Part 4 — INDEX

Æther or empty space, 107

Analogy, positive and negative, 271

Analysis of Sensations (Mach), 292

Animal Intelligence (Thorndike), 30

Animal learning, study of, 29 ff.

Thorndike’s laws of, 31 f.

learned reactions, 35 f.

A priori, causation not regarded as, 150

knowledge, 249 f., 265

probability, on Keynes’s theory, is, 274

logic, 296

Aristotle, 226

Association, principle of, 33 f., 48, 64, 180

Aston, Dr. F. W., 99

Atom, theory of the, 98 ff.

centre from which radiations travel, 157

philosophical consequences of modern study of the, 293

Attention, 205

Bacon, 80

Behaviourism, its view of man, 70 ff.

where it breaks down as a final philosophy, 129

dilemma put to, 133

its propositions as to thought examined, 169 ff.

and logic, 263

Behaviourism (Watson), 22, 31, 33

“Belief”, 254, 258 ff.

definition of, 261

Beliefs, defects in common, 3 ff.

Bergson, 71, 73, 198

Berkeley, 246 f.

Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage (Cannon), 218

Body, human, 25, 139

Bohr, Niels, his addition to the theory of atoms, 101 ff.

Bradley, monistic view of, 251

criticism of his argument against relations, 252

Braithwaite, R. B., 269

Brentano, 202

Broad, Dr., 188, 195, 282, 292

Buddha, 227

Butler, Samuel, 71

Cannon, 218

Cantor, Georg, 296

Casuistry, 225

Causation, as an a priori belief, 5, 150

notion of “necessary” sequence, 115

conception of, in science, 144 ff.

“Cause”, Kant’s category of, 248 f.

“Chrono-geography”, 283

Cognition, 61, 202 f., 217

Conation, 202

Conception, 203

“Conditioned reflexes”, 35

Confucius, 227

Conscience, 228

“Consciousness”, 60

William James’s views on, 210

two different meanings of the word, 210

criticism of common sense view of, 211 ff.

self, 214

William James’s views approved, 217

one kind of mnemic effect, 288

Continuity in nature, 108

Correlation, laws of, 117

Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), 249

Curiosity, 220

Dalton, 98

“Data”, 266 f., 276

De Broglie, 278

Decalogue, the, 227

Descartes, 9, 162 ff., 237 ff.

Desire, behaviourist view of, 90 f.

introspective view of, 221 ff.

Dewey, John, 292

Discontinuity in nature, 101, 106, 108

Dreams, 62, 127, 175, 176, 185, 189, 193

Dualism of mind and matter, 141, 239

Ductless glands, the, 218

Eddington, Professor, 273, 279

Education, 233

Einstein, 96, 116, 239, 242, 249

Electron, 99 ff., 118, 145

“Emergent” properties, 282

Emotions, essential physiological conditions of the, 118

subject to “Conditioning”, 119

generate irrational opinions, 120

Energy, radiation of, from matter into empty space, 145

propagation in empty space, 145

impact on matter in empty space, 146

Essays in Radical Empiricism (William James), 210, 292

Ethics, views of the ancients on, 227

theory that virtue consists in obedience to authority, 227 ff.

utilitarian theory of, 229 f.

the concept of “good”, 230

mainly social, 233

the supreme moral rule, 234 f.

Events, in physics, 110 f.

string of, 118 f.

“mental”, 141, 280 ff.

structure and mathematical laws of, 157

minimal, 277

matter constructed out of, 278

Experience, effects of, in a reaction to stimulus, 180 ff.

Familiarity, a stage in memory, 195 f.

Fear and Rage, 219

Feeling, as mental occurrence, 202

Forces, 111, 114, 117, 120 f.

Form, reaction to, 85 f.

Freudian “unconscious” the, 221

Galileo, 80

Generalisations, 271 f.

Geodesic, 112, 117

Geometry, as empirical as geography, 249 f.

Gestaltpsychologie, 37, 41, 43, 68, 247

Gravitation, 116 f., 145, 279

Griffith, Mr. Percy, 118

Habit-formation, 36

Habit-memory, 188, 196

Hegel, 227, 229, 251

Heisenberg, 96, 105, 278, 293

Heisenberg-Schrödinger theories of atomic structure, 243

Heraclitus, 251

Huc, Monsieur, 232

Hume, 180, 191, 247 f.

Images, visual, auditory and tactual, 176

behaviourist explanation of, 177 f.

difference between sensations and, 179 ff.

definition of, 184 f.

first stage in memory, 195

Imagination, analysis of, 190 ff.

essence of, 191

exceptional gifts of, 193

and belief, 193 f.

difference between memory and, 194

Induction problem of validity of, 14

as a practice, 80 f.

principle of, 268 f.

logical problem of, 269 ff.

Mr. Keynes’s examination of, 270 ff.

Inference, “physiological”, 13, 80 ff., 135

syllogistic, 79

inductive and mathematical, 83 ff.

“Innate ideas”, doctrine of, 245

Interval, space-like and time-like, 110 f.

Introspection, 10, 11, 12, 172 f., 201 ff.

James, William, 210, 223.

Kant, 80, 201, 239, 248, 296

Keynes Mr., on problems of induction, 269 ff.

Köhler, 37 ff.

Knowing, as mental occurrence, 202

Knowledge, as displayed in reactions to environment, 17 ff.

perceptual, 58 ff.

behaviourist view of, 88 ff.

difference between introspective and other, 215

a priori, 249 f.

limitations on, imposed by structure of language, 264 f.

Knowledge-reaction, 216, 282

Language, as a bodily habit, 43 ff.

psychological side of, 48

words in an ideal logical, 256 f.

and things, relation between, 264

Laws, causal, 144 ff.

evidence for, 147

universal characteristics of, 149

Learning, laws of, 23, 29 ff.

two ways of, 39

in infants, 41, 48

by increase of sensitivity, 95 f.

Leibniz, 239, 241 f.

Le Problème logique de l’induction (Jean Nicod), 269, 273

Locke, 244 ff.

Logic, 263, 296

“Logical atomism”, 248

Mach, 214, 292

Man, his relation to the Universe, 292, 295, 298 ff.

Materialism, as a philosophy, 159

Mathematical Theory of Relativity (Eddington), 283

Matter, the structure of the atom, 98 ff.

essence of, 146 f.

as conceived in modern physics, 157, 293

old view of, now untenable, 158 ff.

constructed out of events, 278

permanence of, only approximate, 279

possibly a structure of mental units, 290

Maxwell’s equations, 107, 145

Meaning, 52, 71, 82

Meinong, 202

Memory, behaviourist theory of, 71 ff.

its reference to the past, 188 ff.

feeling of pastness complex, 190

more fundamental than imagination, 190

vital difference between imagination and, 194

Dr. Broad’s view on reference to the past, 195

stages of, 195 ff.

immediate, 196 f.

true recollection, 197 ff.

trustworthiness of, 199

Memory and testimony, 5 ff.

Mendeleev, 99

“Mental” events, 114, 141 f., 280 f.

“Mental” occurrences, 201, 212

Mentality of Apes (Köhler), 37 ff., 62

Mill, J. S., his canons of induction, 269 f.

Mind and matter, conventional notions of, 141

distinction between, illusory, 142, 201

gap between, how filled in, 148

interaction between, 150

theory of “neutral monism”, 206 ff.

Cartesian dualism, 239

Leibniz’s theory of, 241

Mind, a cross-section in a stream of physical causation, 150

modern conception of, 280 ff.

emergent from events, 284

definitions of a, 285 ff.

Minkowski, 239

Mneme (Semon), 49

“Mnemic” effects, 49, 209, 295

“Mnemic” occurrences, 49, 180 f.

Monads, 241

Monists and pluralists, controversy between, 251 ff.

pluralism the view of science and common sense, 253

Moore, Dr. G. E., on notion of “good”, 230

“Moral issues”, 227

Motion, 119, 163

Mystics, 229, 264, 300

Names, 53

Necessity, anthropomorphic notion of, 115, 117

“Neutral monism”, theory of, 206 ff., 210, 282, 292

Newton, 242

Nisbet, R. H., on probability, 275

Object, what happens when we see an, 146 f.

Objective and subjective study, 30

Objectivity, 154 f., 169

Ogden and Richards, Messrs., 52

Parmenides, monistic view complete in, 251

Parry, Professor R. B., 292

Perception, difference between introspection and, 10 f.

a species of sensitivity, 59, 123

and inference, 65 f.

from objective standpoint, 66 ff.

of external event, analysis of, 123 ff.

element of subjectivity in, 130 ff.

and causal laws of physics, 145 ff.

its relation to the object causal and mathematical, 149

from introspective standpoint, 201 ff.

Perceptive knowledge, stages in act of, 18 ff.

Percepts, 133, 135, 137 ff.

Perspective, 152

Philosophy, the business of, 2, 236

Behaviourism as a, 129 ff.

Utilitarian, 229 f.

systems of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, 237 ff.

Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, 244 ff.

conscious purpose of, 299

Physics, modern, 97

causal laws in, 114 ff., 145 ff.

and perception, 123 ff.

spatial relations in, 137 ff.

our knowledge of, 151 ff.

only mathematical properties of, discoverable, 157

less deterministic than formerly, 239

and psychology, 282, 289

Pictures, as representations, 183

“Planck’s Constant”, 101 f.

Plato, 226

Poetry, 220

Probability, fundamental in science, 274

a priori on Mr. Keynes’s theory, 274

“frequency”, theory of, 274 f.

Psychology, 16, 172, 184

and physics, 282, 289

“Psychophysical parallelism”, 238

“Public good”, the, 230

Publicity, in the case of physical phenomena, 170

Quantum changes, 106

Radio-activity, 99, 103

Reactions, learned, 21, 33, 35, 36, 49, 81

Realism, naive, 175

Recognition, two forms of, 196

Recollection, true, 197 ff.

Relations, Bradley’s argument against, 252

cause of confusion about, 264

Relativity, theory of, “space-time” instead of one cosmic time and space, 108

some results of the, 108 ff.

“events” instead of bodies moving, 110

relations between “events”, 110 f.

no “forces” in the, 111

philosophical consequences of the, 293

“Right conduct”, 230

Rutherford, Sir E., 99, 101

Santayana, Mr., 230

Schiller, Dr. F. C. S., 79

Schrödinger, 98, 105, 278, 293, 294

Self-observation, 126, 161 ff.

basis of Descartes’s system, 162 ff.

Dr. Watson’s views, 167 ff.

gives knowledge not part of physics, 175

Semon, 49, 180

Sensation, difference between images and, 179

acoleuthic, 197

as opposed to perception, 204

Sensitivity, 59 f., 88, 123, 177

Sentences, 51, 54, 75, 255, 264

Sequence, laws of, 116

Shakespeare, 192

Sheffer, Dr. H. M., 282, 292

Sight, compared with touch, 156 f.

Size, sense of, 153

Socrates, 226

“Solipsism”, 291

Sommerfeld, 103

Space, one persistent, abolished in relativity theory, 108

physical and perceptual, 137 ff., 241 f., 294

Space-time, in theory of relativity, 108 ff.

structure of, 145

point-instant in, 278

“Specious present”, 195, 197

Spinoza, 238, 251

Stars and Atoms (Eddington), 279

“Statement”, definition of a, 260

Subjectivity, 129, 133, 135, 154 f.

Substance, 5, 242 ff., 293

Syllogism, the, 80

Syntax, influence of, on philosophy, 243

connection between laws of physics and laws of, 263

Talking without thinking, 190

Tendency, quantitative laws of, 144

Testimony, 11 f., 170

The Analysis of Matter (Bertrand Russell), 278

The Meaning of Meaning (Ogden and Richards), 52

The Mind and Its Place in Nature (Dr. Broad), 76, 188, 282

Thorndike’s “provisional laws”, 31 ff.

Thought, 163 ff., 174, 240, 263

Time, not cosmic, 108 ff., 158

Touch, compared with sight, 156

Treatise on Probability (Keynes), 269 ff.

Truth, 94, 261 f.

Truth and Falsehood, causes of mystery about, 254

two questions in, 254 ff.

meaning of a sentence examined, 255 f.

grounds on which statements are regarded as true or false, 257

ultimate test of falsehood, 258

“belief”, 258 ff.

problems of, 259 ff.

Universals, 53, 203

Universe, the, philosophy concerned with, 236

man’s relation to, 298 ff.

“Unlearned Equipment”, 22

Utilitarian philosophy, 229 f.

Vitalists, 25

Volition, 61

Watson, Dr. J. B., 10, 21, 22, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 70 ff., 126 ff., 162, 167 ff., 177, 188, 219, 223, 259

Waves in empty space, 107 f.

Whitehead, Dr., 159

“Will”, 223 f.

Willing, as mental occurrence, 202

Winds of Doctrine (Santayana), 230

Wish-fulfilment and dread-fulfilment, 194

Wittgenstein, 264

Words, purpose of, 11 f.

as physical occurrences, 44 ff.

spoken and written, 46 f.

how acquired by infants, 48 ff.

meaning of, 52, 256

relations of, 56

in an ideal logical language, 256 f.

World, the physical, nature of our

knowledge of, 151 ff.

a four-dimensional continuum of events, 293

our knowledge of, purely abstract, 295

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