Part 2 — ON THE AGRICULTURAL USES OF PEAT AND SWAMP MUCK. (continued 2)

In experiments 9 and 10, we have proof that the "lime and salt mixture" has a greater efficacy than lime alone, the crop being increased thereby from 42.22, to 46.42 grammes, or from 28-½ to 30-½ times that of the seed.

Finally, we see from experiments 11 and 12 that in all the foregoing cases it was a limited supply of nitrogen that limited the crop; for, on adding Peruvian guano, which could only act by this element (its other ingredients, phosphates of lime and potash, being abundantly supplied in the ashes), the yield was carried up to 53.78 grammes, or 35-½ times the weight of the seed, and 13 times the weight of the crop obtained from the unmixed peat.

5.—The Examination of Peat (muck and marsh-mud) with reference to its Agricultural Value.

Since, as we are forced to conclude, the variations in the composition of peat stand in no recognizable relations to differences of appearance, it is only possible to ascertain the value of any given specimen by actual trial or by chemical investigation.

The method by practical trial is usually the cheaper and more satisfactory of the two, though a half year or more is needful to gain the desired information.

It is sufficient to apply to small measured plots of ground, each say two rods square, known quantities of the fresh, the weathered, and the composted peat in order, by comparison of the growth and weight of the crop, to decide the question of their value.

Peat and its composts are usually applied at rates ranging from 20 to 40 wagon or cart loads per acre. There being 160 square rods in the acre, the quantity proper to a plot of two rods square (= four square rods,) would be one half to one load.

The composts with stable manure and lime, or salt and lime mixture, are those which, in general, it would be best to experiment with. From the effects of the stable manure compost, could be inferred with safety the value of any compost, of which animal manure is an essential ingredient.

One great advantage of the practical trial on the small scale is, that the adaptation of the peat or of the compost to the peculiarities of the soil, is decided beyond a question.

It must be borne in mind, however, that the results of experiments can only be relied upon, when the plots are accurately measured, when the peat, etc., are applied in known quantities, and when the crops are separately harvested and carefully weighed.

If experiments are made upon grass or clover, the gravest errors may arise by drawing conclusions from the appearance of the standing crop. Experience has shown that two clover crops, gathered from contiguous plots differently manured, may strikingly differ in appearance, but yield the same amounts of hay.

The chemical examination of a peat may serve to inform us, without loss of time, upon a number of important points.

To test a peat for soluble iron salts which might render it deleterious, we soak and agitate a handful for some hours, with four or five times its bulk of warm soft water. From a good fresh-water peat we obtain, by this treatment, a yellow liquid, more or less deep in tint, the taste of which is very slight and scarcely definable.

From a vitriol peat we get a dark-brown or black solution, which has a bitter, astringent, metallic or inky taste, like that of copperas.

Salt peat will yield a solution having the taste of salt-brine, unless it contains iron, when the taste of the latter will prevail.

On evaporating the water-solution to dryness and heating strongly in a China cup, a vitriol peat gives off white choking fumes of sulphuric acid, and there remains, after burning, brown-red oxide of iron in the dish.

The above testings are easily conducted by any one, with the ordinary conveniences of the kitchen.

Those that follow, require, for the most part, the chemical laboratory, and the skill of the practised chemist, for satisfactory execution.

Besides testing for soluble iron compounds, as already indicated, the points to be regarded in the chemical examination, are:—

1st. Water or moisture.—This must be estimated, because it is so variable, and a knowledge of its quantity is needful, if we will compare together different samples. A weighed amount of the peat is dried for this purpose at 212° F., as long as it suffers loss.

2d. The proportions of organic matter and ash are ascertained by carefully burning a weighed sample of the peat. By this trial we distinguish between peat with 2 to 10 per cent. of ash and peaty soil, or mud, containing but a few per cent. of organic matter.

This experiment may be made in a rough way, but with sufficient accuracy for common purposes, by burning a few lbs. or ozs. of peat upon a piece of sheet iron, or in a sauce pan, and noting the loss, which includes both water and organic matter.

3d. As further regards the organic matters, we ascertain the extent to which the peaty decomposition has taken place by boiling with dilute solution of carbonate of soda. This solvent separates the humic and ulmic acids from the undecomposed vegetable fibers.

For practical purposes this treatment with carbonate of soda may be dispensed with, since the amount of undecomposed fiber is gathered with sufficient accuracy from careful inspection of the peat.

Special examination of the organic acids is of no consequence in the present state of our knowledge.

4th. The proportion of nitrogen is of the first importance to be ascertained. In examinations of 30 samples of peat, I have found the content of nitrogen to range from 0.4 to 2.9 per cent., the richest containing seven times as much as the poorest. It is practically a matter of great moment whether, for example, a Peruvian guano contains 16 per cent. of nitrogen as it should, or but one-seventh that amount, as it may when grossly adulterated. In the same sense, it is important before making a heavy outlay in excavating and composting peat, to know whether (as regards nitrogen) it belongs to the poorer or richer sorts. This can only be done by the complicated methods known to the chemist.

5th. The estimation of ammonia (actual or ready-formed,) is a matter of scientific interest, but subordinate in a practical point of view.

6th. Nitric acid and nitrates can scarcely exist in peat except where it is well exposed to the air, in a merely moist but not wet state. Their estimation in composts is of great interest, though troublesome to execute.

7th. As regards the ash, its red color indicates iron. Pouring hydrochloric acid upon it, causes effervescence in the presence of carbonate of lime. This compound, in most cases, has been formed in the burning, from humate and other organic salts of lime. Sand, or clay, being insoluble in the acid, remains, and may be readily estimated.

Phosphoric acid and alkalies, especially potash, are, next to lime, the important ingredients of the ash. Magnesia and sulphuric acid, rank next in value. Their estimation requires a number of tedious operations, and can scarcely be required for practical purposes, until more ready methods of analyses shall have been discovered.

8th. The quantity of matters soluble in water has considerable interest, but is not ordinarily requisite to be ascertained.

6.—Composition of Connecticut Peats.

In the years 1857 and 1858, the author was charged by the Connecticut State Agricultural Society[8] with the chemical investigation of 33 samples of peat and swamp muck, sent to him in compliance with official request.

In the foregoing pages, the facts revealed by the laborious analyses executed on these samples, have been for the most part communicated, together with many valuable practical results derived from the experience of the gentlemen who sent in the specimens. The analytical data themselves appear to me to be worthy of printing again, for the information of those who may hereafter make investigations in the same direction.—See Tables I, II, and III, p.p. 89, 90, and 91.

The specimens came in all stages of dryness. Some were freshly dug and wet, others had suffered long exposure, so that they were air-dry; some that were sent in the moist state, became dry before being subjected to examination; others were prepared for analysis while still moist.

A sufficient quantity of each specimen was carefully pulverized, intermixed, and put into a stoppered bottle and thus preserved for experiment.

The analyses were begun in the winter of 1857 by my assistant, Edward H. Twining, Esq. The samples 1 to 17 of the subjoined tables were then analyzed. In the following year the work was continued on the remaining specimens 18—33 by Dr. Robert A. Fisher. The method of analysis was the same in both cases, except in two particulars.

In the earlier analyses, 1 to 17 inclusive, the treatment with carbonate of soda was not carried far enough to dissolve the whole of the soluble organic acids. It was merely attempted to make comparative determinations by treating all alike for the same time, and with the same quantity of alkali. I have little doubt that in some cases not more than one-half of the portion really soluble in carbonate of soda is given as such. In the later analyses, 18 to 33, however, the treatment was continued until complete separation of the soluble organic acids was effected.

By acting on a peat for a long time with a hot solution of carbonate of soda, there is taken up not merely a quantity of organic matter, but inorganic matters likewise enter solution. Silica, oxyd of iron and alumina are thus dissolved. In this process too, sulphate of lime is converted into carbonate of lime.

The total amount of these soluble inorganic matters has been determined with approximate accuracy in analyses 18 to 33.

In the analyses 1 to 17 the collective amount of matters soluble in water was determined. In the later analyses the proportions of organic and inorganic matters in the water-solution were separately estimated.

The process of analysis as elaborated and employed by Dr. Fisher and the author, is as follows:

I. To prepare a sample for analysis, half a pound, more or less, of the substance is pulverized and passed through a wire sieve of 24 meshes to the inch. It is then thoroughly mixed and bottled.

II. 2 grammes of the above are dried (in tared watch-glasses) at the temperature of 212 degrees, until they no longer decrease in weight. The loss sustained represents the amount of water, (according to Marsilly, Annales des Mines, 1857, XII., 404, peat loses carbon if dried at a temperature higher than 212 degrees.)

III. The capsule containing the residue from I. is slowly heated to incipient redness, and maintained at that temperature until the organic matter is entirely consumed. The loss gives the total amount of organic, the residue the total amount of inorganic matter.

Note.—In peats containing sulphate of the protoxide of iron, the loss that occurs during ignition is partly due to the escape of sulphuric acid, which is set free by the decomposition of the above mentioned salt of iron. But the quantity is usually so small in comparison with the organic matter, that it may be disregarded. The same may be said of the combined water in the clay that is mixed with some mucks, which is only expelled at a high temperature.

IV. 3 grammes of the sample are digested for half an hour, with 200 cubic centimeters (66.6 times their weight,) of boiling water, then removed from the sand bath, and at the end of twenty-four hours, the clear liquid is decanted. This operation is twice repeated upon the residue; the three solutions are mixed, filtered, concentrated, and finally evaporated to dryness (in a tared platinum capsule,) over a water bath. The residue, which must be dried at 212 degrees, until it ceases to lose weight, gives the total amount soluble in water. The dried residue is then heated to low redness, and maintained at that temperature until the organic matter is burned off. The loss represents the amount of organic matter soluble in water, the ash gives the quantity of soluble inorganic matter.

V. 1 gramme is digested for two hours, at a temperature just below the boiling point, with 100 cubic centimeters of a solution containing 5 per cent. of crystallized carbonate of soda. It is then removed from the sand bath and allowed to settle. When the supernatant liquid has become perfectly transparent, it is carefully decanted. This operation is repeated until all the organic matter soluble in this menstruum is removed; which is accomplished as soon as the carbonate of soda solution comes off colorless. The residue, which is to be washed with boiling water until the washings no longer affect test papers, is thrown upon a tared filter, and dried at 212 degrees. It is the total amount of organic and inorganic matter insoluble in carbonate of soda. The loss that it suffers upon ignition, indicates the amount of organic matter, the ash gives the inorganic matter.

Note.—The time required to insure perfect settling after digesting with carbonate of soda solution, varies, with different peats, from 24 hours to several days. With proper care, the results obtained are very satisfactory. Two analyses of No. 6, executed at different times, gave total insoluble in carbonate of soda—1st analysis 23.20 per cent.; 2d analysis 23.45 per cent. These residues yielded respectively 14.30 and 14.15 per cent. of ash.

VI. The quantity of organic matter insoluble in water but soluble in solution of carbonate of soda, is ascertained by deducting the joint weight of the amounts soluble in water, and insoluble in carbonate of soda, from the total amount of organic matter present. The inorganic matter insoluble in water, but soluble in carbonate of soda, is determined by deducting the joint weight of the amounts of inorganic matter soluble in water, and insoluble in carbonate of soda, from the total inorganic matter.

VII. The amount of nitrogen is estimated by the combustion of 1 gramme with soda-lime in an iron tube, collection of the ammonia in a standard solution of sulphuric acid, and determination of the residual free acid by an equivalent solution of caustic potash and a few drops of tincture of cochineal as an indicator.

The results of the analyses are given in the following Tables. Table I. gives the direct results of analysis. In Table II. the analyses are calculated on dry matter, and the nitrogen upon the organic matters. Table III. gives a condensed statement of the external characters and agricultural value[9] of the samples in their different localities, and the names of the parties supplying them.

TABLE I.—COMPOSITION OF CONNECTICUT PEATS AND MUCKS.

KEY

A - Soluble in water.

B - Insol. in water, but soluble in carbonate of soda.

C - Insol. in water and carbonate of soda.

D - Total.

E - Water.

F - Nitrogen.

G - Total matters soluble in water.

From Whom and Whence Received. ORGANIC MATTER. INORGANIC MATTER.

A B C D A B C D E F G

1. Lewis M. Norton 17.63 34.79 52.42 35.21 12.37 1.28 1.54

Goshen, Conn.

2. Lewis M. Norton 60.02 11.65 71.67 8.00 20.33 1.85

Goshen, Conn.

3. Lewis M. Norton 50.60 29.75 80.35 4.52 15.13 1.90 2.51

Goshen, Conn.

4. Messrs. Pond & Miles 65.15 11.95 77.10 3.23 19.67 1.20 1.63

Milford, Conn.

5. Messrs. Pond & Miles 67.75 16.65 84.40 2.00 13.60 .95 3.42

Milford, Conn.

6. Samuel Camp 43.20 8.90 52.10 14.90 14.30 29.20 18.70 2.10 2.50

Plainville, Conn.

7. Russell U. Peck 38.49 30.51 69.00 13.59 17.41 1.62 2.61

Berlin, Conn.

8. Rev. B. F. Northrop 42.30 10.15 52.45 34.70 12.85 1.31 1.64

Griswold, Conn.

9. J. H. Stanwood 49.65 7.40 57.05 4.57 38.38 1.23 1.83

Colebrook, Conn.

10. N. Hart, Jr. 55.11 10.29 65.40 14.89 19.71 2.10 6.20

West Cornwall, Conn.

11. A. L. Loveland 38.27 2.89 41.16 47.24 11.60 1.00 .75

North Granby, Conn.

12. Daniel Buck, Jr. 27.19 48.84 76.03 5.92 18.05 2.40 2.94

Poquonock, Conn.

13. Daniel Buck, Jr. 33.66 40.51 74.17 8.63 17.20 2.40 1.80

Poquonock, Conn.

14. Philip Scarborough 51.45 25.00 76.45 7.67 15.88 1.20 1.43

Brooklyn, Conn.

15. Adams White 54.38 23.14 77.52 9.03 13.45 2.89 5.90

Brooklyn, Conn.

16. Paris Dyer 18.86 5.02 23.88 67.77 8.35 1.03 2.63

Brooklyn, Conn.

17. Perrin Scarborough 43.27 16.83 60.10 25.78 14.12 0.86 15.13

Brooklyn, Conn.

18. Geo. K. Virgin 2.21 20.57 8.25 31.03 0.32 9.41 48.05 57.78 11.19 0.64 2.53

Collinsville, Conn.

19. Geo. K. Virgin 1.12 9.19 5.10 15.41 0.28 1.08 48.65 50.01 34.58 0.34 1.40

Collinsville, Conn.

20. Geo. K. Virgin 0.72 9.31 3.65 13.68 0.25 0.76 28.20 29.21 57.11 0.28 .97

Collinsville, Conn.

21. S. Mead 3.30 40.52 8.20 52.02 2.60 10.02 23.90 36.52 11.46 1.51 5.90

New Haven, Conn.

22. Edwin Hoyt 2.84 13.42 7.55 23.81 2.72 19.88 46.30 68.90 7.29 0.45 5.56

New Canaan, Conn.

23. Edwin Hoyt 2.34 13.49 8.05 23.88 1.54 12.42 56.20 70.16 5.96 0.90 3.88

New Canaan, Conn.

24. Edwin Hoyt 1.15 17.29 8.00 26.44 1.67 14.13 51.10 66.90 6.66 1.01 2.82

New Canaan, Conn.

25. A. M. Haling 3.43 52.15 8.65 64.23 0.35 0.16 4.90 5.41 30.36 1.62 3.78

Rockville, Conn.

26. A. M. Haling 3.87 71.57 8.44 83.88 0.23 1.98 2.21 13.91 1.32 4.10

Rockville, Conn.

27. A. M. Haling 3.87 44.04 4.25 52.16 0.51 4.07 5.05 9.63 38.21 1.88 4.38

Rockville, Conn.

28. Albert Day 2.45 46.25 6.35 55.05 0.32 0.65 5.40 6.37 38.58 0.84 2.77

Brooklyn, Conn.

29. C. Goodyear 1.80 45.42 10.35 57.57 0.35 7.98 18.80 27.13 15.30 1.68 2.15

New Haven, Conn.

30. Rev. Wm. Clift 3.33 51.68 9.80 64.81 2.82 5.86 8.68 26.51 0.95 6.15

Stonington, Conn.

31. Henry Keeler 2.13 45.12 12.05 59.30 0.78 3.79 16.70 21.27 19.43 1.57 2.91

South Salem, N. Y.

32. John Adams 1.71 42.87 10.65 55.23 1.02 1.33 14.35 16.70 28.07 1.76 2.73

Salisbury, Conn.

33. Rev. Wm. Clift 5.40 16.72 7.25 29.37 7.40 6.40 48.05 61.85 8.78 1.32 2.80

Stonington, Conn.

Average 2.06 1.44 1.37 3.72

TABLE II.—COMPOSITION OF CONNECTICUT PEATS AND MUCKS.

Calculated in the dry state: the percentage of nitrogen calculated also on organic matters.

KEY

A - In this table the matters soluble in water and the nitrogen are calculated to two places of decimals; the other ingredients are expressed in round numbers.

B - Soluble in water.

C - Insol. in water, but soluble in carbonate of soda.

D - Insol. in water and carbonate of soda.

E - Total.

F - Total matters soluble in water.

G - Nitrogen.

H - Nitrogen in per cent. of the organic matter.

ORGANIC MATTER. INORGANIC MATTER.

A B C D E B C D E F G H

1. Lewis M. Norton 20 40 60 40 1.75 1.46 2.25

Goshen, Conn.

2. Lewis M. Norton 75 15 90 10 2.32 2.58

Goshen, Conn.

3. Lewis M. Norton 60 35 95 5 2.95 2.23 2.36

Goshen, Conn.

4. Messrs. Pond & Miles 81 15 96 4 2.03 1.49 1.55

Milford, Conn.

5. Messrs. Pond & Miles 79 19 98 2 3.97 1.09 1.12

Milford, Conn.

6. Samuel Camp 53 11 64 18 18 36 3.08 2.58 4.03

Plainville, Conn.

7. Russell U. Peck 46 37 83 17 3.27 1.96 2.34

Berlin, Conn.

8. Rev. B. F. Northrop 48 11 59 41 1.88 1.50 2.49

Griswold, Conn.

9. J. H. Stanwood 75 11 86 14 2.77 1.99 2.15

Colebrook, Conn.

10. N. Hart, Jr. 69 13 82 18 7.75 2.61 3.21

West Cornwall, Conn.

11. A. L. Loveland 43 4 47 53 .85 1.13 2.43

North Granby, Conn.

12. Daniel Buck, Jr. 33 60 93 7 3.58 2.92 3.15

Poquonock, Conn.

13. Daniel Buck, Jr. 41 49 90 10 2.16 2.89 2.23

Poquonock, Conn.

14. Philip Scarborough 61 30 91 9 1.70 1.42 1.57

Brooklyn, Conn.

15. Adams White 63 27 90 10 6.78 3.33 3.72

Brooklyn, Conn.

16. Paris Dyer 21 5 26 74 2.85 1.12 4.31

Brooklyn, Conn.

17. Perrin Scarborough 62 8 70 30 17.59 1.00 1.43

Brooklyn, Conn.

18. Geo. K. Virgin 2.48 23 9 35 0.35 11 54 65 2.83 0.72 2.06

Collinsville, Conn.

19. Geo K. Virgin 1.72 14 8 23 .43 2 75 77 2.15 0.51 2.20

Collinsville, Conn.

20. Geo. K. Virgin 1.67 22 8 32 .58 2 66 68 2.25 0.65 2.04

Collinsville, Conn.

21. Solomon Mead 3.70 48 9 60 2.92 11 27 40 6.62 1.70 2.90

New Haven, Conn.

22. Edwin Hoyt 3.05 14 8 26 2.92 21 50 74 6.07 0.48 1.88

New Canaan, Conn.

23. Edwin Hoyt 2.47 14 8 25 1.63 13 60 75 4.10 0.95 3.76

New Canaan, Conn.

24. Edwin Hoyt 1.23 18 9 28 1.79 15 55 72 3.02 1.08 3.82

New Canaan, Conn.

25. A. M. Haling 4.90 75 12 92 .50 7 8 5.40 2.32 2.52

Rockville, Conn.

26. A. M. Haling 4.50 83 10 97 .27 2 3 4.77 1.53 1.57

Rockville, Conn.

27. A. M. Haling 6.24 71 7 84 .82 7 8 16 7.06 3.04 3.64

Rockville, Conn.

28. Albert Day 4.01 76 10 90 .52 1 8 10 4.53 1.36 1.52

Brooklyn, Conn.

29. C. Goodyear 2.11 54 12 68 .40 9 22 32 2.51 1.98 2.91

New Haven, Conn.

30. Rev. Wm. Clift 4.56 71 13 88 3.86 8 12 8.42 1.29 1.46

Stonington, Conn.

31. Henry Keeler 2.66 56 15 73 .97 5 21 27 3.63 1.98 2.64

South Salem, N. Y.

32. John Adams 2.37 59 15 76 1.40 2 20 24 3.77 2.44 3.18

Salisbury, Conn.

33. Rev. Wm. Clift 5.93 18 8 32 8.13 7 53 68 14.06 1.44 4.49

Stonington, Conn.

TABLE III.—DESCRIPTION, ETC., OF PEATS AND MUCKS.

No. Color. Condition at Time of Analysis, Reputed Value, etc.

1. Lewis M. Norton chocolate-brown, air-dry, tough, compact, heavy; from bottom; 3 to 4 feet deep; very good in compost.

2. Lewis M. Norton chocolate-brown, air-dry, tough, compact, heavier than 1, from near surface; very good in compost.

3. Lewis M. Norton light-brown, air-dry, coherent but light, from between 1 and 2, very good in compost.

4. Messrs. Pond & Miles chocolate-brown, air-dry, coherent but light, surface peat, considered better than No. 5; good in compost.

5. Messrs. Pond & Miles brownish-red, air-dry, very light and loose in texture, from depth of 3 feet, good in compost.

6. Samuel Camp black, air-dry, hard lumps, half as good as yard manure, in compost equal to yard manure.

7. Russell U. Peck chocolate-brown, air-dry, is good fresh, long exposed, half as good as barn-yard\ manure.

8. Rev. B. F. Northrop grayish-brown, air-dry, light, easily crushed masses containing sand, has not been used alone, good in compost.

9. J. H. Stanwood chocolate-brown, moist, hard lumps, used fresh good after first year; excellent in compost.

10. N. Hart, Jr. brownish-black, air-dry, hard lumps, excellent in compost.

11. A. L. Loveland black, air-dry, hard lumps, contains grains of coarse sand.

12. Daniel Buck, Jr. chocolate-brown, air-dry, coherent cakes, good as top dressing on grass when fresh; excellent in compost.

13. Daniel Buck, Jr. chocolate-brown, air-dry, light surface layers of No. 12.

14. Philip Scarborough air-dry, after exposure over winter, has one-third value of yard-manure.

15. Adams White chocolate-brown, air-dry, hard lumps, good in compost, causes great growth of straw.

16. Paris Dyer grayish-black, air-dry, easily crushed lumps, largely admixed with soil.

17. Perrin Scarborough chocolate-brown, air-dry,well-characterized "vitriol peat;" in compost, after 1 year's exposure, gives indifferent results.

18. Geo. K. Virgin light brownish-gray air-dry light, coherent, surface peat; sample long exposed; astonishing results on sandy soil.

19. Geo. K. Virgin chocolate-brown, moist, crumbly, contains much sand, four feet from surface.

20. Geo. K. Virgin black, wet.

21. Solomon Mead grayish-brown, air-dry, light, porous, coherent from grass roots; long weathered, good; fresh, better in compost.

22. Edwin Hoyt brownish-gray, air-dry, loose, light, much mixed with soil, good in compost.

23. Edwin Hoyt brownish-gray, air-dry, No. 22 saturated with horse urine, darker than No. 22.

24. Edwin Hoyt brownish-gray, air-dry, No. 22 composted with white fish, darker than No. 23; fish-bones evident.

25. A. M. Haling chocolate-brown, moist, fresh dug.

26. A. M. Haling chocolate-brown, air-dry, No. 25 after two year's weathering.

27. A. M. Haling chocolate-brown, moist, fresh dug, good substitute for yard manure as top-dressing on grass.

28. Albert Day dark-brown, moist, coherent and hard; fresh dug, but from surface where weathered; injurious to crops; vitriol peat. (?)

29. C. Goodyear black, air-dry, very hard tough cakes; when fresh dug, "as good as cow dung."

30. Rev. Wm. Clift chocolate-brown, moist, from an originally fresh water bog, broken into 100 years ago by tide, now salt marsh; good after weathering.

31. Henry Keeler light-brown, air-dry, leaf-muck, friable; when fresh, appears equal to good yard manure.

32. John Adams light-brown, moist, overlies shell marl, fresh or weathered does not compare with ordinary manure.

33. Rev. Wm. Clift dark ash-gray, air-dry, from bottom of salt ditch, where tide flows daily; contains sulphate of iron.

FOOTNOTES: