hamba, Hín-binko-hamba (Cing.), Charita (Malay).

191. The stem, which is usually sold in the bazaars with the root attached, occurs in pieces of about a foot or more in length, quadrangular, of a lightish-brown colour, and persistent bitter taste. From the similarity between their native names and sensible qualities, this article is often confounded with Chiretta (96). Kariyát is a valuable bitter tonic, and may advantageously be employed in cases of General Debility, in Convalescence after Fevers, and in the advanced stages of Dysentery. It is best given as follows: Take of Kariyát, bruised, ½ ounce, Acorus, or Sweet Flag Root, and Dill Seeds bruised, of each 60 grains; Boiling Water, ½ pint; infuse in a covered vessel for an hour, and strain. Dose, from 1½ to 2 ounces twice or thrice daily.

192. The following preparation has been highly spoken of: Take of Kariyát, cut small, 6 ounces; Myrrh and Aloes, in coarse powder, of each 1 ounce; Brandy, 2 pints. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, occasionally shaking it, strain, press, filter, and add sufficient Brandy to make 2 pints. Of this the dose is from one to four teaspoonfuls in a little water taken on an empty stomach. It acts as a gentle aperient, and is said to prove very useful in many forms of Dyspepsia, especially when attended with torpidity of the bowels.

193. In the Bowel Complaints of Children a decoction of the fresh leaves of the Kariyát plant has been well spoken of. It is prepared by boiling 2½ ounces of the fresh leaves in 1½ pints of water down to 6 ounces; of this the dose is one ounce every two or three hours. It may be used in conjunction with other remedies as required.

194.

Kokum Butter.

The concrete oil of the seeds of Garcinia purpurea, Roxb.

Kokam-ká-tél (Hind.).

195. This oil is obtained by first exposing the seeds to the action of the sun, when sufficiently dry bruising them, and then subjecting them to boiling; the oil collects on the surface, and on cooling, concretes into a solid cake. When purified it is rather brittle, of a pale yellowish colour, bland and mild to the taste, melting in the mouth, and leaving an impression of cold on the tongue. It melts at 98° F. From its bland, unirritating properties, as well as from its consistence, it seems admirably adapted for replacing animal fats in the preparation of ointments, &c. Were it largely produced, which it unfortunately is not, it might be extensively utilised in tropical pharmacy.

196.

Lawsonia alba, Linn., or Henna Shrub.

Mhíndí (Hind.), Mhéndí or Méndí (Duk., Punj.), Méhedi (Beng.), Móhnz (Kash.), Marutónri, Aivanam (Tam.), Góranta (Tel.), Mayilánchi, Marutónni (Mal.), Górante (Can.), Méndhi (Mah.), Méndi (Guz.), Maritondi (Cing.), Dánbin (Burm.), Hinie (Malay).

197. The leaves of this common Indian shrub, in almost universal use throughout the East for staining the nails, &c., are well worthy of a trial in the treatment of that troublesome and painful affection of the natives called Burning of the Feet. For this purpose the fresh leaves should be beaten into a paste with vinegar or lime juice, and applied as a poultice to the soles of the feet. Another plan, which is sometimes more effectual, is to use strong friction with the bruised leaves over the parts. Like all other remedies, however, they not unfrequently fail to afford more than temporary relief; still, from occasionally succeeding, they merit a fair trial.

198.

Leeches.

Jók (Hind.), Jónk (Duk., Beng., Punj.), Drik (Kash.), Attái (Tam.), Attalu, Jela-galu (Tel.), Attá (Mal.), Jígani (Can.), Jala (Guz.), Kudallu, Púdal (Cing.), Míyon, Minyon (Burm.), Lintah (Malay).

199. Leeches are procurable, especially during the monsoon, in most parts of India, in the neighbourhood of tanks and swamps. As they are a valuable resource in many diseases, when properly applied in proper cases, a few preliminary remarks may be acceptable.

200. Leeches vary considerably in size; and their blood-extracting capacity is, as a general rule, in proportion to their size. It has been found that small Leeches will abstract two and a half times, small middle-sized four times, large middle-sized five and a half times, and large ones nearly six times their own weight of blood. Hence, to abstract a certain quantity of blood, a very much larger number of small Leeches is required than of large ones. The middle-sized Leech, from 1½ to 2 inches in length when at rest, is in all cases preferable. The very small leeches so commonly supplied in India are objectionable on account of the number of bites, the length of time required in their application, and the indefinite small oozing of blood which follows their application, and the difficulty in arresting the flow by pressure. On the other hand, the very large Leech is objectionable, from the large gaping wound left by its bite, which often results in an ugly scar; this applies with peculiar force to childhood and infancy.

201. Where only one or two Leeches have to be applied, they may be taken in the hand and held to the spot where it is desired they should bite, but this is a long and tedious process; when several are to be applied, they should be put in a wineglass and thus held to the surface till they have all taken.

202. In order to make Leeches bite readily, thoroughly cleanse the skin with soap and water, and then dry it; this is particularly necessary if a liniment has been previously employed. If they will not bite, one or more of the following plans may be tried: 1. Remove them from the water and keep them for ten minutes in a dry, warm cloth. 2. Smear the skin with cream or sugared milk. 3. Apply a small mustard poultice over the spot. After carefully cleansing with hot water, apply the Leeches. Not only will they bite more readily, but the flow of blood will be far greater than it otherwise would be. 4. Make a small puncture or scratch on the skin, and smear the blood over the surface; this often succeeds when everything else fails. It should also be remembered that the fumes of sulphur, vinegar, or tobacco in a room, will often prevent Leeches from biting at all.

203. To make Leeches bite on particular spots, take a piece of blotting-paper and make in it as many small holes as there are Leeches, the holes corresponding with the spots on which it is desired to apply the Leeches; they are then to be covered over with a wineglass or tumbler; the Leeches, finding themselves on a rough surface, creep about till they come to the holes in the paper, when they instantly bite the exposed points of the skin; the blotting-paper is easily removed by being moistened.

204. When Leeches will not drop off naturally, which they generally do in about fifteen minutes or less, or if you wish to remove them, sprinkle them with a little salt or vinegar, or touch them with a piece of onion; the last is an old Bengali practice.

205. To promote the bleeding from Leech-bites, use hot fomentations; to arrest it apply burnt rag, and make firm pressure with the finger over the bite. A piece of tobacco leaf, or spider's web, or the nap off a hat, sometimes succeeds better than burnt rag. If these fail try powdered alum (25) or sulphate of copper (116). See also Hæmorrhage in Index.

206. If Leeches get into the rectum or nostrils, or any of the other passages, they may be dislodged by using an injection of, or by simply touching them with, vinegar or a solution of salt.

207. Leeches should not be applied immediately over a large prominent vein, nor to the eyelids, nor to the bosom of a woman, especially during pregnancy, nor to the loose skin of the penis or scrotum, as the bites in these situations are apt to be followed by infiltration or inflammation.

208. Additional care is necessary in applying Leeches to young children, as they bleed so much more freely than adults; they should, when practicable, be placed where a bone is near the surface, so that in case of excessive bleeding pressure may be made against it. Morning is the best time for their application; if put on in the evening, the bites may burst out bleeding whilst the attendants are asleep, and the child die from hæmorrhage; such cases are on record. As a general rule, one Leech is sufficient for each year of a child's age up to six; after that age up to adolescence, the latter number continues to be enough in ordinary cases.

209. In Fevers attended with much Headache, Leeches are very useful, but they should only be applied in the early stages of the disease; when the patient is young and vigorous, four or six Leeches to each temple may be applied, but they sometimes give most relief if put at the nape of the neck, close to the point where the head joins to the spine. In severe Pain in the Chest or Abdomen occurring during Fevers, eight or ten Leeches applied immediately over the seat of pain often afford manifest relief.

210. In severe Headache, or fulness of Head depending upon the stoppage of a discharge of blood from Piles, Leeches close to the anus frequently afford great relief, but great care is necessary to prevent them creeping up into the rectum. When the Headache depends upon the sudden stoppage of the Menstrual Discharge, the leeches should be applied to the inner part of the thighs.

211. In Acute Dysentery, a few Leeches (six to nine) to the verge of the anus are often most serviceable in relieving the pain and straining at stool, and otherwise prove beneficial. The same measure is also of great service in Congestion of the Liver, or they may be placed over the region of the liver, but a fewer number afford a greater amount of relief when applied to the verge of the anus.

212. In all local Inflammations of the Skin, Incipient Abscesses, Boils, and in Bruises, Sprains, and Blows, where there is much pain and heat of the part, six or eight Leeches, followed by hot fomentations, tend to relieve the pain and cause the subsidence of inflammatory action.

213. Obstinate Vomiting may occasionally be checked by a few Leeches to the pit of the stomach after ordinary means have failed.

214.

Lemon-grass Oil.

The oil obtained by distillation from several species of Andropogon.

Akyá-ghas-ká-aitr (Hind.), Hazár-masáleh-ká aatar (Duk.), Agya-ghans-tail (Beng.), Vásh-anap-pullu-yenney, Karpúra-pullu-yenney (Tam.), Nimma-gaddi-núnay (Tel.), Vásanap-pulla-enna (Mal.), Purvali-hullú-yanne (Can.), Lilli-chaya-tél (Guz.), Pengrimá-tel (Cing.), Sabalen-si (Burm.), Miniak Sárie (Malay), Iz-khar (Punj.), Babber-i-Khát (Kash.).

215. Specimens of Lemon-grass Oil met with in India differ somewhat in appearance, but they all partake more or less of the same medical properties, being powerful stimulants whether taken internally or applied externally. The true Lemon-grass Oil is of a pale sherry colour, transparent, with an extremely pungent taste and a peculiar fragrant lemon-like odour.

216. In Flatulent Colic and other Spasmodic affections of the Bowels, a dose of from 3 to 6 drops on sugar or in emulsion often affords great and speedy relief. Thus given it proves effectual in allaying Obstinate Vomiting. Even in that of Cholera it has been found successful when other remedies have failed, and in these cases it proves additionally serviceable by acting as a stimulant to the system generally; it is well worthy of a more extended trial in the treatment of this disease. The dose (5 or 6 drops) may be repeated every hour or oftener in severe cases.

217. In Chronic Rheumatism, Lumbago, Neuralgic Pains, Sprains, and other painful muscular affections, an embrocation of equal parts of this oil and any bland oil, well rubbed in twice daily, has been found useful in many instances. In old chronic cases it is necessary to use the undiluted oil in order to obtain relief.

218.

Lime.

Calcareous earth, the oxide of calcium.

Chúnah, Chúna (Hind.), Chunnah (Duk.), Chún, Chúná (Beng., Punj., Kash.), Shunnámbu (Tam.), Sunnam (Tel.), Núra (Mal.), Sunnú (Can.), Chunná (Mah.), Chúno (Guz.), Hunu (Cing.), Thónphiya (Burm.), Kapor (Malay).

219. Lime in a medical point of view is of great importance as the basis of Lime Water (in India it is essentially necessary to see that nurses and sick attendants understand the difference between Lime Water and Lime Juice; accidents have been known to occur from their ignorance), a mild and useful antacid; it is prepared by adding two ounces of slaked lime to one gallon of water, in a stoppered bottle, shaking well for two or three minutes, and then allowing it to stand till the lime is deposited at the bottom. In cases of emergency, as burns, &c., half an hour is sufficient for this purpose; otherwise it should be allowed to stand for twelve hours at least before being used. It is only the clear water which holds a portion of Lime in solution, which is employed in medicine. It is advisable always to keep a supply ready prepared, as it is useful in many ways, and it will remain good for a long time, if kept in well-stoppered bottles, so that the air cannot have access to it. The dose for adults is from 1 to 3 ounces twice or thrice daily; it is best administered in milk.

220. Another form, called the Saccharated Solution of Lime, thought to be better adapted for internal use in the diseases of childhood and infancy, is prepared by carefully mixing together in a mortar one ounce of Slaked Lime and two ounces of powdered White Sugar, and adding this to a pint of Water, as described above. It should be kept in a well-stoppered bottle. The dose of the clear water is from 15 to 20 drops or minims in milk twice or thrice daily.

221. In Acidity of the Stomach, in Heartburn, and in those forms of Indigestion arising from or connected with acidity of the stomach, Lime Water in doses of 1½ to 2 ounces, is often speedily and permanently effectual. It is particularly useful in indigestion when the urine is scanty and high coloured, and when vomiting and acid eructations are prominent symptoms. It is best given in milk.

222. In Diarrhœa arising from Acidity Lime Water frequently proves useful; it is best given in a solution of gum arabic or other mucilage, and in obstinate cases ten drops of Laudanum with each dose increases its efficacy; it may also be advantageously combined with Omum water (317). In Chronic Dysentery the same treatment sometimes proves useful. Enemas of Lime Water diluted with an equal part of tepid milk or mucilage have also been used with benefit. It is especially adapted for the Diarrhœa and Vomiting of Infants and young children which result from artificial feeding; in these cases a sixth or a fourth part of Lime Water may be added to each pint of milk. The Saccharated Solution of Lime (220) has also been found of great service in this class of cases.

223. Obstinate Vomiting sometimes yields to a few doses of Lime Water in milk, when other more powerful remedies have failed. It is worthy of a trial in the Vomiting attendant on the advanced stages of Fever; it has been thought to arrest even the black vomit of yellow fever. It is also a remedy of much value in Pyrosis or Waterbrash.

224. To relieve the distressing Irritation of the Genital Organs (Pruritus Pudendi) bathing the parts well with tepid Lime Water three or four times a day sometimes affords much relief. Leucorrhœa and other Vaginal Discharges have in some instances been mitigated and even cured by the use of vaginal injections of a mixture of 1 part of Lime Water and 2 or 3 of Water.

225. In Scrofula, Lime Water in doses of ½ ounce in Milk, three or four times a day, proves beneficial in some cases; it is thought to be especially adapted for those cases in which abscesses and ulcers are continually forming. To be of service, it requires to be persevered in for some time. Scrofulous and other Ulcers attended by much discharge have been found to improve under the use of Lime Water as a local application. For Syphilitic Ulcers or Chancres, one of the best applications is a mixture of Lime Water ½ pint, and Calomel 30 grains; this—commonly known as Black Wash—should be kept constantly applied to the part by means of a piece of lint or rag moistened with it. Many forms of Skin Disease, attended with much secretion and with great irritation or burning, are benefited by Lime Water either pure or conjoined with oil (229). To sore or cracked Nipples it proves very serviceable. Diluted with an equal part of water or milk it forms a useful injection in Discharges from the Nose and Ears occurring in scrofulous and other children.

226. In Consumption, Lime Water and milk has been strongly recommended as an ordinary beverage. The same diet-drink has been advised in Diabetes; but little dependence is to be placed upon it as a cure; it may produce temporary benefit.

227. In Thread Worm, enemas of 3 or 4 ounces of Lime Water, repeated two or three times, have sometimes been found sufficient to effect a cure.

228. In Poisoning by any of the Mineral Acids, Lime Water given plentifully in milk is an antidote of no mean value, though inferior to some of the other alkalies. It may also be given in Poisoning by Arsenic.

229. To Burns and Scalds few applications are superior to Lime Liniment, composed of equal parts of Lime Water and a bland oil. Olive Oil is generally ordered for this purpose, but Linseed Oil answers just as well, and where this is not at hand Sesamum Oil (338) forms a perfect substitute. When thoroughly shaken together, so as to form a uniform mixture, it should be applied freely over the whole of the burnt surface, and the parts kept covered with rags constantly wetted with it, for some days if necessary. This Liniment on cotton-wool, applied to the pustules, is said to be effectual in preventing Pitting in Smallpox.

230.

The Lime.

—The fresh fruit of Citrus Bergamia, Risso.

Límú, Níbú Nínbú (Hind., Duk.), Nébu (Beng.), Niúmb (Kash.), Elumich-cham-pazham (Tam.), Nimma-pandu (Tel.), Cheru-náranná, Jonakam-náranná (Mal.), Nimbo-hannu (Can.), Límbu (Mah.), Límbu, Nímbu (Guz., Punj.), Dehi (Cing.), Sámyá-si, Tambiya-sí (Burm.), Limowe Nipis (Malay).

231. The fresh juice of the Lime is a valuable resource to the Indian practitioner. In Scurvy it deservedly ranks highest in our list of remedies, and should be taken to the extent of not less than three ounces twice daily: the addition of sugar increases its efficacy. Should the patient be very debilitated, it may be advantageously combined with tonics, as Infusion of Chiretta (98), or Decoction of Ním Bark (260). Diluted with half its quantity of water it forms an excellent gargle for Scorbutic and other Ulcerations of the Mouth, and Sponginess of the Gums. When scurvy appears in a jail or other place where numbers of people are congregated together, the daily use of Lime Juice should be strictly enforced amongst the healthy, as it is one of our best preservatives against an attack of the disease. For other remarks, see Art. Scurvy, in Index.

232. In Smallpox, Measles, Scarlatina, and other forms of Fever, where there is a hot, dry skin, and much thirst, a very useful refrigerant drink, "Lemonade," may be made by pouring a pint of Boiling Water on five or six peeled Limes cut in thin transverse slices. When cool, strain, sweeten to taste, and let the patient drink as plentifully as he likes. In the same class of cases, when the mouth is dry and clammy, sucking a fresh Lime cut in slices is often both agreeable and useful, though when at hand a slice of Pineapple is said to answer the purpose even more effectually. The stringy portion should not be swallowed. In Diabetes, weak lemonade is preferable to plain water for allaying the great thirst; like other fluids, in this disease, it is better taken during the intervals between, than at meals.

233. In cases of Hæmmorrhage from the Lungs, Stomach, Bowels, Uterus, Kidneys, or other internal organs, especially when attended with feverish symptoms, the drink described in the last section, or made somewhat stronger, may be taken with advantage in considerable quantities. The patient should at the same time remain quiet in the recumbent position, and kept as cool as possible.

234. In Poisoning by Croton Oil Seeds, Castor Oil Seeds, the Physic Nut, and the fresh root of the Bitter Cassava, Mandioc, or Tapioca plant, almost immediate relief to the purging, vomiting, and other urgent symptoms will be obtained by drinking Lime Juice, 4 or 5 ounces at a time, diluted with an equal quantity of conjee or plain water. It is an antidote which should always be first tried, because it is generally at hand, and seldom fails to afford more or less relief. A full dose of Castor Oil should be subsequently given.

235. For relieving the irritation, &c., of Mosquito bites, the local application of Lime Juice often proves more effectual than anything else. Applied to the surface at nights before going to bed, it is thought also to afford protection from the attacks of mosquitoes.

236.

Moringa, or Horseradish Tree.

Moringa pterygosperma, Gærtn.

Shájnah, Ségvá (Hind.), Mungé-ká-jhár (Duk.), Sojná (Beng.), Sohánjná (Punj.), Morúnga, Murungai (Tam.), Munaga (Tel.), Murinna (Mal.), Nugge-gidá (Can.), Munagácha-jháda (Mah.), Murungá (Cing.), Dándalon-bin (Burm.), Kaylor, Ramoongie (Malay).

237. The fresh root of this tree closely resembles in taste, smell, and general appearance, the common Horseradish of Europe, hence its ordinary name amongst Anglo-Indians. There is good reason for supposing that it possesses similar medical properties as a stimulant and diuretic, and in these characters it is worthy of trial in Dropsical Affections attended with Debility: it may be given as follows. Take fresh Moringa Root and Mustard Seed, of each, well bruised, one ounce. Boiling Water, one pint; infuse for two hours in a covered vessel and strain. Of this the dose is about one ounce and a half (a wineglassful) thrice daily. It may also be used as a vehicle for nitre and other more active remedies.

238. In Hoarseness and Relaxed Sore Throat, a decoction of Moringa root (or the above infusion) has been found serviceable as a gargle.

239. In the preparation of mustard poultices when it is desired to make them act more speedily or energetically, the addition of the expressed juice of the fresh root, or the scraped root, answers these purposes effectually.

240.

Mudar.

Calotropis procera and C. gigantea, R. Brown.

Ák, Ákond, Madár (Hind., Punj.), Ák, Akrá, (Duk.), Ák, Ákondo (Beng.), Ak-a-múl (Kash.), Erukku or Erukkam (Tam.), Jillédu-chettu, Mándáramu (Tel.), Erukka (Mal.), Yakkeda-gidá (Can.), Ákda-cha-jháda (Mah.), Ákda-nu-jháda (Guz.), Vára, Vára-gaha (Cing.), Mayo-bin (Burm.), Ramegu (Malay).

241. One or other of the above species of Calotropis is found everywhere in India, and although some doubt exists as to which of them is the Mudar which some years since attained high repute in the treatment of leprosy, they both possess the same medical properties and may be used indiscriminately. The only part employed in medicine is the root-bark; and it is necessary carefully to attend to the subjoined directions for collecting and preparing it for medical use, a disregard of them having been, in some instances, the apparent cause of the failure of the remedy. The roots should be collected in the months of April and May, from sandy soils, and all particles of sand and dirt having been carefully removed by washing, they should be dried in the open air, without exposure to the sun, until the milky juice contained in them becomes so far dried that it ceases to flow on incisions being made. The bark is then to be carefully removed, dried, reduced to powder, and preserved in well corked bottles. In small doses, from 2 to 5 grains, long continued, its action is that of an alterative tonic; in larger ones, from 30 to 60 grains, for adults, it acts freely as an emetic, and in this character it is regarded by some as one of the best Indian substitutes for Ipecacuanha.

242. In Leprosy, Constitutional Syphilis, Obstinate Ulcerations, and in Chronic Rheumatism; also in Skin Diseases arising from the abuse of Mercury, powdered Mudar (ante) has been found highly useful in some instances, whilst in others it has altogether failed. The commencing dose is 3 grains, gradually increased to 10 grains or more, thrice daily.

243. In the Dysentery of Natives it has been highly spoken of. In the severer class of cases in adults, a large dose, from 20 to 60 grains, may be given at once, in the same manner as Ipecacuanha (see Art. Dysentery in Index). In ordinary cases, smaller doses are preferable. For children the dose is 1 or 2 grains for every year of age, three or four times a day. Its effects are said to be very similar to those of Ipecacuanha, like which, it may be given variously combined, as circumstances may require.

244.

Mustard.

The seeds of Sinapis juncea, Linn. and other species of Sinapis.

Rái Ráyán (Hind., Duk.), Rái (Beng., Punj.), Ásúr (Kash.), Kadugú (Tam.), Áválu (Tel.), Katuka (Mal.), Sásave (Can.), Moharé (Mah.), Ráyi (Guz.), Abbé (Cing.), Munniyén-zi (Burm.), Biji Sa-sarvi (Malay).

245. English Mustard imported in bottles is procurable in most of the large bazaars, or is met with as an article of domestic economy in the household of almost every European. If not at hand, however, the common country Mustard seed may be substituted, especially in the formation of poultices. For this purpose, however, they require to be thoroughly ground down into the required consistence with a little water. If previously deprived of their fixed oil by expression, their activity is increased. By long keeping they lose much of their pungency; hence fresh seeds should, when practicable, be employed.

246. With English Mustard at hand you can never be in want of a safe and efficient emetic. A full teaspoonful (piled up) in a tumblerful of warm water, generally produces free vomiting; if it does not, in five or ten minutes it may be repeated, and should this not produce the desired effect, a third dose may be given after a similar interval. Should this fail, then some other emetic may be tried. It is especially indicated in Drunkenness, Narcotic and other Poisoning, and in all cases where the stomach is overloaded with hard, indigestible food or intoxicating drinks, when it is desirable simply to unload the stomach without producing any depressing effect on the system. It is very doubtful whether country Mustard may be safely used as an internal medicine.

247. Mustard Poultices are usually made with the flour of Mustard mixed to the consistence of a poultice with water or vinegar, spread on a piece of stout brown paper or rag, and applied to the skin. A few points require notice: a. Cold water should be used in their preparation; it is a mistake to suppose that hot water or vinegar is better suited for this purpose, b. If it be desired to make the poultice act more speedily or strongly, this may be done by adding a small portion of bruised Capsicum or the scraped fresh root of the Moringa tree (239). c. For persons of delicate skins, as women and children, it is advisable to place a piece of thin muslin between the poultice and the skin; for the sake of cleanliness also this is desirable. d. As a general rule it should be removed when it produces redness of the skin, whether it causes much pain or not. e. Some skins are very susceptible to its action; in these cases the poultice should be at once removed if it causes great pain. f. If allowed to remain in contact with the skin for twenty or thirty minutes it is apt to act as a blister, which is very undesirable, as the ulcers which result are difficult to heal. g. In cases of fever and acute disease, the morning or early part of the day is preferable to the evening for applying a Mustard poultice.

248. In Apoplexy, Convulsions, Delirium, and violent Headaches occurring during Fevers or Smallpox, Mustard poultices to the feet and calves of the legs are often very useful in relieving the affection of the head. Where the patient is able to sit up for the purpose, a Mustard foot bath [an ordinary foot bath, to which is added a handful of Mustard] is even more effectual. The water should be as hot as can be well borne, and the higher the fluid reaches up the leg, the better. In Delirium Tremens it should be used every night before bedtime.

249. In some Head Affections, e.g., the early stages of Insanity, and Delirium Tremens, where there is determination of blood to the head, with sleeplessness, restlessness and anxiety, a plan which has been found effectual in some cases has been to envelop the whole of the legs and lower part of the abdomen in cloths steeped in a mixture of Mustard and hot water, a cold wet towel being at the same time applied round the head. It has a very calming effect, and is occasionally productive of sleep. The Mustard foot bath, described in the last section, is also worthy of a trial, repeated every night before the usual bedtime.

250. In Dropsy Mustard occasionally proves useful. It is best administered in the form of Whey, made by boiling half an ounce of the bruised seed in a pint of milk, and straining. This quantity may be given daily in divided doses.

251. In Cholera, Colic, and Spasms of the Bowels, when unattended by inflammation, a Mustard poultice placed over the abdomen in many cases affords considerable relief. Vomiting, especially that accompanying Fevers, and Pregnancy may often be allayed by a Mustard poultice applied to the pit of the stomach. In Cholera, when the patient is very low, the poultice may be placed over the heart, or the left side of the chest.

252. In Coughs, attended with much difficulty of breathing, Mustard poultices to the chest often afford relief. They may also be advantageously applied on the back between the shoulder-blades. They may be used for children as well as adults. Hooping Cough is occasionally much relieved by Mustard poultices along the spine.

258. Toothache, Faceache, and Neuralgic Pains of the Head and Face, are frequently relieved by the application of a Mustard poultice over the seat of pain.

254.

Myrobalans, Chebulic.

The dried fruit of Terminalia Chebula, Retz.

Har, Harrá, Pilé-har (Hind.), Haldá, Harlá, Pílá-halrá (Duk.), Hárítakí, Hórá (Beng.), Zard halélá (Punj., Kash.), Kadú-káy (Tam.), Karakkáya (Tel.), Katukká (Mal.), Alale-káyi (Can.), Hiradá (Mah.), Harlé, Pílo-harlé (Guz.), Aralu (Cing.), Buah Kaduka (Malay).

255. Chebulic Myrobalans, met with in all the bazaars of India, are of an ovoid shape, about an inch in length, sometimes tapering towards the lower extremity, round or obscurely five- or six-sided, more or less furrowed longitudinally, smooth, of a yellowish brown colour, and astringent taste.

256. Myrobalans is a safe and effective aperient, and given to natives in the following form, has been found to act very satisfactorily: Take of Myrobalans bruised 6, Cinnamon or Cloves bruised 1 drachm, Water or Milk 4 ounces; boil for ten minutes, strain, and set aside till cold. This quantity taken at a draught generally produces on an adult native three or four copious stools without griping, vomiting, or other ill effects. Youths from twelve to fourteen years require only half the above quantity, or even less. For infants and young children Castor Oil or Senna is preferable as an aperient. It is well adapted for ordinary cases of Constipation occurring in Natives and in other states where aperients are required.

257. Chronic Ulcerations, Ulcerated Wounds, and many Skin Diseases attended with profuse discharge, often manifestly improve under the use of an ointment composed of equal parts of dried Myrobalans and Catechu, both finely powdered, and sufficient ghee or some bland oil to make them into a thick paste: this, spread on a rag, should be applied to the part, and renewed twice daily.

257a. Mr. W. Martindale, chemist, of New Cavendish Street, London, has forwarded to me a preparation of another kind of Myrobalans, Emblic Myrobalans, the fresh fruit of Phyllanthus Emblica (Linn.), a common Indian tree, preserved in sugar. The pulp, which has an agreeable taste, is stated by Mr. M. to possess purgative properties in doses of one or two of the preserved fruit. Commenting on this preparation it is stated in the British Medical Journal (July 29, 1882, p. 173): "We have tried it carefully in several cases of habitual constipation, and have no doubt it is a valuable addition to our list of laxatives.... It may be eaten at dinner or dessert, and it would be absurd to regard it as a medicine. It is most valuable for children." It should be added that it is only in the fresh state that it possesses aperient properties; in the dried state, as they are commonly met with in Indian bazaars, they are astringent, containing a large proportion of gallic acid. Their ordinary vernacular names are Ánvulá, Ánvurah (Hind.), Ámlá Ánlá (Beng.), Nelli-kay, Tóppi (Tam.), Ámala-kamu (Tel.), Nelli-káyi (Can., Mal.), Avalá (Mah.), Nelli, Nellika (Cing.), Zíphiyu-sí (Burm.).

258.

Ním Tree or Margosa.

Azadirachta Indica, Iuss.

Nínb, Nímb (Hind.), Ním, (Duk., Beng., Punj.), Vémbu, Véppam, Véppa-marum (Tam.), Véppa-chettu, Ním-bamu (Tel.), Véppa, Aviya-véppa (Mal.), Bévina-mará (Can.), Límbacha, jháda (Mah.), Límbdanu-jháda (Guz.), Kohum-ba, Nímba-gahá (Cing.), Tamá-bin, Kamákha (Burm.), Dawoon Nambu, Baypay (Malay).

258b. The Ním Tree, according to Dr. Pulney Andy (Madras Jour. of Med. Sci., vol. xi. (1867), p. 105), is held in veneration by the Hindús as being dedicated to the goddess Mariathá, the deity which is supposed by them to preside over all epidemics: or rather the epidemics themselves are thought to be visitations of this goddess, in honour of whom the leaves are in common use amongst Hindús, particularly in Smallpox epidemics. The leaves are spread on the bed of the patient, fans made of them are used for fanning him, besides which a bunch of them is fixed above the door as a sign of the presence of the goddess in the house. Dr. Pulney Andy was thus led to make trials of the fresh tender young leaves as an internal remedy in fourteen cases, and of these thirteen recovered; but how far the recoveries were due to the remedy is very problematical. He prescribed about five grains made into a pill, with liquorice powder, and a few drops of water, thrice daily. In the absence of fresh leaves he suggests the use of dried ones in infusion or decoction (3j to Water Oj) in doses, for an adult, of one ounce twice or thrice daily. The efficacy of this remedy is open to grave doubts.

259. Ním bark varies much in appearance, according to the size and age of the tree producing it. The bark from the trunk of a tree above three or four years of age is covered with a thick scaly epidermis, and varies in thickness from a quarter to half an inch. That from the smaller branches is smooth, of a dullish purple colour, marked by longitudinal lines of ash-coloured epidermis from one-eighth to one-twelfth of an inch apart. The inner layer of the bark, of a whitish colour in the fresh state, is powerfully bitter, far more so than the outer dark-coloured layer, which, however, possesses a greater amount of astringency. According to the analysis of Mr. Broughton it contains a bitter neutral resin, in which apparently the activity of the remedy resides.

260. Ním bark is a valuable astringent tonic, and when dried and reduced to powder, may be given in doses of one drachm three or four times a day. A better form, however, is a decoction prepared by boiling two ounces of the bruised inner layer of the bark in a pint and a half of water for a quarter of an hour, and straining whilst hot; of this, when cold, the dose is from 2 to 3 ounces. It, as well as the Powdered Bark, is a remedy of considerable value in Ague or Intermittent Fever; and in these cases it should be given every second hour previous to the time at which the attack is expected to return. It is chiefly adapted for mild, uncomplicated cases, especially in natives. For Convalescence after Fevers, General Debility, and Loss of Appetite, the Decoction, in somewhat smaller doses than those mentioned above, proves of great service, and its efficacy is increased and its taste improved by the addition of a few bruised Cloves or a little Cinnamon. As the decoction readily spoils in hot weather, it should be prepared fresh for use when required.

261. To Indolent and Ill-conditioned Ulcers, especially those of long standing, a poultice of Ním leaves acts beneficially as a stimulant. It is easily prepared by bruising a sufficient quantity of the fresh leaves with a little tepid water, and applying it, spread on a rag, to the ulcerated surface; should it cause pain and irritation, as it sometimes does, an equal weight of rice flour may be added.

262.

Nitre, Saltpetre, Nitrate of Potash.

Shórá (Hind., Duk., Punj.), Sórá (Beng.), Saféd-shora (Kash.), Pot-luppu (Tam.), Peti-luppu, Shúrá-karam (Tel.), Veti-uppa (Mal.), Pet-luppu (Can.), Shóra-mítha (Mah.), Sóro-khár (Guz.), Pot-lunu, Vedi-lunu (Cing.), Yán-zin (Burm.), Sun-dawa (Malay). In Kashmir the term Shorá means Gunpowder, hence one must speak of White Gunpowder (Saféd Shorá), which is the name of Nitre, if it is wished to procure it. (Dr. Aitchison.)

263. Nitre is obtainable in most of the bazaars of India, but often in a very impure state. To fit it for internal use it should be purified by dissolving it in boiling water, removing the scum after the liquid has been allowed to settle, straining the solution through calico and setting aside to crystallise. Pure specimens, which are sometimes met with in large bazaars, should be in white crystalline masses or fragments, colourless, and of a peculiar, cool, saline taste.

264. In Fever, when the skin is hot and dry, the tongue parched, the thirst great, and the urine scanty and high-coloured, an excellent refrigerant drink may be made by dissolving two drachms of Nitre in a quart bottle of thin conjee, and sweetening to the taste with honey or sugar candy. This quantity may be taken daily, in divided doses as an ordinary drink. Tamarind or Lime Juice may be added to improve the flavour if desired. It will be found to moderate the fever, cause some perspiration, and increase the quantity of urine. Should the patient reject the first one or two doses, it should still be persevered in, unless it should manifestly disagree. In Smallpox, Measles, Influenza, and Catarrhal attacks, the above drink has also been found useful. For children the strength should be reduced one-half or more.

265. For the relief of Headache and Delirium, occurring in the course of Fever, a very cold and agreeable lotion for the head may be made by dissolving two ounces of Nitre, and an equal quantity of Sal Ammoniac, in a quart bottle full of Water; this should be applied by constant relays of freshly wetted cloths.

266. In Inflammatory Sore Throat, a popular remedy, sometimes successful in the early stages, is a small piece of Nitre allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth.

267. In Bleeding from the Lungs, Stomach, Uterus, or other internal organs, attended by Fever, Nitre proves serviceable though it is not to be relied upon as the sole means of cure. It may be given in doses of ten to fifteen grains, in three ounces of conjee or simple water four of five times a day; the patient at the same time being kept perfectly quiet and cool.

268. In Asthma, great relief in many instances results from the inhalation of burning Nitre. For this purpose, dissolve four ounces of the salt in half a pint of boiling water in an open vessel; immerse moderately thick blotting-paper in it for a few minutes, then dry it by exposure in the air or to the fire; when quite dry, cut it in pieces about four inches square, and keep ready for use. Immediately when an attack threatens, burn one, or, if required, two pieces of this paper, so that the fumes may be freely inhaled; but it should not be held too near the face, or the fumes may prove too irritating, and increase rather than diminish the symptoms. The same measure proves very useful in Spasmodic Coughs, whether connected with Chronic Bronchitis or not. Persons thus afflicted will do well to burn one or two pieces of this Nitre Paper in the bedroom before retiring to rest at bedtime, care being taken to prevent the too ready escape of the fumes.

269. In Gonorrhœa, a solution of a drachm of Nitre in a pint of rice conjee or decoction of Abelmoschus (2) taken freely as a drink, serves to allay the heat on passing urine. Obstinate cases of Leucorrhœa sometimes yield to a combination of Nitre (10 grains) and Alum (5 grains) taken thrice daily. It may be advantageously given in conjunction with infusion of Moringa (237). Nitre has been found to act beneficially as a diuretic in the early stages of Dropsy.

270. In Acute Rheumatism, Nitre may be given with advantage, commencing with doses of 40 grains, twice daily: this may be gradually increased to 60, 90, up to 120 grains, the vehicle in each case being half a pint of warm rice conjee. The quantity of Nitre may be diminished as the severity of the symptoms subsides. A strong solution of Nitre (three ounces to a pint of water) forms a most soothing application to the swollen and painful joints; cloths saturated with it should be kept constantly applied; the ease which it affords is often very great.

271.

Nutmegs and Mace.

The products of Myristica officinalis (Linn.).

Nutmegs.

Jáé-phal (Hind., Duk., Beng.), Záfal (Kash.), Jádi-káy (Tam.), Jájí-kaya (Tel.), Játi-ká (Mal.), Jaji-káyi (Can.), Jái-phal (Mah., Punj.), Jáye-phal (Guz.), Jádi-ká, Sádi-ká (Cing.), Zádi-phu (Burm.), Buah-pala (Malay).

272. Mace.

Jáé-patrí (Hind., Can., Tel., Guz.), Jótri (Beng.), Jáuntari (Punj.), Jów-watir (Kash.), Jádi-pattírí, (Tam., Mal.), Vasá-vási (Cing.), Zadi-phu-apóén (Burm.), Bunga-pala (Malay).

273. Nutmegs and Mace, generally procurable in bazaars, are aromatic, stimulant, and carminative, closely allied to Cloves and Cinnamon, for which they may be substituted. Nutmegs in large doses are thought to possess some narcotic properties, hence some care is necessary in their use.

274. The Native or Country Nutmeg, the produce of Myristica Malabarica, Lam., is larger than the officinal Nutmeg, possesses little of its fragrance or its warm aromatic taste, and is very inferior as an internal remedy. Bruised and subjected to boiling, it yields a considerable quantity of a yellowish concrete oil, which, when melted down with a small quantity of any bland oil, is regarded as an excellent application to Indolent and Ill-conditioned Ulcers, allaying pain, cleansing the surface, and establishing healthy action. It deserves a trial as an embrocation in Chronic Rheumatism.

275.

Opium.

The inspissated juice of Papaver somniferum, Linn.

Afyún (Hind.), Afím (Duk.), Afím, Afín (Beng., Punj., Kash.), Abini (Tam.), Abhini (Tel.), Kasha-kasha-karappá (Mal.), Afímu (Can.), Afín (Mah.), Afím (Guz.), Abin (Cing.), Bhain, Bhín (Burm.), Afíun (Malay).

276. Opium is one of the most valuable medicines we possess when properly employed, but as it is very powerful in its operation, it may be productive of great mischief if used without care and caution, or in unsuitable cases.

277. The Opium procurable in the bazaars is always more or less adulterated, hence the quantity procured in one shop is sufficient to procure a good sleep whilst the same quantity procured at another shop will perhaps produce no sensible effect whatever on the system. This shows the necessity of great caution in its employment.

278. The uncertainty which attends the operation of bazaar Opium leads me to recommend that establishments at out-stations should be always provided with a supply of genuine Smyrna or Turkish Opium imported from Europe. It seems advisable to have it in two forms—a. In 1 grain pills, done up ready in an impermeable covering, like those sold by Kirby and others; by keeping it in this form it is always ready for an emergency. b. In the form of Tincture, Laudanum, which is a very convenient form when small or fractional doses of Opium are required, or when it is desirable to obtain a speedy effect. Fifteen minims contain one grain of Opium; this holds good, however, only with recently prepared or carefully preserved laudanum. It should be borne in mind in all hot climates that evaporation of the spirit constituent will take place even in well stoppered bottles, and that in proportion as this evaporation takes place, the strength of the tincture is increased, so that in long kept Laudanum ten minims, or even less, may contain a grain of Opium. Hence, in using old Laudanum it is advisable to commence with smaller doses than in that recently prepared; the dose can be subsequently altered according to the effect produced or desired.

279. Preparations of Opium should always be kept under lock and key, or they may disappear at a rate which cannot be accounted for by evaporation or the heat of the climate! Opium in all its forms is a temptation which few natives have moral courage enough to resist.

280. The preparations of Opium mentioned above should be reserved for internal administration; for external application, where uniformity of strength is of comparatively little consequence, bazaar Opium may be employed, but even here it is desirable that good specimens of the best kinds should be used. A few additional observations on this point may be acceptable.

281. Of the several kinds of Opium met with in India the chief are:

1. Patna Garden Opium; and 2. Malwa Opium.—The former, prepared exclusively for medicinal purposes, occurs in square packages of from two to four pounds weight, covered with layers of talc, and further defended by a case of brown wax about half an inch in thickness. It is solid, brittle in the cold season, of a brown colour, and fine smell; it yields a large proportion (7 to 8, or even 10 per cent.) of Morphia. Of Malwa Opium there are many varieties; of these the two principal are, first, that in flat circular cakes, of about a pound and a half in weight, without any exterior covering; dull opaque, blackish brown, externally; internally somewhat darker and soft; odour resembling that of Smyrna Opium, but less powerful, and combined with a slight smoky smell; taste, intensely and permanently bitter: it yields only from 3 to 5 per cent. of Morphia. The other, a superior kind of Malwa Opium, occurs in balls or cakes of smaller size, about ten ounces in weight, covered with a coarse dust composed of broken poppy petals; colour internally, dark brown; texture, homogeneous; odour and taste similar to the other variety; it yields from 7 to 8 per cent. of Morphia. The other varieties of Indian Opium, the Himalayan or "Hill Opium," the Kandeish, the Kutch, &c., are less applicable than the preceding for medicinal purposes, on account of their varying strength. (Pharm. of India.)

282. There are some points connected with the use of Opium which should always be kept in mind:

a. Some persons are very intolerant to the action of Opium; in these even the smallest dose produces great nervous excitement, violent headache, and vomiting. When this peculiarity is known to exist, the drug should be avoided.

b. Infants and young children bear Opium badly; cases are on record in which three drops of Laudanum have proved fatal to infants. Still, there are diseases of childhood in which it proves valuable, but in these it should not be given except under professional advice or superintendence.

c. It should be avoided as far as possible during pregnancy. Recent experience seems to show that its frequent or habitual use exercises a prejudicial effect on the fœtus.

d. The previous habits of the patient materially influence the effects of this medicine. A confirmed Opium-taker requires a far larger dose to produce a given effect, than one not habituated to it.

e. When the use of Opium is clearly indicated, and the patient from any cause is unable to swallow, it may be given in an enema; in this case a larger dose, a third or even a half larger, is required than when given by mouth.

f. Whenever in doubt as to the advisability of giving Opium, take the safer course and—avoid it!

For treatment of poisoning by Opium, see Index.

283. There are many diseases as Rheumatism, Tumours of different kinds, Cancer, Carbuncles (Rajah Boils), Abscesses, and Ulcers connected either with Leprosy, Syphilis or Scrofula, in which the pain, especially at night, effectually banishes sleep; here Opium is invaluable. An adult may commence with one grain pill or fifteen drops of Laudanum, taken about an hour before the usual bedtime: if this succeeds in procuring sleep it may safely be repeated nightly; if not, the dose may be doubled the second night, and trebled the third night; but it is not advisable to go beyond this quantity except under professional advice. Even these quantities after a week or two's use lose much of their power, and may require to be cautiously increased. When the pains are lessened and the patient is improving, the quantity of Opium should be decreased gradually, rather than the whole supply left off at once. To control the Sleeplessness and Restlessness of Delirium Tremens, Opium given as above may be necessary, but each dose should be combined with four or five grains of Camphor in the form of pill; in fact, Camphor alone in doses of 2 to 3 grains every three or four hours, exercises a most soothing influence, and when this treatment is adopted, the Opium at bedtime may be given alone.

284. In Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels, violent Colic, and the Passage of Gall Stones, and when the pain is violent, a full dose of Opium, e.g., 20 to 25 drops of Laudanum in a wineglassful of Omum water, or Infusion of Sweet Flag root (12), often affords speedy relief; should it not do so, however, in half an hour the dose may be repeated, and a third dose after an hour, should the pain continue unabated. At the same time, hot water fomentations, a turpentine stupe, or a mustard poultice, should be applied externally. When the pain has subsided a dose of Castor Oil is advisable, especially when there is reason to suspect that the attack has arisen from the use of crude or indigestible articles of food.

285. In Cholera the practice of giving Opium in large and repeated doses, especially in the solid form, in all stages of the disease, is fraught with danger. Administered judiciously at the proper time, and in proper cases, it is capable of doing much good, but its indiscriminate use often produces the worst effects. At the outset of an attack, few remedies are more useful when combined with Acetate of Lead. (See Index.) Again, it is a valuable adjunct to the "Calomel treatment" of Dr. Ayre, which consists in giving one or two grains of Calomel, with from one to five drops of Laudanum, every five, ten, or fifteen minutes, according to the urgency of the symptoms, till the quantity of Laudanum has reached altogether 60 or 80 drops, when it should be discontinued. An essential part of this treatment, which has sometimes proved very effectual, is the free use of cold water as a drink.

286. For relieving the pain and irritation of the Bladder, caused by the presence of Stone in the Bladder, Gravel, &c., no medicine gives more relief than Opium in full doses, as advised in paragraph 284. It proves, however, even more effectual if introduced into the rectum, either in the form of suppository (two grains of Opium with four grains of Soap), or in enema (30 to 40 drops of Laudanum in two ounces of thin conjee water). It may also be given with great benefit in Irritable states and Painful Affections of the Kidneys.

287. In Retention of Urine arising from Spasmodic Stricture of the Urethra, a hot bath and a full dose of Opium (25 to 30 drops of Laudanum), followed by a dose of Castor Oil, will often suffice to give relief in recent cases of no great severity following a debauch, exposure to wet, &c. The Opium given in an enema of two or three ounces of rice conjee, sometimes succeeds when it fails if given by mouth.

288. In Diabetes, Opium occasionally produces the most beneficial results, especially in old cases occurring in the aged. It requires to be given in full doses and to be persevered in, the effects being carefully watched; the dose diminished, or the remedy left off altogether, if it gives rise to headache or other bad symptoms. It is worthy of remark, however, that persons suffering from this disease will take large doses with impunity.

289. In many painful Affections of the Uterus Opium is of the greatest service. Besides being employed in the form of suppository or enema, as mentioned in paragraph 286, Camphorated Opium Liniment (291) warmed, may likewise be rubbed into the loins, or a hot rice poultice sprinkled with Laudanum applied over the lower part of the abdomen. When given internally in these cases it requires to be given in full doses, and it may be advantageously combined with Camphor (73). For the relief of After-Pains, 15 or 20 drops of Laudanum in a wineglassful of Camphor julep, or Omum water, or a little simple conjee, generally affords speedy relief. In threatened Abortion from a fall, over-exertion, &c., a similar dose of Laudanum, with perfect rest in the recumbent position, may suffice to prevent further mischief; should there be great restlessness or pain, it may be repeated with advantage.

289a. In Dysentery, Opium in full and repeated doses (one to two grains three or four times a day) was formerly in great repute, but it has fallen into disuse since the Ipecacuanha treatment has been reintroduced; still, amongst the natives it seems, in many cases, to answer better than the latter drug. Even when Ipecacuanha is employed, a preliminary dose of Laudanum (25 to 30 drops) is often of great service in enabling the stomach to bear it and in preventing its emetic operation. For the relief of the local pain, bearing down, and straining in this disease, a small enema (two ounces) of conjee, with 30 to 40 drops of Laudanum in it, affords more relief than anything else. Opium is a valuable adjunct to Catechu and other astringents in the treatment of Diarrhœa.

290. Vomiting is sometimes speedily relieved by a few drops of Laudanum (5 to 10 drops) in an effervescing draught, or a little Omum water. It may also be advantageously combined with Infusion of Cloves and other remedies.

291. There are many external or local diseases, including Chronic Rheumatism, Lumbago, and other Muscular and Neuralgic Pains, Spasms, and Bruises, Enlarged Glands, Mumps, &c., in which simple Opium Liniment, readily made by rubbing down a drachm of bazaar Opium in two ounces of Cocoanut, Sessamum, or other bland oil, proves very useful. Its efficacy, however, is greatly increased by conjoining it with an equal quantity of Camphor Liniment (68). This, which may be called Camphorated Opium Liniment, is an excellent application in many painful external affections. It should be well shaken before being used, which it may be night and morning, or oftener if required; care should be taken not to apply it to an abraded or sore surface; it is only adapted for the sound skin, and not even then if the pain is attended with much heat and redness; under these circumstances, cooling lotions (325, 380) are better adapted. This Camphorated Liniment, well rubbed in along the course of the spine, is occasionally very useful in Hooping Cough. For Stiff Neck, warm Laudanum rubbed in over the part answers better.

292. In Ophthalmia attended with great intolerance of light, great relief may be obtained by fumigating the eye with the vapour of boiling water, to which has been added a teaspoonful of Laudanum, or a couple of grains of Opium. An excellent eyewash in these cases is composed of Laudanum, Vinegar, and Brandy, each one part, and Water four parts. Toothache, depending upon a decayed tooth, is often relieved by a grain of Opium put into the hollow of the tooth; the saliva should not be swallowed. Earache also frequently yields to a mixture of equal parts of Laudanum and any bland oil, inserted into the outer passage of the ear on a piece of cotton wool: care should be taken not to push it in too far.

293. To Painful Piles, where there is much swelling and heat, a very soothing application is a soft rice poultice, the surface of which has been sprinkled with Laudanum, or smeared over with simple Opium Liniment.

294.

Papaw Tree.

Carica Papaya, Linn.

Popaiyáh (Hind.), Popáí (Duk.), Papaiyá (Beng.), Pappáyi (Tam.), Boppáyí (Tel., Can.), Pappáya (Mal.), Pópayá (Mah.), Papáyi (Guz.), Pepolká (Cing.), Pimbo-si (Burm.), Papaya (Malay).

295. The fresh milky juice of the Papaw has been successfully employed in the treatment of Worms, especially the common Round Worm or Lumbricus. The juice should be collected as it flows out from incisions made in the unripe fruit; a table-spoonful suffices for a dose for an adult. It should, whilst quite fresh, be mixed with an equal quantity of honey and two ounces of boiling water, and the whole well stirred. When cool, this should be taken as a draught, and two hours subsequently, one ounce of Castor Oil, with half a table-spoonful of Lime Juice. This process should be repeated two days in succession. Half the above dose is sufficient for a child between three and seven years old, and a third, or about a teaspoonful, for a child under three years of age. Should colic follow its use, draughts of sugar and water, or sugar and milk, should be freely given. In Ringworm the unripe Papaw fruit, cut in slices and rubbed on the spots, is said by Dr. H. H. Goodeve to be a very simple and efficient remedy.

296. In Enlargements of the Spleen and Liver Mr. Evers (Indian Med. Gazette, February 1875) reports highly of the value of the milky juice of the unripe Papaw fruit. Of sixty cases treated with it, thirty-nine were cured. He administered it as follows: About a teaspoonful of the fresh juice was thoroughly mixed with an equal quantity of sugar, and the mass made into three boluses, one to be taken morning, noon, and evening. For children a single drop of the juice with sugar was found sufficient. A poultice of the pulp of the unripe fruit was placed in each case over the enlarged organ; but on this Dr. Evers places little reliance. From 20 to 25 days was the longest period a patient was under treatment. A nutritious and liberal diet to be enforced. It was found notably useful in recent cases. No ill effects—nothing beyond a feeling of heat in the stomach—followed its use. Should there be gastric or intestinal irritation, a small dose of Opium or Henbane may be combined with the juice.

296b.

Pedalium Murex.

Linn.

Bará-ghókrú (Hind., Dak., Beng.), Ánai-nerunji, Peru-neranji (Tam.), Enuga-palléru-mullu, Káítu-nerinjil (Tel.), Ána-nerinnil, Káttu-nerinnil (Mal.), Ánne-galu-gidá (Can.), Hattí-charátté (Mah.), Motte-ghókru (Guz.), Ati-naranchi (Cing.), Sulegí (Burm.).

297. This small plant, with its yellow flowers and sharp-spined seed vessel, exhaling when bruised the odour of musk, is common on dry sandy localities, especially on the seaboard of most parts of Southern India. The fresh leaves and stems briskly agitated in cold water convert it into a thick mucilage, nearly of the consistency of the white of a raw egg, inodorous and tasteless. An infusion thus prepared is a highly prized remedy among the people of Southern India in Gonorrhœa. For this purpose half a pint of the above infusion is taken every morning for ten days successively; and under its use great relief to the scalding on the passage of urine is afforded, and a cure in many cases effected. It seems well worthy of further trial. One of its effects, indeed its principal one, is greatly to increase the flow of urine; hence it might prove useful in some forms of Dropsy. Water rendered mucilaginous by this plant soon regains its original fluidity; hence the infusion should be freshly prepared each time it is to be administered.

298.

Pepper, Black.

The unripe fruit of Piper nigrum, Linn.

Kálí-mirch, Gól-mirch (Hind., Punj.), Kálí-mirchí (Duk.), Kálá-morich, Gól-morich (Beng., Punj.), Martz (Kash.), Milagu, Mulagu (Tam.), Miriyálu (Tel.), Kuru-mulaka (Mal.), Menasu (Can.), Miré (Mah.), Kálo-mirich, Miri (Guz.), Kalu-miris (Cing.), Náyu-kon (Burm.), Lada hitam (Malay). Black pepper, when fresh and of good quality, is a useful stimulant and stomachic in doses of from 10 to 15 grains or more.

299. In Cholera the following pills were formerly held in high repute in Bengal. Take of Black Pepper, Asafœtida, and Opium, each 20 grains; beat them well together, and divide into 12 pills; of these one was the dose, repeated in an hour if required. On account of the quantity of Opium they contain, it is inadvisable to continue their use too long (See Par. 285). They are chiefly indicated at the very outset of the attack.

300. For Piles in aged and debilitated persons the following Confection is often of great service: Take of Black Pepper in fine powder, 1 ounce; Caraway fruit in fine powder, 1½ ounce; Honey, 7½ ounces. Rub them well together in a mortar, and give from one to two drachms twice or thrice daily. It proves useful also in the case of old and weak people suffering from Descent of the Rectum. An infusion of Black Pepper (2 drachms of bruised Pepper to 1 pint of Boiling Water) forms a useful stimulant gargle in Relaxed Sore Throat, and Hoarseness dependent thereon.

301.

Physic Nut Plant.

Jatropha Curcas, Linn.

Jangle-arandí (Hind., Guz.), Jangli-yarandi (Duk.), Erandá-gách, Bon-bhérandá (Beng.), Kátt-áma-naku (Tam.), Pépalam (Tel.), Káttá-vanaka (Mal.), Bettada-haralu (Can.), Rána-yerandi (Mah.), Val-endaru, Erandu (Cing.), Késu-gi, Simbo-késu (Burm.).

302. A common plant in waste places throughout India. The seeds, which in their native state are an acro-narcotic poison, yield on expression about 30 per cent. of a pale yellow oil, which in doses of 12 to 15 drops acts as a purgative equal in action to one ounce of Castor Oil, but is far less certain in its operation and causes more griping than the latter, hence it is rarely employed. Its ill effects are corrected by Lime Juice, as in the case of Croton Seeds (Sec. 120). Diluted with a bland oil (1 part to 2 or 3), it forms a useful embrocation in Chronic Rheumatism. The leaves locally applied to the breasts, as directed in Sec. 85, are stated notably to increase the secretion of Milk; it is worthy of a trial. More important, however, than the preceding is the alleged power of the fresh juice to arrest Bleeding or Hæemorrhage from Wounds. Baboo Udhoy Chand Dutt (Indian Med. Gazette, Oct. 1, 1874) details two cases in which a piece of lint, soaked in the juice and locally applied, at once arrested the bleeding; in one of these cases alum, perchloride of iron, &c., had been previously used without effect. He states that it does not cause pain nor act as a caustic, but seems simply to coagulate the blood, and covers the bleeding surface with a tenacious layer. Further evidence of its styptic powers is recorded by Mr. B. Evers (Indian Med. Gazette, March 1875), who furnishes also an interesting account of a pulsating tumour, "a varicose aneurism," situated just above the inner ankle, which was cured (?) by the subcutaneous injection of a drachm of this juice. The styptic properties of this agent seem well worthy of further trial.

302b.

Plantago, or Ispaghúl Seed.

The seeds of Plantago Ispaghula, Roxb.

Ispaghúl, Isbaghól (Hind.), Isapghól (Duk., Punj.), Eshopgól (Beng.), Ís-mogul (Kash.), Ishappukól-virai, Iskól-virai (Tam.), Isapagála-vittulu (Tel.), Isabakólu (Can.), Isabagóla (Mah.), Isapghól (Guz.).

303. Ispaghúl seeds, ovate-elliptical, concave, about an eighth of an inch in length, of a greyish colour, yielding to water an abundance of tasteless mucilage, are procurable in most bazaars, and constitute a highly useful demulcent medicine.

304. In Dysentery and Diarrhœa they have been long held in well-deserved repute when given, as advised by the late Mr. Twining, of Calcutta. "In the Chronic Diarrhœa of Europeans, who have been long resident in India, benefit [he remarks] often follows the use of demulcents followed by mild tonics. For this purpose the Ispaghúl seeds seem to answer better than any other remedy. The dose for an adult is 2½ drachms mixed with half a drachm of powdered sugar candy. The seeds are exhibited whole, and in their passage through the intestines they absorb as much fluid as makes them swell, and by the time they reach the central or lower portions of the canal, they give out a bland mucilage, and in general they continue to possess the same mucilaginous properties until they have passed through the intestines. If the frequency of the dejections be restrained by anodyne enema, and by using only a small quantity of food, the mucilaginous properties of these seeds are most evident. It is said that a slight degree of astringency and some tonic property may be imparted to the seeds by exposing them to a moderate degree of heat, so that they shall be dried and slightly browned. This remedy sometimes cures the protracted diarrhœa of European and Native children after many other remedies have failed."

305. In many affections of the Kidneys and Bladder, in Gonorrhœa, &c. attended with pain, local irritation and scalding or difficulty in passing urine, the following decoction is likely to prove serviceable: Take of Ispaghúl Seeds bruised, 2 drachms; Water a pint; boil for ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain. Of this the dose is from 2 to 4 ounces, three or four times daily or oftener.

306.

The Plantain or Banana Tree.

Musa sapientum, Linn.

Kélah-ká-pér (Hind.), Mouz-ká-jhár (Duk.), Kéla-gáchh (Beng.), Kadali (Tam.), Kadali, Arati-chettu (Tel.), Vázha-marum (Mal.), Bálegida (Can.), Kéla-jháda (Mah.), Kéla-nu-jháda (Guz.), Kehal-gahá (Cing.), Napiyá-bin (Burm.).

307. The Plantain, or Banana-tree, is extensively cultivated throughout the tropical portion of both hemispheres for the sake of its fruit, which forms a valuable article of diet, and in the dried state is of no mean value as an anti-scorbutic (See Art. Scurvy in Index). It is mentioned in this place chiefly on account of its leaves, which, when young and tender, are of a beautifully fine texture, and may be utilised with great advantage in medical and surgical practice.

a. As a dressing for blistered surfaces, for which purpose they are admirably adapted in hot climates, where Spermaceti Ointment, usually employed in European practice, rapidly becomes rancid, and consequently irritant. After the removal of a blister a piece of plantain leaf of the required size, smeared with any bland oil, should be applied to the denuded surface and kept in its place by means of a bandage. The first sensation it occasions is peculiarly cooling and soothing, and the blistered surface generally heals satisfactorily in four or five days. For the first two days the upper smooth surface is placed next to the skin, and subsequently the under side, until the healing process is complete. The dressing should be changed twice daily, with fresh leaves, or oftener if required.

b. As a substitute for India Rubber or Gutta Percha Tissue in the water-dressing of Wounds and Ulcers. The younger the leaf the better is it suited for this purpose. Two points require attention: 1, the piece used should be sufficiently large to cover or envelop the whole part; and, 2, it should be carefully kept in its place by bandages, &c. If properly applied, evaporation of any subjacent fluid is effectively prevented.

c. As a shade for the eyes in Ophthalmia and other Diseases of the Eye, no manufactured shade is superior to it; the older and greener leaves answer best for this purpose.

308.

Plumbago rosea.

Linn.

Lál-chíta, Lál-chítarak (Hind.), Lál-chitarmúl (Duk.), Rakto-chitá (Beng.), Chitra (Punj.), Shitranj (Kash.), Shivappu-chittira-múlam, Kodi-múli (Tam.), Erra-chitra-múlam (Tel.), Chenti-kotuvéli (Mal.), Kempu-chitra-múlá (Can.), Támbada-chitramúla (Mah.), Ratnitúl (Cing.), Kin-khen-ní (Burm.), Chiraka-merah (Malay).

309. The root of this plant, common in gardens throughout India, is of great value as a means of raising a blister when other articles of the same class are not available. For this purpose take the fresh bark of the root and rub it into a paste with water and a little rice flour; spread this on a piece of rag and apply it to the surface; in about five minutes it begins to give pain, which increases in severity for about half an hour, when it may be removed; a rice poultice may then be applied over the part, and within twelve or eighteen hours a large uniform blister will be found to have formed. The fluid having being let out, it may be dressed with plantain leaf, in the usual way. The chief objection to the use of a Plumbago blister is the great pain it occasions, hence it should only be used when other blistering agents are not at hand, and a blister is an immediate necessity.

310.

Pomegranate Tree.

Punica Granatum, Linn.

Anár-ká-pér (Hind.), Anár-ká-jhár (Duk.), Dálimgásh (Beng.), Dháun (Kash.), Mádalai-chedi (Tam.), Dálimba, Dádima-chettu (Tel.), Mátalam-chetti (Mal.), Dálimbe-gidá (Can.), Dálimba-jhàda (Mah.), Dádam-nujháda (Guz.), Delun-gahá (Cing.), Salé-bin, or Talí-bin (Burm.), Dalima (Malay).

311. Two parts of the Pomegranate tree, common in gardens and elsewhere throughout India, are employed medicinally, viz., the Rind of the Fruit and the Bark of the Root or Root-Bark.

312. In Diarrhœa and the advanced stages of Dysentery, the rind of the fruit is a valuable astringent. It is best given in Decoction prepared by boiling in a covered vessel, 2 ounces of the bruised Dried Rind, and 2 drachms of bruised Cloves or Cinnamon in a pint of water for fifteen minutes and straining. Of this, when cold, the dose is 1½ ounces three or four times a day; in obstinate cases, five drops of Laudanum may be added to each dose. It is said to be especially useful in the Diarrhœa of Natives.

313. In Relaxed Sore Throat the above decoction, with the addition of a drachm of Alum to the pint, is a very useful gargle, and it also forms a good astringent injection in Vaginal Discharges; in these cases the cloves or cinnamon should be omitted.

314. For Tape Worm the Root-bark is a remedy of established value given as follows: Take of the fresh Bark sliced, 2 ounces: Water, 2 pints; boil to 1 pint and strain. Of this, two ounces should be taken fasting, early in the morning, and repeated every half-hour, until four doses have been taken. This should be followed by an aperient (1 ounce of Castor Oil), and the worm will generally be expelled within twelve hours.

315.

Ptychotis, Ajwain or Omum Seeds.

The fruit of Carum (Ptychotis) Ajowan, D.C.

Ajváyan (Hind.), Ajvain, Ajván (Beng.), Ajván (Duk.), Ajwain (Punj.), Jáwind (Kash.), O'mam, or O'mum (Tam.), Omamu, Vámamu (Tel.), Hómam, Ayamód-kam (Mal.), Vóma (Can.), Vóvá, Vóva-sádá, (Mah.), Ajwán (Guz.), Oman, Assamodagam (Cing.), Samhún (Burm.), Lavinju-larmisi (Malay).

316. These small, pungent, aromatic seeds rank deservedly high in the list of native remedies; they are considered to combine the stimulant quality of capsicum or mustard with the bitter property of chiretta, and the antispasmodic virtues of asafœtida. This remedy, Dr. Bidie remarks, in moderate quantities increases the flow of saliva, augments the secretion of gastric juice, and acts as a stimulant, carminative and tonic. As a topical remedy it may be used with advantage along with astringents in cases of Relaxed Sore Throat. For disguising the taste of disagreeable drugs and obviating their tendency to cause nausea and griping, he adds, that he knows no remedy of equal power. Testimony of a similar character is borne by Mr. J. J. Wood and others, and no room is left to doubt the value of this medicine.

317. The natives employ the crude seeds in doses of about a dessert-spoonful with the addition of a little salt; this is chewed and washed down with draughts of water. They also employ them in decoction, but this is objectionable, as heat dissipates the essential oil, in which the virtues of the seeds reside. A far better form is the Distilled Water, Omum water—Aarqe-ajván (Hind. et Duk.), Ajwain-ka-arak (Punj.), Jawind-húnd-arak (Kash.), Óman-tí-nír (Tam.), Ómam-dráv-akam (Tel.). It is also sold under the name of "Sison Cordial." Every Indian domestic medicine chest should contain a good supply of this useful preparation, which is procurable in all the large towns in India, being a very popular remedy with the native and East Indian portion of the community. Where, however, it is not purchasable it can be readily prepared by any native who has a common country still; in this case care should be taken that the right proportions be used—3lb. of the bruised seeds to six quart bottles of water, and distil over four. In order to prevent the seeds touching the bottom or sides of the boiler, and thus by becoming charred communicating a burnt flavour to the water, they should be tied up in a bag or cloth of loose texture, and suspended in the centre of the water. The dose is from 1 to 2 ounces, repeated as circumstances may require; that for a child ranges from a teaspoonful to a table-spoonful, according to age. The Distilled Oil is also an excellent form of administration in doses of 1 to 3 drops on sugar, or made into an emulsion with Gum Arabic.

318. In some forms of Dyspepsia, in the vomiting, Griping or Diarrhœa arising from errors of diet; in simple Flatulence and even Tympanites; in Faintness and Exhaustion; in Spasmodic Affection of the Bowels in Choleraic Diarrhœa, in certain cases of Colic; and in Hysteria, it has been found, even when given alone, pre-eminently useful (Wood). It is especially adapted for the Diarrhœa and Flatulent Colic of Children.

319. In Cholera much reliance is placed by the natives and Anglo-Indians on Omum water, and although it appears to have no claim to the character of a specific in this disease which popular opinion assigns to it, there can be little doubt that it exercises considerable power, especially in the early stage, of checking the diarrhœa and vomiting, and at the same time of stimulating the system. It is not to be trusted to alone, but forms an admirable adjunct to other remedies.

320. In Habitual Drunkenness, Dipsomania, Omum seems worthy of trial. On this point Mr. Wood observes, "On account of its biting or pungent, yet pleasant taste, and the sensation of warmth it creates in the stomach, it has been constantly recommended of late years to those afflicted with the desire for alcoholic drinks. It does not, of course, intoxicate, but it is no mean substitute for the ordinary stimulant, in removing almost immediately the sensation of 'gnawing' or 'sinking at the pit of the stomach,' which the frequent use of spirits so invariably brings on. And I have been assured that it has been the means of rescuing many otherwise sensible and useful men from slavery to the habit of spirit drinking."

321.

Rice.

The husked seed of Oryza sativa, Linn.

Chával (Hind.), Chánval (Duk.), Chál, Chánvol (Beng.), Chánwal (Punj.), Thomúl (Kash.), Arishi (Tam.), Biyyam (Tel.), Ari (Mal.), Akkí (Can.), Tándúla (Mah.), Chókha (Guz.), Hál (Cing.), Sán, Chán (Burm.), Bras (Malay).

322. Rice may be utilised in the following ways in the treatment of disease:

a. In the form of Decoction—"Conjee Water," as it is commonly called, prepared by boiling one ounce of cleansed Rice in a quart of Water for twenty minutes, straining, and flavouring with Sugar, and with Lime Juice if desired, to taste. This forms an excellent drink in Fevers, Smallpox, Measles, Scarlet Fever and Inflammations of all kinds, also in Gonorrhœa, and other cases where there is pain and difficulty in passing Urine.

b. In the form of Powder—Rice Flour; this dusted thickly over the surface forms a very cooling and soothing application in Small-pox, Measles, Erysipelas, Prickly Heat, and other Inflammatory Affections of the Skin. It is pleasant to the patient's feelings, and allays heat and irritation. To Burns and Scalds, Rice Flour is an excellent application: it should be used as soon as possible after the occurrence of the injury, and it should be dusted thickly over the whole of the burnt surface, so as to absorb any discharge that may be present, and at the same time exclude the air as far as possible. If in a few days this becomes hardened and irritating, a warm Rice poultice should be applied, so as to soften it and allow its easy removal; the surface should then be dressed with Lime Liniment (229) or Resin Ointment (372).

c. In the form of Poultice.—Rice Poultice.—To prepare this, place a sufficiency of Rice Flour in an open vessel over the fire, gradually add Water, and stir until the mass has the required consistence. A more ready mode is to place the Rice Flour in a basin, and then gradually to add Boiling Water, constantly stirring it, as above. A piece of cloth of the required size being ready at hand, the poultice should be smoothly spread on it, to the thickness of from a quarter to half an inch, and applied over the affected part. In most cases it is advisable before applying it, to smear the surface of the poultice with a bland oil; this renders it more soothing and keeps it longer soft and moist. A rice poultice requires changing twice or even thrice daily. It is an excellent application to Abscesses, Boils, Buboes, Ulcers, and other local inflammatory affections, Inflamed Piles, &c. In Chronic Bronchitis and other Chronic Coughs considerable relief often results from the application of a large soft Rice Poultice placed over the chest at bedtime, and allowed to remain on all night; another may also be advantageously placed on the back between the shoulder-blades. The efficacy of these poultices is in many cases increased by the addition of a little Mustard Flour (1 part to 3 or 4 of Rice Flour), so as to produce a slight redness of the skin; or the surface of the poultice may be smeared over with Oil of Turpentine.

323.

Sal Ammoniac.

Hydrochlorate of Ammonia, Chloride of Ammonium.

Nousádar (Hind.), Nouságar (Duk.), Noshágar (Beng.), Charám, Navá-charám (Tam.), Navá-charám, Nava-ságaram (Tel.), Nava-sáram (Mal.), Navá-ságára (Can.), Nav-sága (Guz.), Navá-cháram (Cing.), Zavasa (Burm.), Namu-charum (Malay), Nãushádar (Punj.), Nausadan (Kash.).

324. Sal Ammoniac, procurable in most Indian bazaars, is generally very impure; occurring in thick translucent cakes or masses of a dirty white or brownish colour, inodorous, of a bitter, acrid taste. To fit it for medical use, it should be dissolved in boiling water, strained through calico, and the clear solution exposed in an open vessel to crystallise. The crystals and white residuum should be collected and kept in bottles for use. Thus prepared, it proves valuable in many affections. Its nauseous taste, which is a great objection to its use, is completely covered by the addition of a small quantity of liquorice.

325. Milk Abscesses occurring after confinements and in nursing mothers may often be arrested, if at an early stage, before matter forms, the breast be kept constantly wet by means of rags saturated with a lotion composed of one drachm of Sal Ammoniac, one ounce of Arrack, and a pint of Rose Water. It also proves useful in removing any hardness which may remain after the abscess has burst, and is sometimes successful in arresting Abscesses in other parts of the body, when applied at an early stage before matter has formed.

326. In Tic Douloureux and Rheumatic Faceache, Sal Ammoniac occasionally proves very useful. Two drachms in six ounces of water should be taken in divided doses (1½ ounce for a dose), every four hours, till relief is obtained: if the pain does not yield after the four doses, no benefit can be expected from persevering with it. Other forms of Neuralgia, as Sciatica and Lumbago, have also been found to yield to it, when administered early in the attack.

327. In Chronic Rheumatism, especially when the muscles are mainly affected, Sal Ammoniac, in doses of 15 to 24 grains, with infusion of Country Sarsaparilla (163), proves highly serviceable; but it is even more effectual in relieving those Muscular pains of the Chest and other parts of the trunk so often met with in the overworked and underfed portion of the working classes in large cities. In these cases it requires to be persevered in for some time.

328. Hysterical, Nervous, and Bilious Headaches are often greatly benefited, or disappear altogether, under the use of this salt in doses of 10 to 20 grains twice or thrice daily, dissolved in Camphor Julep. The earlier in the attack it is given, the greater are the chances of its proving effectual.

329. In Chronic Coughs, especially in those of old age, a mixture of a drachm of Sal Ammoniac, two ounces of syrup of country Liquorice (6), and four ounces of Water, in doses of one ounce five or six times a day, occasionally proves serviceable. In doses of from 1 to 5 grains, according to the age of the child, conjoined with a few grains of powdered Cinnamon, it has been found useful in Hooping Cough; it is inferior in efficacy to Alum, but may be commenced with safety and advantage at a much earlier period in the attack.

330. In Hæmorrhage from the Lungs, Stomach, and other Internal Organs, it is worthy of a trial if other more effectual agents are not at hand. In these cases, two drachms should be dissolved in a pint of conjee water, and a wineglassful given every second or third hour, according to the severity of the case. The patient should be kept quiet, cool, and in the recumbent posture.

331. In Jaundice, especially when it comes on suddenly, after a great mental shock, or after exposure, a few doses of Sal Ammoniac (20 grains every four hours) have often a marked effect. In Hepatitis and Abscess of the Liver, Dr. W. Stewart, after considerable experience in its use, regards this salt almost as a specific, and he pronounces it very serviceable in all cases of Liver Disease, whether depending on organic change or on functional derangement. The proper period for its exhibition is after the abatement of acute symptoms, and when diaphoresis (sweating) has been freely established, and it should then be administered in doses of 20 grains night and morning. The evidence he adduces in support of his views is very strong. He also speaks highly of its efficacy in Chronic Dysentery, and advises its continued use for some time after the disappearance of acute symptoms. (Madras Journal of Med. Science, 1870, and Feb., March, and Dec. 1872.) In Dropsy, especially in that connected with disease of the liver, or in that following fevers, it may be administered with advantage in the same doses, conjoined with Infusion of Moringa (237), or Decoction of Asteracantha (39).

332. For Bruises, Strains, Rheumatic Swellings, Enlarged Glands, Indolent Buboes, Swollen Joints, Boils, &c., and local Inflammations of the Skin generally, a solution of this salt in hot water (2 drachms to a pint), kept to the parts for a few hours, proves useful, not only relieving the pain but reducing the swelling. It is also thought to be more effectual than anything else in removing the discoloration consequent on bruises and sprains. This has been noticed especially with reference to blows on the eye (Black Eye). It is an important ingredient in the Cold Lotion described in Sect. 265.

333.

Sandal-wood Oil.

The oil obtained by the distillation of Sandal Wood, Santalum album, Linn.

Sandal-ká-aitr (Hind.), Sandal vel Chandan-ká-tél (Duk., Punj.), Safed-chandnúk-til (Kash.), Sandal-ká-tel (Beng.), Shandanam-talium (Tam.), Miniak Chandana (Malay).

334. Sandal-Wood Oil is sold commonly in the bazaars, being a favourite native perfume. It has been successfully employed in the treatment of Gonorrhœa. Dr. Aitchison strongly recommends commencing with five-drop doses, each dose to be made up separately, and the oil mixed in the fluid it is to accompany with the aid of a drop or two of Liquor Potassæ. It is an excellent remedy, he adds, but must be used with great care, as it is apt to produce baneful effects on the kidneys if given in too large doses. It is of great importance to use only good or pure oil; hence it should be procured, if possible, direct from the manufacturer. Much that is sold in the bazaars is adulterated or of inferior quality. It seems well worthy of trial in cases of obstinate Gleet. It is best given in a little Omum water or Infusion of Ginger.