Psychology
- Subtitle
- A study of mental life
Read Psychology by Robert Sessions Woodworth online. Browse the complete text, chapters and notes.
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Table of contents
1. Front matter2. Header 23. A STUDY OF MENTAL LIFE4. PREFACE5. CHAPTER I WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS AND DOES THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE SCIENCE, ITS PROBLEMS AND ITS METHODS6. Varieties of Psychology7. Psychology as Related to Other Sciences8. The Science of Consciousness9. The Science of Behavior10. Introspection11. Objective Observation12. General Laws of Psychological Investigation.13. Summary and Attempt at a Definition14. EXERCISES15. REFERENCES16. CHAPTER II REACTIONS REFLEXES AND OTHER ELEMENTARY FORMS OF REACTION, AND HOW THE NERVES OPERATE IN CARRYING THEM OUT17. The Reaction Time Experiment18. Reflex Action19. The Nerves in Reflex Action20. Internal Construction of the Nerves and Nerve Centers21. The Synapse22. COÖRDINATION23. Reactions in General24. EXERCISES25. REFERENCES26. CHAPTER III REACTIONS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS HOW SENSATIONS, PERCEPTIONS AND THOUGHTS MAY BE CONSIDERED AS FORMS OF INNER RESPONSE, AND HOW THESE HIGHER REACTIONS ARE RELATED IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE SIMPLER RESPONSES OF THE REFLEX LEVEL.27. Different Sorts of Stimuli28. The Motor Centers, Lower and Higher29. How The Brain Produces Muscular Movements30. Facilitation and Inhibition31. Super-motor Centers in the Cortex32. Speech Centers33. The Auditory Centers34. The Visual Centers35. Cortical Centers for the Other Senses36. Lower Sensory Centers37. The Cerebellum38. Different Levels of Reaction39. EXERCISES40. REFERENCES41. CHAPTER IV TENDENCIES TO REACTION HOW MOTIVES INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR, AND HOW THEY FIT INTO A PSYCHOLOGY WHICH SEEKS TO ANALYZE BEHAVIOR INTO REACTIONS.42. Purposive Behavior43. Organic States that Influence Behavior44. Preparation for Action45. Preparatory Reactions46. What the Preparatory Reactions Accomplish47. What a Tendency Is, in Terms of Nerve Action48. Motives49. EXERCISES50. REFERENCES51. CHAPTER V NATIVE AND ACQUIRED TRAITS SOME RESPONSES ARE PROVIDED BY NATURE, WHILE OTHERS HAVE TO BE LEARNED BY EXPERIENCE52. The Source of Native Traits53. Reactions Appearing at Birth Must Be Native54. Reactions That Cannot Be Learned Must Be Native55. Experimental Detection of Native Reactions56. Is Walking Native or Acquired?57. Universality as a Criterion of Native Reactions58. Some Native Traits Are Far from Being Universal59. Why Acquired Traits Differ from One Individual to Another60. What Mental Traits Are Native?61. EXERCISES62. REFERENCES63. CHAPTER VI INSTINCT CONDUCT AS DETERMINED BY NATIVE REACTION-TENDENCIES64. The Difference Between an Instinct and a Reflex65. An Instinct Is a Native Reaction-Tendency66. Fully and Partially Organized Instincts67. Instincts Are Not Ancestral Habits68. Instincts Not Necessarily Useful in the Struggle for Existence69. The So-called Instincts of Self-preservation and of Reproduction70. EXERCISES71. REFERENCES72. CHAPTER VII EMOTION VARIOUS ORGANIC STATES, AND THE CONSCIOUS STATES THAT GO WITH THEM73. Organic States That Are Not Usually Classed as Emotions74. How These Organic States Differ from Regular Emotions75. The Organic State in Anger76. Glandular Responses During Emotion77. The Nerves Concerned in Internal Emotional Response78. The Emotional State as a Preparatory Reaction79. "Expressive Movements," Another Sort of Preparatory Reactions80. Do Sensations of These Various Preparatory Reactions Constitute the Conscious State of Emotion?81. The James-Lange Theory of the Emotions82. Emotion and Impulse83. Emotion Sometimes Generates Impulse84. Emotion and Instinct85. The Higher Emotions86. EXERCISES87. REFERENCES88. CHAPTER VIII INVENTORY OF HUMAN INSTINCTS AND PRIMARY EMOTIONS A LIST OF THE NATIVE STOCK OF TENDENCIES AND OF THE EMOTIONS THAT SOMETIMES GO WITH THEM.89. Classification90. Responses to Organic Needs91. Instinctive Responses to Other Persons92. The Play Instincts93. EXERCISES94. REFERENCES95. CHAPTER IX THE FEELINGS PLEASANTNESS AND UNPLEASANTNESS, AND OTHER STATES OF FEELINGS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON BEHAVIOR96. Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Are Simple Feelings97. Feeling-Tone of Sensations98. Theories of Feelings99. Sources of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness100. Primary Likes and Dislikes101. Other Proposed Elementary Feelings102. EXERCISES103. REFERENCES104. CHAPTER X SENSATION AN INVENTORY OF THE ELEMENTARY SENSATIONS OF THE DIFFERENT SENSES105. The Sense Organs106. Analysis of Sensations107. The Skin Senses108. The Sense of Taste109. The Sense of Smell110. Organic Sensation111. The Sense of Sight112. Simpler Forms of the Color Sense113. Visual Sensations as Related to the Stimulus114. Color Mixing115. What Are the Elementary Visual Sensations?116. Theories of Color Vision117. Adaptation118. Rod and Cone Vision119. After-Images120. Contrast121. The Sense of Hearing122. Comparison of Sight and Hearing123. Theory of Hearing124. Senses of Bodily Movement125. EXERCISES126. REFERENCES127. CHAPTER XI ATTENTION HOW WE ATTEND, TO WHAT, AND WITH WHAT RESULTS128. The Stimulus, or What Attracts Attention129. The Motor Reaction in Attention130. The Shifting of Attention131. Laws of Attention and Laws of Reaction in General132. Sustained Attention133. Distraction134. Doing Two Things at Once135. The Span of Attention136. Summary of the Laws of Attention137. Attention and Degree of Consciousness138. The Management of Attention139. Theory of Attention140. EXERCISES141. REFERENCES142. CHAPTER XII INTELLIGENCE HOW INTELLIGENCE IS MEASURED, WHAT IT CONSISTS IN AND EVIDENCE OF ITS BEING LARGELY A MATTER OF HEREDITY143. Intelligence Tests144. Performance Tests145. Group Testing146. Some Results of the Intelligence Tests147. Limitations of the Intelligence Tests148. The Correlation of Abilities149. General Factors in Intelligence150. Special Aptitudes151. Heredity of Intelligence and of Special Aptitudes152. Intelligence and the Brain153. EXERCISES154. REFERENCES155. CHAPTER XIII LEARNING AND HABIT FORMATION THE DEPENDENCE OF ACQUIRED REACTIONS UPON INSTINCT AND REFLEX ACTION, AND THE MODIFICATION OF NATIVE REACTIONS BY EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING.156. Acquired Reactions Are Modified Native Reactions157. Acquired Tendencies158. Animal Learning159. Summary of Animal Learning160. Human Learning161. Human Compared With Animal Learning162. Learning by Observation163. The Learning of Complex Practical Performances164. Higher Units and Overlapping165. Moderate Skill Acquired in the Ordinary Day's Work166. Habit167. EXERCISES168. REFERENCES169. CHAPTER XIV MEMORY HOW WE MEMORIZE AND REMEMBER, AND IN WHAT RESPECTS MEMORY CAN BE MANAGED AND IMPROVED170. The Process of Memorizing171. Economy in Memorizing172. Whole versus part learning.173. Unintentional Learning174. Retention175. Recall176. Recognition177. Memory Training178. EXERCISES179. REFERENCES180. CHAPTER XV ASSOCIATION AND MENTAL IMAGERY SOMETHING ABOUT THINKING AS RELATED TO MEMORY181. What Can Be Recalled182. Memory Images183. Limitations of Imagery184. The Question of Non-Sensory Recall185. Hallucinations186. Free Association187. Controlled Association188. Examples of Controlled Association189. EXERCISES190. REFERENCES191. CHAPTER XVI THE LAWS OF ASSOCIATION AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE LEARNING PROCESS TO ITS ELEMENTS192. The Law of Exercise193. The Law of Effect194. Limitations of the Law of Exercise195. Association by Similarity196. Association by Contiguity197. The Law of Combination198. I. SUBSTITUTE STIMULUS EXPLAINED BY THE LAW OF COMBINATION199. II. SUBSTITUTE RESPONSE EXPLAINED BY THE LAW OF COMBINATION200. The Law of Combination in Recall201. The Laws of Learning in Terms of the Neurone202. EXERCISES203. REFERENCES204. CHAPTER XVII PERCEPTION MENTAL LIFE CONSISTS LARGELY IN THE DISCOVERY OF FACTS NEW TO THE INDIVIDUAL, AND IN THE RE-DISCOVERY OF FACTS PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED205. Some Definitions206. The Difference Between Perception and Sensation207. Perception and Image208. Perception and Motor Reaction209. What Sort of Response, Then, Is Perception?210. Practised Perception211. Corrected Perception212. Sensory Data Serving as Signs of Various Sorts of Fact213. The Perception of Space214. Esthetic Perception215. Social Perception216. Errors of Perception217. Illusions218. The Müller-Lyer Illusion219. EXERCISES220. REFERENCES221. CHAPTER XVIII REASONING THE PROCESS OF MENTAL, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTOR EXPLORATION222. Reasoning Culminates in Inference223. Varieties of Reasoning224. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning225. Psychology and Logic226. EXERCISES227. REFERENCES228. CHAPTER XIX IMAGINATION MENTAL AS DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTOR MANIPULATION229. Beginnings of Imagination in the Child230. Preliminary Definition of Imagination231. Play232. The Play Motives233. Empathy234. Day Dreams235. Worry236. Dreams237. Freud's Theory of Dreams238. Autistic Thinking239. Invention and Criticism240. The Enjoyment of Imaginative Art241. The Psychology of Inventive Production242. Imagination Considered in General243. EXERCISES244. REFERENCES245. CHAPTER XX WILL PLANNED ACTION, ACTION IN SPITE OF INTERNAL CONFLICT, AND ACTION AGAINST EXTERNAL OBSTRUCTION246. Voluntary and Involuntary Action247. Development of Voluntary Control248. Ideomotor Action249. Conflict and Decision250. Obstruction and Effort251. Thought and Action252. Securing Action253. The Influence of Suggestion254. EXERCISES255. REFERENCES256. CHAPTER XXI PERSONALITY THE INDIVIDUAL AS A WHOLE, INTEGRATED OR PARTIALLY DISSOCIATED257. Factors in Personality258. The Self259. Integration and Disintegration of the Personality260. The Unconscious, or, the Subconscious Mind261. Unconscious Wishes and Motives262. EXERCISES263. REFERENCES264. INDEX