Chapter IV · Notes
Reading edition
“Xosas, Tembus, and Pondos: marry no relative by blood, however distant, on either father’s or mother’s side.
“Hlubis and others commonly called Fingos: may marry the daughter of mother’s brother and other relatives on that side, but not on father’s side.
“Basuto, Batlaro, Batlapin, and Barolong: very frequently marry cousins on father’s side, and know of no restrictions beyond actual sisters.”
Notes in this chapter
Note 1 · Henri A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 243-245. As to the rules concerning the marriage of cousins in Note 2 · Heinrich Claus, Die Wagogo (Leipsic and Berlin, 1911), p. 58.Note 3 · C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 438.Note 4 · See above, pp. 78 sq., 81.Note 5 · See above, pp. 80, 81, 84.Note 6 · See above, p. 81.Note 7 · See above, pp. 44 sqq.Note 8 · See below, pp. 102 sqq.Note 9 · On the question of the effect of inbreeding see Totemism and Exogamy, iv. 160 sqq.Note 10 · A. H. Huth, The Marriage of Near Kin considered with respect to the Laws of Nations, the Results of Experience, and the Teachings of BiologyNote 11 · J. Arthur Thomson, article “Consanguinity,” in Dr. James Hastings’s Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, iv. (Edinburgh, 1911) p. 30.Note 12 · André Thevet, La Cosmographie Universelle (Paris, 1575), ii. 933 [967].Note 13 · Father P. Schumacher, “Das Eherecht in Ruanda,” Anthropos, vii. (1912) p. 4.Note 14 · H. H. Milman, History of Latin Christianity, New Impression (London, 1903), ii. 54.Note 15 · These particulars as to the Slavonic peoples of the Balkan peninsula I take from a letter with which Miss M. Edith Durham, one of our best aNote 16 · F. S. Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven (Vienna, 1885), pp. 209, 216, 217. Compare F. Demelić, Le Droit Coutumier des Slaves MéridionauNote 17 · F. S. Krauss, op. cit. pp. 208-212, citing as his authority Vuk Vrčević, Niz srpskih pripovijedaka, pp. 129-137.Note 18 · F. S. Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, p. 204.Note 19 · For examples of the attempt to multiply edible plants in this fashion, see The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 97 sqq. The reporteNote 20 · I have given my reasons for thinking so elsewhere (The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 220 sqq.).Note 21 · Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), p. 262.Note 22 · Rev. J. Roscoe, op. cit. p. 55. Compare id., “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological InstiNote 23 · Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda, p. 262.Note 24 · Rev. J. Roscoe, op. cit. pp. 72, 102.Note 25 · Cullen Gouldsbury and Hubert Sheane, The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia (London, 1911), pp. 57, 178.Note 26 · Henri A. Junod, “Les Conceptions Physiologiques des Bantou Sud-Africains et leurs Tabous,” Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie, i. (1910) Note 27 · Henri A. Junod, “Les Conceptions Physiologiques des Bantous Sud-Africains et leurs Tabous,” Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie, i. (1910)Note 28 · C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 433. A similar state of ceremonialNote 29 · H. S. Stannus, “Notes on some Tribes of British Central Africa,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 305. Compare Note 30 · Max Weiss, Die Völkerstämme im Norden Deutsch-Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1910), p. 385.Note 31 · C. W. Hobley, Ethnology of A-Kamba and other East African Tribes (Cambridge, 1910), p. 61.Note 32 · C. W. Hobley, op. cit. p. 103.Note 33 · A. Karasek, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Waschambaa,” Baessler-Archiv, i. (1911) p. 186.Note 34 · P. Reichard, Deutsch Ostafrika (Leipsic, 1892), p. 427; H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the AnthropologicalNote 35 · C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (London, 1903), ii. 128 sq.Note 36 · De Flacourt, Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar (Paris, 1658), pp. 97 sq. Compare John Struys, Voiages and Travels (London, 1684), p. 22;Note 37 · Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), pp. 352, 362, 363, sq.Note 38 · Rev. John H. Weeks, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (19Note 39 · J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” p. 56 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of NaNote 40 · 2 Samuel xi.Note 41 · “Mr. Farewell’s Account of Chaka, the King of Natal,” Appendix to W. F. W. Owen’s Narrative of Voyages to explore the Shores of Africa, ArabNote 42 · L. Alberti, De Kaffers (Amsterdam, 1810), p. 171.Note 43 · C. Wunenberger, “La Mission et le Royaume de Humbé, sur les bords du Cunène,” Les Missions Catholiques, xx. (1888), p. 262.Note 44 · J. B. Labat, Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale (Paris, 1732), i. 259 sq.Note 45 · Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in J. Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels (London, 1808-1814), xvi. 569.Note 46 · J. Kreemer, “De Loeboes in Mandailing,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lxvi. (1912) p. 323.Note 47 · P. Rascher, M.S.C., “Die Sulka, ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie Neu-Pommern,” Archiv für Anthropologie, xxix. (1904) p. 211; R. Parkinson, DreiNote 48 · P. A. Talbot, “The Buduma of Lake Chad,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xli. (1911) p. 247.Note 49 · Humboldt, Voyage aux Régions Equinoxiales, viii. 273.Note 50 · Alcide d’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, ii. (Paris and Strasburg, 1839-1843) pp. 99 sq. As to the thieving propensities of theNote 51 · Plato, Laws, ix. 8, pp. 865 d-866 a; Demosthenes, xxiii. pp. 643 sq.; Hesychius, s.v. ἀπενιαυτισμός.Note 52 · Aeschylus, Choëphor. 1021 sqq., Eumenides, 85 sqq.; Euripides, Iphig. in Taur. 940 sqq.; Pausanias, ii. 31. 8, viii. 34. 1-4.Note 53 · Demosthenes, xxiii. pp. 643 sq.Note 54 · Demosthenes, xxiii. pp. 645 sq.; Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 57; Pausanias, i. 28. 11; Pollux, viii. 120; Helladius, quoted by PhotiuNote 55 · Plato, Laws, ix. 8, p. 866 C D.Note 56 · Polybius, iv. 17-21.Note 57 · Plutarch, Praecept. ger. reipub. xvii. 9.Note 58 · Pausanias, ii. 31. 8.Note 59 · C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xl. (1910) p. 431. The nature of the ceremonial Note 60 · Aeschylus, Eumenides, 280 sqq., 448 sqq.; id., quoted by Eustathius on Homer, Iliad, xix. 254, p. 1183, ἐπιτήδειος ἐδόκει πρὸς καθαρμὸν ὁ σῦNote 61 · Lieutenant Thomas Shaw, “The Inhabitants of the Hills near Rajamahall,” Asiatic Researches, Fourth Edition, iv. (London, 1807) p. 78, comparNote 62 · See above, pp. 44 sqq.Note 63 · Missionary Autenrieth, “Zur Religion der Kamerun-Neger,” Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xii. (1893) pp. 93 sq.Note 64 · V. Solomon, “Extracts from Diaries kept in Car Nicobar,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 227.Note 65 · See my note on Pausanias, ii. 31. 8 (vol. iii. pp. 276 sqq.).Note 66 · This was the view of C. Meiners (Geschichte der Religionen, Hanover, 1806-1807, ii. 137 sq.), and of E. Rohde (Psyche3, Tübingen and LeipsicNote 67 · καθαίρονται δ᾽ ἄλλως αἵματι μιανόμενοι οἶον εἴ τις εἰς πηλὸν ἐμβὰς πηλῷ ἀπονίζοιτο, Heraclitus, in H. Diels’s Die Fragmente der VorsokratikeNote 68 · Pausanias, viii. 34. 3.Note 69 · Rev. J. H. Bernau, Missionary Labours in British Guiana (London, 1847), pp. 57 sq.; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch-Guiana (Leipsic, 1847-Note 70 · J. Dumont D’Urville, Voyage autour du monde et à la recherche de la Pérouse (Paris, 1832-1833), iii. 305.Note 71 · John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of America (Liverpool, 1817), p. 160.Note 72 · Pomponius Mela, Chorogr. ii. 12, p. 35, ed. G. Parthey (Berlin, 1867).Note 73 · A. C. Hollis, The Nandi (Oxford, 1909), p. 27.Note 74 · Major A. G. Leonard, The Lower Niger and its Tribes (London, 1906), pp. 180, 181 sq.Note 75 · Mrs. Leslie Milne, Shans at Home (London, 1910), p. 192. Among the Shans “in a case of capital punishment more than one executioner assistedNote 76 · Vincenzo Dorsa, La Tradizione greco-latina negli usi e nelle credenze popolari della Calabria Citeriore (Cosenza, 1884), p. 138.Note 77 · J. Liorel, Kabylie du Jurjura (Paris, N.D.), p. 441.Note 78 · Lieut.-Colonel J. Shakespear, “The Kuki-Lushai clans,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xxxix. (1909) p. 380; id., The LusheiNote 79 · J. H. West Sheane, “Wemba Warpaths,” Journal of the African Society, No. 41 (October, 1911), pp. 31 sq.Note 80 · Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, pp. 165 sqq.Note 81 · Rev. E. Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), p. 258.Note 82 · Father Porte, “Les Réminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,” Les Missions catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 371.Note 83 · Psanyi is half-digested grass found in the stomachs of sacrificed goats (H. A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe, ii. 569).Note 84 · Henri A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe (Neuchâtel, 1912-1913), i. 453-455. I have omitted some of the Thonga words which Mr. JunoNote 85 · N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, i. (Batavia, 1912) p. 239.Note 86 · Sir H. Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate (London, 1902), ii. 743 sq.; C. W. Hobley, Eastern Uganda (London, 1902), p. 20.Note 87 · Extract from a type-written account of the tribes of Mount Elgon, by the Hon. Kenneth R. Dundas, which the author kindly sent to me.Note 88 · Sir H. Johnston, op. cit. ii. 794; C. W. Hobley, op. cit. p. 31.Note 89 · Pausanias, viii. 34. 3; compare Strabo, xii. 2. 3, p. 535.Note 90 · E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Notes on the Ethnography of the Ba-Yaka,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. (1906) pp. 50 sq.Note 91 · J. G. Frazer, “Folk-lore in the Old Testament,” in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor (Oxford, 1907), p. 108.Note 92 · “Relation des Natchez,” Recueil de Voyages au Nord, ix. 24 (Amsterdam, 1737); Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, Nouvelle Édition, vii. (ParisNote 93 · Ch. Keysser, “Aus dem Leben der Kaileute,” in R. Neuhauss’s Deutsch Neu-Guinea (Berlin, 1911), iii. 147 sq.Note 94 · Ch. Keysser, op. cit. p. 132.Note 95 · R. E. Guise, “On the Tribes inhabiting the mouth of the Wanigela River, New Guinea,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxviii. (1899Note 96 · Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1884), p. 369.Note 97 · Franz Boas, Chinook Texts (Washington, 1894), p. 258.Note 98 · K. Vetter, “Über papuanische Rechtsverhältnisse, wie solche namentlich bei den Jabim beobachtet wurden,” Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-LaNote 99 · Rev. J. H. Weeks, Among Congo Cannibals (London, 1913), p. 268; compare id., “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,Note 100 · C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Intitute, xl. (1910) pp. 438 sq. As to the sanctity of the Note 101 · N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, i. (Batavia, 1912) pp. 285, 290 sq. In recent years the warsNote 102 · Compare The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, i. (London, 1913) pp. 136 sq., 278 sq., 468 sq.Note 103 · Rev. E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. No. 2 (New York, 1854), pp. 312 sq.Note 104 · Bringaud, “Les Karins de la Birmanie,” Les Missions catholiques, xx. (1888) p. 208.Note 105 · W. H. Keating, Narrative of an Expedition to the Sources of St. Peter’s River (London, 1825), i. 109, quoting Mr. Barron.Note 106 · Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1744), vi. 77, 122 sq.; J. F. Lafitau, Mœurs des sauvages amériquains (Paris, 1724), ii. Note 107 · H. von Rosenberg, Der malayische Archipel (Leipsic, 1878), p. 461. Compare J. L. van Hasselt, “Die Papuastämme an der Geelvinkbai (NeuguineaNote 108 · K. Vetter, “Über papuanische Rechtsverhältnisse,” in Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel (1897), p. 94; B. HagenNote 109 · Stefan Lehner, “Bukaua,” in R. Neuhauss’s Deutsch Neu-Guinea (Berlin, 1911), iii. 444.Note 110 · George Brown, D.D., Melanesians and Polynesians (London, 1910), pp. 142, 145.Note 111 · John Jackson, in J. E. Erskine’s Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific (London, 1853), p. 477.Note 112 · C. Wiese, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Zulu im Norden des Zambesi,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxxii. (1900) pp. 197 sq.Note 113 · Rev. Samuel Mateer, The Land of Charity, a Descriptive Account of Travancore and its People (London, 1871), pp. 203 sq.Note 114 · E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part i. (Washington, 1899) p. Note 115 · Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, “A Study of Siouan Cults,” Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1894), p. 420.Note 116 · Dr. P. H. Brincker, “Character, Sitten, und Gebräuche speciell der Bantu Deutsch-Südwestafrikas,” Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalischNote 117 · Rev. R. H. Nassau, Fetichism in West Africa (London, 1904), p. 220; M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube (Leipsic, 1899), p. 11.Note 118 · H. A. Rose, “Hindu Birth Observances in the Punjab,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xxxvii. (1907) pp. 225 sq.Note 119 · G. F. D’ Penha, “Superstitions and Customs in Salsette,” The Indian Antiquary, xxviii. (1899) p. 115.Note 120 · Census of India, 1911, vol. xiv. Punjab, Part I. (Lahore, 1912) p. 303. As to these perturbed and perturbing spirits in India, see further WNote 121 · E. M. Gordon, Indian Folk Tales (London, 1908), p. 47.Note 122 · Rev. P. Dehon, S.J., “Religion and Customs of the Uraons,” Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. i. No. 9 (Calcutta, 1906), pp. 139Note 123 · Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G. Cole, “The Lushais,” in Census of India, 1911, vol. iii. Assam, Part I. (Shillong, 1912) p. 140.Note 124 · Mrs. Leslie Milne, Shans at Home (London, 1910), p. 96. The custom of carrying the dead out of the house by a special opening, which is thenNote 125 · Ch. Gilhodes, “Naissance et Enfance chez les Katchins (Birmanie),” Anthropos, vi. (1911) pp. 872 sq.Note 126 · Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, etc., der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, etc.,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie, v. TweeNote 127 · J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 14 (Singapore, 1885), pp. 291 sq.Note 128 · W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (London, 1906), ii. 109.Note 129 · T. de Pauly, Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie (St. Petersburg, 1862), Peuples ouralo-altaïques, p. 71.Note 130 · A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904), p. 474.Note 131 · A. W. Howitt, op. cit. p. 473.Note 132 · H. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben (Berlin, 1879), p. 402.Note 133 · Rev. Father Julius Jetté, “On the Superstitions of the Ten’a Indians,” Anthropos, vi. (1911) p. 707.Note 134 · T. de Pauly, Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie (St. Petersburg, 1862), Peuples ouralo-altaïques, p. 71.Note 135 · (Sir) H. H. Risley, The Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Ethnographic Glossary, ii. (Calcutta, 1891) pp. 75 sq. Compare E. T. Atkinson, The HimaNote 136 · Rev. G. Whitehead, “Notes on the Chins of Burma,” Indian Antiquary, xxxvi. (1907) pp. 214 sq.Note 137 · Relations des Jésuites, 1639, p. 44 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).Note 138 · Rev. Peter Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians (London, N.D.), pp. 99 sq.Note 139 · “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer, nach Missionsberichten von G. Kurze,” Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xxiiiNote 140 · Charles A. Sherring, Western Tibet and the British Borderland (London, 1906), pp. 127-132.Note 141 · Lieutenant Herold, “Bericht betreffend religiöse Anschauungen und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden uNote 142 · Franz Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 92 (Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Note 143 · Franz Boas, in Tenth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 45 (Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Note 144 · Franz Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, pp. 23 sq. (Report of the British Association for the Advancement of ScieNote 145 · Franz Boas, in Seventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 13 (Report of the British Association for the Advancement of ScienceNote 146 · James Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 332 sq. (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of NaNote 147 · James Teit, “The Lillooet Indians” (Leyden and New York, 1906), p. 271 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum ofNote 148 · Franz Boas, in Fifth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, pp. 43 sq. (Report of the British Association for the Advancement of ScieNote 149 · Father Guis (de la Congrégation du Sacré-Cœur d’Issoudun, Missionnaire en Nouvelle-Guinée), “Les Canaques, mort-deuil,” Les Missions catholiNote 150 · Elsewhere I have illustrated the fear of the dead as it is displayed in funeral customs (“On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the PNote 151 · J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. 436 sqq., especially pp. 450, 464.Note 152 · J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, iv. 450 sq.Note 153 · J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, iv. 457-460.Note 154 · The Greek orator Antiphon observes that the presence of a homicide pollutes the whole city and brings the curse of barrenness on the land (ANote 155 · Lucian, Hermotimus, 64, κατὰ τοὺς Ἀρεοπαγίτας αὐτὸ ποιοῦντα, οἳ ἐν νυκτὶ καὶ σκότῳ δικάζουσιν, ὡς μὴ ἐς τοὺς λέγοντας, ἀλλ᾽ ἐς τὰ λεγόμενα ἀ