INDEX

Aʹckas or attendants of Annual ceremony, duties of, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 103, 105, 107.

See Attendants.

Adams, R. C., on Annual ceremony, 118-122;

on Buffalo dance, 182-183;

on dreams or visions, 80;

on Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-156;

on Skeleton dance, 183-184.

Air, mannitto of, 30.

See Thunder Beings

Alder, dye from bark of, 141

Alphabet used for Lenape words, 15-16

Altar at Annual ceremony, 115

America, prophecy of whites’ coming to, 121

American Anthropologist, account of Minsi ceremony in, 138-143

American Museum of Natural History, Doll in collection of, 46, 168-169;

Tefft collection in, 15, 38

American tribes, concept of Great Spirit among, 19-20

Animals, as guardian spirits, 49-50, 65, 70, 77, 80, 121, 195;

ceremonies of, 171-183;

spirits of, 118, 125, 194;

thanks to, 134.

See Wild animals

Anima mundi compared with Great Spirit, 22

Annual ceremony, authorities on:

Adams, 118-122;

Indian comments, 111-115;

Penn, 115-116;

Zeisberger, 116-118;

Bear ceremony resembling, 171;

carved faces in, 31;

chant of Pokiteʹhemun at, 67-69;

chants of visions at, 66, 73-76, 195;

compared with Minsi ceremony, 127-145;

Four winds in ritual of, 26;

native name for, 109;

penalties of omitting, 113-116;

rites of Mask in, 36, 146, 151;

thanks given to Earth in, 29;

Unami rites of, 81-111;

variants of, 122-126;

worship of Great Spirit in, 19;

worship of Mask Being in, 35.

See Minsi

Anthony, Michael, acknowledgment to, 14, 139

Ants as guardian spirits, 78

Arapaho, Ghost dance of, 191

Arrow, ceremonial use of, at Peyote rite, 187-188;

arrows of Thunder Beings, 29

Ashes, ceremonial removal of, 101, 131-132;

prevention of disease by, 160

Aⁿsiptaʹgŭn or paint-dish of bark, 105

A‛ʹtcigamuʹLtiⁿ, native name for Otter ceremony, 176.

See Otter ceremony

Attendants, at Annual ceremony, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 103, 105-111, 117-118, 120;

at Bear ceremony, 172-173;

at Feast of first fruits, 144;

at Minsi ceremony, 132-133, 137;

at Otter ceremony, 179;

at Peyote rite, 188.

See Aʹckas

Axe, Tornado threatened with, 47

Bad luck, caused by neglect of rites, 113-116

Bag, full of snakes, 35, 153;

mask worn in, 42;

of Mask impersonator, 34;

of tobacco offered: to bear, 172;

to otter, 177

Bark, boiled for making dyes, 141;

ceremonial bowls and spoons of, 131, 137;

ceremonial paint-dish of, 105-106;

first Big House of, 148;

roof of Big House of, 83

Beads of wampum, as invitation to dance, 142-143;

payment in, 110-111, 135;

used in Minsi ceremony, 141-143.

See Wampum

Beans, offering of, 144;

thanks to, 134;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Bear, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;

ceremony of, 171-176, 199;

fat of, burned, 117-118, 134;

flesh of, offered to Corn Goddess, 44;

hair of Mask Being like, 33;

head of, fastened to mask of Mask impersonator, 34;

provision of, for feast, 117

Bearskin, bag of Mask impersonator, 34, 155;

cap of Mask impersonator, 42;

coat of Mask impersonator, 41;

dress of Mask impersonator, 56, 152-153;

leggings of Mask impersonator, 34, 41;

worn by members of Mask society, 159

“Beautiful town” or Heaven, 56-57.

See Happy Hunting Ground

Belief: in Doll Being, 162-171;

in dream or vision, 61-80;

in Great Spirit, 18-24, 88-92, 192-193;

in immortality, 52-60, 195-196;

in supernatural beings, 17-51

Bergen, New Jersey, information from Indians at, 20

Big-Deer, Naniʹtis given up by, 170-171

Big House or Xiʹngwikan, Annual ceremonies in, 35, 82-122;

common to both tribes, 129-133, 196-197;

construction of, 82-83, 119, 148-150;

Elkhair on significance of, 113-115;

Mask impersonator present in, 98-99;

MuxhatoLʹzing in, 123;

of Bear cult, 173;

of Minsi, 127-145;

origin of, 147-152;

prayer in, 112-113;

preparation of, for Ceremony, 85-87, 117;

return of hunters to, 100-101;

rites of Mask in, 151-152;

seating of congregation in, 93;

serving of meals in, 110;

turtle rattles of, 181;

visions recited in, 75-76.

See Annual ceremony, Meeting-house

Bilberries, at Annual feast, 118;

in Happy Hunting Ground, 58

Birds as guardian spirits, 78, 80, 121, 195

Black, and red: carved faces painted with, 83, 119;

Mask painted with, 33, 41, 150, 155;

and white duck, as guardian spirit, 67, 140;

hog, offering of, 173;

symbolizing men, 140-141

Blanket, ceremonial waving of, 145;

blankets spread over sweating-oven, 125

Blessing granted by guardian spirits, 65-67, 77, 194-195

Blood, luminous ball of, 53-54

Body, luminous form of, 53-54

Bones, burning of, at Annual ceremony, 118

Bowl, and dice game of manĭʹtowŭk, 25-26;

ceremonial, in Bear cult, 173-174;

bowls, bark, in Minsi ceremony, 131, 137

Bows and arrows of Thunder Beings, 29

Box-tortoise rattle in Annual ceremony, 94-96, 118, 120.

See Rattles

Box-turtle rattle of Planting dance, 143.

See Rattles

Boys, dreaming of, for power, 54;

initiation of, 63-64, 78-80;

pet of, 172;

vision of Mask Being by, 147-152;

visions of, 62-63, 72-75, 92, 140, 194-195

Brainerd, David, on animal spirits, 50;

on Annual ceremony, 151-152;

on carved faces in Big House, 42;

on concept of soul, 56;

on dream or vision, 77;

on Evil Spirit, 25;

on Four Directions, 27;

on Great Spirit, 22-23;

on impersonator of Mask Being, 41-42;

on sun, 28

Brainerd, John, on idol image or Doll, 46-47

Brass eyes of Miziʹnk, 158

“Bringing in” the meeting, 81, 92-94, 104, 122, 135, 174

Brown, William, acknowledgment to, 14

Brush house of Bear cult, 173-174

Buck, chant referring to, 69;

prayer to, 126;

ridden by Mask Being, 33, 148;

women’s share in, 106

Buckskin, skeleton wrapped in, 184

Buffalo, as guardian spirit, 78;

dance of, 182-183

Bunches of wampum, symbolism of, 141-143

Burial, Wolf clan rites of, 183-184

Burning, of bones, 118;

of cedar leaves, 105;

of fat, 117-118, 134, 173-175;

of hemlock-boughs, 133, 144-145;

of hog’s head, 175;

of moccasins, 47;

of tobacco, 29, 98, 126, 151.

See Offering

Cactus called peyote, 186.

See Peyote rite

Caddo, Peyote cult originating among, 185

Canada, Lenape now resident in, 13-14, 170.

See Ontario

Canoe, coming of white men in, 121;

over river to Spirit land, 54

Cantico, Penn’s term for ceremony, 115-116

Cap, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, 42

Carved drumsticks, in Annual ceremony, 101-103, 150;

in Minsi ceremony, 130-131, 139-140, 197

Carved faces, on drumsticks, 101, 130-131, 197;

on posts of Big House, 42-43, 83, 88, 106, 119, 148, 150;

on posts of Minsi Big House, 129-130, 151;

representing Keepers of the Heavens, 31.

See Mask, Masks, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Catfish, James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73

Cattle, Mask Being guardian of, 35, 157

Cayuga, False Face company of, 161;

long-house, thanksgiving of Lenape in, 139;

Planting dance of, 143

Cedar-leaves, burning of, at Annual ceremony, 105

Central post, carved faces on, 83, 119, 151;

ceremonial of: in Annual ceremony, 94, 106, 119-120;

in Feast of first fruits, 144;

in Minsi Big House, 129-130, 135;

in MuxhatoLʹzing, 123

Central West, Peyote cult in, 185

Ceremonies, directed by guardian spirit, 65;

extinction of, 63;

in honor of dead, 55, 191, 195-196;

minor, 198-199;

of Big House, 75-76, 82;

of Lenape, paintings of, 14;

of Minsi Big House, 127-145;

of Minsi to Mother Corn, 43;

of Unami and Minsi, compared, 196-200;

thanks given to Great Spirit in, 18, 145, 196.

See Annual ceremony, Ceremony

Ceremony, of Bear, 171-176;

of Buffalo, 182-183;

of Doll Being, 46, 162-171;

of First fruits, 144-145;

of Mask Being, 35, 198-199;

of Mask society, 37, 159-161;

of Otter, 176-183;

of Peyote, 185-191;

of Skeleton dance, 183-184;

of Thanksgiving, 139-143.

See Annual ceremony, Ceremonies

Chant, at Otter ceremony, 180-181;

of Pokiteʹhemun, 67-68;

referring to Mask Being, 69;

referring to visions, 66-74, 136, 174-175, 195;

Unami examples of, 67-72.

See Singers, Singing, Visions

Charm, opiʹna or blessing as, 65-66;

charms: from Great Horned Serpents, 49;

miniature masks as, 36, 42.

See Fetishes

Charts of Heaven drawn on deerskin, 57

Chastity of boys, 62-63

Chief, of the gods, Great Spirit as, 19;

hunter of Annual ceremony, 85, 97.

See Leader

Chief Waubuno, description of Minsi ceremony by, 143-145;

on Great Spirit, 21-22

Children, cared for by Mask Being, 34-35, 153, 155-156;

Doll Being revealed to, 162-163;

Little People hunted by, 49, 193;

meeting of, with parents in Heaven, 53, 91;

no longer piʹlsŭⁿ, 63, 112-114;

part of, in Annual ceremony, 108-109;

prayers for, 115.

See Boys, Girls

Cholera checked by False Face company, 161

Christ, tomb of, at Peyote rite, 186-187.

See Jesus Christ

Christianity, concepts of, in Peyote rite, 186-190;

idols given up for, 38;

Naniʹtis given up for, 169;

visions given up for, 72.

See Devil, Missionary, Whites

Clans, see Phratries

Clothing of Naniʹtis, 167.

See Costume

Coat of bearskins of Mask impersonator, 34, 41

Colors, dyes for, 141.

See Black, Red

Comet, attributes of, 48-49

Cones, copper, adorning Miziʹnk, 158

Confederacy of the Lenape, 13

Conjurer, information of, in regard to Great Spirit, 22-23

Copper adorning Miziʹnk, 158

Corn, beans and vegetables, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;

called Lenape food, 70;

in rattle of Mask impersonator, 42;

offering of, 144;

soul likened to, 59;

spirit, duties of, 193;

thanks for, 145;

thanks to, 134.

See Mother Corn

Corn-bread at Minsi ceremony, 137

Corn Goddess, see Mother Corn

Corn-mush, see Hominy, Säʹpan

Costume, of impersonator: of Mask Being, 33-34, 41-42, 56, 152-153, 155, 158;

of Otter, 177-182;

of members of Mask society, 159;

of Naniʹtis, 169-170;

of Sun, 27;

worn at Annual ceremony, 93;

worn at Ghost dance, 191

Cranes or singers of Annual ceremony, 85.

See Singers

Crayfish, James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73

Creator, see Great Spirit

Cripples, injunction to help, 91-92

Crooked nose of Miziʹnk, 158

Crops, prayer for, 44, 134;

ruin of, 113;

supernatural control of, 194;

watered by Thunder Beings, 193

Cross, drumsticks marked with, 101;

spirit road represented by line on, 187-188.

See Crucifix

Crow as guardian spirit, 69-70

Crucifix at Peyote rite, 187

Cult, see Ceremony, Ceremonies

Dance, at Thanksgiving ceremony, 142-143;

in honor of Great Spirit, 88;

native terms for, 115-116;

of Buffalo, 182-183;

of Doll Being, 164-165;

of First fruits, 128;

of guardian spirits, 73;

of Ghost, 190-191;

of Mask impersonator in Big House, 42, 99;

of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 152-156;

of Skeleton, 183-184;

of Weopĕʹlakis, 36;

Planting, 143;

Strawberry, 128, 197;

dances connected with Mask society, 160.

See Dancing

Dance songs accompanying chants, 66.

See Chant, Singers, Singing

Dancing, at Annual ceremony, 42, 95, 99, 103, 106, 115-116, 118-122;

at Feast of first fruits, 145;

at Minsi ceremony, 135-136, 140;

in ceremonies of Naniʹtis, 168, 171;

in Happy Hunting Ground, 56, 58.

See Dance

Dankers, Jaspar, and Sluyter, Peter, on Great Spirit, 20

Day, clothing the Great Man, 23;

god of, 28.

See Great Spirit

Dead, beliefs concerning, 52-60;

ceremonies in honor of, 55, 191;

dance in honor of, 183-184;

food offered to, 52, 195-196;

food taken by, 71;

going west, 132;

spirits of, as guardians, 71-72, 194-195.

See Ghosts, Immortality

Death, propitiation to prevent, 199

Deer, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;

ceremonial hunting of, 97-101;

for Annual ceremony, 117;

for Doll dance, 163-164, 168-169;

for Feast of first fruits, 144;

for Minsi ceremony, 132;

herded by Mask Being, 33, 148, 150, 156

Deer-hoofs adorning Miziʹnk, 158

Deerskin, charts of Heaven drawn on, 57;

clothing Sun, 27;

drum at Annual ceremony, 85, 94-95, 100, 106, 115-116, 120;

drum at Buffalo dance, 182-183;

drum at Doll dance, 165;

drum at Minsi ceremonies, 130, 135, 139;

drum at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155;

drum at Peyote rite, 188;

giving away of, at Annual ceremony, 108-109;

stuffed with grass, 123;

suspended from pole, 144;

taken by hunters, 108;

worn by members of Mask society, 159

Delaware, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13

Devil, a Christian concept, 24-25, 57, 194.

See Evil Spirit

Devil dance, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance so called by whites, 156

Dewey, Oklahoma, Big House near, 82

Dictionary, Indian, Zeisberger, author, 43

Disease, caused by neglect of rites, 116;

ceremony of expelling, 37;

cured by Mask Being, 159, 161;

cured by Pabookowaih, 168-169;

prevention of, by ashes, 160.

See Sickness

Dish of bark used in Annual ceremony, 105-106

Doe offered to Naniʹtis, 168-169

Dogs, forbidden in Big House, 121;

prevented from eating bones, 118

Doll Being, belief in, 45-47, 162-163, 193, 199;

Unami dance of, 163-166.

See Naniʹtis

Dolls, see Fetishes

Dream helper, see Guardian spirit

Dreams, see Visions

Drink, ceremonial, at Bear cult, 175-176;

of Minsi ceremonies, 128, 134

Drum, at Annual ceremony, 85, 95-94, 100, 103, 106, 115-116, 120, 197;

at Buffalo dance, 182-183;

at Doll dance, 165, 168;

at Feast of first fruits, 144;

at Ghost dance, 191;

at Minsi ceremony, 130, 135, 139-140, 197;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155;

at Peyote rite, 188-189

Drummers, at Annual ceremony, 95, 100, 110, 150;

at Doll dance, 165

Drumsticks, at Annual ceremony, 101-103, 106, 150;

at Minsi ceremony, 130-131, 139, 197;

at Peyote rite, 188

Duck as guardian spirit, 67-69, 140

Dyes for red and black, 141

Eagle-feathers, fan of, 188

Earth, concept of, 28-29;

created by Great Spirit, 18, 21;

duties of, 193;

thanksgiving to, 89-90;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Earthquake caused by abandoning rites, 149, 151

East, ceremonial significance of, 74, 83, 85, 98, 100-101, 108-109, 119, 121-122, 131, 137, 144-145, 149, 155, 182, 186-187;

Grandfather at, 26;

home of Great Spirit in, 109;

thanksgiving to, 89

Elauʹnato or Comet, attributes of, 48-49

Elder brother, title, of moon, 28, 193;

of sun, 28, 193;

of Thunder Beings, 29, 193

Elements, as guardian spirits, 77;

worship of, 29-31.

See Thunder Beings

Elkhair, Chief Charley, acknowledgment to, 14;

Annual ceremony explained by, 112-115;

myth of Mask related by, 146-152;

speaker of Annual ceremony, 85;

speech of, at Annual ceremony, 87-92

Elkire, see Elkhair

Emetics, purification by, 57, 79;

visions induced by, 64

Endalŭn towiʹyŭn, title of Four Directions, 26

English settlements on Susquehanna, 41

Europeans, concept of Devil introduced by, 25, 57, 194.

See Christianity, Whites

Evil, exclusion of, from Heaven, 53, 56-59

Evil Spirit, native concept of, 24-25

Evil spirits, driving out of, 133, 145, 188;

ghosts as, 59;

Giant Bear one of, 49;

Great Horned Serpents as, 29, 49, 193;

placation of, 194;

Tornado one of, 47-48

E-ye-he-ye-ĕ, cry concluding chant, 136

Faces, carved: by children on sticks, 162;

in Big House, 31, 42, 83, 88, 119, 148, 150;

in Minsi Big House, 129-130, 151;

on drumsticks, 101, 150, 197;

on Minsi drumsticks, 130-131;

ceremonial painting of, 105-106;

painted by sun, 76;

painted, of Mask Being, 33, 41-42, 150, 155;

painted, of sun, 27.

See Mask, Masks

Fairies, Little People like, 49

Fall, Annual ceremony celebrated in, 81, 116, 119-120;

ceremony of Naniʹtis in, 171;

Thanksgiving in, 139

False Face Company of Iroquois, 198-199;

compared with Minsi mask, 161

Family, keepers of: Bear, 172;

Doll, 163-164;

Mask, 33-35, 151;

Naniʹtis, 166-171;

Otter, 177-182;

sacrifice by, 116-117

Fans, eagle-feather, at Peyote rite, 188;

turkey-wing, ceremonial sweeping with, 133

Fasting, visions induced by, 60, 64, 79, 194

Fat, drinking of, 176;

thrown on fire, 117-118, 134, 173-175

Feast, at Annual ceremony, 85, 96-97, 107, 109;

at Bear ceremony, 173-176;

at Buffalo dance, 182;

at Doll dance, 166-167;

at Minsi ceremony, 137;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 152-156;

at Peyote rite, 190;

ceremonial, Zeisberger on, 116-118;

of the Dead, 195-196;

of First fruits, 144-145;

of hunters, 97-98, 100-101;

of Machtuzin, 126;

of Otter ceremony, 177, 179, 182;

to Naniʹtis, 169, 171

Feasting in Happy Hunting Ground, 56

Feathers, adorning Miziʹnk, 158;

fan of, 188;

Peyote placed on, 187;

red, worn by sun, 27

Feeding, of dead, 52, 71;

of Naniʹtis, 167;

of Otter, 179, 182

Female deities: Doll Being, 46, 162-171;

Earth, 28, 89-90, 193;

Grandmother at the South, 26;

Great Spirit, 20;

Mother Corn, 43-44, 70, 195

Festival of Machtuzin, 125-126.

See Ceremonies, Ceremony

Fetishes or dolls, 45-46, 162.

See Charm, Doll Being

Fire, ceremonial making of: at Annual ceremony, 85-88, 101, 132-133, 196;

at Buffalo dance, 182;

at Otter ceremony, 179;

ceremonial use of: at Annual ceremony, 98-100, 105, 107, 117-121, 134, 160;

at Bear cult, 173-175;

at Doll dance, 165-166;

at Feast of first fruits, 144-145;

at Otter ceremony, 180-181;

at Peyote rite, 187, 189;

festival in honor of, 125-126;

gift of Great Spirit, 18;

tobacco offered to, 126

Fire-drill used in Annual ceremony, 86.

See Pump-drill

Fire-maker of the manĭʹtos, 101.

See Pump-drill

First fruits, offering of, 115, 144-145, 197.

See Strawberry dance

Fish as guardian spirit, 72-73, 78

Flint, and steel, ceremonial fire-making with, 179;

fire springing from, 18

Flying Wolf, vision of, 73-76

Food, ceremonial purity of, 62-63;

distribution of, at Annual ceremony, 121;

hunters provided with, 97;

offered to dead, 52, 195-196;

procured by dead, 71.

See Feast

Foot-log across river to Spirit land, 54

Forest, boys driven into, for vision, 63-64

Forks on drumsticks, 130, 141

Four, attendants: at Annual ceremony, 118;

in Minsi ceremony, 132;

drumsticks in Minsi ceremony, 139;

musicians in Minsi ceremony, 140

Four Directions or Four Winds, manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-27, 29, 88, 112-113, 193;

prayers to, 51.

See Winds

Four Powers, Brainerd on, 22.

See Four Directions

Fouts, see Fox

Fox, Julius, acknowledgment to, 14;

explanation of Annual ceremony by, 111-113

Fox, Minnie, acknowledgment to, 14

Fruits, prayer for, 113.

See First fruits

Full moon, Annual ceremony held in, 119-120;

Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152

Future, controlled by guardian spirit, 62;

foretold by visions, 61-62, 79-80, 121;

prayers for, 115.

See Immortality

Game, Mask Being guardian of, 150

Gaʹmuing, native name for Annual ceremony, 109.

See Annual ceremony

General thanksgiving, see Thanksgiving

Genii of places, 51

Ghost dance, rites of, 190-191

Ghosts, as guardian spirits, 54;

bewitchment by, 59

Giant Bear, an evil manĭʹto, 49.

See Great Bear

Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong or Great Spirit, 88.

See Great Spirit

Gickonĭkiʹzho or Gĭckokwiʹta, Unami name of sun, 27.

See Sun

Girls, sacred otter of, 176-179;

vision of Doll Being by, 162-163

Gitctlaʹkan or Thanksgiving ceremony, 139-143

God of day, 28.

See Sun

God of light, 23-24.

See Great Spirit

Goodness, attribute of Great Spirit, 17, 23-24;

definition of, 58;

reward of, 53, 56, 58, 90-92

Gourd rattle at Peyote rite, 188

Grandfather, at the East, 26;

at the North, 26, 48;

at the West, 26;

title of: Four Directions, 193;

Mask, 112;

Tornado, 47;

Fire, 125

Grandmother, at the South, 26;

Pabothʹkwe, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, 20;

title of Doll Being, 164;

title of one of Four Directions, 193

Grandparents at the Four Directions, 26-27

Grand River, Ontario, drumsticks collected at, 130-131;

Mask collected at, 158, 160-161;

Naniʹtis collected at, 168;

version of Minsi ceremony at, 138-143;

worship of Corn Goddess at, 43

Grass, deerskin stuffed with, 123;

drum stuffed with, 154, 165;

strewn for seating guests, 117

Grasshoppers, plague of, 113

“Graven image” of Mask Being, 33.

See Mask, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Grease, annointing with, in Annual ceremony, 105-106

Great Bear, a lesser manĭʹto, 49, 193

Great Father, see Great Spirit

Great Horned Serpents, evil manĭʹtowŭk, 49;

protection against, 29, 193

Great Man, attributes of, 23.

See Great Spirit

Great Spirit or Gicelĕmû‛ʹkaong, concept of, 18-24, 88-92, 192-193;

early writers on, 20-24;

goodness of, 23-24;

guardian spirit sent by, 80, 121;

home of, in east, 109;

home of, in Twelfth Heaven, 19, 31, 52-53, 196;

masks the messengers of, 31, 88, 112-113;

Minsi concept of, 127-128, 133-134;

prayer to, 18, 31, 88-90, 112-113, 136-138, 196;

relation of Mask Being to, 32-33;

remote from individual, 62;

thanks to, at Annual ceremony, 18, 120, 138, 196;

thanks to, at Feast of first fruits, 145;

thanks to, in Peyote rite, 190;

Thunder Beings ministers of, 29;

wampum given by, 122;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;

worship of, at Annual ceremony, 118.

See Pa‛ʹtŭmawas

Guardian spirit, animals as, 49-50, 70, 77, 80;

ants as, 78;

birds as, 78, 80;

buffalo as, 78;

chants explanatory of, 66;

courage derived from, 78-79;

crows as, 69-70;

dead as, 54, 71-72;

ducks as, 67-69, 140;

elements as, 77;

fish as, 78;

given by Great Spirit, 80, 121;

given in visions, 65-66, 194-195;

Mask Being as, 69, 151, 197;

moon as, 78;

Mother Corn as, 70;

owl as, 78;

periodic ceremonies of, 199;

prayer to, in sweathouse, 123-124;

serpent as, 78;

sun as, 76, 78;

supernatural helpers as, 61-63;

Thunder Being as, 74-75;

title of Mother Corn, 43;

vision of, 174-175.

See Thunder Beings, Visions

Ha-a-a, variant of prayer-cry, 108.

See Ho-o-o

Hair, of Mask Being, 33, 158;

of Sun, 27;

of Tornado, 47

Halfmoon, Sun spirit guardian of, 76

Hank, Eunice, Naniʹtis given up by, 169

Happy Hunting Ground or Land of Spirits, 20-21, 52-59, 88, 90-92.

See Heaven

Head, bear’s, ceremonial offering of, 173-175;

of family, duties of, 117;

heads: annointed with red paint, 105;

carved on drumsticks, 101, 139-140, 150, 197;

dropping of, by Comet, 48-49;

stone, of Mask Being, 40-41

Health, Bear cult preserving, 172;

fetishes preserving, 45-46;

Otter cult preserving, 177-179;

god of, 168;

Mask restoring, 34, 36-37, 156-157, 159, 161;

Naniʹtis guardian of, 163-164, 166-171;

prayer for, 134;

supernatural control of, 194.

See Sickness

Heaven, concept of, 20-21, 52-59;

duration of journey to, 88;

Milky Way to, 58;

Peyote road to, 187;

sweeping way to, 88, 107;

visited by preachers, 57;

visited during visions, 189-191.

See Happy Hunting Ground

Heavens, keepers of, 31;

return of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas to, 127-128.

See Happy Hunting Ground, Twelfth heaven

Heckewelder, John, on dreams or visions, 78-80;

on Great Spirit, 21;

on Thunder Beings, 30;

on Unala‛ʹtko, 124

Hell, extraneous concept of, 57

Hemlock-boughs, ceremonial burning of, 133, 144-145

Herb, passed at Peyote rite, 188-189;

herbs: prayers in gathering, 26, 51;

thanks to, 134

Heye Museum, see Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation

Hill, home of Mask Being, 158

Hog, feast of, at Otter ceremony, 176-179;

offering of, 173-175

Hoⁿ-hoⁿ-hoⁿ or cry of Mask Being, 149, 153

Holm, Thomas Campanius, on Evil Spirit, 25;

on Great Spirit, 21

Hominy, at Buffalo dance, 182;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153-154;

offered to Doll Being, 163-164, 166;

offered to Mask Being, 150;

preparation of, for Annual ceremony, 85, 96-97

Ho-o-o, a prayer-cry, at Annual ceremony, 95, 97, 99-100, 103-104, 106-108, 136-138;

at Bear ceremony, 175;

origin of, 112-113

Horses, Mask Being guardian of, 35, 157;

tobacco offered to recover, 35

Hu-hu-hu, cry at Bear ceremony, 174-175

Hu-hu-hu-hu, cry at Otter ceremony, 181

Human heads carved on drumsticks, 101, 139-140, 150, 197

Human skeleton dance, see Skeleton dance

Hunt for Naniʹtis, 171

Hunter at Doll dance, 164

Hunters, Buffalo dance of, 182-183;

of Annual ceremony, 97-101, 108, 110, 117;

of Minsi ceremony, 132, 137;

of MuxhatoLʹzing, 123

Hunting, help of impersonator of Mask Being in, 158;

in Happy Hunting Ground, 56;

prayer before, 134, 137;

supernatural control of, 62, 194;

tobacco offered before, 35, 157

Hweisk-queem, Minsi term for corn, 144.

See Corn

Idol or Mĕsinkʹ, 43.

See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Illegitimacy disregarded in family rites, 116

Images possessing life, 45-47.

See Doll Being, Fetishes

Immortality, belief in, 20-21, 52-60, 195-196

Impersonator, of Mask Being, 34-36, 41-42, 45, 56, 98-99, 138, 150, 152-159;

of Otter, 177-182

Indian corn, see Corn

Indian dictionary, Zeisberger, author, 43

Indians, comments of, on Annual ceremony, 111-115;

United States Census report on, cited, 80

Initiation of boys, 63-64;

Heckewelder on, 78-80.

See Boys, Visions

Iroquois, ceremonial fire-drills of, 86;

masks of, compared with Minsi, 36, 138, 160-161, 198-199;

Planting dance of, 143;

primitive skirt among, 169;

Strawberry dance of, 128, 197

Jesus Christ, Naniʹtis given up for, 170;

road of, 187.

See Christianity, Peyote rite

Jones, Peter, on Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, 46, 168-169;

on Minsi masks, 37-38, 158

Journal of a voyage to New York in 1679-1680, Dankers and Sluyter, authors, 20

June, Minsi Big House ceremony in, 128

Kacheh Munitto, see Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans

Kansas, celebration of Annual ceremony in, 122-124;

Lenape now resident in, 13

Kaʹpyŭ‛hŭm, native name of Isaac Monture, 14, 161

Kaunzhe Pah-tum-owans or Kacheh Munitto, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, 22.

See Great Spirit

Keeper of Mask, general duties of, 34-36, 151;

notification of dance by, 152;

stray stock returned through, 157

Keepers of Four Directions, see Four Directions

Keepers of the Heavens, 31.

See Carved faces, Four Directions

Kĕ‛ʹtanĭtoʹwĕt, ancient Minsi name of Great Spirit, 19, 127.

See Great Spirit

Kickeron or Kickerom, recorded name of Great Spirit in New Jersey, 20

Kĭʹnĭkä or Kĭʹntika, native terms for dance, 115-116

Kiowa, Ghost dance of, 191

Kiʹzho or Kiʹzhox, Minsi name of sun, 27.

See Sun

Kokŭlŭpoʹw‛ʹe, native name of Chief Charley Elkhair, 14.

See Elkhair

Kunuⁿʹxäs, native term for otter-skin, 179.

See Otter ceremony

Kwi, or whoop, concluding dance, 136

Lakes, home of Great Horned Serpents, 49

Lameness caused by ghosts, 59.

See Cripples

Land of Spirits or Tschipeghacki, 58.

See Happy Hunting Ground, Heaven

Leader, of Annual ceremony, 81-82, 92-94, 117, 120;

of Bear cult, 174-175;

of Doll dance, 165;

of Feast of first fruits, 145;

of Minsi ceremony, 133-134;

of Peyote rite, 188-190;

leaders, favored with visions, 195

Leaves, strewn for seating guests, 131

Legend, of Annual ceremony, 111-112;

of Comet, 48-49;

of coming of whites, 121-122;

of Mother Corn, 43.

See Myth

Leggings of Mask impersonator, 34, 41

Lesser manĭʹtowŭk: animal spirits, 49-50;

Bear, 172-176;

Comet, 48-49;

Doll, 45-47, 162-171;

Earth, 28, 89-90;

Great Bear, 49, 193;

Great Horned Serpents, 29, 49, 193;

Keepers of the Heavens, 31;

Mask Being, 32-43, 146-161;

ministers of Great Spirit, 18, 21, 193-194;

Moon, 28;

Mother Corn, 43-44;

of Four Directions, 25-27;

Otter, 50, 176-182;

Snow boy, 48;

Sun, 27-28;

Thunder Beings, 29-31;

Tornado, 47-48

Light, Brinton on concept of, 23-24

Lightning, Flying Wolf’s love of, 75-76;

prayer to avert, 30

Little Caney river, Oklahoma, Big House on banks of, 82

Little People hunted for by children, 49, 193

Living Mask, see Mask, Mask Being

Living Solid Face, see Mask, Mask Being

Logan family, mask delivered up by, 38

Logs, Big House built of, 82;

foot-log to Spirit Land, 54;

seats for Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153

Loskiel, George Henry, on dreams or visions, 78;

on earth, 29;

on Four Directions, 27;

on Great Spirit, 25;

on moon, 28;

on sun, 28;

on twelve gods, 31

Machtuzin, festival in honor of fire, 125-126.

See MuxhatoLʹzing

Maize, see Corn

Manĭʹtowŭk or spirits, belief in, 17-44;

offerings to, 144-145;

thanksgiving to, in Annual ceremony, 89-90.

See Great Spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk

Mannittōs, Heckewelder on, 21.

See Lesser manĭʹtowŭk

Maple, dye from bark of, 141

Marble-like object given to Pokiteʹhemun by guardian spirit, 67

Marsh, Cutting, account of Naniʹtis by, 169-171

Mask, absent from Bear ceremony, 171;

annointing of, 105-106;

as guardian spirit, 151;

called Weopĕʹlakis, 35-36;

carved faces of, in Big House, 42, 83, 88, 148, 150;

healing power of, 34, 37, 156-157, 159, 161;

keeper of, 34-36, 151-152, 157;

painting of, 33-34, 41, 150, 155;

society of Minsi, 36-37, 138, 159-161, 198-199;

Unami myth of, 146-152.

See Mask Being, Masks, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Mask Being or Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, as guardian spirit, 195;

ceremonies of, 197;

cult of, 32-43, 198;

deer herded by, 33, 99;

diseases cured by, 34-35, 156-157, 159, 161;

general duties of, 193;

impersonator of, 34-36, 41-42, 45, 56, 98-99, 138, 150, 152-159;

masks the symbol of, 33, 42, 45, 83, 88, 99, 148, 150;

myth of, 147-152;

relation of Keepers of Heavens to, 31;

vision concerning, 69.

See Mask, Masks, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Masks, of stone, found in New Jersey and vicinity, 38-41;

painting of, 83, 119;

prayer-cry carried by, 31, 112-113;

representing Keepers of the Heavens, 31;

symbols of Mask Being, 33, 42, 45, 83, 88, 99, 148, 150.

See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Master of Ceremonies, see Leader

May, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152

Meals served by aʹckas, 110-111, 118

Medicine, from tooth of Great Bear, 49;

prayer to Four Directions in making, 26

Medicine-man, see Shaman

Mediumship, belief in, 54-55, 196

Meeting-house of Mask society, 159

Men, black symbolizing, 140-141;

drumsticks representing, 101, 130-131

Menses, women in, taboo, 62-63, 88, 133, 197

Mĕsinkʹ or idol, 43.

See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Messengers of Great Spirit, 31, 88.

See Four Directions

Messingq, Adams on dance of, 155-156.

See Mask, Mask Being, Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Me Zeengk, name given by Peter Jones to Miziʹnk, 38.

See Miziʹnk

Milky Way, the road to Heaven, 58

Miniature masks or charms, 36, 42-43

Minsi or Muncey, a tribe of the Lenape, 13;

archaic heaven of, 54;

belief of, in Great Spirit, 19, 127, 133-134;

belief of, in plant spirits, 51;

Big House of, 128-132;

Mask impersonator absent from, 138;

carved faces in, 129-130, 151;

ceremonies of, compared with Unami, 127-145, 196-200;

ceremonies of, to Mother Corn, 43;

chants of, referring to visions, 72-77;

Doll Being of, 45-47, 162, 166-171;

Feast of first fruits of, 144-145;

guardian spirits of, 72-77;

kĭʹntika or dance of, 116;

Mask of, 36-38, 158-161;

Mask society of, 138, 159-161, 198-199;

mediumship among, 54-55;

proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125;

Thanksgiving ceremony of, 138-143

Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, dance of, 152-156.

See Mask, Minsi mask

Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, Unami name for Mask Being, 32.

See Mask Being

Mĭsingkĭʹnĭkä, Unami name for Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 152.

See Mĭsiʹngʷ‛

Missionary teaching, concept of Great Spirit not due to, 19-20.

See Christianity

Miziʹnk, Minsi form of Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 158.

See Mask society, Minsi mask

Mizinkhâliʹkŭn, Minsi form of Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, 36.

See Mask Being

Mizinkĭʹntĭka or dance of Mask society, 159

Mkäähiʹgŭn, Minsi term for painted sticks, 140.

See Sticks

Moccasins, burned to deflect Tornado, 47;

made for Naniʹtis, 167;

made of ceremonial deerskins, 108

Monture, Chief Nellis, acknowledgment to, 14

Monture, Isaac, acknowledgment to, 14;

Minsi mask bought from, 161

Moon, or mound, at Peyote rite, 186-187;

or Piskeʹwenikiʹzho: as guardian spirit, 78;

concept of, 28;

duties of, 193;

wailing to, 145;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142.

See Full moon

Moral code, at Annual ceremony, 58, 90-92;

at Feast of first fruits, 144;

at Minsi Annual ceremony, 133-134, 137;

at Peyote rite, 186-190

Mortar made of mud, 85

Mortar, peyote crushed in, 188

Mother, title of earth, 28, 89-90, 193;

title of Naniʹtis, 170-171

Mother Corn, as guardian spirit, 70, 195;

attributes of, 43-44, 51

Mound, ceremonial, in Peyote rite, 186-187

Mountains, home of Mask Being, 33, 147;

home of Thunder Beings, 30

Moxhomsaʹ Eliosiʹgak or Grandfather at the West, 26

Moxhomsaʹ Lowaneʹyŭng‛ or Grandfather at the North, 26

Moxhomsaʹ Wähänjioʹpŭng‛ or Grandfather at the East, 26

Mud, ceremonial mortar made of, 85

“Muncey devil idol” or mask, 38.

See Mask

“Muncey John” Henry, Sun spirit guardian of, 76

Munceytown, Ontario, drowning near, 55;

masks of, 158;

Minsi ceremony at, 127-138

Munsey, see Minsi

Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, masks in, 36;

paraphernalia of Otter ceremony in, 176;

researches of, 15

Music, see Drum, Singers, Singing

Musselshells used as spoons at feast, 97

MuxhatoLʹzing form of Annual ceremony, 123-124.

See Machtuzin

Myth, of Bear ceremony, 172;

of Doll Being, 162-163;

of Minsi Annual ceremony, 127-128;

of Otter, 176-179;

of Thunder, 30.

See Legend

Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, Peter Jones on, 168-169.

See Naniʹtis

Naniʹtis, account of, by Rev. Cutting Marsh, 169-171;

ceremonies of, 166-171;

feeding of, 167-168;

in E. T. Tefft collection, 168-169;

Minsi term for Doll Being, 45-47, 162.

See Doll Being

Na‛nkŭmaʹoxa, native name of Michael Anthony, 139, 140.

See Anthony, Michael

Nanticoke, proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125;

Skeleton dance of, 183-184

Nature, how regarded, 17, 23.

See Great Spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk, Offering, Prayer

Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun or Ween-da-much-teen, Minsi term for Feast of first fruits, 145

New fire, ceremony of, 196;

making of, 101.

See Fire

New Jersey, early writers on Lenape in, 20;

Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13;

Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41

New York, Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13

’Ngammuin, or feast, described by Zeisberger, 109.

See Annual ceremony

Niagara gorge, home of Thunders, 30

Nicholas, Joe, Mask delivered up by, 38

Night sun, see Moon

No‛ʹoma Cawaneʹyŭng‛ or Grandmother at the South, 26

North, ceremonial significance of, 93, 103, 108, 119, 147;

manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-26;

thanksgiving to, 89

North American tribes, belief in visions among, 61

October, Annual ceremony held in, 81, 119-120

O‛ʹdas, Unami term for Doll Being, 46, 162.

See Doll Being

O‛ʹdas-kĭʹnĭkä, Unami term for Doll dance, 163.

See Doll Being

Offering, of bear’s fat, 117-118, 134;

of bear’s flesh to Corn Goddess, 44;

of deer to Doll Being, 163;

of doe to Naniʹtis, 168-169;

of first fruits, 115, 144-145;

of food to dead, 52, 195-196;

of hog to Otter, 173;

of hominy to Doll Being, 163-164, 166;

of hominy to Mask Being, 150;

of moccasins to avert tornado, 47;

of tobacco: on behalf of hunters, 98-99;

to Bear, 172;

to fire, 126;

to Four Directions, 26;

to Mask, 34, 35, 151, 157;

to Mask impersonator, 153, 156;

to Otter, 177;

to Thunder Beings, 29;

of wampum to deer, 123;

offerings: at Annual ceremony, 117-118;

to genii, 51;

to guardian spirit, 62;

to Mask, 43;

to Naniʹtis, 45-46;

to Snow boy, 48.

See Propitiation, Sacrifice

Officers of Annual ceremony, 84-85;

payment of, 110-111, 121

Ohio, Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41

Oklahoma, ancestry of Lenape now in, 124-125;

Annual ceremony celebrated in, 81-111, 119-122, 130, 138;

Lenape now resident in, 13;

primitive skirts worn in, 169;

worship of Corn Goddess in, 43

One‛ʹtko or Nanticoke, 183.

See Nanticoke

Ontario, Canada, Lenape now resident in, 13;

mediumship reported in, 55;

Minsi ceremonies in, 43, 127-145.

See Grand River, Munceytown

Oⁿ-oⁿ-oⁿ, prayer-cry of Mask society, 159

Opiʹna or blessing granted by guardian spirits, 65-66.

See Blessing

Orientation, as to fire, 101, 119-120;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;

in offerings, 98;

in Peyote rite, 186-187;

in praying, 100, 108, 109, 122, 137;

in visions, 74, 147, 149;

of carved faces, 83;

of ceremonial cooking, 85, 182, 187;

of entrance and exit, 119, 131-132, 144-145;

of heaven, 54, 56;

of rattles, 103, 120;

of seating, 93, 119, 131;

of thanksgiving, 89.

See East, North, South, West

Origin, of Bear ceremony, 172;

of Mask, 33, 146-152;

of Minsi Annual ceremony, 127-138;

of Naniʹtis, 166-167;

of Otter ceremony, 176-179;

of Peyote rite, 185, 199

Otter, ceremony of, 176-183, 199;

power from, 50

Otter-skin, regalia of, 177-182

Our Mother, title of Earth, 28

Owl as guardian spirit, 78, 195

Pabookowaih, god of health, 168-169

Pabothʹkwe, Great Spirit of the Shawnee, 20

Paint, on carved faces, 83, 119;

on drumsticks, symbolism of, 140, 141;

on face of Mask Being, 33, 41, 150, 155;

on face of Muncey John, 76;

on face of Sun, 27;

on sticks used in Minsi ceremony, 131, 139-141.

See Black, Red

Paint-dish of bark in Annual ceremony, 105-106

Paintings by Ernest Spybuck, 14

Pakŭⁿdiʹgŭn or carved drumsticks, 101.

See Drumsticks

Pantheon of the Lenape, 17-44.

See Great Spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk, Manĭʹtowŭk

Papasokwi‛ʹlŭn, Unami name for Bear ceremony, 171.

See Bear ceremony

Paradise, see Happy Hunting Ground

Parents, kindness to, rewarded, 57;

meeting with, in Heaven, 53, 91

Partridges, Thunders in form of, 30

Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, Minsi name for Great Spirit, 19, 127;

Minsi worship of, 133-134.

See Great Spirit

Payment of officers and attendants at ceremonies, 97, 99, 104, 106-111, 118, 121, 152-154, 164, 172-173, 179.

See Wampum

Peacemaker, Mask Being so considered, 156

Pebbles in tortoise-shell rattle, 118, 120

Penn, William, on Annual ceremony, 115-116;

on concept of soul, 56;

on Great Spirit, 20-21

Pennsylvania, Annual ceremony in, 130;

Lenape first encountered in, by whites, 13;

Lenape stone masks found in, 38-41

Petaʹnĭhink, native name of Julius Fox, 14.

See Fox, Julius

Pethakoweʹyuk or Thunder Beings, 29.

See Thunder Beings

Pets, cult of, 198;

spirits of, 172, 176

Peyote, rite, 185-196, 199;

road, 187, 189-190

Pheasant, Monroe, acknowledgment to, 14

Phratries or totemic groups: prayers of, 104;

rituals among, 81-82, 108-109, 119-120;

Turkey, in Bear cult, 175;

Wolf: Bear cult of, 172;

Skeleton dance of, 183-184

“Picking berries” or wampum, 100

Pileʹswak or Pileʹsoak, Minsi name of Thunder Beings, 30.

See Thunder Beings

PileʹswaL pewaʹlatcil or in league with Thunders, 76

Piʹlsŭⁿ or pure, otter, 176-177;

visions vouchsafed to, 62-63, 112-114

Piskeʹwenikiʹzho or night sun, 28.

See Moon

Placation of spirits, 194.

See Offering, Prayer

Places, genii of, 51

Plants, as guardian spirits, 195;

spirits of, 17, 51, 118, 125, 194;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Poisons, fare of wicked, 58-59

Pokiteʹhemun or George Wilson, vision of, 67-69

Poles, deer hung on, 100-101, 164;

deerskin hung on, 129-130, 144;

in Fire festival, 125;

in Minsi Big House, 131, 140;

meat hung on, 173;

representing twelve manĭʹtowŭk, 125;

used in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;

venison hung on, 121.

See Four Directions, Posts

Pontifical garb of impersonator of Mask Being, 41.

See Costume

Poor, deerskins given to, 108-109

Posts, of Big House, carved faces on, 31, 42, 83, 106, 119, 148;

of Minsi Big House, 129-130.

See Central post, Poles, Sticks

Potatoes, offering of, 144

Power, derived from guardian spirit, 50, 66, 78-79;

from vision, 54, 140, 147-148, 175, 194-195.

See Blessing

Powŭniʹgŭn or deerskin drum, 94-95.

See Drum

Prayer, at conclusion of Annual ceremony, 106-109, 122, 197;

at Minsi ceremony, 133-134, 136-138, 197;

at Thanksgiving ceremony, 142;

carried by Masks, 112;

for hunters, 99-100;

of Bear ceremony, 174;

of phratry, 104;

to buck, 126;

to Corn Goddess, 43-44;

to Doll Being, 164-165;

to Earth, 29;

to Four Directions, 26;

to Great Spirit, 18, 31, 88-90, 196;

to guardian spirits, 62, 124;

to Mask, on behalf of hunters, 98;

to Mask Being, 149;

to Thunder Beings, 29-30;

to Tornado, 47;

universal benefit of, 113-115;

while gathering herbs, 26, 51.

See Prayer-cry

Prayer-cry, at Minsi ceremony, 136-137;

carried by Masks, 31, 88, 112-113;

of women, 175.

See Ho-o-o

Prayer-meeting of the ducks, 67

Prayer-men at Annual ceremony, 99-100, 104

Prayer sticks or ma‛tehiʹgun at Annual ceremony, 103;

annointing of, 106

Preachers, native, reported by Zeisberger, 57

Prince of Darkness, 25.

See Evil Spirit

Prophecy of coming of white men, 121.

See Future, Visions

Propitiation to prevent misfortune, 199.

See Offering, Prayer

Pump-drill, ceremonial fire made with, 86, 101;

in Minsi ceremony, 131-132

Pumpkins, offering of, 144

Purification, by emetics, 57, 64, 79;

by sacrifice, 144-145;

by smoke, 105, 133, 144-145, 197;

by stripes, 58;

necessary to vision, 194.

See Piʹlsŭⁿ

Purple and white beads, 141

Pw‛awaheʹgŭn, Minsi term for drum, 140.

See Drum

Pw‛awaheʹgŭnŭk, Minsi term for drumsticks, 140.

See Drumsticks

Rain, charms for bringing, 49;

caused by Thunder, 89;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Rattles, of box-tortoise shell: at Annual ceremony, 92, 94-96, 103-104, 106, 118, 120;

at Bear ceremony, 174-175;

at Feast of first fruits, 145;

at Minsi ceremony, 131, 135-136;

at Otter ceremony, 180-181;

at Planting dance, 143;

at Thanksgiving ceremony, 143;

of gourd, at Peyote rite, 188;

of Mask impersonator, 34, 38, 42, 150, 155, 159

Red, and black, faces painted with, in Big House, 83, 119;

and black, Mask painted with, 33, 41, 150, 155;

ceremonial painting with, 105-106;

feathers in Sun’s hair, 27;

symbolizing women, 140-141

Red alder, bark of, used as dye, 141

Religion, see Belief

Road-man or speaker of Peyote rite, 188

Road to heaven, in Peyote rite, 187, 189-190;

Milky Way, 58;

sweeping of, 88, 107

Rocks, home of Mask Being, 36-37, 158

River, dividing earth from Spirit country, 54;

James Wolf’s dream of, 72-73

Rivers, home of Great Horned Serpents, 49

Sacrifice, by family, 116-118;

cleansing by, from sin, 144-145.

See Offering

Sand, tracks of Little People in, 49

Säʹpan or mush, repast of, at Annual ceremony, 96

Sarcoxie, John, Annual ceremony conducted by, 122-124

Seating, at Annual ceremony, 93, 117, 119;

at Doll dance, 164;

at Minsi ceremony, 131;

at Peyote rite, 188

Secondine, guardian spirits of, 71-72

Seneca, Planting dance of, 143

Serpent as guardian spirit, 78

Sexiʹkiminsi, Minsi name of soft maple, 42

Shaman, originator of Naniʹtis cult, 166-167

Shawnee, concept of Great Spirit among, 20;

Ernest Spybuck, a native, 14

Shooting by hunters, 100, 117

Shooting star, see Comet

Sickness, caused:

by ghosts, 59;

by loss of bear, 172;

by neglect of rites, 171;

by otter, 177-179;

cured:

by Mask Being, 34-35, 156-157;

by Naniʹtis, 166-167;

propitiation to prevent, 199.

See Disease

Silver brooches worn by Naniʹtis, 170

Sin, cleansing from, by sacrifice, 144-145.

See Evil

Singers, at Annual ceremony, 85, 94-96, 100, 115, 118, 120;

at Bear cult, 175;

at Buffalo dance, 182-183;

at Doll dance, 164;

at Feast of first fruits, 144;

at Minsi ceremony, 130;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 154-155;

at Skeleton dance, 184.

See Chant

Singing, at festival of Machtuzin, 126;

at Ghost dance, 191;

at Peyote rite, 189;

at Otter ceremony, 180-181;

in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;

of vision: at Annual ceremony, 95-96;

in Big House, 148;

in Minsi ceremony, 140.

See Chant

Sister Corn, see Mother Corn

Six months, purification at end of, 144-145

Six Nations’ reserve, Thanksgiving ceremony on, 139-143

Skeleton dance, rites of, 183-184

Skirt, primitive, 169

Sky, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Sluyter, Peter, and Dankers, Jaspar, on Great Spirit, 20

Smoke, purification by, 105, 133, 144-145, 197

Smoking, at Annual ceremony, 95-96

Snakes, bag full of, 35, 153

Snow Boy, attributes of, 48, 193

Society of mask owners, 37.

See Mask

Soft maple, bark of, used as dye, 141

Son of God, concept of, 57.

See Jesus Christ

Songs, see Chant, Singers, Singing

Sorrow inducing visions, 64-65

Souls, immortality of, 52-60, 195-196;

nature of, 90;

of animals, 50;

transmigration of, 59

South, ceremonial significance of, 93, 108, 119-120, 122, 147;

manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-26;

significance of, in vision, 74;

thanksgiving to, 89

Southeast, ceremonial significance of, 120

Southward, the direction of Heaven, 54, 56

Southwest, Heaven of Minsi located in, 54

Speaker, at Annual ceremony, 85, 87-92, 98, 107-108, 110, 120;

at Doll dance, 164-165;

at Minsi ceremony, 133-134;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 153-154;

at Peyote rite, 188;

at Thanksgiving ceremony, 141-142

Speech, at Annual ceremony, 87-92, 98;

at Doll dance, 164;

at Feast of first fruits, 145;

at Minsi ceremony, 133-134

Spirit, of corn, 43;

of light, 23-24;

of otter, 50, 176;

of peyote, 187, 189-190;

of sun as guardian, 76;

within earth, 28-29

Spirit road, see Peyote road

Spirits, animal, as guardians, 49-50;

land of, 52-54;

lesser, 194;

of animals, 118, 125;

of dead, as guardians, 71-72;

of plants, 17, 51, 118, 125;

of stones, 17, 51;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;

wigwams of, 54.

See Guardian spirit, Lesser manĭʹtowŭk, Souls

Spoons, of bark in Minsi ceremony, 131, 137;

musselshells as, 97

Spring, ceremony of Mask Being in, 35;

Minsi ceremony in, 128, 197;

Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance in, 152-156;

thanksgiving in, 89, 139;

thunder in, 29

Spring dance of Weopĕʹlakis, 36.

see Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance

Spring Flying Things, See Thunder Beings

Spybuck, Ernest, acknowledgment to, 14

Squashes, offering of, 144;

thanks to, 134

Staff at Peyote rite, 187, 189

Stamp or Stomp dance, 119.

See Annual ceremony

Stars, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Steam carrying prayers, 124

Stick, of Mask impersonator, 34, 150, 155;

sticks: as invitations to ceremony, 132;

at Peyote rite, 187;

beating by, 58;

carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128;

transformed into fetishes, 162;

used in Minsi ceremony, 131, 139-141

Stockbridge Mission, documents of, 170

Stockings, bearskin, of Mask impersonator, 41.

See Leggings

Stone masks found in New Jersey and vicinity, 38-41

Stones, spirits of, 17, 51

Strachey, William, on concept of Four Winds, 26-27

Strawberries, ceremonial drink of, 134;

in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;

Minsi ceremony in time of, 128

Strawberry dance of Iroquois, 128, 197

Streams and waters, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Strings of wampum, symbolism of, 141-142

Stripes, purification by, 58

Sumach sticks, carried by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128;

in Minsi ceremony, 131

Sun or Gĭckokwiʹta, as guardian spirit, 76, 78, 195;

Brainerd on concept of, 22;

concept of, 27-28;

duties of, 193;

Peyote road toward, 187, 190;

salutation of, 190;

souls in, 59;

turning toward west, 132;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Supernatural helpers or guardian spirits, 61-63.

See Guardian spirit

Supreme Being, see Great Spirit

Survival of the soul, see Immortality

Susquehanna river, rites of Annual ceremony on, 152;

rites of Mask Being on, 41-42

Sweathouse, described by Zeisberger, 125-126;

of MuxhatoLʹzing, 123-124

Sweating-oven, see Sweathouse

Sweeping, ceremonial, of Big House, 87-88, 107, 120, 133, 197;

around fires, 121

Taboos prescribed to be piʹlsŭⁿ, 62-63

Taleʹgunŭk or singers at Annual ceremony, 85.

See Singers

Taxoʹxi cowŭniʹgŭn or tortoise-shell rattle, 94.

See Rattles

Tayenoʹxwan, native name of Chief James Wolf, 14.

See Wolf, Chief James

Tefft, E. T., ethnological collection of, 15;

Naniʹtis in, 168-169;

Minsi mask in, 38

Temple, see Big House

Thames river, Ontario, locating a body in, 55

Thanksgiving, at Minsi ceremony, 134;

carved heads symbolic of, 140;

Minsi ceremonies of, 115, 139-145, 197;

to Great Spirit at ceremonies, 18, 120, 138, 145, 190, 196;

to manĭʹtowŭk, 89-90;

to Mĭsiʹngʷ‛, 152-156;

to Mother Corn, 43

Thirteen ceremonial wampum strings, 141-142

Three, bands of thunders, 30;

days, women interdicted during, 120;

phratries, rituals of, 119-120;

tribes of Lenape, 13

Thunder and rain, wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Thunder Beings or Pethakoweʹyuk, as guardian spirits, 74-75, 195;

attributes of, 29-31, 193;

thanksgiving to, 89

Thunders-in-league-with or PilesʹwaL pewaʹlatcil, 76

Timothy, Chief Nellis F., account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, 127-138;

acknowledgment to, 14;

on Mask society, 159

Tipi, use of, in Peyote rite, 186, 188

Tobacco, ceremonial begging of, 160;

offered: on behalf of hunters, 98-99;

to bear, 172;

to fire, 126;

to Four Directions, 26;

to impersonator of Mask Being, 153, 156;

to Mask, 34, 35, 151, 157;

to otter, 177;

to Thunder Beings, 29;

to Tornado, 47;

smoked at Annual ceremony, 95-96

Tomapemihiʹlat, native name of Chief Nellis F. Timothy, 14.

See Timothy, Chief Nellis F.

Tomb of Christ at Peyote rite, 186-187

Tooth of Great Bear, medicine made from, 49

Tornado, attributes of, 47-48

Tortoise-shell rattle, at Annual ceremony, 94-96, 118, 120;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;

of Mask impersonator, 42.

See Rattles

Totemic groups, see Phratries

Toys, cult of, 198.

See Doll Being, Fetishes

Transmigration of souls, 59

Trees, Mask Being akin to, 112;

gift of the Great Spirit, 18;

shattered by Thunder Beings, 29;

thanks to, 134

Tschipeghacki or Land of Spirits, 58.

See Happy Hunting Ground

Tuⁿdaʹi wäheⁿʹji manĭʹtowŭk or fire-maker of the manĭʹtos, 101

Turkey phratry at Annual ceremony, 82, 104, 119;

part of, in Bear cult, 175

Turkey-wings, Big House swept with, 87, 120, 133

Turtle phratry, leader of Annual ceremony, 82, 104, 119-120

Turtle-rattles, at Annual ceremony, 92, 94-96, 103-104, 118, 120;

at Feast of first fruits, 145;

at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;

at Otter ceremony, 180-181;

at Thanksgiving ceremony, 143;

in ceremonies of Mask society, 159;

in Bear cult, 174-175;

in Minsi ceremony, 131, 135-136;

of Mask impersonator, 34, 38, 150, 155, 159.

See Rattles

Twelfth, day, soul reaches heaven, 196;

heaven, home of Great Spirit, 19, 31, 52, 107, 112, 192, 196;

night in Annual ceremony, 105-106;

prayer-cry reaching Great Spirit, 136-138;

stick, dropping of, by Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128

Twelve, benefactors, Corn Goddess among, 43;

carved faces, 83, 88, 106, 112;

celebrants, 125-126;

ceremonial sweepings, 107;

ceremonial use of, 197;

concluding prayers, 106-107;

days, before burial, 184;

days, duration of ceremonies, 82, 119-120, 128;

days, ghosts linger near earth, 52, 54;

days, period of boys’ fast, 64;

deer at Feast of first fruits, 144;

deer for Minsi ceremony, 132;

emetics, as purification, 57;

gods or masks, 31;

heavens, 31;

in Fire festival, 125-126;

members of Mask society, 159;

months, duration of earthquake, 149;

nights, duration of Annual ceremony, 88, 107;

offerings of tobacco, 98;

pipes, in Fire festival, 126;

prayer-cries, 97, 104, 136;

prayersticks at Annual ceremony, 103;

repetitions of dance, 154, 165;

repetitions of prayer, 19, 108-109, 136-138;

sticks, penance of beating by, 58;

sticks used in Minsi ceremony, 131;

stones, altar laid on, 115;

stones in sweating-oven, 125;

sumach sticks of Pa‛ʹtŭmawas, 127-128;

sweepings of ceremonial fire, 88;

years, age of initiation for boys, 63;

years before reaching Heaven, 88

Unalachtigo, see Unala‛ʹtko

Unala‛ʹtko, a Lenape tribe, now merged, 13;

proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125

Unami, a Lenape tribe now mainly resident in Oklahoma, 13;

ceremonies of, compared with Minsi, 196-200;

chants of, referring to vision, 67-72;

cult of Mask Being among, 32-43, 146-158, 198;

Doll Being of, 45-47, 162-166;

form of Annual ceremony, 81-111;

proportion of, in Lenape, 124-125

United States Census report on Indians, cited, 80

Vegetables, offering of, 144;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142

Vegetation controlled by Corn spirit, 193

Venison, feast of, at Doll dance, 166;

feast of, at Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;

feast of, at Minsi ceremony, 137;

provision of, for Annual ceremony, 85, 121;

women’s share in, 106

Virginia, concept of Four Directions in, 26-27

Visions, Adams on, 80;

as prophecies, 121;

Brainerd on, 77;

chanting of, at Otter ceremony, 181;

communication by, with Spirit world, 59-63, 194-195;

decline of, 112-113;

fortuitous, 64-65;

Heaven visited in, 189-191;

Heckewelder on, 78-80;

induced by peyote, 186, 188-190;

initiation of boys to induce, 63-64, 92;

leaders blessed with, 132;

Loskiel on, 78;

Minsi examples of, 72-77;

of Doll Being, 162-163;

power given by, 54;

recital of: at Annual ceremony, 95-96, 118, 121, 196;

at Feast of first fruits, 145;

at Minsi ceremony, 135-136, 139-140;

at MuxhatoLʹzing, 123-124;

at various rites, 148, 199;

referring to Skeleton dance, 184;

Unami examples of, 67-72;

Zeisberger on, 77-78.

See Chant, Guardian spirit

Vomiting, 176.

See Emetics

Wampum, adorning leader at Otter ceremony, 174;

buried, at Feast of first fruits, 144;

given by Great Spirit, 122;

given to vision teller, 135;

giving of, at Annual ceremony, 109;

offered to deer, 123;

owners of rattles paid in, at Annual ceremony, 104;

payment in, at Doll dance, 164;

payment of attendants in, at Annual ceremony, 106-109, 118, 121, 172-173, 179;

payment of impersonator in, 152-154;

payment of officers in, at Annual ceremony, 97, 99-100, 110-111, 121;

symbolic use of, 141-143;

valuation of, 111

Wampum, John, see Chief Waubuno

War, comet a presage of, 48-49;

success in, due to guardian spirit, 62

Washita river, Oklahoma, Caddo on, 185;

Ghost dance from region of, 190-191

W‛aʹtekan or Minsi Big House, 128.

See Minsi Big House

Water-drum, at Ghost dance, 191;

at Peyote rite, 188

Water monsters, see Great Horned Serpents

Waters, gift of Great Spirit, 18

Ween-da-much-teen, see Nee-shaw-neechk-togho-quanoo-maun

Wemĕĕleʹxkwĕ, native name of Minnie Fox, 14.

See Fox, Minnie

Weopĕʹlakis, name for mask of Unami, 35-36.

See Mask

West, ceremonial significance of, 83, 85, 93, 98, 100, 101, 121-122, 131-132, 137, 145, 155, 182, 187;

Grandfather at, 26;

thanksgiving to, 89

Whiskey introduced by the whites, 24

White, and black duck as guardian spirit, 67, 140;

and purple beads, 141;

buckskin, skeleton wrapped in, 184

Whites, devil and whiskey introduced by, 24;

fairies and elves of, 49;

Lenape children reared like, 63, 112-113;

Lenape first encountered by, 13;

religious concepts derived from, 57;

vision or dream regarding, 121

Whoop, concluding dance, 136;

in recital of vision, 95

“Wife,” corn spoken of as, 44

Wigwams of the spirits, 54

Wild, animals: Mask Being guardian of, 33, 99, 193;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142;

things, Powers Above guardians of, 177

Wilson, Ghost dance introduced by, 190-191

Wilson, George, see Pokiteʹhemun

Wilson, John, Peyote cult introduced by, 185

Wind, prayer-cry derived from, 112

Winds, attributes of, 193;

manĭʹtowŭk of, 25-27;

wampum string symbolizing, 141-142.

See Four Directions

Wings, of Thunder Beings, 29, 193;

of Tornado, 47;

used to sweep Big House, 87, 120, 133

Winter, Minsi Big House ceremony in, 128

Wisconsin Historical Collections, account of Naniʹtis in, 169-171

Wisconsin, Lenape now resident in, 13

Witchcraft, dreams revealing, 77-78;

of ghosts, 59

Wito‛ʹpi, Minsi term for red alder, 141

Wolf as guardian spirit, 195

Wolf, Chief James, account of Minsi Annual ceremony by, 127-138;

acknowledgment to, 14;

dream-vision of, 72-73;

mediumship of, 55;

on Evil Spirit, 24;

on Mask Being, 36;

on Naniʹtis, 166-168;

on sun, 27;

on thunder myth, 30

Wolf men, see Wolves

Wolf phratry, at Annual ceremony, 94, 104, 119;

Bear cult of, 172;

Skeleton dance of, 183-184

Wolves, Flying Wolf’s vision of, 73-75

Women, drumsticks representing, 101, 130-131;

forbidden in Bear cult, 174;

in Happy Hunting Ground, 58;

in menses, 62-63, 88, 133, 197;

intercourse with, forbidden, 120;

keepers of Naniʹtis, 46;

night of, in Annual ceremony, 105-106;

part of: in Annual ceremony, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 108-109, 117-118;

in ceremony of Naniʹtis, 167-168;

in Doll dance, 165;

in Feast of first fruits, 144;

in Mĭsiʹngʷ‛ dance, 155;

in Otter ceremony, 179;

prayer of, at Bear ceremony, 175;

prayer of, for crops, 44;

red symbolizing, 140-141;

separate seating of, in Annual ceremony, 93;

share of, in venison, 106;

visions granted to, 65

Worship, of Corn Goddess, 43-44;

of elements, 29-31;

of Mask Being, 35;

of sun, 28.

See Annual ceremony, Offering, Prayer

Wounds, medicine for healing, 49

Wry mouth of Mask Being, 42

Wsinkhoalican, Zeisberger’s term for Mĭsinghâliʹkŭn, 42.

See Mask Being

Xiʹngwikan or Big House, 82, 148.

See Big House

Zeisberger, David, on Annual ceremony, 116-118, 130;

on Bear ceremony, 175-176;

on concept of soul, 57-59;

on Corn Goddess, 44;

on dreams or visions, 77-78;

on Evil Spirit, 25;

on Great Spirit, 21;

on Masks, 42-43;

on prayer, 109;

on Thunder Beings, 30;

on variant of Annual ceremony, 125-126