INDEX

A

Absolutism; of Hobbes, 43, 44; of Schopenhauer, 43; according to Kant, 43, 44, 125-128; to Locke, 44.

Alexander I. of Russia; 80.

Alexander the Great; 31, 103.

Alsace-Lorraine; annexation of, 90, 92, 95.

Ambrose, Saint; 15.

Amphictyonic League; 16, 22.

Aquinas, Thomas; on fighting clergy, 18; on war, 18, 19.

Arbitration; as a substitute for war, 79, 81, 87; difficulties settled by, 80; where it is useless, 82, 83, 86.

Aristotle; on war, 7, 8; and rights of an enemy, ib., 31; on the relation between politics and ethics, 162.

Assyrians; war among the, 9.

Augustine, Saint; 16.

B

Balance of power; 26, 95.

Bentham, Jeremy; 26, 79, 92.

Bluntschli, J. K.; 41, 73, 74, 80.

C

Caird, Edward; 3, 51.

Calvin, John; 19.

Carnegie, Andrew; 100.

China; a danger to Europe, 92, 93, 140, 141.

Cicero; on the conduct of war, 22, 41.

Clement of Alexandria; 15.

Clergy, fighting; Origen on, 14, 15; Wycliffe, 18; Erasmus, ib.; Aquinas, ib.

Cobden, Richard; 64.

Corvinus, Matthias; 109.

Cowper, William; 5, 38, 123.

Crusades, wars of the; 16, 103.

D

Dante, Alighieri; on mediation, 46; on universal monarchy, 68, 69.

Disarmament; 88-93; Czar’s proposal of, 90; practicability of, 90-93.

Dubois, Cardinal; 36.

E

Empire; of Rome, 9, 20, 68; world-, spiritual, 23, 32, 69; of Alexander the Great, 31, 68; Frankish, 69; Holy Roman 69; of Napoleon I., 69.

Erasmus, Desiderius; and European peace, 17; on war, 18, 19; on fighting clergy, 18, 32.

F

Farrar, J. A.; 18.

Federation; Kant’s idea of, 60, 68, 69, 128-137; 88, 92, 93, 95, 97; probable results of, 98, 99, 100, 134.

Fichte, J. G.; 69, 99.

Finland; 92, 95.

Fischer, Kuno; 62, 67.

Fleury, Cardinal; 55.

Frederick the Great; 66, 126.

G

Gentilis, Albericus; 21, 32.

Golden Age; 3, 41.

Government; origin of, according to Plato, 5; according to Hume, 5, 52; to Cowper, 5, 6; to Hobbes, 40-42, 118, 119; to Kant, 51-54, 152-154; to Rousseau, 52; to Locke, 53; representative, 65-68, 120, 121, 124-128.

Greeks; their attitude to other nations, 7; to an enemy, ib.; their Sacred Wars, 16; the Amphictyonic League, 16.

Grotius, Hugo; his De Jure Belli et Pacis, 24-27; and the Jus Gentium, 24, 25; and the Law of Nature, 25; on peace, 27, 32, 40, 131.

H

Hague Conference (1899); 86, 90.

Hegel, G. W. F.; 57; on war, 71, 72, 75.

Henry IV. of France; 30, 32, 33, 36.

Hobbes, Thomas; his theory of the state of nature and origin of government, 4, 40-42, 51, 118, 119, 133; 6, 26, 27, 28, 37; his influence on Kant, 40, 46; his views on revolution, 41, 188; of the relations between states, 43-46, 128, 131; on the conduct of war, 45, 89, 120, 124, 159.

Holls, Fred. W.; 86.

Hooker, Richard; 52; on the depravity of man, 173.

Hume, David; on the origin of government, 5, 52; on the state of nature, 40, 41; on the original contract, 52, 108, 109, 162.

I

International Law; the development of, 20-24; its connection with the Reformation, 21, 24; in Greece and Rome, 22, 23.

Intervention; 64, 93, 94, 112, 113.

J

Jews; war among the, 9-11; their dream of peace, 32.

Justin; 15.

K

Kant, Immanuel; 26, 37; his indebtedness to earlier political writers, 40, 46; his theory of human development, 47-49; and how this is possible, 49-51, 54; on the foundation of the state, 51-54, 152-154; the relations between states and individuals, 54, 55, 117-120, 128, 173, 174; the necessity for reform within the state, 55, 56, 168; the political and social conditions of his time, 57-59; his attitude to war, 58, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149-151; on the growing power of commerce, 59, 65, 142, 157; his idea of federation, 60, 68, 69, 128-137, 192; and ideal of perpetual peace, 61, 129, 196; the conditions of its realization, 62-69; on representative and other constitutions, 65-68, 120-128, 152, 153, 167; his opinion of the English constitution, 66; his disapproval of universal monarchy, 68, 69, 155, 156; 79, 83, 89, 100, 105; on the right of way, 137-142; on nature’s guarantee of a perpetual peace, 143-157; on the relation between politics and morals, 161-196; on revolution, 167, 168, 186-188.

L

Laveleye, Émile de; 81.

Lawrence, T. J.; 9, 78, 81.

Leibniz, Gottfried W.; 36; his criticism of St. Pierre, 37, 38, 58, 106.

Locke, John; and the golden age, 3, 4; on the original contract, 53; on revolution, 53, 188; 67, 133.

Lorimer, James; 34, 80.

Louis Philippe; 76.

Luther, Martin; on war, 19.

M

Machiavelli, Nicolo; 162.

Maine, Henry; on Grotius and the Jus Gentium, 24, 25.

Maistre, Joseph de; 71.

Martineau, James; 102.

Mennonites; and war, 14.

Military service; of Christians, 14, 16, 18, 19; compulsory, 89; voluntary, 111.

Mill, John Stuart; 80.

Moltke, Graf von; 71, 73-75.

Monarchy, universal; the ideal of Dante, 68, 69; disapproved by Kant, 68, 69, 155, 156; and Fichte, 69.

Montesquieu, Baron de; on self-preservation, 83; on armed peace, 88, 159.

More, Thomas; 32.

Morley, John; 3.

N

Napoleon Bonaparte; Empire of, 69, 71, 72, 76, 77.

Napoleon, Louis; 80.

National Debt; 63, 64, 111, 112.

O

Origen; on military service, 14, 15.

Original Contract; 40; as understood by Rousseau, 52; by Hobbes, 52, 53; by Hooker, 52; by Hume, ib.; by Kant, ib.; by Locke, 53.

P

Paris Congress (1856); 86.

Paulsen, Friedrich; 43, 52, 53, 66, 78.

Peace, perpetual; the dream of, 29-33; projects of, by Penn, 30; by Henry IV., 30, 33, 34; by St. Pierre, 30, 32, 34-37; Rousseau’s attitude to, 38-40, 106; for Kant an ideal, 61, 129; the articles of, 62-69, 107-142, 158-160; the guarantee of, 143-157.

Peace Societies; 70, 75, 78, 79, 80, 86, 87; and disarmament, 88, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102.

Penn, William; 30.

Plato; on the origin of the state, 5; on war, 8, 41; on the relation between ethics and politics, 162.

Poland; 92, 93, 95.

Politics; and morals, according to Kant, 161-196; to Plato, 162; to Aristotle, ib.; to Hume, ib.; sophistical maxims of, 170-172.

Pope, Alexander; 4, 127.

Puffendorf, Samuel; 27; on intervention, 64, 131.

Q

Quakers; and war, 14.

R

Reformation; and military service, 18; and international law, 21, 24.

Religion; Roman, and war, 9; Jewish, 9-11; Mohammedan, 10; Buddhist, and conversion, 12; Christian, and war, 12-20.

Revolution, right of; according to Hobbes, 41, 53; and Spinoza, 41; according to Locke, 53; to Rousseau, ib.; to Kant, 167, 186-188.

Right of way; Vattel on, 65, 138; Kant on, 65, 137-142.

Ritchie, D. G.; on Rousseau, 3; on Locke and the golden age, ib., 52, 85, 98.

Robertson, William; 6, 17, 18, 19.

Romans; and war, 7, 8, 9, 22, 23; and international law, 22, 23.

Rousseau, J. J.; and the state of nature, 2, 3, 52; 26, 28; his criticism of St. Pierre, 38-40; his views on militarism, 39; on the original contract, 52; on revolution, 53, 188; 61, 67, 100, 132, 134; on democratic and republican governments, 153; on the depravity of man, 173.

Russia; Alexander I. of, 80; the Czar of, 90; the backward civilization of, 92, 93, 94, 95.

S

Schiller, Friedrich von; on war and peace, 71, 72, 73, 75.

Schopenhauer, Arthur; 43.

Spencer, Herbert; 76.

Spinoza, Benedict; on the state of nature, 41; and revolution, ib.

Standing armies; 63, 64, 89, 110.

State of nature; according to Rousseau, 2, 3; and the golden age, 3; Hobbes’ theory of, 4, 40, 41, 118; according to Hume a philosophical fiction, 41; according to Kant, 117-120.

States; transference of, 63, 108, 109; marriage between, 109.

St. Pierre, Castel de; 30, 32, 33; his Projet, 34-37; and Leibniz, 37, 38; and Rousseau, 38-40, 61, 67, 79, 92, 106.

Sully, Duke of; 30, 32, 33.

T

Tennyson, Lord; 73, 74.

Tertullian; 14, 15.

Treaties of peace; in Greece, 7, 63, 64, 107, 108.

Treitschke, H. von; 75.

Trendelenburg, F. A.; 75.

V

Vattel, Emerich; his Droit des Gens, 28, 29; on intervention, 64, 113, 114; on the right of way, 65; of self-preservation, 83, 89, 103; on treaties, 108; 131.

Voltaire, François de; 33, 37, 38.

W

War; religious, 16; private, 17, 20, 29; dynastic, 38, 57, 123; Kant’s attitude to, 58, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149-151; its influence on progress, 70, 96, 103; views of Hegel on, 71, 72, 75; of Schiller, 71, 72, 73, 75; of Moltke, 71, 73, 74, 75; under altered conditions, 76, 77, 78; when just, 84, 85; future probable causes of, 94, 95; honorable conduct of, 114, 115.

Wycliffe, John; and fighting clergy, 18.

Z

Zwingli, Huldreich, 19.

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FOOTNOTES