Chapter IV · INDEX

Abbot’s Ripton, 140, 308 Acton, Lord, 65 Acts of Parliament:15 Ed. III, st. 1, c. 5 (1341), 52 37 Hen. VIII, c. 9 (1545), 159 5 and 6 Ed. VI, c. 20 (1552), 159, 180 13 Eliz., c. 8 (1571), 159, 180, 181, 187 39 Eliz., c. 2 (1597), 178 Aegidius Lessinus, 295, 296 Aeneas Silvius, 110 Agriculture, 136-50, 231.See also Enclosures, Land, Pasture farming, Peasants Alcock, Thomas, 270 Alien immigrants, 205, 314 Almsgiving, condemnation of, 111, 114, 265, 305;a duty, 260-1 America, silver of, 68, 74, 135;Calvinism in, 127-32, 227, 238, 320 Ames, 216-7, 318 Amsterdam, 104 Anglicans. See Clergy and Church of England Annuities, 42, 217 Antwerp, 72, 73-5, 79, 80, 86, 87, 104, 168, 178, 303;fall of, 77, 176 Apparel, excess in, 115, 127 Aquinas. See St. Thomas Archdeacons, visitations of, 48, 52, 162, 296-7, 310 Aristotle, 44 Asceticism, 17, 18, 19 Ashton, T. S., 252, 325 Aske, 141 Augsburg, 79, 85

Bacon, 148, 151, 185 Baillie, 214 Bancroft, Archbishop, 186, 213, 214 Bank, at Geneva, 120 — of England, 252 Banking, deposit, beginnings of, 176 Barbon, Dr. Nicholas, 247 Barebones, Praise-God, 247 Bargaining, equity in, 152, 159, 181, 183, 188, 221-3, 224, 244, 272.See also Prices and Profits Baro, 215, 318 Basle, 120;Council of, 103 Baxter, Richard, 9, 19, 200, 203, 207, 219-24, 226, 242 (quoted), 243 (quoted), 253, 260, 268, 291 Becon, 82, 141, 144 Beggars. See Almsgiving and Vagrancy Bellarmin, 80, 303 Bellers, 19, 272 Belloc, H., 92 Bennet, Dr., 153 Benvenuto da Imola, quoted, 11 Berkeley, Bishop, 270, 284 Berne, 120 Berthold, Brother, 225 Beza, 119, 121, 122, 123, 215 Birmingham, 204 Bishops, articles of visitation of, 161;were normally justices, 165; Bill re powers of, 174-5, 312; abolition of, 188, 214. See also Commissary, Court of High Commission and Courts, ecclesiastical Blaxton, John, cited, 156 Bodin, 81 Böheim, Hans, 81 Bolingbroke, 207 Bologna, University of, 81 Boniface VIII, 19; bull of, 21 Bossuet, 83 Boston, 128-31 Bourges, 50 Braddon, Lawrence, 315 Bradford, 204 —, Governor, 127 (quoted), 128 Brentano, 316 Bristol, 202 Brittany, Count of, 299 Bruges, 73 Bucer, 19, 63, 81, 83, 105, 116, 142, 215 Bullinger, 19, 81, 114, 181 Bunyan, 9, 19, 199, 225, 268, 307 Burford, 181 Buridanus, Johannes, 295 Bury, 218

Cahorsines, 29, 294, 297 “Calling,” 240-6, 316, 321 Calvin, 10, 19, 94, 102-32;teaching of, on usury, 81, 83, 126, 181, 215, 216, 233, 239; letter of, to Somerset, 116; Institutes of, 116, 117; scheme of municipal government drafted by, 117; death of, 119. See also Calvinism Calvinism, 102-32, 233-5;sanctification of economic enterprise by, 34, 104-5, 108, 109, 110, 111, 116, 233, 239; connection of individualism with, 112-3, 227, 316-7; discipline of, 112, 113, 115-32, 215, 219, 227, 234, 238, 316-7; in France, 125-6; in Scotland, 126-7; development of, in England, 198; in Holland, 211. See also Calvin and Puritanism Cambridge, 318 Canon law. See Law, canon Canonists, chicanery and casuistry of, 37, 51, 54, 60, 100.See also Law, canon Canterbury, 205;archbishop of, 47, 156; Canons of, 161 Capitalism, early appearance of, 16, 26, 84, 226;connection of, with Puritanism, 212, 315-8 Carpenters, parliament of, 292 Cartwright, Thomas, 213, 215 Catholicism, and capitalism, 84, 316 Cattle, loaning of, 54, 154, 181-2 Cecil, William, 145, 165 Chalmers, Dr., 271, 324 Charles I, social policy of, 169-74, 211, 235-8, 319-20 Charles V, 71, 79 Chaucer, 23 (quoted), 302 Chauvet, 123 Chesterton, G. K., 92 Chevage, 147 Chevisance, 51 Choisy, 306 Church, medieval, pomp and avarice of, 59, 60, 62;attitude of, to established social order, 56-9; strength and weakness of, 59-60; ideals of, 60-2 — of England, 135-93; conservatism and ineffectiveness of social theory of, 85, 155-7, 184-93, 282; Puritanism represented in, 198 — of Ireland, 161 See also Clergy, Councils (Church), Courts (ecclesiastical), Law (canon), Papacy, Reformation, Religion, and under State Churches, Nonconformist, attitude of, to social problems in 18th century, 281.See also Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Tolerance Civil Law. See Law, civil Clarendon Code, 205 —, Constitutions of, 51 —, Earl of, 173, 204, 249, 252, 321 Class hatred, 18, 123, 145 Classes, Puritan, 213, 217, 317, 318 Clayton, Sir Robert, 322 Clergy, taking of usury by, 30, 46, 53, 292-3, 300;subservience of, 159, 281; return of, to City churches, 204; popular sympathies of, in France, 281. See also Church of England Cloth industry, 105, 136, 142, 147;capitalism in, 70, 176, 268-9; distress in, 168, 205, 314; wages in, 174, 293, 320; regulation of, 174, 236, 237, 319; Puritanism in centers of, 202, 203, 204, 322; proposed nationalization of, 236. See also Textile workers Coke, 186 Colbert, 77, 236 Cologne, 37 Colonization, 71, 238, 320 Colquhoun, Patrick, 313 Columbus, 67, 69, 89 Combinations, 55, 87-8, 95-6, 293.See also Gilds Commissary, Court of, 53, 162, 300, 310 Commissions, Depopulation, 138, 145, 173, 237, 320 Commons, enclosure of, 140, 167, 174, 256, 259, 260.See also Enclosures “Commonwealth men,” 145 Communal movement, 56 Communism, 32, 256 Companies, infringement of charters of, 237.See also East India Co. and Royal African Co. Confessors, instructions to, 48-9 Congregationalism, 198 Consistory, at Geneva, 116, 117, 119-24 Constance, Council of, 103 Consumption, 34, 231, 248, 251 Copper, 73, 75, 79 Copyholders, 139, 147, 167, 308 Corn, engrossing of, 123, 168, 174, 311.See also Granaries Coulton, G. G., 11, 30 Councils, Church, 46-7, 51, 54, 296 Court, De la, 206 Court of Arches, 186 — Chancery, 51, 53, 295, 300 — Delegates, 186 — High Commission, 162, 186-7, 237, 313; abolition of, 188, 213, 214 — Requests, 139, 308 — Star Chamber, 139, 174, 308, 311, 312, 319; abolition of, 213 Courts, jurisdiction of, with regard to usury, 37-9, 50-4, 160-2;ecclesiastical, 50-4, 160-2, 186-8, 213, 214, 300, 301; royal, encroachments of, on feudal system, 57-8, 87. See also the several Courts above-mentioned Coventry, 37, 309 Craftsmen, deceits practiced by, 24, 126, 298;relations between merchants and, 26, 136, 137, 173-4, 236, 320; labor of, honorable, 92, 240. See also Gilds and Wage-earners Cranmer, 83, 160 Cromwell, Oliver, 199, 219, 227 (quoted), 249, 258, 317 Crowley, Robert, 82, 141, 144, 146 (quoted), 148 (quoted) Cunningham, William, 212, 213 (quoted) Curia, papal, 47-8 Currency, depreciation of, 77, 78, 137, 177

Dantzig, 100 Debtor, defaulting, punishment of, 127 Dedham, classis of, 217-8 Defoe, 205, 252, 315, 324, 325 Depopulation. See Commissions and Enclosures D’Ewes, 217 Dicey, Prof., 254 Diet, Imperial, 88 Diggers, 256, 317 Discipline, versus the Religion of Trade, 211-27.See also Calvinism, Presbyterianism, Puritanism Discoveries, 67, 69, 73, 86, 87, 135, 316 Dives et Pauper, 9, 216, 261, 323 Downing, Sir George, 252 Duns Scotus, 33 Dutch, virtues of, 211, 252, 269;capital supplied to England by, 249, 252, 322; imitation of methods of, 252. See also Holland

East Anglia, 174;Puritanism in, 202, 203 — India Co., 320 Eck, 81 Economic science, development of, 7-10, 80, 158, 180, 185, 189, 204, 249-50.See also Economists Economists, 249;attitude of, towards religious tolerance, 10, 204-5, 206-7; attitude of, towards poor relief, 267-72, 323-4. See also Economic Science Edict of Nantes, revocation of, 205 Education, diffusion of, 141, 142, 143;parochial, 154. See also Schools Enclosures, 137-50;popular agitations against, 137-8, 140, 143-5, 256-7, 323; first account of, 138; steps taken by Government to check, 138, 145, 147, 172-3, 178, 236, 255, 309, 311, 312; attitude of Puritans to, 217, 224, 236, 255-60. See also under Gentry England, comparison of, with the Continent, 8, 16, 54, 70, 135, 231 Engrossers, 36, 38, 40, 55, 119, 122, 123, 164, 168, 174, 191, 236, 239, 244, 311, 312 Erasmus, 72, 76 Erastians, 214 Essex, 162, 203 Evangelicals, 193, 254 Exchanger, Royal, 237 Exchanges, foreign, discussions on, 43, 158, 177, 316;control of, 74, 168, 236, 237, 311, 319; lawfulness of transactions on, 80-1 Exchequer, stop of, 224 Exclusion Bill, 203 Excommunication, 29, 45, 46, 47, 52, 117, 121, 142, 161, 214, 299;disregarding of, 159, 187 Exeter, 204;bishop of, 169

Fairs, 45 Fenton, Roger, quoted, 106, 157, 305 Ferrar, Nicholas, 263 Feudalism, 22, 57-9, 231;decline of, 57-8, 147, 149, 174. See also Peasants Figgis, Dr., 6 Financiers, medieval attitude to, 23, 33, 104-5;international, rise of, 72, 75-6, 78-9; Catholicism of, 84; attitude of Swiss reformers to, 104, 108. See also Usury Firmin, 272 Flanders. See Low Countries Flavell, John, 321 Fletcher of Saltoun, 265 Florence, 16, 37, 50, 292, 295, 316 Foley, Thomas, 253 Fondaco Tedesco, 68 Food supplies, control of, 173-4, 235, 236, 262.See also Corn Fox, 199, 200 Foxe, 160 France, 54, 77, 236, 250, 268, 281, 293, 302, 315;peasantry in, 58, 59, 136, 151; Calvinism in, 125-6, 203, 238. See also Lyons and Paris Franciscans, 18, 54;Spiritual, 57 Franeker, University of, 216 Frankfurt, 26, 75, 85, 110 Franklin, Benjamin, 238, 320 Free Cities, 56 Freeholders, 202, 203, 258 Freiburg, 86 Friars, 18 Friends. See Quakers Friesland, West, 238 Froissart, 18 Froude, 5 Fruiterers, of London, 55 Fuggers, the, 79, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90, 191, 303

Gay, Prof., 146 Geiler von Kaiserberg, 88, 304 Geneva, 103, 104, 113, 115-25, 215, 226, 227, 234, 235, 306 Genoa, 48 Gentry, opposition of, to prevention of enclosures, 145, 147, 178, 235, 237, 255-7, 258, 309;attitude of, to commercial classes, 207-10 George, Lloyd, quoted, 4, 291 Germany, 54, 68, 77, 250; schemes of social reconstruction in, 27, 88, 302;peasantry in, 58, 59, 81, 82, 86-7, 88, 91, 93, 136, 139, 151, 302; trade and banking business of, 69, 70, 74, 75, 78-9, 86-8, 89-90, 316; Reformation in, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85-102, 110, 141; wage-earning class in, in Middle Ages, 86, 292 Gilds, membership of, 26;policy and ideals of, 26-8; enforcement of rules of, 52, 300; loans by, 54, 301; capture of, by capitalist members, 69, 86, 136; control of, at Antwerp, 75; malpractices of, 137, 293; confiscation of lands of, 139, 309 Glasgow, 238 Gloucester, 204 Godfrey, Michael, 252 Goldsmiths, 249 Granaries, public, 236, 319 Gratian, 32, 35 Gregory VII, 19 Gresham, Sir Richard, 140 —, Sir Thomas, 9, 143, 178, 179 Grindal, Archbishop, 160 Grosstête, Bishop, 29, 293

Hague, The, 252 Hale, Sir Matthew, 263 Hales, John, 145 Halifax, 204 Hamilton, John. See St. Andrews, Archbishop of Hammond, Mr. and Mrs., 18 Hanse League, 68, 73 Harrington, 176 Harris, Walter, 270 Harrison, 270 Hartlib, Samuel, 264 Hatfield Chase, 174 Haugs, the, 79 Heming, Nicholas, 156, 158 (quoted) Henry of Ghent, quoted, 34 — of Langenstein, quoted, 36, 42 Herberts, the, 140, 146 Hinde, 312 Hipler, 88, 304 Hobbes, 18 Hochstetters, the, 79, 88, 303 Holland, 8;wars and commercial rivalry of England with, 7, 249, 252, 268, 321; religious developments in, 10, 211, 227; economic progress of, 10, 204, 211, 216, 231, 316; controversy in, about usury, 126, 238; middle classes in, 208, 211; emigration of Dissenters to, 314. See also Dutch and Low Countries Holland, Lord, 237 Hooker, Richard, 166, 170, 234 Hospitals, 144, 263;loans by, 54, 301 Hostiensis, 158, 304 Houblon, James and John, 252 House of Commons, 143, 178, 179, 187, 264 — of Convocation, 160 Huguenots, 252 Humanists, 79, 110, 114, 262 Hungary, 75, 79 Hutten, 88, 304

Imhofs, the, 79 Independents, 112, 212, 214, 219, 252 Indians, American, 130, 185 Indifferentism, 17, 18, 19, 188, 280 Individualism, rise of, 10, 13, 22, 65, 74, 81, 141, 163, 166, 172, 175-93, 227, 235, 250, 253, 254, 262, 316-7;deduction of, from teaching of reformers, 82-4, 90, 112-3, 226-7. See also under Puritanism Industrial Revolution, 18, 193 Innocent IV, 29, 44, 293 Interesse, 42, 43, 95 Interest, rate of, 120, 124, 128, 153, 162, 180, 322;“pure,” 42; true and unfeigned, not usury, 304. See also Interesse and Usury Ireland, 231, 270, 324;Church of, 161 Ireton, 258 Iron industry, 202, 220, 252-3, 325 Italy, 9, 54, 72;medieval capitalism in, 26, 84, 86, 316; wage-earners in, 26, 38, 292; financiers of, 29, 45, 73, 136; canonists of, 54; economic position of, 67, 69, 70, 231. See also Florence and Venice

Jacquerie, 58 Jewel, Bishop, 82, 156 Jews, 37, 249 John XXII, bull of, 57 John of Salisbury, quoted, 22, 24, 292 Joint-stock enterprise, outburst of, 176 Jones, Rev. David, 246 Journeymen. See Wage-earners Justices in Eyre, 51 — of Assize, 173 — of the Peace, usurers dealt with by, 164, 168; regulation of markets and of wages by, 173; closing of public-houses by, 218; administration of poor laws by, 236, 263; administration of orders against enclosures by, 173, 255

Keane, Robert, 128-31 Ket, 144, 302 Keynes, J. M., 251, 286 Kidderminster, 207, 220 King’s Lynn, 301, 309 Knewstub, 215, 318 Knox, John, 10, 19, 115, 118 (quoted), 127, 213

Lancashire, Puritanism in, 203, 204, 214, 322.See also Bury Land, 9, 137-50;purchase of, by nouveaux riches, and speculation in, 87, 139-41, 143-4, 176, 208, 257; mortgaging of, 103, 168. See also Enclosures, Landlords, Pasture farming, Property, Rent-charge, Rents Landlords, oppressions of, 50, 140, 155, 164, 167, 172, 223, 236, 238, 298;ecclesiastical, management of estates by, 58-9, 139, 144. See also Peasants and Rents Lanfranc, 18 Langland, 18, 261 Lateran Councils, 46, 54 Latimer, 10, 19, 82, 141, 145, 255, 256, 262, 275, 287 Laud, 10, 19, 113, 133, 170-5, 188, 205, 210, 213, 236, 237, 255, 311 Laurentius de Rudolfis, 9, 291 Law, canon, 9, 165;rules of, as to usury, 10, 36-55, 94, 95; serfdom recognized by, 58; discredit of, 62, 65, 143, 159, 187; continued appeal to, 81, 85, 152-63, 305-6; compatibility of exchange business with, 80. See also Canonists —, civil, 159-60 —, common, 159, 161, 186 —, natural, 39, 62, 179-80, 192, 259, 278 Law, John, 253 —, William, 190 Layton, Dr., 159 Leach, A. F., 143 Leadam, 146 Lease-mongers, 144 Lee, Joseph, quoted, 259 Leeds, 204 Leicester, 204, 256, 258 Leonard, Miss, 173 Levellers, 19, 212, 255, 317 Lever, 82, 141, 144, 156 Linen industry, 142 Lisbon, 79, 86, 87 Loans, charitable, 54, 154, 164, 263, 301;public, indemnification of subscribers to, 179. See also Interest and Usury Locke, 7 (quoted), 179, 189, 250, 258 Lollards, 50 Lombard bankers, 29, 51 London, 26, 51, 52, 55, 140, 263;growth of money-market in, 75, 136, 177; Nonconformity in, 104, 203, 204, 214, 243, 252; fire of, 204, 221; bishop of, 29, 53, 162, 294 Lotteries, 126, 306 Low Countries, 70, 71, 72-3, 77, 231;early capitalism in, 16, 25, 84, 292, 316; wage-earners in, 25-6, 38, 292; Monts de Piété in, 54, 301; religious tolerance in, 206. See also Antwerp and Holland Luchaire, A., 30 Luther, 10, 19, 36, 79-102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 116, 241, 265, 298 Lyndwood, 54 Lyons, 75, 77, 120;Poor Men of, 18; Council of, 46

Machiavelli, 7, 80, 184, 316 Maidstone, 205 Maitland, 159 Major, 107 Malynes, G., 177 Mandeville, 190 (quoted), 313 Manning, B. L., 19 Marx, Karl, 36, 112, 269 Massachusetts, 127-31, 238 Melanchthon, 81, 92, 107, 158 Mendicant orders, 92, 240 Mercantilism, 31, 80, 237, 251 Merchant Adventurers, 68, 73 Merchants. See Traders Merchet, 147 Meutings, the, 79, 303 Middle classes ,rise of, 8, 86, 87, 94, 111, 176, 177, 208, 234, 268, 269;Calvinism and Puritanism among, 111, 113, 187, 202-10, 211-2, 231, 266, 317; qualities of, 111, 208, 211, 230-1; humbler, attitude of, to rising commercialism, 163-4; economic position of, 207-8, 244, 315 Middlemen. See Traders Mill, James, 243 Milton, 199, 231 Mines, of New World, 68;of Europe, 68, 75, 79; capitalism in working of, 70, 176 Monarchy, paternal, 211, 232, 235, 236-8, 253, 319.See also Charles I and Tudors Monasteries, loans by, 54, 301;relief of beggars by, 92, 114, 266; dissolution of, 138-41, 144, 308, 309 Moneylenders. See Interest, Loans (public), Usury Money-market. See Exchanges, Financiers, and under London Monopolies. See Patents Monopolists, denunciations of, 38, 81, 88, 93, 96, 119, 221 Montagu, 253 Montesquieu, 208 Monts de Piété, 43, 54, 301, 320 Moore, John, 257, 259 More, Sir Thomas, 73, 138, 139 Mosse, Miles, 156, 158, 160 (quoted) Mullins, Archdeacon, 310

Nationalism, 68, 77 Netherlands. See Low Countries New England, Calvinism in, 127-32, 227, 238 New Model Army, 219 Nicholas III, 29 Nonconformists. See Churches (Nonconformist), Independents, Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Quakers, Tolerance Norfolk, 168, 203 North, Sir Dudley, quoted, 250 Notre-Dame, Cathedral of, 30, 294 Nürnberg, 85, 110

O’Brien, G., 43 (cited) Œcolampadius, 82, 106, 114 Oresme, Nicholas, 9, 291 Owen, Robert, 272 Oziander, 83

Paget, 145 Paley, 287 Pallavicino, 178 Papacy, avarice and corruption of, 29, 85, 89-90, 92, 110, 111;financial relations of, 29, 30, 44, 296-7 Papillon, Thomas, 252 Papists, unaptness of, for business, 206;charity of, 233, 265, 320 Paris, 26, 75, 80, 120, 125, 293;bishop of, 30, 294 Parish, loans by, 54, 154, 301;organization of, 154-5, 312 Parker, Bishop, 204 Parliament, Levellers’ demands for reform of, 255 Parliament, Barebones, 219, 247 —, Long, 175, 187, 237, 255, 257 “Parliaments,” of wage-earners, 26, 292 Partnership, profits of, lawful, 42, 295;fictitious, 48, 297 Pasture farming, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 145, 173, 178.See also Enclosures Patents, 236, 237, 319 Paterson, William, 253 Pawnshops, public, 164 Peasants, associations among, 27;harshness of lot of, 57-8; revolts of, 58, 59, 70, 140, 143-5, 256, 302; revolts of, in Germany, 58, 59, 81, 82, 88, 91, 93, 139, 145, 302; emancipation of, from serfdom, 58, 59, 69, 87, 136, 147; comparison of, with peasantry of France and Germany, 59, 86-7, 136, 151; calling of, praised, 92. See also Jacquerie and Landlords Peckham, Archbishop, 29 Pecock, Bishop, 50, 55, 100, 297-8, 301 Penn, William, 188 Pennsylvania, 238 Pepper, 75 Pepys, 204 Petty, Sir William, 206, 250, 251 (quoted) Piccarda, 17 Pilgrimage of Grace, 141 Pirenne, Prof., 74, 292 Political Arithmetic, 10, 185, 189, 204, 250.See also Economic Science Pollexfen, Sir Henry, 269 Ponet, 82, 141 Poor, relief of, 82, 92, 114, 141, 144, 155, 161, 193, 239;investment of money for benefit of, 126, 182, 306; legislation re relief of, 127, 262, 264-6, 271, 323, 324; administration of laws for relief of, 168, 173-4, 236, 263; right of, to relief, 264-5, 271; relief to, to be deterrent, 271, 324; able-bodied, employment of, 168, 262, 264, 265, 271, 323-4. See also Almsgiving, Poverty, Vagrancy — Law Commissioners, 271, 324 — Men of Lyons, 18 Portugal, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 84 Poverty, attitude of Swiss reformers to, 105, 114-5, 132;attitude to, in eighteenth century, 189-90; attitude of Puritans to, 231, 233, 253-5, 260-73; medieval attitude to, 260-1, 323; attitude of Quakers to, 272; causes of, 262, 264-5, 265-7, 270, 324. See also Poor Predestination, 108, 112 Presbyterianism, 198, 213-5, 217-8, 234, 317, 318.See also Puritanism Presbyterians, 203, 207, 252;struggle between Independents and, 112, 212, 214 Prices, rise in, 9, 70, 75, 81, 137, 147, 177, 180;just, doctrine with regard to, 17, 36, 41, 81, 94-5, 153, 156, 216-7, 222, 225, 244, 268, 293, 295, 318, 325;control of, 41, 117, 119, 122, 123, 128-30, 142, 143, 168, 173, 174, 262, 320; opposition to control of, 179, 235, 315. See also Bargaining Privy Council ,activities of, 166-9, 173-4, 236-8, 263, 320 Production, 248, 249, 251 Profits, medieval doctrine as to, 32, 34-6, 42, 104;attempted limitation of, in New England, 127-31. See also Traders Property, theories with regard to, 32, 102, 146-50, 189, 258, 261, 262 Prophesyings, 201 Public-houses, closing of, 218 Puritanism, 195-273;quarrel between monarchy and, 6, 212, 232, 235-8, 318-9; medieval, 18; discipline of, 113, 127-31, 187, 213-9, 234-5, 317; theology of, 113, 227-30; connection of individualism with, 113, 127, 212, 213, 219, 227, 229-39, 253, 254, 266, 271, 272, 316; divergent elements in, 198, 212-3, 316; sanctification of business life by, 199, 201, 230, 233, 239-54, 272; geographical distribution of, 202-4; connection of, with capitalism, 212, 316-7. See also Calvinism, Middle classes, New England, Poverty, Presbyterianism, Usury

Quakers, 19, 272, 325 Quarter Sessions. See Justices of the Peace Quicksilver, 79

Rabelais, 77 Rationalism, medieval, 18 Reformation, relation of, to changes in social theory, 14-5, 19-20, 65-6, 81, 82-5, 89-93, 141, 154, 155-60 Regensburg, 85, 225 Religion, sphere of, all-embracing, 5, 8-10, 14, 18, 19-36, 60-2, 80, 82-5, 90-1, 97-8, 99, 148, 150-75, 182-3, 221, 224-6, 278, 279, 281-2, 285 (see also under Traders);economic and social activities excluded from province of, 5, 6-13, 17, 91, 96-101, 175, 177-93, 221, 226, 238, 254-5, 277, 278-87; wars of, 6-7, 119. See also Asceticism, Calvinism, Indifferentism, Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Reformation, Tolerance Rent-charge, considered lawful, 42, 43, 95, 182, 216, 217, 295 Rents, control of, at Geneva, 117;raising of, 119, 140, 146, 153; Baxter’s teaching as to, 224 Rhode Island, 238 Riches, medieval attitude to, 32, 34-5, 55, 285, 301-2;attitude of Calvinists and Puritans to, 105, 132, 230, 239, 267; modern attitude to, 282-7. See also Financiers and Traders Ridley, Thomas, quoted, 186 Ripon, 53 Rome, corruption and avarice at, 28-30, 85, 90, 92, 110 Root and Branch Petition, 314 Rotenburg, 86 Rouen, 75 Rousseau, 293 Royal African Co., 249, 322

St. Ambrose, 260 St. Andrews, 127;archbishop of, 50 St. Antonino, 9, 17, 32, 40-1, 88, 225, 291, 294, 295 St. Augustine, 48 St. Bernard, 30 St. Francis, 18, 57 St. Johns, the, 140, 308 St. Léon, Martin, 28 (quoted), 292, 293 St. Raymond, 48, 153 St. Thomas, 17, 20 (quoted), 31, 33, 35 (quoted), 36, 39 (quoted), 40, 58, 152, 200, 225, 260, 304 Salerno, archbishop of, 48 Salisbury, bishop of, 156;mayor of, 218 Sanderson, Bishop, 188 Sandwich, 205 Sandys, Bishop, 82, 156 Say, J. B., 1 Saye and Sele, Lord, 174, 312 Schoolmen, 9, 16, 19, 30-6, 40-1, 80, 82, 148, 152, 155, 158, 183, 225.See also St. Antonino and St. Thomas Schools, confiscation of endowments of, 143, 309; establishment of, by Church, 193.See also Education Schulze-Gaevernitz, 212 Scotland, 113, 126-7, 227;Commissioners from, 214 Scriveners, 176 Self-interest, of individual, harmony of needs of society with, 13, 24, 179-80, 191, 192, 246, 259-60, 277.See also Individualism Senior, Nassau, 271, 324 Serfdom, 57-9;attitude of Church to, 22, 58-9, 302. See also Peasants Serfs, runaway, 139, 147, 308.See also Peasants Seville, 75, 135 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 249 Shaw, W. A., 215 Sheep-grazing. See Pasture farming Sheldon, Dr. Gilbert, 311 Sidney, Sir Philip, 140 Sigismund, Emperor, Reformation of, 27, 88, 293 Silver, of America, 68, 74, 135;of Europe, 79 Sion, monastery of, 140 Slave-trade, 185 Smiles, Samuel, 253 Smith, Adam, 35, 192, 253, 293 —, Rev. Henry, 215, 318 —, Sir Thomas, 160 Smiths, of London, 52, 292, 300 Soap, monopoly of, 237, 319 Social Democratic movement, 219 Society, functional theory of, 13, 22-5, 93, 97, 149, 169-70, 171, 172, 189, 191, 254;modern conception of, 12-3, 22, 189, 191 Somerset, Duke of, 116, 147, 309 South Sea Bubble, 191 Spain, 70, 71, 72, 77, 79, 84;dealers of, on Antwerp Bourse, 80 Speculation. See Engrossers Speenhamland, 264 Spices, trade in, 74, 75, 79, 86 Spinola, 178 Spurriers, of London, 52, 300 Starkey, 22, 138, 292 State, relation between Church and, 6-10, 18-9, 20, 70, 91, 101-2, 124, 159, 165-6, 170-1, 172, 175, 278-9;Locke’s conception of, 7 (quoted), 179, 189; unitary, sovereignty of, 278, 293; Distributive, 92, 151 Steele, Richard, 240, 243 (quoted), 243-5, 251, 266 Step-lords, 146 Stockwood, Rev. J., quoted, 266 Strafford, Earl of, 210, 213, 236 Strassburg, 75 Stubbes, Philip, 216 Summæ, 16, 19, 30, 220.See also Schoolmen Swift, Dean, 207 Switzerland, Reformation in, 102-25, 141, 265;bourgeoisie in, 111, 122, 208 Synods, French, 125-6

Taunton, 204 Taylor, Jeremy, 160 (quoted), 188 Temple, Sir William, 206 Tenures, military, abolition of, 257 Textile workers, of Flanders and Italy, 26, 292;of Paris, 293. For England see under Cloth industry Tobacco, 127 Tolerance, religious, 113, 118, 175, 219;commercially advantageous, 10, 197, 205-7 Tories, distrust of commercial classes by, 207 Torrens, R., 3 Townsend, Rev. J., 313 Trade, flourishing of, under religious tolerance, 10, 197, 205-7;free exercise of, 179; foreign, increase in, 136, 176; balance of, 247, 250 Trade unionism, 26, 293 Traders, medieval attitude to, 17-8, 23, 32, 33-6, 37, 104;relations between craftsmen and, 26, 136, 137, 173, 236, 320; sanctification of occupation of, 34, 104-5, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 199, 201, 230, 234, 239-53, 254, 273; frauds and extortion of, 50, 105, 119, 126, 142, 153, 155-6, 298-9, 307; Luther’s attitude to, 92; growth of power of, 136, 137; purchase of land by, 140, 208; breakdown of State control of, 179, 236. See also Bargaining, Prices, Profits Travers, W., 213 Troeltsch, Prof., 91, 212, 316 Tucker, Dean, 11, 192, 197 (quoted), 314 Tudors, social policy of, 164-70, 235, 262-3, 266, 270 Turgot, 293 Turks, 68, 69 Tyndale, 308, 323 Tyrol, 68, 75, 79

Udall, J., 213 Ulm, 85 Unwin, Prof., 173 Usher, R. G., 202 Usury, controversy on, 9, 81, 82, 151-64, 178, 180-3;teaching of medieval Church on, 17, 36-9, 42-55; practicing of, on a large scale, in Middle Ages, 29, 44-5, 176; restitution of profits of, 30, 46, 47, 49; enforcement of prohibition of, 37, 45-53, 100, 119, 121, 123, 127, 160-2, 164, 169, 187, 237, 238, 297, 298, 310; prevalence of, 39, 151-2; popular denunciations of, 39, 81, 138, 144, 152; annuities, compensation for loss, profits of partnership and rent-charges not regarded as, 42, 43, 95, 182, 216-7, 295; ecclesiastical legislation as to, 46, 52, 55; devices for concealment of, 47, 48, 53, 297; secular legislation as to, 52, 153, 159, 180, 187; attitude of reformers to, in Germany, 81, 83, 94, 95, 100; in Switzerland, 81, 83, 103-4, 105-8, 117, 119-24, 181, 215, 216; in France, 126, 306; meaning of term, 152-3, 160-1, 183; disappears from episcopal charges, 191; Puritan attitude to, 209, 213, 215-7, 218, 223, 225, 232-3, 239, 246, 252, 269, 318, 319, 320. See also Clergy, Interest, Loans Utilitarianism, 243, 271 Utrecht, University of, 238

Vagrancy, measures for suppression of, 92, 168, 217, 262, 263, 265, 269-70, 271;increase of, 263, 265. See also Almsgiving and Poor Value, theories of, 36, 40 Venezuela, 79 Venice, 68, 70, 73, 75, 87, 120, 316 Vienne, Council of, 46 Villeinage. See Serfdom Virtues, economic, applauding of, by Calvinists and Puritans, 105, 110, 111, 114-5, 227-54, 271-2, 273 Vitry, Jacques de, 302 Vives, 114, 262 Voltaire, 208

Wadsworth, A. P., 322 Wage-earners, small number of, 26, 38, 137, 151, 207, 268, 292;organizations of, 26; attitude of economists to, 268-70. See also Wages Wages, withholding of, 50, 223, 298;regulation of, 128, 173, 174, 235, 236, 293, 320; payment of, in truck, 153, 174, 236; economists’ views on the subject of, 268-70, 271. See also Wage-earners Wallas, Graham, 12 Wamba, 90 Warburton, 192 Ward, Sir Patience, 252 Warwick, Earl of, 145 Warwickshire, 138, 323 Washerne, 140 Wealth. See Production and Riches Weber, Max, 212, 316-7, 319, 321 Welsers, the, 78-9, 88, 303 Wentworth, 174 Wesley, 190 Westminster Assembly, 10, 214, 218 Whalley, ecclesiastical court of, 53 Whalley, Major-General, 259, 323 Whigs, 203, 252 Whitby, Abbey, 140 Whole Duty of Man, The, 191 Widows and orphans, usury for benefit of, 182, 233 Wilcox, Thomas, 161 Williams, Roger, 128 Wilson, Thomas, 156, 157, 160, 179, 234, 319 Wiltshire, 218, 237 Winstanley, Gerrard, 113 (quoted), 256 Witt, John de, 206 Wolsey, 138, 147 Wood, H. G., 318 Woodrow, Rev. Robert, quoted, 238 Woollen industry. See Cloth industry Worcester, Priory of, 42 Workhouses, 265, 270, 271, 324 Works, good, 98, 109, 111, 239, 242, 266, 320 Wyclif, 18, 25 (quoted), 27, 39 (quoted), 40, 293

Yarranton, A., 253 Yeomanry, 58, 202 York, Province of, 161, 169 Yorke, Sir John, 140 Yorkshire, 141, 162, 204 Young, Arthur, 270 Younge, R., quoted, 267

Zürich, 103, 114, 117 Zwingli, 82, 103, 114-5, 117