INDEX.

A

Abulfeda, 28

Adelard, of Bath, geographical postulates, 9, 10

Adelard or Athelard, 84

Affonso, comes of age, 257;

marries his cousin Isabel, 258;

forces Pedro into revolt, and declares war against him, 258, 259;

sends out Gomez with a large caravel, 296;

has the body of Prince Henry laid in chapel at Batalha, 305;

carries on the work of his uncle, Prince Henry, 312, 313;

is succeeded by King John II., 314

Africa, shape of, 13

Albateny, determined problems of astronomical geography, 19

Albertus Magnus, geographical postulates, 9, 11

Albuquerque, 125

Albyrouny, work of, 21

Alfarrobeira, battle of, 260

Alfred the Great, credit due to, for discoveries, 72;

efforts in exploration and religious extension, 74

Al Heravy, life of, 26

Almada, the Hercules of Portugal, 184;

stands by Pedro, 259;

dies, 260

Almamoun, age of, 18

Almanack, Arab, Latin translation of, 21

Ant islands discovered, 160

Antoninus the Martyr, an older Mandeville, 34;

legends of, 35

Arctic colonies checked, 59

Arculf, 42;

travels of, 43

Arguin, fort built in the bay of, 205

Arim, "World's Summit," 8;

taken as measure of places, 10;

twofold, 11

Armada of Lagos, 228-239;

"the third," 247

Athelard, or Adelard, 84

Aviz, House of. See John, the King of Good Memory.

Azambuga, Diego de, 315

Azaneguys described by Cadamosto, 269

Azores, colonisation of, 251;

the entire group found, 254

Azurara, chronicler of voyages of Henry, 157

B

Bacon, Roger, geographical postulates, 9, 11

Baldaya, Affonso, sent out with Gil Eannes, 173;

his second voyage, 174-176

Batti, King, 285, 286

Batuta, Ibn, 27

Beginnings of the art and science of discovery, 145

Benjamin of Tudela, 88

Bernard, "the French monk," route of, 46

Bezeghichi, meets Gomez, 295;

makes a treaty with Azambuga, 315

Bjarni Herjulfson driven to new country, 56

Blanco, Cape, visited by Cadamosto, 267

Boa Vista, 284

Bojador, southmost point of Christian knowledge, 170;

legends concerning, 171;

doubled by Gil Eannes, 173

Bruges, Jacques de, receives a grant of Captaincy of Terceira, 254

C

Cabral, Gonzalo, discovers Formiga group of islands and Santa Maria, 169;

Captain Donatory in St. Mary's Island, 251;

settled in Western Isles, 252;

sent in search of land beyond St. Mary, misses it, and is sent again, 252;

discovers St. Michael, 253;

returns to St. Michael with Europeans, 253

Cadamosto, record of his two voyages, 250;

his narrative, 261-288;

is presented to the Prince, 263;

visits Madeira, 264, 265;

goes on to Canaries, 265-267;

to Cape Blanco, 267-269;

reaches the Senegal, 269;

describes Azaneguys, 269;

pushes on to land of Budomel, 275-278;

reaches Cape Verde, 279;

describes people beyond, 280;

explores the Gambra, 281, 282;

goes back to Portugal, refits, and sails on second voyage, 283;

explores islands off Cape Verde, 283, 284;

names Boa Vista and St. James, 284;

sails up the Gambra and names St. Andrew, 285;

visits Battimansa, 285, 286,

and Gnumimansa, 287;

returns to Lisbon, 287;

leaves Portugal, 313

Camaldolese chart of Fra Mauro, 301

Cam, Diego, 315;

reaches the Congo and Walvisch Bay, 316

Canaries, visited by Cadamosto, 265

Cantor, visited by Gomez, 291

Cape Cod, reached by Scandinavian migration, 65

Cape St. Vincent, modern name for "Sacred Cape" and Sagres, 160

Carpini, John de Plano, 90;

his Book of the Tartars, 92

Ceuta, King John plans an attack on, 148;

situation, 150;

left in command of Menezes, 155;

safe in Christian hands, 156

Chart of Fra Mauro, 301

Christian pilgrimage begins with Constantine, 32

Cintra, Gonsalo de, 197;

sets out for Guinea, 218;

is killed by Moors, 219

Cintra, Pedro de, 313

Columbus, influenced by Imago Mundi, 11;

at Portuguese Court, 322;

at Spanish Court, 323

Constantine, Christian pilgrimage begins with, 32

Corvo, 254, 256

Cosmas Indicopleustes, 34;

theory of, 37;

interest to us, 40

Costa, Sueiro da, 313

Covilham, 316

Crossness, place called from dead chief, 59

Crusades and land travel, 76;

results of, 144

Crusading movement, results of, 78

Cruzado, the, 300

D

Daniel of Kiev, Abbot, 85

Death, Black, in Portugal, 127

De Prado, taken captive, 297;

martyrised, 298

Diaz, Bartholomew, 316;

makes greatest discovery in all history before Columbus, 317

Diaz, Diniz, enters mouth of the Senegal, 220;

reaches Cape Verde, 221;

heads a part of the fleet sent from Lagos, 229;

reaches Cape Verde, 236

Diaz, Lawrence, 230

Diaz, Vincent, 233

E

Eannes, Gil, makes a voyage to the Canaries, 170;

rounds Cape Bojador, 173;

sails with Lagos fleet, 229

Edrisi, Arabic Ptolemy, the, 21;

birth and life, 22;

account of voyage of Lisbon "Wanderers," 23;

"Traveller's Doctorate," in time of, 25;

map superseded, 27

Edward, eldest son of King John, 136;

becomes King, 172;

dies, 188

Emosaid, family, 24;

establish themselves as traders, 25

England, Vikings first landed in, 52

English-born travellers, first of, 45

Eratosthenes, geography of, 5

Eric the Red, renames Greenland, 55;

leads colonists, 56

Esteeves, Alvaro, crosses the equator, 314

Europe, compacted together in spiritual federation, 76

European development, pilgrim stage of, 42

European expansion, beginnings of, 50

Europeans, first landing of, on coasts of unknown Africa, 175;

break in upon Moslem trade, 204

F

Farosangul, King of Gambra, 285

Fayal, 254;

first Captain Donatory of, 255

Ferdinand, fourth son of King John, 136;

revives scheme of African war, 180;

goes by sea to Tangier, 182;

is left as hostage, 185;

dies a captive, 188

Ferdinand the Handsome, last of House of Burgundy to reign in Lisbon, 131

Fernandez, Alvara, commands the caravel of his uncle, Zarco, 229;

is again sent out with the caravel, 243;

the voyage, 243-245

Fernandez, Joan, left as hostage at Bank of Arguin, 219;

taken home, 223;

his story, 223, 224

Fernandez, Martin, crosses the equator, 314

Ferrer, Jayme, explorer, 108

Fidelis, the monk, travels of, 46

Flores, 254, 256

Formigas discovered by Cabral, 169

Frangazick, nephew of Farosangul, 290

Freitas, Alvara de, 232

Freydis, daughter of Red Eric, tries to colonise Vinland, 62

G

Gama, Vasco da, 125

Geographical record, last before age of Northmen, 47

Geography, first Christian, 33;

of Christendom from eighth and ninth centuries, 41

Gerard of Cremona, geographical postulates, 9, 10

Gnumi, King, 287

Gog and Magog, wall to shut off, 13

Gold dust, first ever brought by Europeans direct from Guinea coast, 203;

effect, 217

Gomez, Diego, 251;

sets out in command of the caravel the Wren, 289;

his narrative, 289-298;

visits Cantor, 291;

converts Nomimansa, 293-295;

meets Bezeghichi, 295;

returns to Lagos, 296;

is sent out by Affonso and goes to the land of the Barbacins, 296;

discovers Santiago, 297;

returns to Portugal, 298;

describes last illness and death of Prince Henry, 304, 305

Gonsalvez, Antam, sent out by Henry, 193;

his voyage, 193-195;

takes the first captives, 195;

is knighted by Nuno Tristam, 198;

goes back to Portugal, 199;

goes back to Africa with the captive prince, 202;

exchanges two boys for ten prisoners, gold dust, and ostrich eggs, 203;

applies for command of ships, 222

Graciosa, 254;

settled, 255

Greenland, sighted by Gunnbiorn and renamed by Eric, 55;

colonised, 56

Green sea of darkness, 13, 14

Gregory X., Pope, 93

H

Harold Hardrada, 68;

type of all Vikings, 69

Helluland, or Slate-land, 56

Henry, the Navigator, special interest of the life and work, 29;

author of discovering movement, 30;

preparation for work of, 80;

predecessors of seamen of, 107-112;

first voyage, 112;

maps used by, 117-122;

Hero of Portugal, 123;

inspires his countrymen with love of exploration, 125;

his brother Pedro his right hand man, 136;

birth, 138;

his aims, 139;

tries to find a way round Africa to India, 139;

his work of exploration a foundation of an empire for his country, 141;

a crusader and a missionary, 142;

sets the example for systematic exploration, 144;

the teacher and master of more successful explorers, 145;

sends out caravels past Cape Non, 147;

brings Portuguese fleet into harbour at Ceuta, 150;

anchors off Ceuta, 151;

leads in the attack on Ceuta and is reported dead, 152;

is made a knight, 153;

begins coasting voyages, 154;

is sent to relieve Ceuta, 155;

plans to get possession of Gibraltar, 156;

returns to Court, 156;

is made Duke of Viseu and Lord of Covilham, 157;

reasons for exploring Guinea, 158;

Sagres his chosen home, 160;

is made Governor for life of the Algarves, 160;

his buildings on Sagres, 161;

his scientific work, 162;

results of settlement on Cape St. Vincent, 163;

sends out men and ships to colonise Porto Santo, 164;

colonises Madeira, 166;

directs captains to Azores, 169;

impatience at superstition and fears of navigators, 172;

receives charter for Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desertas, 173;

sends out Gil Eannes, 173;

despatches Baldaya, 174;

engaged in politics, 179;

reverence paid to him, 179;

plans and organises African war, 180;

sets sail for Ceuta, 181;

pushes forward along inland routes, 182;

attacks and blockades Tangier, 183;

raises the siege, 184;

signs a truce with Moors, 185;

shuts himself up in Ceuta, 186;

is recalled to Portugal, 186;

made one of the guardians of Affonso V., 189;

arranges a compromise between Pedro and Leonor, 190;

sends to the Holy Father for treasure to aid in crusades, 200;

gives grant to sail to coast of Guinea to Lançarote, 206;

his motives in slave trade, 207;

keeps buccaneers in check, 216;

differs from West Indian planters, 217;

gives a caravel to Gonsalo de Cintra, 218;

permits Lagos to equip and send out a fleet on a Guinea voyage, 229;

takes special charge of widows and orphans left by Nuno Tristam's expedition, 242;

gives a reward to explorers, 246;

his wonderful knowledge shown in correcting Cabral's course, 252;

grants captaincy of Terceira to Jacques de Bruges, 254;

account of him in narrative of Cadamosto, 261;

absorbed in new Holy War against the Infidel, 299;

his last appearance in public service, 300;

makes set of charters, 303;

makes grants to the Order of Christ and to the Crown of Portugal, 304;

his illness and death, 304, 305;

his body is laid in the chapel at Batalha, 305;

his personal appearance, 305;

his character, 306;

results of his life, 309-312, 321, 323

Heravy, Al, life of, 26

Hereford Mappa Mundi, 120

Heurter, Job van, notice of first settlement of Azores, 255

Hippalus, discovery of monsoon, 17

Hope, country re-named, 60

I

Ibn Batuta, 27

Iceland, sighted by Nadodd, 54;

colonised, 55

Imago Mundi, influence on Columbus, 11

Isidore of Seville, belief of, 40

Italian, merchants, first, who opened Court of Great Khan to Venice and Genoa, 90;

age of South Atlantic and African voyages, 107

J

Jacome from Majorca, 161

Japan discovered by Kublai Khan, 99

Jerusalem, loss of, 90

John de Plano Carpini, first papal legate to the Tartars, 90;

gives first genuine account of Tartary, 91;

first real explorer of Christian Europe, 92

John, fourth son of King John I., 136;

succeeds Affonso V., adds a new chapter to discovery, dies, 314

John, the King of Good Memory, transition figure, 133;

personal work and its results, 133-135;

sons of, 136;

plans attack on Ceuta, 148;

speech when he hears of death of his two sons, 152;

dies, 160

Jordanus, 104

K

Karlsefne, Thorfinn, greatest of the Vinland sailors, 60

Keel-Ness (Kjalarness), 58

Kublai Khan, 93-98

L

Labrador, possible discovery of, 56;

reached by Scandinavian migration, 65

Lagos equips and sends out a fleet, 229

La Mina, 315

Lançarote, obtains grant to sail to coast of Guinea, 206;

his voyage, 212-214;

landing at Lagos and sale of slaves captured by, 214;

admiral of fleet sent out from Lagos, 229;

holds a council of his captains, 231;

decides to go on to the Nile, 232

Latini, Brunetto, describes the magnet, 116

Leif, a son of Red Eric, starts for discovery, 56

Leonora Telles, evil genius of Ferdinand and Portugal, 131;

marries King of Portugal, 132;

people rise against, 132

Leonor of Aragon, attempts to be regent, 189;

yields to persuasions of Henry, 190;

dies, 257

Lion, first one brought to Portugal, 247

Lisbon, capture of, 128

M

Machin, Robert, 110

Madagascar, first known to Europe, 102

Madeira, discovered and named by the Portuguese, 165;

nature of island, 166;

visited by Cadamosto, 264

Magellan, 125, 310

Magnet, earliest mention of, 115

Magnus the Good, 68

Mandeville, Sir Henry, 105

Mappa Mundi, Hereford, 120

Maps, of fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, 118

Marabout, or Prophet Bird, 230

Markland (Woodland), 57

Massoudy, visited various countries, 19;

discussion of problems, 20;

greatest name of first age of Arabic geography, 21.

Masts, Cape of, 238

Mauro, Fra, Camaldolese chart of, 301

Melli, negro empire of, 270;

salt trade in, 271

Menezes, Edward, 300

Menezes, Pedro de, is left in command of Ceuta, 155

Meymam, Ahude, 223, 224, 245

Mythology, geographical, gradual development of, 7

N

Noli, Antonio de, sails with Gomez, 297;

gets the captaincy of Santiago, 298

Nomimansa converted by Gomez, 293-295

Norse, discoveries, 50, 51;

early settlements, 54;

farthest point of Northern advance in Europe, 55;

race, type of, 69

Northern, advance, lines of, 53;

effects of invasions, 74

Northmen, countries made known to Europe through, 67;

definite advances into the unknown, 72

O

Odjein, Aryn, or Arim, 8

Ogane, 316

Ohthere, 70;

service of, to western geography, 72

Olaf Trygveson, 68

P

Pacheco, Gonsalo, unlucky expedition of, 225;

meets Diaz on homeward voyage and turns back, 230

Papal Court sends missions to convert Tartars, 90

Payva, 316

Pedro the Traveller, 136;

joins in attack on Ceuta, 148-153;

is knighted, 153;

is made Duke of Coimbra and Lord of the Principality, 157;

returns from travels, 168;

becomes regent, 190;

gives a charter to Henry, 201;

gives a reward to explorers, 246;

resigns the regency, 258;

takes arms against Affonso, 259;

marches on Lisbon and is killed, 260

Philippa, Queen, character and death, 149

Pilgrims, primitive, 34;

pioneers of growth of Europe and Christendom, 76

Pilgrim stage of European development, 42

Pires, Gomes, goes on toward the Nile, 232;

attacks natives, 234

Po Fernando, 313

Polo, Marco, makes journey to the East with uncles, 94;

made commissioner of Imperial Council, 96;

memoirs of, 96;

heard and wrote of Madagascar and Zanzibar, 102;

Herodotus of Middle Ages, 103;

Polo, Nicolo and Matteo, traders to Crimea and Southern Russia, 93;

make second journey to farthest East, 94;

consulting engineers to Mongol Court, 96;

dismissed, 101

Pope, decides question of reviving African war, 181

Portolani, superseded map of Edrisi, 27;

drawn with aid of compass, 121

Portolano, Laurentian, 118

Portugal, chief points in story of, 123;

guide of Europe into larger world, 125;

mediæval history of, 126-133

Portuguese give a value to the art and science of discovery, 145

Prado De, 297, 298

Prophet bird, or marabout, 230

Ptolemy, chart of, 2;

"Habitable Quarter" of the world, 12

R

Rio Grande, 246;

passed by Gomez, 289

Rubruquis, William de, 92, 93

S

St. George, 254, 255

St. James, 284

St. Michael, island of, discovered, 253

St. Silvia, of Aquitaine, travels of, 33

"Sacred Cape" of the Romans or Sagres, 160

Sæwulf of Worcester, 81;

pilgrimage of, 82;

classes of pilgrim-crusaders in time of, 84

Sagres, chosen home of Henry, 160;

systematic study of applied science founded anew at, 162

Santa Maria discovered, 169

Santiago discovered by Gomez, 297

Sanuto, Marino, Venetian map of, 118

Senegal, reached by Cadamosto, 269;

region about the gulf described by him, 273-275

Sinbad Saga, 19

Slate-land or Helluland, 56

Slaves, beginning of trade in, as a part of European commerce, 207;

description of sale of, 214, 215;

treatment of, 215;

excuse for trade in, 216

Strabo, geography of, 5

T

Tagaza, or the Gold-Market, 270

Tangier, siege of, 183

Tarik, the rock of (Gibraltar), 156

Terceira, sighted, 253;

Jacques de Bruges becomes captain, 254

Theodosius, early pilgrim, 34

Thorfinn Karlsefne, greatest of the Vinland sailors, 60

Thorstein, third son of Red Eric, puts to sea, 59

Thorvald Ericson, puts to sea, 57;

voyages of, 58;

death, 59

Timbuctoo, inland route of merchants to, 270

Tristam, Nuno, meets Antam Gonsalvez, 196;

assists in capturing natives, 196-199;

continues voyage and returns to Portugal, 199;

sets out on another voyage, 204;

sails into bay of Arguin, makes captives and returns, 205;

makes a third voyage, 219;

reaches Cape Palmar, 220;

arms a caravel and sets sail, 240;

is killed by Blackmoors, 241

Trygveson, Olaf, 68

V

Vallarte, his expedition and fate, 247

Vaz, Tristam, sets out to explore as far as the coast of Guinea, 163;

is rewarded, 166;

heads three ships from Madeira in Lagos fleet, 229

Vergil, Irish missionary, 40

Vikings, highest type of explorers, 31;

Norse, discoveries, conquests, and colonies, beginning of European expansion, 50;

voyages of, 52;

struggle with Esquimaux, 58;

rename places visited, 65;

work on south and south-west not one of exploration, 66;

type of all, 69;

credit due, for discoveries, 72;

their principalities in time of Alfred, 73

Vinland, discovery of, 57;

renamed, 60;

visited and abandoned by Thorfinn, 61;

recolonised by Freydis, 62;

fragmentary notices of, 63

W

"Wanderers," Lisbon, account of, 23

William de Rubruquis, sent by St. Louis on errand of conversion and discovery, 92;

interest of his work, 93

Willibald, 44

Wulfstan, 70;

tells of voyages, 71;

service of, to western geography, 72

Y

Yacout, the Roman, Dictionary of, 26

Yang-Tse-Kiang, 96

Z

Zarco, John Gonsalvez, sets out to explore as far as the coast of Guinea, 163;

his voyages, 164-166;

returns to Madeira, 166;

sends his caravel under his nephew with Lagos fleet, 229;

the voyage, 236-239;

same caravel sent out again, 243

The Story of the Nations.

Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons take pleasure in announcing that they have in course of publication, in co-operation with Mr. T. Fisher Unwin, of London, a series of historical studies, intended to present in a graphic manner the stories of the different nations that have attained prominence in history.

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THESTORYOFGREECE. Prof. Jas. A. Harrison.

"""ROME. Arthur Gilman.

"""THE JEWS. Prof. James K. Hosmer.

"""CHALDEA. Z.A. Ragozin.

"""GERMANY. S. Baring-Gould.

"""NORWAY. Hjalmar H. Boyesen.

"""SPAIN. Rev. E.E. and Susan Hale.

"""HUNGARY. Prof. A. Vámbéry.

"""CARTHAGE. Prof. Alfred J. Church.

"""THE SARACENS. Arthur Gilman.

"""THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Stanley Lane-Poole.

"""THE NORMANS. Sarah Orne Jewett.

"""PERSIA. S.G.W. Benjamin.

"""ANCIENT EGYPT. Prof. Geo. Rawlinson.

"""ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Prof. J.P. Mahaffy.

"""ASSYRIA. Z.A. Ragozin.

"""THE GOTHS. Henry Bradley.

"""IRELAND. Hon. Emily Lawless.

"""TURKEY. Stanley Lane-Poole.

"""MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA. Z.A. Ragozin.

"""MEDIÆVAL FRANCE. Prof. Gustave Masson.

"""HOLLAND. Prof. J. Thorold Rogers.

"""MEXICO. Susan Hale.

"""PHŒNICIA. Prof. Geo. Rawlinson.

"""THE HANSA TOWNS. Helen Zimmern.

"""EARLY BRITAIN. Prof. Alfred J. Church.

"""THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. Stanley Lane-Poole.

"""RUSSIA. W.R. Morfill.

"""THE JEWS UNDER ROME. W.D. Morrison.

"""SCOTLAND. John Mackintosh.

"""SWITZERLAND. R. Stead and Mrs. A. Hug.

"""PORTUGAL. H. Morse Stephens.

"""THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. C.W.C. Oman.

"""SICILY. E.A. Freeman.

"""THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. Bella Duffy.

"""POLAND. W.R. Morfill.

"""PARTHIA. Prof. George Rawlinson.

"""JAPAN. David Murray.

"""THE CHRISTIAN RECOVERY OF SPAIN. H.E. Watts.

"""AUSTRALASIA. Greville Tregarthen.

"""SOUTHERN AFRICA. Geo. M. Theal.

"""VENICE. Alethea Wiel.

"""THE CRUSADES. T.S. Archer and C.L. Kingsford.